Hindawi

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2021, Article ID 6619877, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6619877

Research Article
A Common Fixed Point Theorem for Generalised F-Kannan
Mapping in Metric Space with Applications

Lucas Wangwe and Santosh Kumar

Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Correspondence should be addressed to Santosh Kumar; drsengar2002@gmail.com

Received 7 December 2020; Accepted 30 March 2021; Published 17 April 2021

Academic Editor: Alberto Fiorenza

Copyright © 2021 Lucas Wangwe and Santosh Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.

This paper is aimed at proving a common fixed point theorem for F-Kannan mappings in metric spaces with an application to
integral equations. The main result of the paper will extend and generalise the recent existing fixed point results in the literature.
We also provided illustrative examples and some applications to integral equation, nonlinear fractional differential equation, and
ordinary differential equation for damped forced oscillations to support the results.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries An equivalent form of (1),

In 1922, Banach [1] established a fixed point theorem in a
metric space which states that if X is a complete metric
space and T : X ⟶ X is a contraction map, i.e., dðTx, TyÞ
≤ kdðx, yÞ for all x, y ∈ X and k ∈ ½0, 1Þ, then T has a unique
fixed point or Tx = x has a unique solution. Since then,
researchers are finding the ways to determine the fixed points
of the maps by changing one or more conditions such as con-
tractive condition, continuity of the maps, and completeness
of the space etc. Kannan [2] gave an alternative contractive
condition which was different from the Banach contraction
condition. In 1968, Kannan [2] used this new contractive
condition and proved the following theorem for self-
mappings in complete metric spaces as a result of a general-
isation of the Banach fixed point theorem.
Theorem 1 (see [2]). Let ðX, dÞ be a complete metric space
and a self-mapping T : X ⟶ X be a mapping such that
d ðTx, TyÞ ≤ kfd ðx, TxÞ + d ðy, TyÞg,
for all x, y ∈ X and 0 ≤ k ≤ 1/2. Then, T has a unique fixed
point z ∈ X and for any x ∈ X the sequence of iterate fT n xg
converges to z.
k
d ðTx, TyÞ ≤ fd ðx, TxÞ + d ðy, TyÞg, ð2Þ
2
for some k ∈ ð0, 1Þ.
In 1959, Connell [3] gave an example of a metric space X
which is not complete and every contraction on X has a fixed
point. Also, Subrahmanyam [4] proved the converse of the
Banach fixed point theorem using Kannan mapping. More-
over, the assumption of continuity of the mapping and the
compactness condition on metric space is required for the
existence of a fixed point for a strict type Kannan contraction.
In 2000, Branciari [5] introduced a class of generalised
metric spaces by replacing triangular inequality to similar
ones which involve four or more points instead of three
and improved the Banach contraction mapping principle.
This motivated several researchers to prove fixed point
results in such spaces. For more details on the fixed point the-
ory of a generalised metric space, we refer to the reader [6–
ð1Þ 11]. In 2008, Azam and Arshad [12] using the concept of
Branciari [5] investigated fixed points for the mappings given
by Kannan [2] by applying the rectangular property in a gen-
eralised metric space.
We will require the following definitions and preliminary
results to prove our results.
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis
Definition 2 (see [12]). Let X be a nonempty set. Suppose that
the mapping d : X × X ⟶ R satisfies
(i) dðx, yÞ ≥ 0, for all x, y ∈ X and dðx, yÞ = 0 if and only
if x = y
(ii) dðx, yÞ = dðy, xÞ, for all x, y ∈ X
(iii) dðx, yÞ ≤ dðx, wÞ + dðw, zÞ + dðz, yÞ, for all x, y ∈ X
and for all distinct points w, z ∈ X − fx, yg [rectan-
gular property]
Then, d is called a generalised metric and ðX, dÞ is a gen-
eralised metric space.
Definition 3 (see [5]). Let ðX, dÞ be a metric space. A mapping
T : X ⟶ X is said to be sequentially convergent if we have,
for every sequence fyn g, if fTyn g is convergence then fyn g
also is convergence. T is said to be subsequentially conver-
gent if we have, for every sequence fyn g, if fTyn g is conver-
gence then fyn g has a convergent subsequence.
Definition 4 (see [13]). Let X be a topological space. If ðxn Þ is
a sequence of points of X, and if n1 < n2 < ⋯ < ni < ⋯ is an
increasing sequence of positive integers, then the sequence
ðyi Þ defined by setting yi = xni is called a subsequence of
the sequence ðxn Þ. The space X is said to be sequentially
compact if every sequence of points of X has a convergent
subsequence.
For more details on the sequentially convergent property,
one can see [14, 15].
In 2011, Moradi and Alimohammadi [16] generalised
Kannan’s results, by using the sequentially convergent map-
pings and rectangular property in a metric space. Since then,
several researchers involved in investigations of Kannan’s
contraction mappings using a rectangular property in differ-
ent spaces. For more details, one can see [12, 17–20] and the
references therein. Furthermore, Morandi and Alimoham-
madi [16] investigated and extended Kannan’s mapping [2]
by using the concept due to Branciari [5]. They proved results
on two self-mappings as follows.
Theorem 5 (see [16]). Let ðX, dÞ be a complete metric space
and T, S : X ⟶ X be mappings such that T is continuous,
one-to-one, and subsequentially convergent. If λ ∈ ½0, 1/2Þ and
d ðTSx, TSyÞ ≤ λ½dðTx, TSxÞ + d ðTy, TSyÞ, ðx, y ∈ X Þ, ð3Þ
then S has a unique fixed point. Also, if T is sequentially con-
vergent then for every x0 ∈ X, the sequence of iterates fSn x0 g
converges to this fixed point.
Wardowski [21] gave an interesting generalisation of the
Banach fixed point theorem using a different type of contrac-
tion called F-contraction. Since then, many researchers fol-
lowing his approach to construct new fixed point theorems
for which one can see [22–27] and the references therein.
Wardowski [21] gave the following definitions.
Let F be a function defined as F : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ, which sat-
isfies the following conditions:
(F1) F is strictly increasing, i.e., for all α, β ∈ ℝ+ such that
α < β, FðαÞ < FðβÞ
(F2) For each sequence fαn gn∈ℕ of positive numbers
lim αn = 0 if and only if lim Fðαn Þ = −∞
n→∞ n→∞
(F3) There exists k ∈ ð0, 1Þ such that
lim ðαn Þk F ðαn Þ = 0 ð4Þ
n→∞
Definition 6 (see [21]). A mapping T : X ⟶ X is said to be a
F-contraction if there exists τ > 0, such that
∀x, y ∈ X, dðTx, TyÞ > 0 ⟹ τ + F ðdðTx, TyÞÞ ≤ F ðd ðx, yÞÞ:
ð5Þ
In 2012, Wardowski [21] introduced a generalization of
Banach contraction principle, which is as follows:
Theorem 7 (see [21]). Let ðX, dÞ be a complete metric space
and T : X ⟶ X be a F-contraction. Then, T has a unique
fixed point x∗ ∈ X and for every x0 ∈ X a sequence
fT n x0 gn∈ℕ is convergent to x∗ .
In 2019, Goswami et al. [22] defined F-contractive type
mappings in b-metric spaces and proved some fixed point
results with suitable examples. Recently, Batra et al. [28]
noticed that the definition introduced by Goswami et al.
[22] is not meaningful in general. They provided suitable
examples to support their opinion on this definition. There-
fore, Batra et al. [28] gave the notions of F-contraction and
Kannan mapping to define a new class of contractions called
F-Kannan mappings which is in true sense a generalization
of Kannan mappings.
Motivated by Batra et al. [28], we use the following nota-
tions: Let X be a nonempty set and ðX, dÞ denotes the metric
space with metric d. Define the cardinality of a set A by
card fAg and FixT denotes the set of all fixed points of a
mapping T.
Batra et al. [28] gave a new generalization family of con-
traction called F-Kannan mapping and introduced the fol-
lowing definition.
Definition 8 (see [28]). Let F be a mapping satisfying
(F1)–(F3). A mapping T : X ⟶ X is said to be an F-Kan-
nan mapping if the following holds:
(K1)
Tx ≠ Ty ⟹ Tx ≠ x or Ty ≠ y ð6Þ
(K2) ∃ϒ > 0 such that


