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We often use the present perfect with already (=’earlier than somebody expected’).
Note the word order: already comes after have.

We also often use the present perfect with yet (=’up to now’) in questions and negatives.
Note the order: Yet usually comes at the end of a sentence.

And we often use the present perfect with just (=’a short time ago’). Just comes after have.

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We use the present perfect, not the present, to say how long something has continued up to now.

We can say how long with since or for.

We use since when we give the beginning of the time (for example since Tuesday).
We use for when we give the length of the time (for example for three days).

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their

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five years / five years ago / ago

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 m

H
m

she

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E) Use THE SIMPLE PAST or THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE to fill in the blanks:

1. What ............................................. (you/learn) since you ...................... (come) here? How many friends .........................
(you / make) ? I hope you ............................................ (already / meet) a lot of interesting people.
2. Last night my roommate and I .............................. (have) some free time, so we ............................ (go) to a show.
3. I ............................................ (just / have) lunch, but I ....................................... (not / have) lunch yesterday.
4. Who .......................................................... (write) the play “hamlet”?
5. How many games .......................................................(the team / win) so far this season?
6. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I ............................................................. (never / meet ) him.
7. It ............................................ (rain) a lot last week, but it .................................... (not / rain ) much so far this week
8. How many letters ............................................. (you / write) since the beginning of the month?
9. When we were on vacation, the weather ................................................... (be) terrible.
10. In her whole lifetime, mary .................................................... (never / see ) snow.
11. I don’t know where Ammy is ................................................ (you / see ) her?
12. When I ........................... (get) home last night, I ........................ (be) very tired and i ..................... (go) straight to bed.
13. your car looks very clean ......................................................... (your / wash) it?
14. George ......................................................... (not/ be) very well last week.
15. Mr., Clark .................................................. (work) in a bank for 15 years. then he gave it up.

D) Use THE SIMPLE PAST or THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE to fill in the blanks:

1. The young man ........................................... (never / be) to Paris, but he ................... (read) a book about this last year.
2. .......................... you ........................ (decide) where to go yet?
3. A: Have some tea, please B: No, thank you. I .............................. (just/have) two cups of tea.
4. Susan ..................................... (do) her homework before 10 o’clock but Jane .................. ............ (not / write) a word
until now.
5. Her mother .......................................... (buy) her a pair of new shoes yesterday.
6. The prime Minister ....................... (leave) for the USA an hour ago.
7. A: ......................... The plane .......................... (land)? B: Yes, It ....................(land) ten minutes ago.
8. It ..................................... (not / rain) for a long time.
9. ............................. you ..................... (see) my dog? It ............................ (run away) this morning.
10. We ................................................ (meet) at a party a long time ago, but I ........................ (not / see) her since then.
11. I .................... (see) an interesting book in a bookshop yesterday, but I ......................... (not / buy) it.
12. My friend ........................... (fall) from the bicycle because he ............................... (never / ride) one for ages
13. His father ........................................ (die) in 1970, but he ............................. (never/visit) his father’s grave since
that time.
14. They ....................... (go) to America years ago, but none of them ...................... (come) back since then.
15. A: ............................ you ......................... (speak) to an Englishman? B: Yes, I ...................... (have) a short
conversation with one last nigh.
16. A: .................................... you ever ................... (be) to Tatilya? B: Yes, I ..................... (go) there two years ago.
17. A: ......................... you ........................... (see) Jame recently? B: No, I ......................... (see) her for a long time.

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Using these verbs, write two sentences. One using the past simple and the other in present perfect.
Add adverbs and time phrases to show the difference.

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B Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets in the Present Simple or with will, as in the
examples.
0 If she ____________ (win) a prize, Mary __________________ (be) very happy.
1 IfJohn _____________ (come) this weekend, we ________________ (go) to the theatre.
2 If Ann ______________ (write) to me, I_____________ (tell) you what she says.

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(not , she

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so
so

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 doesa’t

If I knew

would

John

so would

while

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Passive Voice

We use the passive voice:

to emphasise the action rather tham

the person who did (the agent).
The new cinema was built last year.

when we don’t know who did the

action.
The window was broken last night.
when it is easy to understand who
did the action.
Three people were taken to hospital
after the crash.

Notes
We don’t use the passive voice in
the Present Perfect Continuous, the
Past Perfect Continuous or the
Future Continuous.

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 is grown

was bitten

Is the award presented once a year?

