1146547

research-article2023
JEF0010.1177/15589250221146547Journal of Engineered Fibers and FabricsQsymah et al.

Review Article

Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics

Thermal properties, microstructure Volume 18: 1­–17

© The Author(s) 2023
https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250221146547
DOI: 10.1177/15589250221146547
analysis, and environmental benefits of journals.sagepub.com/home/jef

basalt fiber reinforced concrete

Ansam Qsymah1, Mohamed Moafak Arbili2, Jawad Ahmad3 ,

Saleh M Alogla4 , Khaled A. Alawi Al-Sodani5 ,
Ahmad Hakamy6 and Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç7

Abstract
Numerous scientists have studied basalt fiber (BF) reinforced concrete and found encouraging results. However, information
is scattered, and compressive assessment is yet necessary to collect the data from prior research on BF, present research
advancement, and future research guidelines of BF reinforced concrete. Furthermore, mostly research focus to review on
strength and durability aspects of BF reinforced concrete while no researched focus on thermal properties, microstructure
analysis and environmental benefits of BF reinforced concrete. Therefore, the primary focuses of this paper are BF
treatment, BF reinforced concrete performance at high temperatures, microstructure analysis, environmental advantages,
and application in civil engineering. Results show that BF-reinforced concrete performs much better than traditional concrete
at high temperatures. Additionally, the use of BF enhanced the heat conductivity of concrete. BF addition to concrete seems
to have reduced interfacial transition zone (ITZ) fractures, according to a microstructure study. When opposed to traditional
steel fibers, BFs may be thought as reinforcements that are less harmful to the environment. The study also highlights the
significance of BFs in the building industry. The assessment also identified research gap research for further studies.

Keywords
Basalt fiber, elevated temperature, thermal conductivity and scan electronic microscopy

Date received: 24 October 2022; accepted: 5 December 2022

Introduction 1
2
Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Technical Civil Engineering, Erbil Technical Engineering
Around the globe, fires have recently been happening a lot College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
3
more often and incurring enormous damage. Concrete Swedish College of Engineering and Technology, Wah Cantt, Panjab,
Taxila, Pakistan
materials play a significant role in the world’s infrastruc- 4
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim
ture, and their fire resistance has a direct impact on the University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
security of tunnels and buildings. A concrete construction 5
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of
that has been subjected to fire is extremely likely to Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
6
explode, producing the concrete surface to peel off and Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
ruining the structural reliability of the components as well 7
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin
as degrading the concrete’s material qualities. The strength Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
and durability characteristics of concrete buildings are
Corresponding author:
negatively impacted by high temperatures, thus it’s critical Jawad Ahmad, Swedish College of Engineering and Technology,
to identify ways to enhance concrete’s attributes under Wah Cantt, Panjab, Taxila 47040, Pakistan.
these conditions.1 Email: jawadcivil13@scetwah.edu.pk

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the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages
(https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
2 Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 
Eco
Low Cost
Friendly
Basalt Fiber
Reinforced Concrete
Improved
Cracks
Fire
Prevention Resistance
Figure 1. Benefits of BFs.
Concrete is manufactured at a rate of a billion tons
annually. Due to its perfect thermal characteristics and
non-combustibility, this material is favored over steel and
wood and has high compressive strength (CS).2 One of the
major factors that harm concrete constructions is fire. In
the literature, it has been shown that exposure to high tem-
peratures may cause materials to lose their compressive
and tensile strength.3 Investigating the strength qualities
leads to a thorough knowledge of how it behaves at high
temperatures.4 Because of this, ignorance of the mechani-
cal characteristics at high temperatures may lead to costly
mistakes and perhaps fatal situations.5 One method for
improving concrete qualities during fire incidents is the
insertion of fibers.6–10 Different types of fiber are used to
increase the quality of concrete such as polypropylene
fibers,11 carbon fiber,12 coconut fiber,13 nylon fiber,14 carbon
nano fiber,15 glass fibers,16 steel fiber,17 and jute fiber.18
According to certain experiments, concrete’s durability
capabilities may be harmed by high temperatures; how-
ever, adding fibers such as steel fiber, BF, and hybrid fiber
has been proven to mitigate this harm. Such fibers enhance
the new contact between the fibers and mortar and stop
fractures from forming.19 It not only boosts the concrete
tensile capacity but also significantly affects the material’s
conductivity, stability, and durability.20 The kind of fiber
and fiber-concrete mix interface qualities influence the
characteristics of the concrete.21
Due to its high tensile capacity and high temperature
resistance, BF is a bio-based material that is safe for the
environment, nonhazardous, and has been extensively
employed in building projects.22 Environmental sustaina-
bility will enhance when carbon is replaced by BFs in con-
crete repair. Compared to carbon fibers, BFs have a lower
production cost. They will be more affordable and environ-
mentally friendly than carbon fiber when used in the pro-
duction of lamella for reinforcing concrete constructions.23
The advantages of employing BFs as reinforcement are
noticed in Figure 1.
An investigation was conducted into the combined
impact of high temperatures and prolonged tensile stress
on the mechanical characteristics of pultruded BF rein-
forced polymer plates. Temperatures were shown to have
an impact on modulus and tensile strength. For instance, at
80°C, the tensile strength and tensile modulus both fell by
9.8% and 1.9%, respectively. The degree of resultant dete-
rioration increases with increasing exposure temperature.24
Another research discovered that BF helps recycled con-
crete compressive strength (CS) increase and that it has a
greater influence on tensile strength at high temperatures.
As the BF content rises, the comparative residual tensile
strength rises as well.25 Furthermore, the research found
that BF was successful in enhancing the concrete’s
strength qualities, bendability, and energy absorption at
high temperatures.26
Additionally, it has been shown that nanoparticles are
advantageous for enhancing CS at high temperatures but
ineffective for lowering the incidence of enhanced tem-
perature bursting in concrete.27 The fibers may increase the
tensile capacity and stop cracks from forming in concrete
at high temperatures, but they have little to no impact on
the compressive capacity of RC reinforced with BF.28
According to the researcher, fiber improved the strength of
concrete due to bridging cracks.9,29–34 Some researchers
have coupled the fibers and nanomaterials to enhance the
concrete to create the composite reinforcement of nanoma-
terials in microscopic and fiber in macroscopic concrete
and to increase the performance of concrete at high tem-
peratures. According to a study, fiber and nano-silica may
help concrete operate better after being exposed to high
temperatures.35
According to research,36 BF has a favorable impact on
concrete’s fracture resistance because of its strong inter-
face adhesion with the material, but it cannot strengthen
the bond between the cement base and aggregate. The
mechanical characteristics and operating performance of
BF shotcrete, as well as the microstructure of shotcrete,
may be considerably enhanced by the addition of BF, and
the deformation of the rock around the highway can be
successfully suppressed.37
Many researchers conduct research on BF-reinforced
concrete at elevated temperatures. However, a compres-
sive review is required for past research, current research
progress, and future research guideline of BF reinforced
concrete. The aim of this review is to collect information
on already research carried out by other scholars. Although
recently a Researcher conduct review on strength proper-
ties of BF, however there is no information thermal proper-
ties, treatments methods of BF and microstructure analysis.
Therefore, treatment methods, the performance of BF rein-
forced concrete at elevated temperatures, microstructure
analysis and practical application in civil engineering are
the main aspects of this review.
Figure 2 shows the different sections of the review. In
first stage, general background and introduction of BF are
discussed. Secondly different treatment methods of BF are
discussed. Thirdly performance of BF reinforced concrete
Qsymah et al.
Basat Fiber Concrete
Figure 2. Divisions of the analysis.
is discussed. Fourthly microstructure of BF reinforced
concrete is discussed. Fifthly, environmental benefits of
BF and finally application of BF reinforced concrete in
civil engineering are discussed.
Treatments of BF
One of the most important factors influencing the compos-
ite materials’ overall mechanical response is the adherence
of the fiber to the matrix. In the literature, specifically
referring to BFs, there are many fiber surface treatment
procedures that attempt to enhance the adhesion with the
surrounding matrix and guarantee efficient load transmis-
sion mechanisms.38 A scientist investigated how H2SO4
etched BF. They discovered that BF’s mechanical proper-
ties deteriorated as the etching time increased.39 The BF
performance may suffer as a result of the acid-base etching
modification’s ability to increase interfacial adhesion.
According to research, surface BF modification in
acidic and alkaline solutions tends to increase the adhe-
sion between thermoplastic matrix and fibers, enabling
the development of a more developed fiber surface. The
mechanical characteristics of basalt-based reinforced com-
posites were significantly improved by the acid treatment,
which was shown to be more effective than the alkaline
one.40 According to the findings, basalt ropes maintain high
levels of tensile strength after being treated with water.41
The fiber microstructure degraded somewhat after
being exposed to acid, which reduced the tensile strength
(23%). When an alkaline environment was taken into
account, basalt ropes experienced severe degradation that
was linked to a serious disintegration of the material’s
structure and caused a large drop in tensile strength
(90%).41 Several experimental studies42 explore the impact
of treating fibers with alkaline (NaOH) or acidic (HCl)
3
Introduction
Treatments
Elevated
Temperature
Conclusions
Microstructure
Anlysis
Enviromental
Benifit
Applications
solutions on mechanical characteristics. According to the
data, BFs have superior acid resistance than alkaline ones.
According to research,43 fiber mass loss in HCl solution
was around 8%, which was two times more than the fiber
mass loss that occurred when BFs were submerged in a
solution of NaOH with the same concentration (2 mol/L).
According to research,44 the BF was treated with 1 and
2 mol/L NaOH solutions at ambient temperature and
100°C for varying lengths of time. Due to the dissolution
of Si-O and the development of Si-OH gel on the surface
of the BF, weight losses of around 6 and 8%, respectively,
occur for solutions of 1 and 2 mol/L NaOH at 100°C. The
intensity of BF first drops down quickly for 1 h, then stays
steady for 6 h, and then rises for 24 h. Magnesium, iron,
titanium, and calcium were raised while potassium, alu-
minum, and sodium were leached from the surface by a
NaOH solution, resulting in a decrease in strength. A sci-
entist investigated how alkali treatment affected the
mechanical characteristics of BF. BFs were treated with a
2 mol/L NaOH solution at boiling temperature for 3 h to
assess their corrosion resistance. While the strength of the
BF is reduced by 19.4%, mass loss is only approximately
4.3%.43
To increase the adherence of the fiber to the polymer at
the interface, a researcher investigated the surface modifi-
cation of BF with non-thermal plasmas (at atmospheric
pressure) of oxygen, hydrogen, argon, and mixed gases
of nitrogen and hydrogen.45 For mechanical testing, a
researcher46 created composites using bisphenol A dicy-
anate and p-BFs that had been coated with la-ethylenedi-
aminetetraacetic acid. The findings revealed that the
modified composite had a 145°C higher initial decomposi-
tion temperature than the untreated composite. Moreover,
the bending modulus might exceed 4.19 GPa when the
mass percentage of the La-BF was adequate.
4 Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 
Nanoparticles are tiny particles with high surface activ-
ity. To increase their adherence to the matrix, they may be
physically or chemically bonded to the surfaces of BFs.
When BF was treated with SiO2 nanoparticles, it was dis-
covered that both the specific surface area and the friction
coefficient dramatically increased. Additionally, the
anchor effect that nanoparticles may create between fibers
and resin can significantly strengthen the bonding forces
between the fibers and the matrix, producing composites
with better mechanical characteristics. For instance, Li
et al.47 discovered that adding nano-SiO2 to BF composites
enhanced the impact strength and interlaminar shear
strength by 139.73% and 27.25%, respectively. A looked
at the effects of adding SiO2 to BF and how that affected
the composite’s mechanical characteristics. The Stober
technique was used to create nano-SiO2. In SiO2 and
epoxy, chemical bonding was discovered using FTIR
research. At 5% SiO2 concentration, BF strength improves
by 15% before falling back again. During treatment, the
silicon hydroxyl group (Si-OH) reacted with nano-SiO2 to
form Si-O-Si, which resulted in an improvement in net-
work structure that aids in stress transfer and, conse-
quently, increased strength. However, an increase in SiO2
had the unintended consequence of clustering nano-Si,
which had a detrimental effect.48
Performance at elevated
temperature
One of the most important issues that must be considered
in the field of civil engineering is the behavior of a con-
crete structure when the temperature is raised. Because
high temperatures have a negative impact on the mechani-
cal and durability features of concrete buildings, it is
essential to discover strategies that may enhance these
attributes at a range of temperatures.
Visual inspection
Figure 3 reveals how the color, cracking, and spalling of
the outside surfaces of the concrete samples with no fibers
and 0.5% fibers change when they are exposed to high
temperatures. At high temperatures, no significant spalling
was seen in concrete samples that were strengthened
with BFs. This could be because the fibers are acting like
bridges, which can keep pieces of concrete from falling
apart when they are put in a fire. High temperatures cause
free and bound water to evaporate, which raises the inter-
nal pore pressures of concrete.49 This is the main cause of
spalling in concrete parts. The internal pore pressures were
not released in the reference samples that didn’t have fib-
ers. This caused a lot of spalling on the surface samples.
Although at higher temperatures, when some or all of
the fibers melted, channels formed in the bed of fibers. The
formed channels served as ways for the vapor and gases
that were made within the samples to escape. These chan-
nels made a network within the sections, which let the
vapors and gases leave the samples. This made the pore
pressures lower, which stopped the concrete samples from
flaking. Through an orthogonal experimental design, a
study found that the best amounts of diatomite and BF in
an asphalt mixture were 14% and 0.32%, respectively.
Through an analysis of mechanical properties,51 it was
found that BF makes the asphalt mixture much less likely
to crack at low temperatures. A study found that when BFs
are used, the load on diagonal cracks goes up more than
when steel fibers are used. BFs have less chemical and
frictional bonding than polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, but
this material could be made to work better with special
additives.52 A study also claimed that glass fiber improved
the resistance of at elevated temperature.53
Compressive strength (CS)
The capacity of a material or structure to bear stresses on
its surface without cracking or deflection is referred to as
compressive strength. When a substance is compressed, its
size decreases. The compressive strength of the concrete
cube test offers information on all of the properties of con-
crete. This single test determines whether or not the con-
creting was done correctly.
Effect of BF percentages. Figure 4 shows how the amount
of fibers affects the unrestrained CS at 600°C. The find-
ings reveal that the CS of the samples with fiber was
greater than the strength of the samples without fiber. This
shows that adding fiber can effectively make specimens
stronger and better able to resist damage from high tem-
peratures. Before the fiber content reached 1 kg/m3, the CS
of samples with a fiber length of 12 mm went up. After
that, it went down and finally reached the same level as the
other samples. Specimens with fiber lengths of 18 mm
worked the same as those with shorter fibers. When the
fiber content went from 0 to 3 kg/m3, the CS of samples
with a fiber length of 6 mm went up. However, as the fiber
content went up further, the CS went down. So, 1 kg/m3
(12 and 18 mm) and 3 kg/m3 (6 mm) were found to be the
best values for the CS with a greater quantity of stone pow-
der at high temperatures. When the fiber percentages
reached 5 kg/m3, the CS with different lengths decreased.
This shows that if the fiber content is too high, good results
cannot be achieved.54
The study also found that the strength of the control
concrete was about 70.7% MPa, while the strength of the
concrete with 0.25% BF was 71.3% MPa. Because of this,
BF reinforced concrete keeps its strength longer than con-
trol concrete.50 A study found that at 400°C, the BF could
still have 88%–90% of its original strength. At 500°C,
600°C, and 700°C, the strength fraction could reach
65.0%, 38.8%, and 28.6%, correspondingly. This shows
Qsymah et al.
Figure 3. Concrete surface after exposure to fire50 as per Elsevier permission.
that BF is very good at withstanding high temperatures.55
Around 400°C–600°C, a lot of calcium hydroxide (CH)
and some calcium silicate hydrate C-S-H products broke
down. As a result, the microstructures of the concrete
broke down, and it quickly lost its strength.25 A study
claimed that steel fiber-reinforced concrete performs bet-
ter at a temperature below 1000°C.56
Effect of varying temperature. Figure 5 demonstrates the
relationship between the CS and temperature. As you can
see, from 25°C to 200°C, the CS value didn’t change much
because the temperature difference was small. The CS of
samples with a fiber length of 18 mm and 1 kg/m3 went up
until the temperature reached 400°C, then it went down.
The performance of the pieces without fiber was the same
as that of the pieces with fiber. At 400°C, the CS of con-
crete without fiber and with fiber samples improved by
30% and 19%, correspondingly as compared to the con-
crete at 25°C.54 The explanation for this is that some of the
free and capillary water in the concrete evaporates in a
high-temperature condition. This creates a high-tempera-
ture steam curing atmosphere that speeds up the cement’s
hydration process and makes the concrete stronger. From
400°C to 600°C, the CS of samples with and without fiber
decreased by 33% and 42%, correspondingly.
5
This is because as the temperature rises, free and capil-
lary water is released, and microcracks and holes form
within the samples. Furthermore, the materials that make
up the concrete have different thermal expansion coeffi-
cients, which causes cracks due to uneven thermal defor-
mation. High temperatures also destroy the crystal structure
within the material and cause it to break down. So, at 600°C
temperature, the samples started to get weaker. Figure 5
shows that at 600°C, the strength of the samples with fib-
ers got even worse. A scientist looked at how strong BF
and glass fiber were when pulled apart at 300°C, 400°C,
500°C, and 600°C, correspondingly. The finding reveals
that BF has a greater tensile capacity than glass fiber at
various temperatures level, and the longer it stays at a high
temperature, the more resistance to fire.57
Effect of varying BF length. Figure 6 shows how the length
of the fibers relates to the strength of the fibers when they
are not in a closed space. Figure 6 shows that at 600°C, the
CS of the specimen with fibers of any length was greater
than the control specimens. But as the length of the fibers
got longer, the unconfined CS first went up and then went
down. It could be because the length of the fibers affects
how well the fabric flows. In general, fibers with longer
lengths made the paste between them stick together more
6 Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 

29
6 mm Length
28 12 mm Length
18 mm Length
Compressive Strength (MPa)

27

26

25

24

23

22
0 1 3 5
BF (Kg/m3)

Figure 4. Compressive strength of BFs reinforced concrete at 600°C.54

38
Without Fiber
36 With Fibers
Compressive Strength (MPa)

34

32

30

28

26

24

22
25 200 400 600
Temperature (°C)

Figure 5. Compressive strength at varying temperature.54

than fibers with shorter lengths. So, fibers with long
lengths make it harder for concrete to flow. A study also
found that fibers made the strength weaker at higher doses
because they didn’t flow well. This made the compaction
power go up, which led to more voids.30
The samples with a fiber length of 12 mm and a fiber
content of 1 kg/m3 had a CS that was 20% greater than the
reference. The samples with a fiber length of 6 mm and a
fiber content of 3 kg/m3 had a CS that was 19% higher than
the control specimens. When the 18 mm fiber length was
added, the CS of the sample went down. This shows that
18 mm fiber lengths and larger ones do not make concrete
stronger. A study also found that stiffness goes up by about
25% when fiber length goes from 2 to 4 mm, but stiffness
goes down again when fiber length goes from 4 to 6 mm.
The same trend was seen with the tensile strength, which
means that 6 mm fiber length didn’t help with fiber disper-
sion and disorder.58 In the same way, a study found that
fine fibers made the mixture harder to work with and sug-
gested a mix of small and medium fibers for the best bal-
ance between the properties of fresh concrete and hardened
material.59
Qsymah et al.
29
28
Compressive Strength (MPa) 27
26
25
24
23
22
0 6
BF Length (mm)
Figure 6. Compressive strength with varying fibers length at 600°C.54
Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity refers to a material’s capacity to
absorb heat. When assessing the quantity of heat transmis-
sion by conduction, the thermal conductivity (k-value) of
cement-based materials such as concrete is a significant
issue. The quantity of heat loss via walls and roofs has a
direct impact on building energy usage. Figure 7 illustrates
the thermal conductivity changes with the amount of BF
added. This proved that the thermal conductivity goes up
as more BF is added since BF has a relatively low thermal
conductivity of 0.8 W/mK.60 So, adding more BFs makes
the thermal conductivity go up more than that of foam
glass, which is 0.115 W/mK.61 But a study found that add-
ing steel fibers to concrete makes it better at transferring
heat at temperatures up to about 700°C, with the most
improvement at room temperature. This rise in thermal
conductivity can be explained by the fact that steel has
about 50 times more thermal conductivity than concrete.62
This outcome is in line with the previously noted rise in
density brought on by the addition of BFs as well as the
expansion of the region where those fibers were concen-
trated or joined in the microstructure. According to Yun
et al.,64 the BF reinforced foam glass examples suggested
in this study all have the necessary characteristics to be
used as a fireproofing material. The BF reinforced foam
glass example with 50% BF added demonstrated the great-
est thermal conductivity of 0.28 W/mK, which is below the
threshold value of 0.33 W/mK for building thermal insula-
tion material.
As a result, it was feasible to create a new fireproof
compatible foam glass with better strength characteristics
and thermal qualities by adding the right quantity of BF to
existing foam glass and sintering it at a low temperature of
7
BF-1kg
BF-3kg
BF-5kg
12 18
750°C. According to research, the quantity of heat that is
carried through the thickness of concrete specimens
decreases as the volume percentage of BF increases.65
Because micro steel66 fiber, an effective heat conductor,
was present, samples of steel fiber with enhanced thermal
conductivity were observed.66 Thermal conductivity was
seen to significantly decrease as the number of heat expo-
sures increased. The quick drop in moisture level after the
evaporation of cement paste’s pore and free water as a
result of repeated high-temperature exposures may be the
cause of this thermal conductivity trend.67 There have also
been reports of comparable thermal conductivity loss after
exposure to high temperatures.68
Microstructure analysis
Optical microscopy
As the amount of BFs increased, the pore shapes varied.
Figure 8(a) depicts the picture of a sample with just 6 wt
percent added carbon and no BF, which revealed spherical
closed holes in the foam glass of around 300 µm in size. A
sample with a 13-weight percent addition of BF is shown in
Figure 8(b). A transition from spherical to elliptical pores
was seen with the addition of BFs. It was also established
that the BF was uniformly distributed, as seen by the dotted
circle.
The cross-section of a sample with 20 wt percent BF
added is shown in Figure 8(c), confirming that circular
pores are produced as the BF concentration increases.
Additionally, the dotted circle’s region depicts locations
where BFs are concentrated, which was determined to be
the reason for open pores in the prior pore confirmation
test. Cross-sectional photographs of BF addition at 30%,
8 Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 
0.3
0.28
Thermal Conductivity (W/m.k)
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0 10 15
Figure 7. Thermal conductivity.63
40%, and 50% weight percent are shown in Figure 8(d) to
(f), respectively.
In addition, BF present in high-density clusters in the
region indicated by the dotted circle was also exhibited.
Increasing quantities of BF addition were proven to pro-
duce elliptical pores as the main axis length increased. It
was observed that this tangled cluster grew when BF was
added at an increasing rate.
As a result, it was determined that a BF addition of
more than 20 weight percent causes closed pore foam glass
to transform into open pore foam glass by causing pores to
coalesce and join with one another throughout the forma-
tion process.
Scan electronic microscopy (SEM)
Ordinary concrete’s hydration byproducts are dispersed
randomly, as seen in Figure 9 (control). Where various
hydration products are not tightly bonded to one another,
the interface is characterized by pores, microcracks, and
other flaws. A study observes that the link between the
hydration products and the aggregate, which are not tightly
coupled, has two conspicuous interfacal transsition zone
(ITZ) locations where there are clear fissures.
Figure 9 (0.01 and 0.02% BF) shows that when BF is
added to regular concrete, the interface pores of the hydra-
tion products shrink, and no evident microcracks are
detected, which is advantageous for the enhancement of
the mechanical characteristics and durability of concrete.
The primary factors influencing BFs’ ability to combine
and wrap with hydration materials are their inherent com-
patibility with cement-based composites. Another research
found that fiber enhanced the concrete’s tensile qualities
20 30 40 50
BF (%)
by preventing cracks, reducing ITZ cracks, and enhancing
microstructure.70 Furthermore, when shrinkage and void
size reduction have a place, adequate packing may have
prevented fractures. According to the investigation pre-
sented in Liu et al.,71 glass fiber filled voids and decreased
concrete permeability. Similar studies claimed that fiber
restrict crack72–75 which decreased permeability.
The ITZ area of control is smaller than that of 0.02% BF
but still superior owing to the low fiber concentration (0).
In 0.02% BF regions II and III, BFs can be seen to bridge
the two ends of the ITZ areas, which significantly increases
the ITZ area’s tightness and stability. In region I, BFs can
be seen to cross the pores. The obvious disordered BF dis-
tribution in 0.03% BF was seen, and the substantial BF
agglomeration raised the risk of faults. The ITZ region and
pores were highly permeable to BFs, indicating the rele-
vance of this region in terms of toughening and fracture
resistance. The BFs cannot be completely wrapped, and
bigger holes can be seen. However, the content of hydra-
tion products at the interface is low (which is connected to
the reduction in cementitious materials per unit volume
induced by the rise in the amount of BFs). A study also
claim that fiber reinforced structure mostly fail due inter-
facial debonding.76
The foregoing study leads to the conclusion that the
right inclusion of BF improves the mechanical character-
istics and durability of concrete, and that each group of
concrete’s microstructures of the initial hydration product
interface is compatible with its initial index of macro-
mechanical properties. Research also found that silica
fume enhanced the performance of mortars with fiber
reinforcement by shielding the fibers from deterioration
brought on by an alkali environment. By coating the
Qsymah et al.
Figure 8. Optical microscopy: (a) 0%, (b) 13%, (c) 20%, (d) 30%, (e) 40%, and (f) 50% BF.63
fiber’s surface, silica fume specifically created a barrier
between the fiber and the alkali environment. According
to several SEM investigations, fiber has a predisposition
to form bundles and flocculate, which results in an uneven
distribution of fiber and a reduction in bonding strength.77
As a result, caution must be used while choosing the fiber
dosage and mixing concrete.
At room temperature, the inner structure of the concrete
mixture is thick with a uniform distribution of calcium sili-
cate hydrates (C-S-H gels), as illustrated in Figure 10.
Calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) gel improved the binding
9
properties of cement paste.78–82 The increase was noticea-
bly large83 because Ca(O H)2 was consumed in considera-
ble quantities during the hydration process, which mainly
happens when longer curing times are used for concrete.
While the (C-S-H gel) showed a few micro-cracks and
pores after being subjected to 300°C, the concrete mixes
continued to have a thick internal structure. The interior
structures of the specimens, however, were of the alveolate
kind, and many micro-cracks started to appear around
600°C. There were a lot of holes created at this temperature
and no full crystals were seen. The microstructures of the
10
Figure 9. SEM of BF reinforced concrete.69
concrete deteriorated and there was a fast loss of strength at
temperatures between 400°C and 600°C due to the substan-
tial quantity of calcium hydroxide (CH) and certain C-S-H
products that were decomposing.25 Additionally, the con-
crete’s microstructure became amorphous, indicating that
the C-S-H gels had degraded; as a result, many fissures
appeared in the matrices.
Environmental benefits
The ecologically friendly natural basalt ore is used to make
the raw materials for BF. In the BF manufacturing process,
no additional components are required, and dangerous
gases like boron and other alkali metal oxides are not
released. Additionally, because its composition is identical
to that of basalt ore, following deterioration there is no
environmental contamination.84 BF may also be used as a
catalyst carrier in the treatment of wastewater and the puri-
fication of gases since it is resistant to oxidation. The
catalytic performance may be completely used with no
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 
secondary pollution by increasing the possibility of the
catalyst coming into contact with the pollutants.85
All of the combinations under study had a progressive
rise in eco-efficiency as a result of the change in reinforce-
ment dose, as seen in Figure 11. For flexural and compres-
sive strength, BF- 0.5% has the lowest environmental costs
per MPa, followed by BFs 1.5%. In contrast to a typical
approach, the use of BFs provides a workable alternative
with adequate functional performance and lower environ-
mental costs. On the other hand, this mixture’s environ-
mental viability was reduced by the indicated decline in
tensile strength shown for BFs at 1.5%.
The CO2 intensity index likewise showed similar pat-
terns as shown in Figure 12. The functional characteristics
of concrete reinforced by BFs, which are virtually half in
the case of the compressive strength, are responsible for
the concrete’s relatively low CO2 emissions. Due to the
limited capacity of BFs to transfer the stress, the undesir-
able decrease in the tensile strength of basalt composites
cannot be compensated for by even more favorable
Qsymah et al.
Figure 10. SEM of concrete at (a) ambient temperature, (b) 300°C, and (c) 600°C50 as per Elsevier permission.
environmental performance.87 The superior outcomes of
BF reinforcement over carbon fibers are shown by the
energy/mechanical index obtained.
In this light, using BFs as a concrete reinforcement may
be seen as a good alternative that helps to increase material
performance while also advancing sustainable aims. Basalt
reinforcement has advantages for the ecosystem, as shown
by Laiblová et al. evaluation of reinforced façade panels.88
However, the authors could not identify the source of input
data utilized for each reinforcement assessment. Therefore,
it is difficult to compare the findings considering potential
variations in BFs’ manufacturing techniques. The results
are consistent with the hypotheses of numerous writers
who claimed that the manufacture of BF had a lower envi-
ronmental effect than that of steel or glass fibers.89
A study found that, in addition to the advantages of
mechanical performance, cost-efficiency, relatively simple
production, and low weight are important factors to take
into account when choosing the kind of reinforcing
fibers (for instance, carbon reinforcement has a high
cost and significant environmental impact).90 All input
materials must thus be carefully chosen to minimize
production-related negative impacts, comply with current
11
requirements, and balance mechanical, environmental, and
economic performances.88 Research also found that the
effects of acidity on aquatic species are related to practi-
cally all forms of fiber reinforcing that are presently in use.
However, regardless of the approach used, significant vari-
ations in Ozone Layer Depletion and Global Warming
potential may be seen.91 Significant consideration should
be given to the accompanying local environmental impli-
cations, not only with regard to the energy mix composi-
tion but also with regard to local travel times and modes of
transportation, which have the potential to significantly
alter environmental impact.92 The figures for environmen-
tal effects may somewhat vary depending on the manufac-
turing process and raw materials used.93
Application of BFs
The range of applications for BF products is enormous. As
shown in Figure 13, a variety of items are also available
for civil applications. Asbestos is being replaced by fiber-
based composites made of basalt in practically all applica-
tions. High-strength rovings for pultruded load-bearing
components and concrete reinforcing bars, woven textiles
12 Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 