dðx, TxÞ + dðy, TyÞ
ϒ + F ðdðTx, TyÞÞ ≤ F ð7Þ
2
for all x, y ∈ X, with Tx ≠ Ty.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

The remark presented below is due to Batra et al. [28]. In 2017, Gopal et al. [29] specified the fundamental prop-
erties for a fixed point theorem which ensures the existence of
Remark 9 (see [28]). By properties of F, it follows that every a common fixed point for suitable assumptions. Those
F-Kannan mapping T on a metric space ðX, dÞ satisfies the assumptions are sufficient and include conditions of commu-
following condition: tativity, containment of ranges of mappings, continuity of at
least one mapping or weaker notion, contractive, and all
dðx, TxÞ + d ðy, TyÞ essential common fixed point theorem attempts to obtain
d ðTx, TyÞÞ ≤ , ð8Þ
2 or soften required values of one or more such conditions.

for every x, y ∈ X.
Further, it is concluded that CardfFixTg ≤ 1. Let T be a
self-map of a metric space ðX, dÞ. We say that T is a Picard
operator (PO) if T has unique fixed point x∗ and lim T n x
n→∞
= x∗ for all x ∈ X.
Then, the family of all functions F : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ satisfying
the condition F 1 − F 3 is denoted by ∇ F .
One can use the following examples in Batra et al. [28] of
such functions F : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ which satisfy F 1 − F 3 .
Example 10 (see [28]). Let F 1 : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ be defined as F 1
ðzÞ = ln ðzÞ. Then, clearly, (F1)-(F3) are satisfied by F 1 ðzÞ.
In fact, (F3) holds for every k ∈ ð0, 1Þ,


−ϒ dðx, TxÞ + dðy, TyÞ
d ðTx, TyÞ ≤ e , ð9Þ
2 (i) Commuting if, for all x ∈ X, SðTxÞ = TðSxÞ,
Definition 14 (see [30]). Let ðS, TÞ be a pair of self-mappings
on a metric space ðX, dÞ. Then, the coincidence point of the
pair ðS, TÞ is a point x ∈ X such that ðSxÞ = ðTxÞ = x∗ , then
x∗ is called coincidence point of the pair ðS, TÞ. If x∗ = x, then
x is said to be a common fixed point.
Definition 15 (see [31]). Let S, T be self-mappings of a non-
empty set X. A point x ∈ X is the coincidence point of S
and T if t = Sx = Tx. The set of coincidence point of S and
T is denoted by CðS, TÞ.
Definition 16 (see [31, 32]). Let ðS, TÞ be a pair of self-
mappings on a metric space ðX, dÞ. Then, the pair (S, T) is
said to be

for all x, y ∈ X with Tx ≠ Ty. (ii) Weakly commuting if, for all dðSðTxÞ, TðSxÞÞ ≤ dðS
Thus, if T : X ⟶ X is a Kannan mapping with constant x, TxÞ,
k ∈ ð0, 1Þ satisfying (iii) Compatible if limn⟶∞ dðSTxn , TSxn Þ = 0, whenever

 xn is a sequence in X such that limn⟶∞ Txn =
dðx, TxÞ + dðy, TyÞ limn⟶∞ Sxn = t,
d ðTx, TyÞ ≤ k , ð10Þ
2
(iv) Weakly compatible if, for all SðTxÞ = TðSxÞ, for
for every x, y ∈ X. every coincidence point x ∈ X.