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 Complete the sentences using the passive voice in the Past Perfect Simple.

had not been ironed

Eg The shirt ..................................................... properly before I wore it. (not iron)

1 All the tickets ......................................................... by six o’clock. (sell)

2 By the time I returned from the shops, all the houssework................................................... (do)
3 I was told that it was brand new, but I think it .................................................. before. (use)
4 The post ......................................................... by eleven o’clock. (not deliver)
5 Those events......................................................... secret for years before they were reported on television. (keep)
6 The chairs were all wet because they ....................................................... out in the rain. (leave)
7 They went to the wrong hotel .................................................................. about the changes. (not tell)
8 I .......................................................... the lm before, so I knew how it ended. (see)

Complete the sentences with the passive voice of the modal verb given. Use the verbs from the box.

allow eat keep launch post postpone service take use

should be serviced
Eg This car .............................................. as soon as possible. (should)

1 Bags ............................................... into the laboratory. (mustn’t)

2 The football match .......................................... because of the heavy rain. (might)
3 This letter ............................................. before Tuesday. (must)
4 That medicine ............................................ in a cool, dark place. (should)
5 Children ............................................. to play with anything sharp. (shouldn’t)
6 According to the label, this yoghurt ......................................... before next Monday. (should)
7 The rocket ............................................ on Sunday because of technical dif culties. (may not)
8 This glue .............................................. to stick all kinds of mate materials. (can)

Write sentences as in the examples.

Eg this bill I not pay I yet
This bill hasn’t been paid yet
.....................................................................
1 the house opposite / not sell / yet
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2 the old cinema / pull down / last year
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3 the hens’ eggs / collect / every morning
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diner / not ready / until later
Dinner won’t be ready until later
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4 the experiment / do / right now
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5 she / give / a prize / next week
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6 the meetings / already / arrange
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computer discs were taken

were damaged

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The crystal vase has been broken,
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(omitted)
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 ...............................................................?
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...............................................................?

The bathroom must be left tidy

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B
1 Petrol prices ...
2 This jacket ...
3 Competition! 5000 prizes ...
4 Five people ...
5 The telephone ...
6 It appears the phone bill ...
7 Further information ...
8 Before the storm everyone ...
9 Smoking ...
10 The old town theatre ...
Now look at these sentences again. Underline the participle and note the form of the
verb ’be’. How many refer to the past and many to the future?
These sentences are taken from job adverts. Put the verb in brackets after the modal in the
sentences, using the correct passive form of the verb.
be returned
1 Application forms should ........................................................................... by 12 December. (returm)
2 Further particulars may---------------------------------------------------------------- from the Senior Tutor. (Obtain)
3 Only candidates with relevant experience can ............................................................................. (consider)
4 You would ......................................................................... to take part in some sports. (expect)
5 This post will ......................................................................... initially for three years. (fund)
6 Names of two referees should................................................................................ (give)
7 Interviews will ......................................................................... in early January. (hold)
8 Applications should........................................................................... on this form only. (make)
9 Teachers might............................................................................... accommodation in college. (offer)

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 TREASURE DISCOVERED
IN OLD LADY’S GARDEN

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A. Choose the correct form

1. Peter (is lived / lives) in Argentina.

2.
3.
4.

don’t

Will

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 /have

work
not

Anne’s

Mum
swim
hot

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 shall
Mum

from

from

Mum

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them

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 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. cancelled
11.
12.
13.
14.

c.

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 repaired

Some new hauses near the beach

I didn’t do the history homework
The cook was making a lot of sandwiches
You must leave the cat in the kichen
Someone has to clean the garden
My mother doesn’t wear glasses
Peter could drive a reace car last year
They are spending a shelter in the garden
We have spoken Latin for year
The boys were building a shelter in the garden
Somebody is going to repair the garage
I should watch good programmes

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 Leaving out who, that and which in de ning relative clauses

3 We can use which instead of that (to talk about things) in a de ning relative clause.
Did you see the letter which came this morning?
The keys which were on this table have disappeared.

In an informal style, it is possible to use instead of who (to talk about

people)
I spoke to the worman that owns the hotel.
4 Note that we can lea<ve out who, that and which when they are the objects in
de ning relative clauses eg He’s the man (who) we met last night. See 154.

EXERCISE

Join each pair of sentences using who for people and that for things.
Examples:
That’s the woman. She works in the post of ce.
That’s the woman who works in the post of ce.
The man wasn’t English. He spoke to us.
The man who spoke tu us wasn’t English.
1 He’s the man. He painted my house.
2 What is the name of the boy? He telephoned you.
3 What’s happened to the money? It was on my desk.
4 They’re the people. They offered Sue a job.
5 The car has bow been found. It was stolen.
6 She’s the person. She gives me a lift to work
every day.
7 The lock has now been repaired. It was
broken.
8 Most of the people are very nice. They work in
Peter’s of ce.

Leavin out who. That and which in de ning relative clauses

Who, that and which can be the subject or the object of a de ning relative clause.
Compare:
Marlanne is the girl who invited us to the party.
who is the subject: she invited us to the party.
Marlanne is the girl who we met last night,
who in the object: we met her last night
We ollen leave out who, that or which when they are the objects in de ning relative

Marlenne is the girl we met last night. (We met her last night)
Have hi’ll seen the book I put on this table? (I put it on this table)

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