Ankit Pal 201020076

DSDA ASSIGNMENT 4
Name: Ankit Pal
Reg ID: 201020076
Prof: Dr. AV Deshpande

Q1 1. A fair coin is tossed 100 times. Write a python code to find the probability that
a) No. of heads > 60 b) No. of heads < 40 c) 40 < No. of heads < 60

Code:

Output:

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 Ankit Pal 201020076

Q2 A coin is tossed 200 times. Write a python code to find

a) The number of heads below which the coin may be inferred as unfair for a significance level 𝛼 = 0.05
b) The number of heads above which the coin may be inferred as unfair for a significance level 𝛼 = 0.05
c) The range of number of heads beyond which the coin may be inferred as unfair for a significance level 𝛼
=0.05

Code:

Output:

Q3 What is confidence interval?

A confidence interval shows the probability that a parameter will fall between a pair of values around the mean.
Confidence intervals show the degree of uncertainty or certainty in a sampling method.
In Statistics, a confidence interval is a kind of interval calculation, obtained from the observed data that holds
the actual value of the unknown parameter. It is associated with the confidence level that quantifies the
confidence level in which the interval estimates the deterministic parameter.

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 Ankit Pal 201020076

Formula for Confidence Interval:

Q4 What is P-hacking?
P-value hacking, also known as data dredging, data fishing, data snooping or data butchery, is an exploitation of
data analysis in order to discover patterns which would be presented as statistically significant, when in reality,
there is no underlying effect. In other words, p-hacking is running statistical tests on a set of data until some
statistically significant results arise. P-value hacking leads to false positive results, which can get published, and
have a negative impact on future research in the field, secondary research and systematic reviews and human
knowledge in general.