Example 11 (see [28]). Let F 2 : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ be defined as F 2
ðzÞ = ln ðzÞ + z, z > 0. Then, (F1)-(F3) are satisfied by F 2 ðzÞ.
dðTx, TyÞ
edðTx,TyÞ−½dðx,TxÞ+dðy,TyÞ/2 ≤ e−ϒ , ð11Þ
ðdðx, TxÞ + dðy, TyÞÞ/2
for all x, y ∈ X with Tx ≠ Ty.
The following lemma was proved by Batra et al. [28]
This paper is aimed at extending and generalising the
results due to Batra et al. [28], and Morandi and Alimoham-
madi [16] using a pair of two self-mappings in F-Kannan
mapping. Doing so, we will be able to extend several other
results of the same setting in the literature. We will provide
some applications of the theorem to the integral equation,
nonlinear fractional differential equation, and ordinary dif-
ferential equation for damped forced oscillations to support
the results.

Lemma 12 (see [28]). Let ðX, dÞ be a metric space and T : X

⟶ X be an F-Kannan mapping. Then, dðT n x, T n+1 xÞ ⟶
0 as n ⟼ ∞ for all x ∈ X.
Batra et al. [28] introduced an F-Kannan mapping using
the properties by Subrahmanyam [4] which is an extension of
Goswami et al. [22] and Wardowski [21] results. They proved
the following result.
2. Main Results
We present the main result of this paper by assuming a map
to be sequentially convergent with a pair of two self-
mappings in F-Kannan mappings. We shall start with the
extension of Definition 8 using a pair of two self-mappings
in the F-Kannan mapping setting.

Theorem 13 (see [28]). Let ðX, dÞ be a complete metric space Definition 17. Let F be a mapping satisfying (F1)–(F3). A pair
and suppose T : X ⟶ X is an F-Kannan mapping, then T is of two self-mapping T, S : X ⟶ X is said to be an F-Kannan
a Picard operator (PO). mapping if the following holds:
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

(FK1) Lemma 21. Let ðX, dÞ be a metric space and T, S : X ⟶ X be

an F -Kannan mapping. Then,
TSx ≠ TSy ⟹ TSx ≠ x or TSy ≠ y ð12Þ
 
d TSi x0 , TSi+1 x0 ⟶ 0 as i ⟶ ∞, ð18Þ
(FK2) There exists ϒ > 0 such that

 for all x ∈ X.
d ðTx, TSxÞ + d ðTy, TSyÞ
ϒ + F ðd ðTSx, TSyÞÞ ≤ F ð13Þ
2 Proof. Let x0 ∈ X be arbitrary. If TSi x0 = TSi+1 x0 for some i
∈ ℕ, then sequence fxi gn∈ℕ converges in X and hence the
for all x, y ∈ X, with TSx ≠ TSy. sequence dðTSi x0 , TSi+1 x0 Þ ⟶ 0 as i ⟶ ∞ for all x ∈ X.
Assume that TSi x0 ≠ TSi+1 x0 for any i ∈ ℕ. Then, by (13)
By following Batra et al. [28], we presented the remark as with ϒ > 0, we get
below.
  
ϒ + F d TSi x0 , TSi+1 x0
Remark 18. By properties of F, it follows that every F-Kan- "    #
nan mapping T on a metric space ðX, dÞ satisfies the follow- d TSi−1 x0 , TSi x0 + d TSi x0 , TSi+1 x0 ð19Þ
ing condition: ≤F :
2

d ðTx, TSxÞ + dðTy, TSyÞ

d ðTSx, TSyÞ ≤ , ð14Þ From Remark 18, we have
2
   
for every x, y ∈ X.   d TSi−1 x0 , TSi x0 + d TSi x0 , TSi+1 x0
i i+1
d TS x0 , TS x0 ≤ :
2
We give the following examples in the context of a pair of ð20Þ
two mappings:
Using (20) in (19), as results yield to
Example 19. Let F 1 : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ be defined as F 1 ðzÞ = ln ðzÞ.
Then, clearly, (F1)–(F3) are satisfied by F 1 ðzÞ. In fact, (F3)      
ϒ + F d TSi x0 , TSi+1 x0 ≤ F d TSi x0 , TSi+1 x0 : ð21Þ
holds for every k ∈ ð0, 1Þ. Moreover, condition (13) above
takes the form:
Letting i ⟶ ∞ in (21), we get


dðTx, TSxÞ + d ðTy, TSyÞ
d ðTSx, TSyÞ ≤ e−ϒ , ð15Þ ϒ + 0 ≤ 0,
2 ð22Þ
ϒ ≤ 0,
for all x, y ∈ X with TSx ≠ TSy.
which is a contradiction. Hence, dðTSi x0 , TSi+1 x0 Þ ⟶ 0 as
Thus, if T, S : X ⟶ X is a Kannan mapping with con- i ⟶ ∞.
stant k ∈ ð0, 1Þ satisfying

 Motivated by Morandi and Alimohammadi [16], we
d ðTx, TSxÞ + dðTy, TSyÞ prove the extended version of Theorem 5 using F-Kannan
dðTSx, TSyÞ ≤ k , ð16Þ
2 mappings with a pair of two self-mappings in metric space.

for every x, y ∈ X. Then, it also satisfies (15) and (13) with Theorem 22. Let ðX, dÞ be a complete metric space and T, S
ϒ = ln ð1/kÞ. : X ⟶ X be an F-Kannan mapping such that T is continu-
ous, injection, and subsequentially convergent. If λ ∈ ½0, 1/2Þ,
Example 20. Let F 2 : ℝ+ ⟶ ℝ be defined as F 2 ðzÞ = ln ðzÞ ϒ > 0 and
+ z, z > 0. Then, (F1)–(F3) are satisfied by F 2 ðzÞ. Condition

(13) above takes the form: d ðTx, TSxÞ + dðTy, TSyÞ
ϒ + F ðdðTSx, TSyÞÞ ≤ F , ð23Þ
2
dðTSx, TSyÞ
edðTSx,TSyÞ−ðdðTx,TSxÞ+dðTy,TSyÞÞ/2 ≤ e−ϒ ,
ðdðTx, TSxÞ + d ðTy, TSyÞÞ/2 then S has a unique fixed point. Also, if T is subsequentially
ð17Þ convergent then for every x0 ∈ X the sequence of iterates fSi
x0 g converges to this fixed point.
for all x, y ∈ X with TSx ≠ TSy.
Proof. Assume x0 ∈ X be an arbitrary point in X. Let the
We prove the following lemma which will be useful in sequence fxi gi≥1 be defined by xi+1 = Sxi and xi = Si x0 , for
proving of the main theorem. i = 1, 2, ⋯.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

