1.

Industry rivalry: In the smartphone industry, companies such as Apple, Samsung, and Huawei
compete fiercely for market share. This results in intense price competition and constant innovation to
stay ahead of rivals.

2. Threat of new entrants: The airline industry is faced with high barriers to entry due to high capital
requirements, regulation, and economies of scale. This limits the threat of new competitors entering the
market.

3. Bargaining power of buyers: In the retail industry, large retailers like Walmart and Amazon have
significant bargaining power over suppliers due to their size and market dominance. This allows them to
negotiate lower prices and better terms.

4. Bargaining power of suppliers: In the automobile industry, suppliers of key components such as tires
or engines have significant bargaining power over car manufacturers like Ford or General Motors. This
can lead to increased costs for the manufacturers if suppliers raise prices.

5. Threat of substitutes: In the soft drink industry, companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi face competition
from a wide range of substitutes such as bottled water, juices, and teas. This puts pressure on the
companies to differentiate their products and marketing strategies to maintain market share.

Reference:

- Porter, M. E. (2008). The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1),
78-93.