DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Java Intermediate Problems

Student Name: Nitin Kumar Singh UID: 21BCS10224
Branch: B.E-CSE Section/Group: FL-602-A
Semester: 6th Date of Performance: 01st Apr 2024
Subject Name: PBLJ with Lab Subject Code: 21CSH-319

QUESTION 1.
The next greater element of some element x in an array is the first greater
element that is to the right of x in the same array.
You are given two distinct 0-indexed integer arrays nums1 and nums2,
where nums1 is a subset of nums2.
For each 0 <= i < nums1.length, find the index j such that nums1[i] ==
nums2[j] and determine the next greater element of nums2[j] in nums2. If
there is no next greater element, then the answer for this query is -1.
Return an array ans of length nums1.length such that ans[i] is the next
greater element as described above.
Ans: To find the next greater element for each element in nums1 from
nums2, you can follow this algorithm:
1. Initialize an empty stack and an empty dictionary to store the next
greater elements.
2. Iterate through nums2 from right to left:
3. Pop elements from the stack that are less than the current element and
store their next greater element as the current element.
4. Push the current element into the stack.
5. After iterating through nums2, elements left in the stack have no
greater element to their right, so mark them as -1.
6. Create a dictionary mapping elements to their next greater elements.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

7. Iterate through nums1 and retrieve the next greater element from the
dictionary.
Code:
import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Stack; public class
NextGreaterElement {
public static int[] nextGreaterElement(int[] nums1, int[] nums2) {
Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
HashMap<Integer, Integer> nextGreater = new
HashMap<>(); for (int num : nums2) { while (!
stack.isEmpty() && stack.peek() <= num) { stack.pop();
} nextGreater.put(num, stack.isEmpty() ? -1 : stack.peek());
stack.push(num);
} int[] result = new int[nums1.length]; for (int i = 0; i < nums1.length; i++)
{ result[i] = nextGreater.get(nums1[i]);
} return
result;
} public static void main(String[] args) { int[] nums1 = {4, 1,
2}; int[] nums2 = {1, 3, 4, 2}; int[] result =
nextGreaterElement(nums1, nums2);
for (int i : result) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
}
}
}
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

QUESTION 2. Develop a Java program showcasing the concept of

inheritance. Create a base class and a derived class with appropriate methods
and fields.
Ans: // Base class class Animal { String name;
public Animal(String name) { this.name =
name;
}
public void eat() {
System.out.println(name + " is eating.");
} } class Dog extends Animal { String
breed; public Dog(String name, String
breed) { super(name); this.breed = breed;
}
public void bark() {
System.out.println(name + " is barking.");
} } public class InheritanceExample
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ // Creating an instance of the derived
class
Dog myDog = new Dog("Buddy", "Labrador");
// Accessing methods from both base and derived classes myDog.eat();
myDog.bark();
}
}
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

QUESTION 3. Implement a Java program that uses method overloading to

perform different mathematical operations.
Ans: public class MathOperations {
// Method overloading for addition public static int add(int a, int b) { return
a + b;
} public static double add(double a, double b)
{ return a + b;
}
// Method overloading for subtraction public static int subtract(int a, int b)
{ return a - b;
} public static double subtract(double a, double b)
{ return a - b;
}
// Method overloading for multiplication public static int multiply(int a,
int b) { return a * b;
} public static double multiply(double a, double b)
{ return a * b;

}
public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Addition:");
System.out.println("int: " + add(5, 3));
System.out.println("double: " + add(5.5, 3.3));
System.out.println("\nSubtraction:");
System.out.println("int: " + subtract(5, 3));
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

System.out.println("double: " + subtract(5.5, 3.3));

System.out.println("\nMultiplication:");
System.out.println("int: " + multiply(5, 3));
System.out.println("double: " + multiply(5.5, 3.3));
}
}
Output: Addition:
int: 8 double: 8.8
Subtraction: int: 2 double: 2.2
Multiplication: int: 15 double: 18.15
QUESTION 4. Define an interface in Java and create a class that
implements it, demonstrating the concept of abstraction.
Ans:
// Interface definition public interface Shape { double PI = 3.14;
double calculateArea();
}
// Class implementing the interface public class Circle implements Shape {
private double radius; public Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius;
}
@Override public double calculateArea() { return
PI * radius * radius;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle circle = new Circle(5.0);
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

System.out.println("Circle area: " + circle.calculateArea());

}
}
Output:
Circle area: 78.5
QUESTION 5. Explain the difference between the throw and throws
keywords in Java. Provide examples illustrating their usage.
Ans:
The throw and throws keywords in Java are used in exception handling, but
they serve different purposes:
The throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly from a method
or a block of code. This keyword is used when it is required to throw an
exception logically. Example:
public class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args) { try { throw new
ArithmeticException();
} catch (ArithmeticException e)
{ e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
The throws keyword is used in the method signature to denote which
exceptions can be thrown from this method. It is used when the function has
some statements that can lead to exceptions.
Example:
import java.io.*; import java.util.*;
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

public class GFG { public static void writeToFile() throws Exception {

BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("myFile.txt"));
bw.write("Test"); bw.close();
} public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { try
{ writeToFile(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace();
}
}}
public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) { try { throw new
ArithmeticException();
} catch (ArithmeticException e)
{ e.printStackTrace();
}
Student Name: Nitin Kumar Singh UID: 21BCS10224
Branch: B.E-CSE Section/Group: FL-602-A
Semester: 6th Date of Performance: 05th Apr 2024
Subject Name: CC and DS Lab Subject Code: 21CSP-378

Intermediate Problems
Q1. Simulate a cloud scenario using cloudsim and run a scheduling
algorithm, which is not present in cloudsim.
Ans. To simulate a cloud scenario using CloudSim and run a scheduling
algorithm that is not present in CloudSim, you can follow these steps:
1. Set up the CloudSim environment: First, you need to set up the
CloudSim environment by initializing the CloudSim library, creating
datacenters, and creating a broker.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2. Create virtual machines (VMs): Next, create the VMs with the
required configurations, such as the number of cores, RAM, and
storage.
3. Create cloudlets: Cloudlets represent the tasks that need to be
executed on the VMs. Create cloudlets with the required
configurations, such as the number of PEs, length, and file size.
4. Implement the scheduling algorithm: Implement the scheduling
algorithm that you want to run on the cloudlets. This algorithm
should take the cloudlets and VMs as input and assign the cloudlets
to the VMs based on the scheduling policy.
5. Submit the cloudlets to the broker: Submit the cloudlets to the broker
for execution on the VMs.
6. Run the simulation: Run the simulation and monitor the performance
metrics, such as the makespan, resource utilization, and throughput.

Here's an example of how to simulate a cloud scenario using CloudSim and

run a scheduling algorithm that is not present in CloudSim:
1. Set up the CloudSim environment:
int numUsers = 1;
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); boolean traceFlag = false;
CloudSim.init(numUsers, calendar, traceFlag);
// Create datacenters
Datacenter datacenter0 = createDatacenter("Datacenter_0");
// Create broker
DatacenterBroker broker0 = createBroker();
// Create VMs
List<Vm> vmList = new ArrayList<>(); vmList.add(createVm(0, 1, 1000,
1));
// Submit VMs to the broker broker0.submitVmList(vmList);
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2.Create cloudlets:
List<Cloudlet> cloudletList = new
ArrayList<>(); // Create cloudlets for (int i = 0; i
< 10; i++) { cloudletList.add(createCloudlet(i,
1000, 1, 1));
}
// Submit cloudlets to the broker
broker0.submitCloudletList(cloudletList); 3. Implement the scheduling
algorithm: public class CustomScheduler extends DatacenterBroker {
@Override public void processCloudletSubmit(CloudletList
cloudletList) { super.processCloudletSubmit(cloudletList); //
Implement the custom scheduling algorithm here
// ...
}
}
4. Submit the cloudlets to the broker:
CustomScheduler scheduler = new CustomScheduler();
scheduler.submitCloudletList(cloudletList);
5. Run the simulation:
CloudSim.startSimulation();
CloudSim.stopSimulation();

Q2. Consider two cloud service systems: Google File System and
Amazon S3. Explain how they achieve their design goals to secure data
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

integrity and to maintain data consistency while facing the problems of

hardware failure, especially concurrent hardware failures.
Ans. Google File System (GFS) and Amazon S3 are two popular cloud
service systems that aim to secure data integrity and maintain data
consistency while facing hardware failures, including concurrent hardware
failures.
Google File System (GFS) achieves its design goals through the following
techniques:
1. Data replication: GFS replicates data across multiple nodes in the
system to ensure data availability and integrity. Each file is split into
chunks, and each chunk is replicated across multiple nodes. This
replication strategy helps to recover data in case of node failures.
2. Master-slave architecture: GFS uses a master-slave architecture,
where a single master node manages the metadata of the files, and
multiple chunk servers store the actual data. This architecture ensures
that the metadata is always available, even if some of the chunk servers
fail.
3. Checksums: GFS uses checksums to detect data corruption. Each
chunk of data is accompanied by a checksum, which is used to verify the
integrity of the data. If the checksum fails, GFS replicates the chunk from
another node.
Amazon S3 achieves its design goals through the following techniques:
1. Data replication: Amazon S3 replicates data across multiple
availability zones to ensure data availability and integrity. This
replication strategy helps to recover data in case of zone failures.
2. Versioning: Amazon S3 allows users to enable versioning for their
buckets. This feature ensures that all versions of a file are kept,
even if it is deleted or overwritten.
3. Lifecycle policies: Amazon S3 allows users to set lifecycle policies
for their buckets. These policies can be used to automatically move
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

older versions of files to cheaper storage classes or delete them

entirely.
4. Data durability: Amazon S3 is designed for 99.999999999%
durability, which means that the likelihood of data loss is
extremely low.

Both GFS and Amazon S3 use data replication as a primary technique to

ensure data availability and integrity in the face of hardware failures. GFS
uses a master-slave architecture and checksums to ensure metadata
availability and data integrity, while Amazon S3 uses versioning, lifecycle
policies, and data durability to provide additional features and protections.
When it comes to securing the application cloud (SaaS), the infrastructure
cloud (IaaS), and the platform cloud (PaaS), there are several hardware
mechanisms and software schemes that can be used.
Hardware mechanisms include:
1. Redundant power supplies: Redundant power supplies ensure that a
system continues to operate even if one of the power supplies fails.
2. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): RAID provides data
redundancy by storing data across multiple disks. This ensures that
data is still available even if one of the disks fails.
3. Hot-swappable components: Hot-swappable components allow for the
replacement of failed components without shutting down the system.
4. Software schemes include:

5. Data backups: Regular data backups ensure that data can be recovered
in case of a system failure.
6. Failover mechanisms: Failover mechanisms ensure that a system
continues to operate even if one of the components fails.
7. Load balancing: Load balancing ensures that a system is not
overloaded, which can lead to system failures.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

8. Monitoring and alerting: Monitoring and alerting systems ensure that

system administrators are notified of any issues before they become
critical.
These hardware mechanisms and software schemes have specific
requirements and difficulties, such as the need for additional hardware and
the complexity of implementing failover mechanisms. Additionally, there
may be limitations, such as the cost of implementing redundant power
supplies or the time required to replace hot-swappable components.

Q3. Control Systems command to clone, commit, push, fetch, pull,

checkout, reset and delete.
Ans. To perform various operations in a Git repository, you can use the
following commands:
• Clone: To clone a repository from a remote location to your local
machine, use the following command: git clone <repository_url>
• Commit: To commit changes to your local repository, use the
following command: git commit -m "Commit message"
• Push: To push your local commits to a remote repository, use the
following command: git push <remote> <branch>
• Fetch: To download commits, files, and refs from a remote repository
into your local repository without updating the working state, use the
following command: git fetch <remote>
• Pull: To fetch and download content from a remote repository and
immediately update the local repository, use the following command:
git pull <remote>
• Checkout: To switch branches or restore working tree files, use the
following command: git checkout <branch_name>
• Reset: To reset changes in your working directory to the last
committed state, use the following command: git reset --hard
<commit_id>
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

• Delete: To delete a branch in your local repository, use the following

command: git branch -d <branch_name>

Q4. Based upon case study https://cloud.google.com/learn/paas-vs-

iaasvs-saasDiscuss the enabling technologies for building the cloud
platforms from virtulized and automated data centers to provide IaaS,
PaaS, or SaaS services. Identify hardware, software, and networking
mechanisms or business models that enable multitenant services.
Ans. The enabling technologies for building cloud platforms from
virtualized and automated data centers to provide IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS
services include hardware, software, and networking mechanisms.
Hardware mechanisms include virtualization technologies such as
hypervisors, which enable the creation and management of virtual machines.
Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical
server, increasing resource utilization and reducing costs. Virtualization also
enables the creation of virtual networks, storage, and other resources.
Software mechanisms include cloud management software, which provides a
centralized management interface for cloud resources. Cloud management
software enables the provisioning, deployment, and management of virtual
machines, storage, and networks. Cloud management software also provides
monitoring, metering, and billing capabilities.
Networking mechanisms include software-defined networking (SDN) and
network function virtualization (NFV). SDN enables the separation of the
control plane and the data plane, enabling centralized management of
network resources. NFV enables the virtualization of network functions,
such as firewalls, load balancers, and intrusion detection systems.
Business models that enable multitenant services include the pay-as-you-
go model, where customers pay only for the resources they use. This model
enables customers to scale up or down as needed, reducing costs and
increasing flexibility.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

To secure the application cloud (SaaS), the infrastructure cloud (IaaS), and
the platform cloud (PaaS), hardware mechanisms such as secure enclaves
and software schemes such as encryption and access control can be used.
Secure enclaves provide a secure area in memory for sensitive data and
code, while encryption ensures that data is protected during transmission and
storage. Access control enables the management of user access to resources,
ensuring that only authorized users can access sensitive data and resources.
However, there are specific requirements and difficulties associated with
these mechanisms and schemes. For example, secure enclaves require
specialized hardware and software, while encryption and access control
require careful key management and configuration. Additionally, there may
be limitations, such as performance overhead and compatibility issues.
Q5. Move file from Host system to Virtual Machine.
Ans. To move a file from the host system to a virtual machine, there are
several methods you can use, depending on the virtualization software
you are using.
For Hyper-V, you can use Enhanced Session Mode, shared folders, or
PowerShell to transfer files from the host to the guest. Enhanced Session
Mode allows you to access the resources on the local host from the virtual
machine, including files and folders. Shared folders allow you to create a
folder on the local host and then map it on the virtual machine to transfer
files from the local host to the virtual machine. PowerShell can help you
transfer files via command, but you need to enable Guest Services on the
VM first.
For VirtualBox, you can use shared folders, ISO files, or USB sticks to
transfer files between the host and the guest. Shared folders allow you to
create a folder on the host machine and then map it on the virtual machine to
transfer files. ISO files can be created from a folder and then mounted to the
VM as a virtual CD/DVD drive. USB sticks can be mounted to the VM as a
physical device to transfer files.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

For VMware, you can use the drag-and-drop feature, the copy and paste
feature, shared folders, or mapped drives to transfer files and text
between the host system and virtual machines and between virtual
machines.
Q6. Build a modular program-using MAKE.
Ans: Building a modular program using make involves creating a Makefile
that specifies the rules for compiling and linking different modules of the
program. Each module should have its own source files and header files, and
the Makefile should specify dependencies between modules. By using
make, you can automate the build process and ensure that only modified
modules are recompiled when necessary.
Here's an example of how to build a modular program using make:
Let's assume we have a simple C program consisting of three modules:
main.c, module1.c, and module2.c, each with their corresponding
header files module1.h and module2.h.
1. Create the source files:
cssCopy code main.c module1.c module2.c
module1.h module2.h
2. Create a Makefile: makeCopy code
# Compiler and flags CC = gcc CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -g # Executable
name EXEC = program # Source files and object files SRCS = main.c
module1.c module2.c OBJS = $(SRCS:.c=.o) # Targets all: $(EXEC)
$(EXEC): $(OBJS) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^ %.o: %.c $(CC)
$(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $< clean: rm -f $(EXEC) $(OBJS)
3. Explanation of the Makefile:
• CC: Compiler command.
• CFLAGS: Compiler flags for debugging (-Wall, -Wextra, -g).
• EXEC: Name of the executable.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

• SRCS: List of source files.

• OBJS: List of object files generated from source files.
• all: Default target, depends on $(EXEC).
• $(EXEC): Target executable depends on object files, compiles and
links them.
• %.o: %.c: Rule for compiling each source file into an object file.
• clean: Target to remove the executable and object files.
4. Run make command:
goCopy code
$ make
This will compile all source files and link them to create the executable
program.
5. To clean up the project:
goCopy code
$ make clean
This will remove the executable and object files.
Q7. Based upon the case study PaaS vs IaaS vs SaaS, elaborate on four
major advantages of using virtualized resources in cloud computing
applications.
Ans: Virtualized resources play a pivotal role in modern cloud computing
ecosystems, offering several significant advantages for both cloud providers
and users alike. Here, we delve into four key benefits of leveraging
virtualized resources in cloud computing applications:
1. Resource Scalability: One of the primary advantages of virtualized
resources is their inherent scalability. Virtualization enables cloud providers
to abstract physical hardware into virtual instances that can be dynamically
allocated or deallocated based on demand. This flexibility allows providers
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

to rapidly scale resources up or down in response to changing workload

requirements. For example, during peak traffic periods, additional virtual
instances can be spun up to handle increased demand, ensuring optimal
performance and user experience. Conversely, during off-peak periods,
unused instances can be automatically decommissioned, resulting in cost
savings by avoiding over-provisioning of resources.
2. Elasticity: Virtualized resources offer elasticity, enabling cloud
applications to dynamically adjust resource allocation in real-time. This
elasticity allows applications to seamlessly handle fluctuations in workload
without manual intervention. For instance, cloud platforms can
automatically scale compute, storage, and networking resources based on
predefined thresholds or performance metrics. This agility ensures that
applications can maintain consistent performance levels regardless of
variations in demand, thereby enhancing user satisfaction and overall
operational efficiency.
3. Cost-effectiveness: Virtualization contributes to cost-effectiveness in cloud
computing by optimizing resource utilization and reducing infrastructure
overhead. With virtualized resources, cloud providers can achieve higher
levels of consolidation, packing multiple virtual instances onto physical
hardware efficiently. This consolidation minimizes wasted resources and
maximizes hardware utilization, ultimately lowering infrastructure costs.
Additionally, the pay-as-you-go pricing model adopted by many cloud
providers allows users to pay only for the resources consumed, eliminating
the need for large upfront investments in hardware and software. This
costeffective pricing model democratizes access to advanced computing
resources, making cloud computing accessible to organizations of all sizes.
4. Resource Isolation and Security: Virtualization provides robust isolation
between virtual instances, enhancing security and mitigating risks
associated with multi-tenancy environments. Each virtual instance operates
in its own isolated environment, ensuring that applications and data remain
segregated from other users on the same physical hardware. This isolation
prevents unauthorized access and reduces the impact of security breaches or
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

vulnerabilities. Furthermore, virtualization enables the implementation of

granular access controls and security policies, allowing administrators to
enforce compliance standards and protect sensitive data effectively. By
enhancing security and ensuring data privacy, virtualized resources instill
confidence in cloud computing environments, fostering trust among users
and driving adoption across industries.
In conclusion, virtualized resources offer numerous advantages in cloud
computing applications, including scalability, elasticity, cost-effectiveness,
and enhanced security. By harnessing the power of virtualization,
organizations can build resilient, flexible, and cost-efficient cloud
environments that empower innovation and drive business growth.

Q8. Develop an application that uses publish-subscribe to communicate

between entities developed in different languages. Producers should be
written in C++, and consumers should be in Java. Distributed
components communicate with one another using the AMQP wire
format.

Ans: Developing an application that utilizes a publish-subscribe pattern for

communication between entities written in different languages, specifically
using C++ for producers and Java for consumers, and employing the AMQP
wire format for communication involves several key steps and
considerations:
1. Choose a Messaging Middleware: Select a messaging middleware that
supports AMQP wire format and offers bindings for both C++ and Java.
RabbitMQ is a popular choice for implementing AMQP-based messaging
systems and provides client libraries for both C++ and Java.
2. Implement Producers (C++): Create one or more producer components in
C++ using the appropriate client library for RabbitMQ. Producers are
responsible for publishing messages to specific topics or queues within the
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

messaging middleware. These messages may contain data or instructions to

be processed by the consumer components.
3. Implement Consumers (Java): Develop consumer components in Java
using the RabbitMQ client library for Java. Consumers subscribe to specific
topics or queues and receive messages published by the producers. Upon
receiving a message, consumers process the content according to the
application's logic.
4. Define Message Formats: Define the message formats and protocols to be
used for communication between producers and consumers. Ensure that
both C++ and Java components adhere to these specifications to ensure
interoperability.
5. Set Up Publish-Subscribe Infrastructure: Configure the RabbitMQ
broker to establish the necessary exchanges, queues, and bindings for
implementing the publish-subscribe pattern. Define exchange types (e.g.,
direct, topic) and routing keys to route messages from producers to
consumers based on specific criteria.
6. