Ci vA Like and as EW Like = similar to / the same as / for example: = What a beautiful house! It’s like a palace. (nov as a palace) = “What does George do?” “He’sa teacher, like me.” (no! as me) = Why do you always talk about boring things like your job? = Be careful! The floor was just waxed. It’s like walking on ice. = It's raining again. I hate weather like this Like is a preposition. So itis followed by a noun (“like a palace /like your job”), a pronoun (like me /like this”), or -ing (“like walking”) ‘You can also say “like (someone/something) -ing”: = “What's that noise?” “It sounds like a baby crying.” oO We use as before a subject + verb: = Don’t move anything. Leave everything as itis. Compare like and as in these sentenc: @ You should have done it like this. (like + pronoun) = You should have done it as T showed you. (as + subject + verb) But we usesuch as (= for example) without a verb: = Some sports, such as auto racing, can be dangerous. Note that we say as usual: m You're late as usual. G As + subject + verb can have other meanings. For example: ® Do as you are told! (= Do what you are told.) = They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.) ‘You can also say as you know / as we expected / as I said / as I thought, etc.: = As you know, it’s Tom’s birthday next week. (= you know this already) = Ann failed her driving test, as we expected. og As can also be a preposition (which means you can use it with a noun), but the meaning is different from We use like when we compare thing: = She looks beautiful ~ like a princess. (she isn’t really a princess) m= Everyone is sick at home. Our house is like a hospital. (it isn't really a hospital) We use as + noun to say what something really is or was (especially when we talk about someone's job or how we use something): @ A few years ago I worked as.a waiter. (I really was a waiter) ‘Sue has just found a job asa sales clerk. During the war this hotel was used as a hospital. (so it really was a hospital) We don’t have a car, so we use the garage as a workshop. The news of her death came as a great shock. (it really was a shock) 214UNIT 107. Exercises {107.1] Complete these sentences with like or as. The sentences in this exercise are like those in sections a, b, and c. Examples: This house is beautiful. It's ./#é@......a palace. Ann failed her driving test, ..8.......we expected. 1, Doyou think Ann looks ... her mother? 2, He really gets on my nerves. [ can't stand people ... him. 3. Why didn’t you doit... told you to do it? 4, “Where does Bill work?” “He works in a bank, most of his friends.” 5, He never listens. Talking to him is... talking to a wall. 6 said yesterday, I'm thinking of going to Mexico. 7. Carol’s idea seemed a good one, $0 we did she suggested, 8. It’sadifficult problem. I never know what to do in situations «0.0.0 this. 9. Pllcall you tomorrow evening............ usual, okay? 10. This teais terrible. It tastes water. 11. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was .........a bomb exploding 12. She’s a really good swimmer. She swims ........- fish. Choose like or as (preposition ~ see section d). Examples: She looks beautiful this evening ~ ..//Aé.....a princess. A few years ago I worked ..&8........a waiter in a restaurant, He’s been studying English for a few years, but he still speaks .... ‘a beginner. . My feet are really cold. They're .....-..- Blocks of ice. . Margaret once had a part-time job .. a tourist guide. |. We don’tneed all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them a study. Her house is full of lots of interesting things. It'S.....: a museum. Have you ever worked ............a construction worker on a building site? The news that he was getting married came ‘a complete surprise to me. He’s 35, but he sometimes behaves a child, i There are sentences of all types in this exercise. Put in like or as. . Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak _____ you. ‘You don’t have to take my advice if you don’t want to. You can do you like. He wastes too much time doing things.............Sitting in cafes all day. |. There’sno need to change your clothes. You can g0 Out «...... YOU are, The weather’s terrible for the middle of summer. It's -winter. . She decided to give up her job........... a journalist and become a teacher. Ithink I prefer this room it was, before we decorated it. When we asked Jack to help us, he agreed immediately, .........1 knew he would. ). While we were on vacation, we spent most of our time on sports, sailing, water skiing, and swimming. 10, Ann's been working... Waitress for the last few weeks. ex apeeye eer aneens 25Daa 8 As if EW You can use as if to say how someone or something looks/sounds/feels, etc. ‘@ The house looked as if nobody was living in it. = Ann sounds as if she’s got a cold, doesn’t she? = T've just come back from vacation, but I feel tired and depressed. I don’t feel as if I've had a vacation. ‘Compare: = You look tired. (look + adjective) ‘You look asiif you haven’t slept. (look + asif + subject + verb) = Tom sounded worried. (sound + adjective) ‘om sounded as if he was worried. (sound + asif + subject + verb) You can use as though instead of asif: ‘@ Ann sounds as though she’s got a cold. oO ‘You can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though): © Tom is very late, isn’t he? It looks as if he isn’t coming. = We took an umbrella because it looked asf it was going to rain. = Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having a party, doesn't it? = Itsmells as though someone has been smoking in here. After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if / as though: m= It looks like Tom isn’t coming. You can also use as if with other verbs to say how someone does something: © He ranas if he were running for his life. = After the interruption, she continued talking as if nothing had happened. = When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I were insane. After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present. For example: = Idon’t like Norman. He talks as if he knew everything. ‘The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past ('‘as if he knew”) because the idea is not real: Norman does not know everything. We use the past in the same way in if sentences and after wish (see Unit 35), When we use the past in this way, we use were instead of was: = Harry's only 50. Why do you talk about him as if he were (or was) an old man? = They treat me as ifI were (or was) their own son. (I'm not their son.) 216UNIT 108 Exercises she had hurt her leg he hadn't washed in ages she was enjoying it she was going to throwit at him he was calling long distance you'veseena ghost theyhadn'teatenforaweek _I'mgoing to be sick . Tom locks very tired. You say to him: You look as./f you. need... gaad. rest. . When you talked to Jack on the phone last night, you couldn’t hear him very well. He sounded ... . Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didn’t look You could smell him from along way away He needed a bath badly. He smelled ‘Your friend comes into the room looking, absolutely terrified. His face is white. You say: What's the matter? You look You've just eaten a whole box of candy. Now you are feeling sick Yousay: [feel 7. When you saw Sue, she was walking in a strange way. She looked . They were extremely hungry and ate their dinner very quickly. ‘They ate their dinner ‘Ann and Tom were having an argument, She was very angry. Suddenly she picked up a plate. She looked.. i Make sentences beginning It looks/sounds as if (or like)... eope 2 youhada good time _there’s been an accident we'll have to walk home _it’s going to rain they are having an argument | 1, Tom hasn't arrived yet and it’s late, You say: ZeJoaks.as Jf likeli lan gaing toca, 2. The skyis full of black clouds. You say: It 3. You hear two people shouting at cach other next door. You say: It sounds . There is an ambulance, some police officers, and two damaged cars at the side of the road. Yousay: : You and your friend have just missed the last bus home. You say:... 6. Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting things they did on their vacation. You say: : 108.3] These sentences are like the ones in section d. Complete each sentence. Example: Norman doesn't know everything, but he talks.83 i he .Anen.everything.. 1. Pm nota child, but sometimes you talk to me ...... achild. 2. She doesn’t know me, so why did she smile at me 3. He’s not my boss, but sometimes he acts. 27UNIT A) At/on/in (time) H At We use at with times: fat So'clock at 11:45 at midnight at lunchtime = Carol usually leaves work at five o’clock. But we usually leave out at when we ask (At) what time.» 2 ‘What time are you going out this evening? We also use at in these expressions: at night Idon’t like going out at night. at Christmas / at Easter We give each other presents at Christmas. (public hotiday periods) at the moment /at present Ms. King is busy at the moment / at present. atthe same time ‘Ann and [arrived at the same time. atthe age of ... ‘Tom left school at the age of 16 /at 16. I'm going away at the beginning of May. Al the end of the concert, there was great applause. On We we on with dates and dye on March 12th on Friday(s) on Christmas Day (but at Christmas) = They got married on March 12th. We also say: on Friday morning(s) om Sunday afternoon(s)__ on Monday evening(s) on Saturday night(s), etc. on weekends = Tusually go out on Monday evenings. = What are you doing on the weekend? In_ We use in for longer periods of time (for example: months/years/seasons): in April in 1968 in (the) winter in the 18th century in the 1970s in the Middle Ages © They got married in 1968, We also say: in the morning(s)/in the afternoon(s) /in the evening(s) = T'llsee you in the morning. (but T'll see you on Friday morning.) ob ™ ['llsee younext Friday. @ They got married last March. GG In + a petiod of time = a time in the future: = The train will be leaving in a few minutes. 'm Jack went away. He'll be back in a week. (= a week from now) = They are getting married in six months. (~ six months from now) ‘You can also say “in six months’ time,” “in a week’s time,” ete. m= They are getting married in six months’ time. We also use in to say how long it takes to do something: = learned to drive in four weeks. ( a few minutes from now) took me four weeks to learn) 218UNIT 109 Exercises FEE corre the sentences. Each time use at, on, or in with one of the phrases from the box. . In many countries, children have to start school. Its difficult to listen when everyone is speaking . The Russian Revolution took place... the 1920s 1917 -the-4Stheentury about five minutes the same time Saturdays night _theageoffive July 21, 1969 the moment Columbus discovered America... the. JSth..ceaturiy. ‘The first man landed on the moon . In Britain soccer matches are usually played ‘You can see the stars .. ifthe sky is clear. Jazz. became popular in the United States Tom is thet sn snnnevnens He'll be back Ext . Tom's grandmother died «0.1977 « . [get paid the end of the month. Jack's brother is an engineer, but he’s unemployed... the moment, . The price of electricity is going up .......-. October. amples: The concert starts ....86...... 7:45. learned to drive... four weeks. March 10th. 6:30 the next morning, 5:00... sneee the morning. ‘The course begins January 7th and ends Iwent to bed. midnight and got up We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived Mozart was born in Salzburg. 1756. ‘Are you doing anything special .. the weekend? Hurry up! We've got to go --.e...-five minutes. Thaven't seen Ann for a few days. Llast saw her ‘Tuesday. T'llcall You ........« Tuesday morning about 10:00, okay? I might not be home the morning. Can you cal ........ the afternoon instead? _.the age of 79. ‘Sunday afternoons I usually go for a walk in the park. . There are usually a lot of parties ‘New Year's Eve. . Llike walking around town night. It’s always so peaceful. Tom doesn’t see his parents very often these days ~ usually only... Christmas and sometimes: the summer for a few days. the end of a course, the students usually have a party. ). I've been invited to a wedding. February 14, T'm just going out to do some shopping, I'll be back ..........half an hour. "Ann works hard during the week, so she likes to relax -.-...- weekends Tt was a short book and easy to read. Tread it aday. Carol got married ........... 17, which is rather young to get married. |. Would you like to go to the movies Friday night? The telephone rang and the doorbell rang the same time. . Mary and Henry always go out for dinner ......-. their wedding anniversary. Mr. Davis is 63. He'll be retiring from his job... tWo years’ time. 219eee t For, during, and while For and during We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on: for six years for two hours for a week I've lived in this house for six years. ‘We watched television for two hours last night. Ana is going away for a week in September. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for hours. Are you going away for the weekend? You cannotuse during in this way: = It rained for three days without stopping. (not during three days) We use during + noun to say when something happens (not how long): during themovie during our vacation during the night = [fell asleep during the movie. We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation. m= The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night. = Tl call you some time during the afternoon. We use during + noun. We use while + subject + verb. Compare: noun Ifellasteep during the movie, subject + verb fell asleep while Twas watching television. in these examples: = We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation. ‘We met a lot of interesting people while we were on vacation. = Robert suddenly began to feel sick during the exam. Robert suddenly began to feel sick while he was taking the exam. Here are some more examples of while: = We saw Ann while we were waiting for the bus. = While you were out, there was a phone call for you. ‘= Tom read a book while I watched television When you are talking about the future, use the present (not will) after while = I'm going to Toronto next week. [hope to see Tom while P'm there. = What are you going to do while you are waiting? See also Unit 9a, For while -ing see Unit 64b. For for and since see Unit 19b. 220UNIT 110 Exercises Examples: It rained ...#@r....... three days without stopping. fell asleep auring.... the movie. 1. Twaited for you half an hour and then decided that you weren't coming 2. He hasn‘ lived in Haiti all his life, He lived in France su four years. 3. Production at the factory was seriously affected «1...» the strike. 4. Lfelt realy sick last week. I couldn't eat anything three days. 5S. When we were at the theater last night, we met Ann, 6. 7 8. Sue was very angry after our argument. She didn’t speak to me . We usually go out on weekends, but we don't often go out the week, . Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work as months. 1110.2] Put in while or during. Examples: We met a lot of people Whilé...... we were on vacation ‘We met alot of people aarring.... our vacation. 1. Tmet Sue «0 1 was Waiting for the bus. 2 _.. We were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel. 3 our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries. 4, The phone rang three times .........We Were having dinner last night. 5. Thad been away for many years. that time, many things had changed. 6. 1 8 What did she say about m¢ ........--1 Was oUt of the room? |. Jack read a lot of books and magazines he was sick. .. Twent out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began to feel sick 9. Many interesting suggestions were made............ the meeting. 10. Please don’t interrupt me _..'m speaking. 11. There were many interruptions the President's speech. 12. Can you set the table T get dinner ready? 1110.3] ‘Now use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Examples: Uell asleep while Z.Wwas. reading. the. 1 I didn’t sleep very well. kept waking up during he. mght. the meal. 1. [fell asleep during .. 2. The lights suddenly went out while. 3. [hurt my arm while ...... 4, The students looked bored during... 5. Can you wait here while i area coca oe. 6. 7 8 . Itrained a lot during [fell off my chair during . It started to rain while... 9. She burned herself while 221eae By and until By the time a By (+ a time) = not later than: I mailed the letter today, so they should receiv. on or before Monday, on Monday at the latest) = We'd better hurry. We have to be home by § o’elock (= at or before 5 o'clock, at 5 o'clock at the latest) = Where's Ann? She should be here by now. (= now or before now; so she should have already arrived) by Monday. ‘You cannot use until with this meaning: = Tell me by Friday whether or not you can come to the party. (rot Tell me until Friday) We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues: = “Shall we go now?” “No, let’s wait until (or till) it stops raining.” = Iwas tired this morning, so I stayed in bed until half past ten. ‘Compare until and by in these sentences: = Sue will be away until Monday. (so she'll come back on Monday) 1 Sue will be back by Monday. (= she'll be back on or before Monday, on Monday at the latest) = T’ll be working until 11 o’elock. (s0 T'll stop working at 11 o'clock) = T'llhave finished my work by 11 o’clock (= I'll finish my work at or before 11 o'clock, at 11 o'clock at the latest) ‘You can also say by the time (something happens), .. .. Study these examples carefull m= Ir’snot worth going shopping now. By the time we get to the stores, they will be closed. (= they will close between now and the time we get there) = (from a letter) I'm flying to the United States this evening. So by the time you receive this letter, I'll probably be in New York. (= Iwill arrive in New York between now and the time you receive this letter.) ‘When you are talking about the past, you can use By the time (something happened), ... = Tom’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time he arrived, most of the guests had left. (= It took him a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time.) = Thad a lot of work to do yesterday evening. By the time L finished, I was very tired, (= Ittook me a long time to do the work and I became more and mote tired during this time.) '= It took them a long time to find a place to park their car. By the time they got to the theater, the play had already started. You can also use by then or by that time: = Tom finally arrived at the party at midnight. But by then (or by that time), most of the guests had left. 222UNIT 111 Exercises i Make sentences with by: Example: Lave to be home no later than 5:00. L.Aave.. tebe. at. homme. by. $:00.. 1. Thave tobe at the airport no later than 10:30. Ihave tobe at the airport. 2. Let me know no later than Saturday ‘whether you can come to the party. Let me know ... . Please make sure that you are here no later than 2:0. Please . Ifyou want to take the exam, you have to register no later than April 3. If 5. If'we leave now, we should be in Winnipeg no later than lunchtime. If a Hz Putin by or until, Examples: Tom went away. He'll be away éil.... Monday. Sorry, but I’ve got to go. Ihave to be home ... AY... * 1, P've been offered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. [have to decide Thursday. . T think Tl wait ......... Thursday before making a decision. . A: Thear you're writing a book. Have you finished it yet? B: Not quite, but I hope to finish it... the end of this month. 4, A: P'm going out now. I'll be back at 4:30. Will you still be here? B: Idon’t think so. I'l probably have gone .... then. I’m moving into my new apartment next week. I'm staying with a friend then. A: Do you think Pll still be unemployed this time next year? B: No, of course not. I’m sure you'll have found a job «0... that time. fit] Read these situations and then complete the sentences using By the time... . Example: Tom was invited to a party, but he got there much later than he intended, By. the. tirne.he get. te.the party , most of the guests had left. 1, Thad tocatch a train, butt took me longer than expected to getto the station sve) my train had left. 2. saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. So I called the police. But it was some time before the police arrived. , the two men had disappeared. 3. A man escaped from prison last night, It was a long time before the guards discovered. what had happened. , the escaped prisoner was miles away. 4, Tintended to go to the movies after finishing my work, But I finished my work much later than expected. sees + it was too Late to go to the movies. 223ea L pi In/at/on (position) (1) oi In_ Study these examples: X OOOX0000 in a room /in a building, in the water in a row / im a line in a garden / in a park in the ocean in a town / in a country in a river = There’s no one in the room /in the building / in the store. = The children are playing in the garden /in the park. = When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice. (not at Veni = Robert lives in a small village in the mountains. = She keeps her money in her bag /in her purse. = What do you have in your hand /in your mouth? = Look at that girl swimming in the water /in the ocean ‘= When I go to the movies, I prefer to sit in the front row. = Have you read this article in the newspaper? Note that we say: the river! (Sit) in an armchair (but on a chair) in a photograph / in a picture / in a mirror in the sky = Who is the woman in that photograph? (nor on that photograph) = Itwas a beautiful day. There wasn’t a cloud in the sky. m= Don’t sit in that armehair. It’s broken. In (the) front of In (the) back of ‘= The caris in front of the truck. (but not in the truck!) = The truck is in back of (= behind) the car. (but not in the car!) ‘The woman is in the front of the car. (in the car) = The man is in the back (of the car). (in the cat) ‘We say in the front /in the back of a car, room, theater, group of people, etc. m= Iwas sitting in the back of the car when we crashed. an the loa! = Let's sit in the front (of the theater) = John was standing in the back of the crowd but: on the front/back of a piece of paper, photograph, envelope, etc.: Write your name on the back of this piece of paper. ol in the front 224EB a: stay these examptes: ex at the top (of the page) i vo at the bus stop at the door = at the end at the window 2] at the bottom (of the page) of the street = Who is that man standing at the bus stop / at the door / at the window? = Turn left at the traffic tight = Ifyou leave the hotel, please leave your key at the front desk. 1m Write your name at the top / at the bottom of the page. 1m Jack’s house is the white one at the end of the street. Ci On Study these examples: Ee (zaee as Don'tsit on the floor /on the ground / on the grasst m= There’sa buttertly on the wall /on the ceiling /on your nose. = Haye you seen the notice on the bulletin board? = The book you are looking for is on the top shelf / on the table. = There’sa report of the soccer game on page 7 of the newspaper. m= Don'tsit on that chair. It's broken. (but sit in an armchair) Note that we say: on the left / on the right (or on the left-/ right-hand side) on the ground floor / on the first floor / on the second floor, etc. ‘# In Britain people drive on the left. (or. ..on the left-hand side) ‘= Our apartment is on the second floor of the building ‘We use on with small islands: ‘= Tom spent his vacation on a small island off the coast of Scotland, ‘We also say that a place is on the coast /on a river / on a road: CANADA ‘Vancouver is on the west coast of Canada. Vancouver Montreal is on the St. Lawrence River. London is on the river Thames. ‘We say that a place is on the way to another place: = We stopped for lunch in a pretty village on the way to Rome. [9 Iniation the corner We say “in the corner of a room,” but “at the corner (or on the corner) of a street”: m The television is in the corner of the room. = There is a telephone booth at/on the corner of the street. 25UNIT 112 Exercises Answer questions about the pictures. Use in, or on with the words in parentheses ( 1, Where's the label? (bottle) 2. Where's the man standing? (gate) 3. Where's Tom sitting? (armchair) Where's the picture? (wall). 4, Where's Ann standing? (top / st And where's the cat? (bottom/ stairs)... 5. What’s George doing? (looking/ mirror) He's... 6, Tom lives in this baling, Where's hisaporement? (hid floor) 7. Where are the children? (back / car) S 8. Tomisat the movies. Where's he sitting? (back)... 9 vsooe-And the bank? (right) 1. Where's the post office? (left) 10. Where's the notice? (door) LL. Whereis the woman standing? (corner) 12. Whereis the man standing? (corner) 226