35

30

Enviromental Intensity (mPt/MPa)

BF-0.5%
BF-1.5%
25
SF-0.5%
SF-1.5%
20

15

10

0
Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Flexural Strength

Figure 11. Eco-efficiency comparison between BFs (BF) and steel fibers (SF).86

35

30

BF-0.5%
CO2 Intensity (Co2/MPa)

25
BF-1.5%
SF-0.5%
20
SF-1.5%

15

10

0
Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Flexural Strength

Figure 12. CO2 comparison between basalt fibers (BF) and steel fibers (SF).86

for heat/sound insulation and fire protection, and stucco
nets for wall strengthening and rehabilitation are all
made using basalt filaments and fibers.94 It may be applied
in various concrete structures, including bridges, tunnels,
dams, floors, and many other structures, like asphalt con-
crete pavement, aircraft landing runways, etc., which are
frequently impacted by high humidity, acid, alkali, and salt
medium. BFs have exceptional chemical stability in
intense environments. The use of the structure has created
many new opportunities.
Due to its wide range of uses in building materials,
basalt may be found in tubes, bars, pipe fittings, internal
heat and boiler shells, tanks, chimneys, fire safety
buildings, etc. In the building industry, good hardness,
strength characteristics, rust resistance, a large tempera-
ture variety, and excellent insulating capabilities are all
taken into account when choosing a material.95 In the con-
struction industry, BF, like basalt ore, has a distinct advan-
tage due to its strong structure, exceptional wear resistance,
and low water absorption. When compared to other fibers,
BF provides a high strength-to-cost ratio.12
In comparison to regular glass fiber, BF has higher elas-
ticity and is more temperature-resistant, impact-resistant,
and chemically stable, so composite materials made of
different types of resins can be used in high-pressure,
chemical, and thermal stress environments. BF reinforced
Qsymah et al.
Figure 13. Application of BFs in different sectors.
composites and glass fiber or Aramid fiber-reinforced
composites may often be compared. It charges about the
same as glass fiber or a little less. Its primary performance
indices outperform conventional silicon aluminum glass
fiber, come close to the pricey magnesium silicate fiber,
and have certain characteristics of carbon fiber.96
A proper regulatory framework that specifies technical
requirements and design guidelines while differentiating
between scenarios of application on new or existing struc-
tures is required due to the growing usage of composite
materials based on BFs in the area of construction.
Currently, many national policies and European technical
regulations relate to composite materials generally or, at
the most, to conventional composites (based on glass, car-
bon, or aramid) for which there is a wealth of experimental
research.97
To examine its feasibility and flexural performance, the
newly created basalt microfibers are inserted longitudi-
nally as reinforcement. They show improved curvature
ductility with enhanced highest moment capability of the
beams. An increase in the BF reinforcement ratio improves
the flexural strength of the beams regardless of the kind of
concrete utilized.98
The BF, elevated temperature resistance, acid-alkali
corrosion, oxidation resistance, and stable size enable it to
13
withstand demanding dedusting circumstances, increase
dust removal effectiveness, and extend the filter bag’s
lifespan. It may be used for dust collection or collection of
products in the steel, cement, carbon black, chemical, and
food industries.
Traditional composites made of cement are fragile and
short-lived. The strength and toughness of composites may
be improved, and the occurrence and spread of fractures in
composites can be reduced, by using a sufficient quantity
of BF.99,100
Conclusions
The purpose of this study is to collect information on already
research carried out by other scholars. Treatment of BF, the
performance of BF-reinforced concrete at elevated tempera-
tures, microstructure analysis, environmental benefits, and
application in civil engineering are the main aspects of this
review. The details conclusion is given below.
•• Different treatment methods apply to BF which
improved its performance. However, information is
less, and more details study is required.
•• Concrete performance at high temperatures dem-
onstrates that BF significantly increased its fire
14
resistance. However, the dosage and fiber length is
crucial. According to the study, 1.0 kg/m3 BF with
lengths of 12 and 18 mm performs best when sub-
jected to high temperatures. Furthermore, with the
addition of BF, an increase in thermal conductivity
is also seen.
•• Microstructure analysis shows that IZT crack con-
siderably reduced with the addition of BF owing to
the crack prevention. However, a higher dose of BF
(2.0%) increased the ITZ cracks due to a lack of
flowability.
•• BF has a significant positive environmental impact
owing to its low mass associated with steel fibers
and lower environmental expenses, all while main-
taining mechanical performance. Given that both
environmental and CO2 intensity per 1 MPa may
differ for compressive, flexural, or tensile strength,
both factors would be studied as per planned func-
tion and requirements.
•• BF, a novel and promising green material with
excellent insulating capabilities, high strength, tem-
perature resistance, and fatigue resistance, will have
a lot of promise in the construction sector
Recommendations
•• A details study of the different techniques used to
improve the performance of BF should be explored.
•• No or less information is available on the thermal
conductivity and sound absorption of BF-reinforced
concrete. Therefore, the suggested details study in
this area.
•• To promote the further development of BF-reinforced
concrete, demonstration projects can be established
in industries to accumulate practical engineering
experience.
•• The embodied energy and ecological influences
must be considered in further studies.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support
for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article:
The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific
Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work
by Grant Code: (22UQU4250045DSR20).
ORCID iDs
Jawad Ahmad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9890-7158
Saleh M Alogla https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6696-9998
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 
Khaled A. Alawi Al-Sodani https://orcid.org/0000-0003
-2572-4243
Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-4784
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