Using inequality (13), we obtain Letting i ⟶ ∞ in (33) and using property (F2) of F
results in
d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ = dðTSxi−1 , TSxi Þ:

 lim dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ = 0: ð34Þ
d ðTxi−1 , TSxi−1 Þ + dðTxi , TSxi Þ n→∞
ϒ + F ðd ðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ ≤ F ,
2

 By Lemma 21, we have dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ ⟶ 0 as i ⟶ ∞.
d ðTxi−1 , TSxi−1 Þ + dðTxi , TSxi Þ Denote dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ = αi , for all i = 1, 2, 3, ⋯ and i ∈ ℕ, for
F ðd ðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ ≤ F − ϒ:
2 F-Kannan mappings.
ð24Þ Using condition ðF 3 Þ of the function F there exists k ∈ ð
0, 1Þ such that
Since F is strictly increasing, by using Remark 9, we
deduce lim ðαi Þk F ðαi Þ = 0: ð35Þ
n→∞

d ðTxi−1 , TSxi−1 Þ + dðTxi , TSxi Þ From (33), for every i ∈ ℕ, we have

d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ < ,
2
ð25Þ
d ðTxi−1 , Txi Þ + dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ ðαi Þk F ðαi Þ ≤ ⋯ ≤ ðαn Þk F ðαi−1 Þ − iϒ ðαi Þk , ð36Þ
dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ < ,
2
ðαi Þk F ðαi Þ − ðαi Þk F ðαi−1 Þ ≤ −iϒ ðαi Þk , ð37Þ
and hence
ðαi Þk ½ F ðαi Þ − F ðαi−1 Þ ≤ −iϒ ðαi Þk ≤ 0: ð38Þ
2dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ − d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ < dðTxi−1 , Txi Þ,
ð26Þ On taking limit as i ⟶ ∞ in (36), we get
dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ < d ðTxi−1 , Txi Þ:
lim iðαi Þk = 0: ð39Þ
By (F1), this implies that i→∞

F ðd ðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ < F ðd ðTxi−1 , Txi ÞÞ: ð27Þ From (39), there exist i1 ∈ ℕ such that iðαi Þk ≤ 1, for all
i ≥ i1 , which follows that
Consequently, we get
αi ≤ i−1/k ,∀i ≥ i1 : ð40Þ
ϒ + F ðdðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ ≤ F ðdðTxi−1 , Txi ÞÞ, ð28Þ
Therefore, ∑∞i=0 dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ converges.
so, By (40), we prove that fTxi g is a Cauchy sequence since
ðX, dÞ is complete. Consider i, j ∈ N such that j ≥ i,
F ðd ðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ ≤ F ½dðTxi−1 , Txi Þ − ϒ : ð29Þ  
d Txi , Tx j ≤ d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ + dðTxi+1 , Txi+2 Þ
 
Similarly, we obtain + d ðTxi+2 , Txi+3 Þ + ⋯ + d Tx j−1 , Tx j ,

dðTxi+1 , Txi+2 Þ = d ðTSxi , TSxi+1 Þ, ≤ αi + αi+1 + αi+2 +⋯+α j−1 ,

 j−1 ∞ ∞
dðTxi , TSxi Þ + d ðTxi+1 , TSxi+1 Þ = 〠 d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ ≤ 〠 αi ≤ 〠 i−1/k :
F ðd ðTxi+1 , Txi+2 ÞÞ ≤ F − ϒ,
2 i j=i i=1

ð30Þ ð41Þ

which implies that This shows that the series ∑∞

i=1 i
−1/k
converges, which
implies that
F ðd ðTxi+1 , Txi+2 ÞÞ ≤ F ½dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ − ϒ : ð31Þ
 
lim d Txi , Tx j = 0: ð42Þ
i→∞
Applying (29) in (31), we obtain
So, Txi = Tx j for every j ≥ i in X. Hence, fTxi g is a Cau-
F ðd ðTxi+1 , Txi+2 ÞÞ ≤ F ½d ðTxi−1 , Txi Þ − 2ϒ , ð32Þ
chy sequence in X. The completeness of X ensures the exis-
tence of x∗ ∈ X such that
by (F1).
Using induction and (29), we deduce  
d ðTx∗ , x∗ Þ = lim d Txi , Tx j = 0, = lim d ðTxi , x∗ Þ = 0:
i, j→∞ i→∞

F ðd ðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ ≤ F ½d ðTxi−1 , Txi Þ − iϒ : ð33Þ ð43Þ

6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

By (43), it follows that xi+1 ⟶ x∗ as i ⟶ ∞. By conti- lim xiðkÞ = w∗ : ð50Þ

k→∞
nuity of S and T, we have

x∗ = lim xi = lim xi+1 = lim Sxi = Sx∗ , Due to the continuity of T, it implies that
i→∞ i→∞ i→∞
ð44Þ
x∗ = lim xi = lim xi+1 = lim Txi = Tx∗ : lim TxiðkÞ = Tw∗ : ð51Þ
i→∞ i→∞ i→∞ k→∞

Since X is a complete metric space, there exists x∗ ∈ X By (45), we conclude that

such that
Tw∗ = x∗ : ð52Þ
lim Txi = x∗ : ð45Þ
i→∞

Using Remark 18 and (ii) of Definition 2, we get

Now, we prove that x∗ is a fixed point of T. Thus, by (iii)
of Definition 2, we have
d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ = dðTSxi−1 , TSxi Þ,
∗ ∗ ∗
d ðx , Tx Þ ≤ d ðx , Txi Þ + d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ + d ðTxi+1 , Tx Þ: ∗ ≤ λðd ðTxi−1 , TSxi−1 Þ + dðTxi , TSxi ÞÞ,
ð46Þ = λðd ðTxi−1 , TSxi−1 Þ + dðTxi , Txi+1 ÞÞ, ð53Þ
λ
≤ d ðTxi−1 , TSxi−1 Þ:
By Remark 18, it implies that 1−λ

d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ + dðTxi+1 , Tx∗ Þ Thus, using equation (13) and (iii) of Definition 2, we
d ðTxi+1 , Tx∗ Þ ≤ : ð47Þ have
2

Applying (47) in (46), we obtain ϒ + F ðdðTxi+1 , Txi+2 ÞÞ = ϒ + F ðd ðTSxi , TSxi+1 ÞÞ:

F ðd ðTSw∗ , Tw∗ ÞÞ ≤ F ðdðTSw∗ , Txi Þ + d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ
d ðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ ≤ dðx∗ , x∗ Þ + d ðx∗ , x∗ Þ
dðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ + d ðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ ð48Þ + d ðTxi+1 Þ, Tw∗ ÞÞ:
+ : ð54Þ
2

Letting i ⟶ ∞ and using Lemma 21 in above inequality, As F is sequentially increasing, this implies that
we get
dðTSw∗ , Tw∗ Þ < d ðTSw∗ , Txi Þ + dðTxi , Txi+1 Þ
d ðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ ≤ dðx∗ , Txi Þ + d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ
+ dðTxi+1 , Tw∗ Þ, dðTSw∗ , Tw∗ Þ
d ðTxi , Txi+1 Þ + dðTxi+1 , Tx∗ Þ  
+ , ≤ d TSw∗ , TSiðkÞ x0
2 ð55Þ
≤ dðx∗ , x∗ Þ + d ðx∗ , x∗ Þ  
+ d TSiðkÞ x0 , TSiðkÞ+1 x0
d ðx∗ , x∗ Þ + dðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ  
+ ,
2 ð49Þ + d TSiðkÞ+1 x0 , Tw∗ :
dðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ
d ðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ ≤ ,
2 By Lemma 21 when TSi x0 ≠ TSi+1 x0 for any i ∈ ℕ and
2dðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ ≤ dðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ, (13), we obtain
2d ðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ ≤ dðx∗ , Tx∗ Þ,   h
∗
d ðx , Tx Þ ≤ 0:∗ d TSw∗ , TSiðkÞ x0 ≤ λ d ðTw∗ , TSw∗ Þ
 i
+ d TSiðkÞ−1 x0 , TSiðkÞ x0
That is, Tx∗ = x∗ . ð56Þ
Next, we prove that x∗ is a unique fixed point of T. ≤ λd ðTw∗ , TSw∗ Þ
Assume the contrary, i.e, there exists w∗ ∈ CardfFixTg such 
λ iðkÞ−1
that x∗ ≠ w∗ . Let Txi ⟶ w∗ and w∗ is a fixed point of T. +λ d ðTx0 , Tx1 Þ,
Using Remark 18 and Lemma 21, it follows that x∗ = w∗ 1−λ
which is a contradiction. Thus, T is a PO on X.
Moreover, T is a subsequentially convergent, fxi g has a    λ iðkÞ
convergent subsequence, and there exists w∗ ∈ X and d TS iðkÞ+1
x0 , TS iðkÞ
x0 ≤ d ðTx1 , Tx0 Þ: ð57Þ
fxiðkÞ g∞ so that lim xiðkÞ = w∗ . Since T is continuous and 1−λ
k=1 k→∞
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7

Using (56) and (57) in (55), we obtain For all n > 1, T is continuous, injection, and subsequen-
tially convergent.
d ðTSw∗ , Tw∗ Þ Now, let m, n ∈ ℕ, m > n. Then, we prove that ðT, SÞ is an
 F-Kannan mapping with respect to F 2 ðzÞ = ln z + z and ϒ
∗ ∗ λ iðkÞ−1
≤ λdðTw , TSw Þ + λ d ðTx0 , Tx1 Þ = 1.
1−λ ð58Þ By using (KF2) with F 2 ðzÞ, we note that (23) becomes
 iðkÞ  
λ
+ d ðTx1 , Tx0 Þ + d TxiðkÞ+1 , Tw∗ , d ðTSx, TSyÞ
1−λ edðTSx,TSyÞ−½ðdðTx,TSxÞ+dðTy,TSyÞÞ/2 ≤ e−ϒ :
½dðTx, TSxÞ + d ðTy, TSyÞ/2
which follows ð63Þ

d ðTSw∗ , Tw∗ Þ To see this, we now calculate dðSx, TyÞ for x = 1/m, y =
  1/n, n ≥ 1.
λ iðkÞ λ iðkÞ+1
≤ d ðTx0 , Tx1 Þ + d ðTx1 , Tx0 Þ   
1−λ 1−λ 1 1
   dðTSx, TSyÞ = d TS , TS ,
1
+ d TxiðkÞ+1 , Tw∗ : m n
ð64Þ
1−λ 1 1
ð59Þ ≤ n+1
− ,
ðn + 1 Þ ðm + 1Þm+1
Letting k ⟶ ∞ in (59), we obtain   
1 1
dðTx, TSxÞ = d T , TS ,
dðTSw∗ , Tw∗ Þ = 0: ð60Þ m m
ð65Þ
1 1 1
≤ − ,
Since T is injection, Sw∗ = w∗ . So, S has a fixed point. As 3 m ðm + 1Þm+1
T is sequentially convergent, we conclude that fxi g con-
  
verges to the fixed point of S. Implying that Sx ⊂ X and Tx 1 1
⊂ X, then, there exists a point w∗ ⊂ X such that w∗ ∈ Sw∗ ∩ dðTy, TSyÞ = d T , TS ,
n n
Tw∗ , that is, w∗ is a common fixed point of S and T. which ð66Þ
1 1 1
satisfies all fundamental property of Definition 16. ≤ − :
3 n ðn + 1Þn+1
Dasgupta et al. [33] and Moradi and Alimohammadi
[16], in their work, considered an example in which Kannan Applying (64),(65), and (66) in (63) becomes
Theorem is not applicable. At the same time, generalised
Kannan mappings imply the existence of a fixed point for jTSð1/mÞ, TSð1/nÞj
the considered mapping. In this work, we use one more ½jT ð1/mÞ, TSð1/mÞj + jT ð1/nÞ, TSð1/nÞj/6
example of this type which satisfies F-Kannan mapping.  ejTSð1/mÞ,TSð1/nÞj−½jT ð1/mÞ,TSð1/mÞj+jT ð1/nÞ,TSð1/nÞj/6 ≤ e−ϒ :
Example 23. Consider the sequence X = f0g ∪ f1, 1/2, 1/3, ð67Þ
⋯g and d be a Euclidean metric on X. Then, ðX, dÞ is a com-
plete metric space. Let the mapping S : X ⟶ X be deter- By Theorem 22, S has unique fixed point that is x∗ = 0.
mined as follows:
3. Some Applications
Sð0Þ = 0,
 In this section, we will provide three applications of the the-
1 1 ð61Þ orem proved in the previous section.
S = :
n n+1
3.1. Existence of a Solution for an Integral Equation. In this
section, as inspired by Nashine et al. [34], we establish the
for n ≥ 1. Let there exists λ ∈ ½0, 1/2Þ, so that for all x, y ∈ X
existence of a solution for the following Volterra type integral
condition (1) is satisfied although is not true for every λ > 0
equation: This problem is equivalent to the integral equation
, which is a contradiction, hence, Kannan’s theorem cannot
be applicable. ðb
uðt Þ = hðt Þ + f ðt, s, uðsÞÞds,∀t, s ∈ ½a, b, ð68Þ
The mapping T : X ⟶ X be determined as a

T ð0Þ = 0, where f : ½a, b × ½a, b × ℝ ⟶ ℝ and h : ½a, b ⟶ ℝ are

 ð62Þ continuous functions. Let X = Cð½a, b, ℝÞ be the space
1 1
T = n: of all continuous functions defined on C½a, b. Notice that
n n C½a, b endowed with metric
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis

̂ max xðt Þ − Ay
d ðx, yÞ = kx − yk∞ = A ̂ ðt Þ , ð69Þ By using condition (2) of Theorem 24, we obtain
t∈½a,b
ðb
is a complete metric space and X can be equipped with jSxðt Þ − Syðt Þj = j f ðt, s, xðsÞÞ − f ðt, s, yðsÞÞjds,
the partial order ≼ given by x, y ∈ X, ðx≼yÞ ⟹ ðxðtÞ≼yðt a
ðb
Þ and kxk∞ , kyk∞ ≤ 1Þ, or ðxðtÞ = yðtÞÞ for all t ∈ ½a, b. It ≤ jαðt, sÞqjdsðαjxðt Þ − yðt ÞjÞ, ð75Þ
was shown by Nieto and Rodrigurz-Lopez [35] that ðX, a
≼Þ is regular. For more applications to nonlinear integral ðb
equations, one can see [36–38] and the references therein. = qd ðx, yÞ jαðt, sÞjds, ≤ qd ðx, yÞ:
Now, we define a mapping S : X ⟶ X by a

ðt Thus, dðSx, SyÞ ≤ qdðx, yÞ for all x, y ∈ X. Hence, x = x∗ is

Sxðt Þ = hðt Þ + f ðt, s, xðsÞÞds, t ∈ ½a, b: ð70Þ a common fixed point of S and T, also a solution to integral
a equation. Then, the integral equation (68) has a solution x∗
∈ Cð½a, b, ℝÞ.
If x ∈ ½a, b is a fixed point of S, then x ∈ ½a, b is a solution
of (68). 3.2. Existence of a Solution for Nonlinear Fractional
We prove our results, by establishing the existence of a Differential Equation. The purpose of this section is to pro-
common fixed point for a pair of self-mappings. vide an application of Theorem 22 to get a common solution
of a nonlinear fractional differential equation, where we can
Theorem 24. Let S, T : Cð½a, bÞ ⟶ Cð½a, bÞ be self-maps of apply F-Kannan mappings in metric spaces.
a metric space ðX, dÞ such that the following condition holds Here, we investigates the Caputo derivative with the frac-
tional order of the nonlinear fractional differential equation.
(1) For all t, s ∈ ½a, b and u ∈ C½a, b, we have This form of fractional derivative for a continuous function
f : ½0,∞Þ ⟶ ℝ is given as
 ðb
f ðt, s, uðt ÞÞ ≤ f t, s f ðs, τ, uðτÞÞdτ + hðt Þ ð71Þ ðt
C  1
a Dαt f ðt Þ = ðt − sÞn−α−1 f n ðsÞds,
Γ ðn − α Þ a ð76Þ
ðn − 1 < α, n = ½α + 1Þ,
(2) There exists two functions f 1 , f 2 : ½a, b × X × X ⟶ X
with constants α such that, for all t ∈ ½a, b, we have
where ½α denotes the integer part of the real number α (see
[37, 39]). Also, the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of
j f 1 ðt, s, aÞj − j f 2 ðt, s, bÞj ≤ αðt, sÞqjb − aj, q ≤ 1 ð72Þ
order α is given by
ðt
(3) For 1
ðI αs Þ f ðt Þ = ðt − sÞα f ðsÞdsðα > 0Þ: ð77Þ
Γ ðα Þ − 1
ðb 0

sup αðt, sÞds ≤ 1 ð73Þ

t∈½a,b a The Caputo fractional differential equation has several
applications in mathematics, i.e., in image processing, digital
data processing, electrical signal, acoustics, physics, and
probability theory (one can see in [40]). The following non-
Then, integral equation (68) has a solution x∗ ∈ Cð½a, b linear fractional differential equation is inspired by Kilbas
, ℝÞ: et al. [41], Baleanu et al. [39], Budhia et al. [42], and Kanwal
et al. [37]:
Proof. From (a), for all t ∈ ½a, b, we have 8C α
ðb < Ds xðt Þ = f ðt, xðt ÞÞ, t ∈ ð0, 1Þ, 1 < α ≤ 2,
>
ðv ð78Þ
Sxðt Þ = hðt Þ + f ðt, s, xðsÞÞds,∀t, s ∈ ½a, b: >
: ð Þ
x 0 = 0, x ð Þ
1 = xðsÞdsð0 < v < 1Þ,
a
 ðb 0

≤ f t, s f ðs, τ, xðτÞÞdτ + hðsÞ ds + hðt Þ

a ð74Þ where C Dαs denotes the Caputo fractional derivative of order
ðb α and f : ½0, 1 ⟶ X is a continuous function.
= hðt Þ + f ðt, s, SxðsÞÞds,∀t, s ∈ ½a, b Consider the space X = CðIÞðI = ½0, 1Þ of the continuous
a
function defined on I. Suppose that ðX, ∥Þ is a Banach space,
= SðSxÞðt Þ: and I ≔ ½0, T, T > 0: Let CðI, XÞ be the Banach space of all
continuous functions from I into X with the norm ∥x∥≔sup
Therefore, Sx ≤ SðSxÞ for all x ∈ ½a, b. jxðtÞj = L, t ∈ I for x ∈ CðI, XÞ (one can see in [43]).
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9

This space defines the metric by for t ∈ ½0, 1, then TS is sequentially continuous. Suppose that
ðs
dðx, yÞ = sup fjxðt Þ − yðt Þjg, ð79Þ Sxðt Þ = ðs − z Þα−1 f ðz, xðz ÞÞdz, ð84Þ
t∈½0,T  0

∀x, y ∈ X. This is a complete metric space. this implies that S ∈ TS and S posses a fixed point x∗ ∈ TS. To
Nonlinear fractional equation (78) can be written as prove the existence of fixed point of TS, we prove that TS is
sequentially and contraction. To show TS is sequentially con-
ðt tinuous, let TSx ≠ TSy, for all x, y ∈ ½0, T. By condition (ii),
1 we have
x ðt Þ = ðt − sÞα−1 f ðs, xðsÞÞds
ΓðαÞ 0
ð1 ðt
1
2t jTSx − TSyj = ðt − sÞα−1 f ðs, xðsÞÞds
− ð1 − sÞα−1 f ðs, xðsÞÞds ΓðαÞ
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0
ð1
ð ν
ð s  2t
2t α−1 − ð1 − sÞα−1 f ðs, xðsÞÞds
+ ð s − z Þ f ð ð ÞÞ
z, x z dz ds: ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0 ð ν
ð s 
2t α−1
ð80Þ + ð s − z Þ f ð z, x ð z Þ Þdz ds
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0
ðt
1
− ðt − sÞα−1 f ðs, yðsÞÞds
A function x ∈ CðI, XÞ is a solution of the fractional dif- ΓðαÞ 0
ferential integral equation (80) if and only if x is a solution ð1
2t
of the nonlinear fractional differential equation (78). + ð1 − sÞα−1 f ðs, yðsÞÞds
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0
Now, we prove the following theorem. ð ν
ð s 
2t α−1
− ð s − z Þ f ð z, y ð z ÞÞdz ds ,
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0
Theorem 25. Suppose the following condition hold: ð
1 t
≤ ðt − sÞα−1 j f ðs, xðsÞÞ − f ðs, yðsÞÞjds
(i) f ∈ CðI × X, XÞ is sequentially continuous ΓðαÞ 0
ð1
2t
(ii) There exists a continuous function f : ½0, 1 × ℝ ⟶ + ð1 − sÞα−1 j f ðs, xðsÞÞ − f ðs, yðsÞÞjds,
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0
ℝ+ , such that ð ν
ð s
2t
+ ðs − z Þα−1 j f ðz, xðz ÞÞ
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0
∣f ðt, xðsÞ − f ðt, yðsÞj ≤ e−ϒ LjxðsÞ − yðsÞj ð81Þ 
1 t
ð
− f ðz, yðz ÞÞjdz ds, ≤ ðt − sÞα−1 jxðsÞ − yðsÞjds
ΓðαÞ 0
for all t ∈ ½0, 1 and for all x, y ∈ X such that dðxðtÞ, y ð1
2t
ðtÞÞ ≥ 0 and a constant L with a constant κ ∈ L, such + ð1 − sÞα−1 jxðsÞ − yðsÞjds
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0
that ð ν
ð s 
2t α−1
+ ðs − z Þ jxðz Þ − yðz Þjdz ds,
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0
Lκ ≤ 1, ð
e−ϒ L t

   = kx − yk∞ ðt − sÞα−1 ds
t 2 − ν ðα + 1Þ + 2t α + να+1 + 1
α 2 ð82Þ ΓðαÞ 0
κ= : 2te−ϒ L
ð1
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞαðα + 1Þ + kx − yk∞ ð1 − sÞα−1 ds
ð2 − ν ÞΓðαÞ
2
0
ð ν
ð s 
2te−ϒ L α−1
+ k x − y k ∞ ð s − z Þ dz ds,
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0

−ϒ α
Then, fractional differential equation (78) has a common e Lt 2te−ϒ L
solution as a fixed point x∗ ∈ CðI, XÞ. ≤ +
αΓðαÞ ð2 − ν2 ÞαΓðαÞ

2te−ϒ Lνα+1
Proof. Let us define T, S : CðIÞ ⟶ CðIÞ by + kx − yk∞ ,
ð2 − ν2 Þαðα + 1ÞΓðαÞ

α
ðt ≤ e−ϒ L
t
+
2t
1 αΓðαÞ ð2 − ν2 ÞαΓðαÞ
TSxðt Þ = ðt − sÞα−1 f ðs, xðsÞÞds 
Γ ðα Þ 0 2tνα+1
ð1 + kx − yk∞ ,
2t ð2 − ν2 Þαðα + 1ÞΓðαÞ
− ð1 − sÞα−1 f ðs, xðsÞÞds
α   
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 t 2 − ν2 ðα + 1Þ + 2t α + να+1 + 1
ð ν
ð s  = e−ϒ L kx − yk∞ ,
2t α−1 ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞαðα + 1Þ
+ ðs − z Þ f ðz, xðz ÞÞdz ds,
ð2 − ν2 ÞΓðαÞ 0 0 ≤ e−ϒ Lκkx − yk∞ :
ð83Þ ð85Þ
10 Abstract and Applied Analysis

This implies that The green function for forced damped oscillation is
defined by
kTSx, TSyk∞ ≤ e−ϒ Lκkx − yk∞ : ð86Þ (
−seτðT+s−tÞ , 0 ≤ s ≤ t ≤ T,
Since Lκ < 1, we have Gðt, sÞ = ð94Þ
τðt−sÞ
−te , 0 ≤ t ≤ s ≤ T,
kTSx, TSyk∞ ≤ e−ϒ kx − yk∞ : ð87Þ
where τ can be written in terms of b, k, and m.
Inspired by Shoaib et al. [49] and Gupta et al. [45], we
Thus, for each x, y ∈ X, we have find the common solution of a forced damped oscillation dif-
ferential equation using the fixed point method.
d ðTSx, TSyÞ ≤ e−ϒ Mðx, yÞ: ð88Þ
Theorem 26. Suppose the following assumption hold:
Taking logarithms on both sides of (88) using F 1 ðzÞ =
ln ðzÞ and the property of F, we get (i) There exists a continuous function K : ½0, T2 ⟶ ½0,
  ∞Þ, such that
ln ðd ðTSx, TSyÞÞ ≤ ln e−ϒ Mðx, yÞ : ð89Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
−ϒ ln ðx − yÞ2 + 1
Equivalently to jK ðt, s, xðt ÞÞ − K ðt, s, yðt ÞÞj ≤ e , ð95Þ
x−y
ϒ + F ðd ðTSx, TSyÞÞ ≤ F ðMðx, yÞÞ: ð90Þ
for t, s ∈ ½0, T, ϒ > 0 and x, y ∈ ℝ, where,
For Lκ ∈ ½0, 1Þ, ϒ > 0, and Mðx, yÞ is an F-Kannan map- sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ping. Therefore, TS is a contraction mapping on X. Since all ln ðx − yÞ2 + 1 d ðTx, TSxÞ + dðTy, TSyÞ
the conditions of Theorem 25 are satisfied, therefore, there = ð96Þ
x−y 2
exists x∗ ∈ CðIÞ a common fixed point of T and S, that is,
x∗ is a solution to fractional nonlinear differential equation
(78). (ii) There exist a functon G : I × I ⟶ ℝ+ , such that
3.3. Existence of Common Solution of Ordinary Differential
Equations for Damped Forced Oscillations. This section ðT
1
investigates the solution of the forced damped oscillation dif- sup G2 ðt, sÞds ≤ ð97Þ
ferential equations problem in the setting of metric spaces. t∈½0,T  0 T
Nieto and Rodríguez-López [35] initiated the proof of the
existing solution of an ordinary differential equation. Since Then, problem (93) has a fixed point x∗ ∈ X, which is a
then, several authors are interested in this line of research. solution of (91).
In details, one can see the literature in [41, 44–48] and the
references therein. Proof. Let TS : C 1 ð½0, 1Þ ⟶ C 1 ð½0, 1Þ be an operator
In 2020, Shoib et al. [49], considered the forced damped defined by
oscillation differential problem of an object of mass m moves
to and fro on the x-axis around an equilibrium position x = 0. ðT
The object has position xðtÞ at time t, it undergoes the TSxðt Þ = Gðt, sÞK ðt, s, xðsÞÞds: ð98Þ
0
applied force f ðtÞ such that
Consider x > y, for all x, y ∈ CðIÞ and (93), we have
d2 x dx
m 2 +b + kx = f ðt Þ: ð91Þ
dt dt jTSxðt Þ − TSyðt Þj
ðT
where m, b, and k are constant positive numbers. If the intial = sup Gðt, sÞ½K ðt, s, xðsÞÞ − K ðt, s, yðsÞÞds,
conditions are assumed to be t∈½0,1 0 ð99Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðt
xð0Þ = 0, x ′ ð0Þ = 0: ð92Þ ln ðxðsÞ − yðsÞÞ2 + 1
≤ sup e−ϒ Gðt, sÞ ds:
t∈½0,T  0 x ðs Þ − y ðs Þ
Problem (91) can be written as
ðT Recall Cauchy-Schwartz inequality defined by
x ðt Þ = Gðt, sÞK ðt, xðsÞÞds,∀t, s ∈ ½0, T , ð93Þ !2 ! !
0 ∞ ∞ ∞
〠 jx i y i j ≤ 〠 jx i j 2
〠 jy i j 2
: ð100Þ
where T > 0. Let X = CðIÞ, I = ½0, T. i=1 i=1 i=1
Abstract and Applied Analysis 11

Using (99) in (100), we obtain Additional Points

0 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1
ðT Code Availability. There is no code required in this paper.
ln ðxðsÞ − yðsÞÞ2 + 1
@ e Gðt, sÞ
−ϒ A Rights and Permissions. Open access. This article is distrib-
0 xðsÞ − yðsÞ uted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution.
0 2 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi32 11/2
ð T 1/2 ðT
ln ðxðsÞ − yðsÞÞ2 + 1 Conflicts of Interest
≤ 2
G ðt, sÞ @ 4e −2ϒ 5A :
0 0 xðsÞ − yðsÞ
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
ð101Þ
Authors’ Contributions
Then,
All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing
ðT this article. All authors read and approved the final
1
G2 ðt, sÞ = : ð102Þ manuscript.
0 T
References
The second integral gives
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ðT " #
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e−2ϒ ds ematicae, vol. 3, pp. 133–181, 1922.
x ðs Þ − y ð s Þ
0
ð103Þ [2] R. Kannan, “Some results on fixed points,” Bulletin of the Cal-
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the American Mathematical Society, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 974–
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 !1/2 shefte für Mathematik, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 325–330, 1975.
1 1/2
ln ðd ðx, yÞÞ2 + 1 [5] A. Branciari, “A fixed point theorem of Banach-Caccippoli
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T d ðx, yÞ
receniensis, vol. 57, pp. 31–37, 2000.
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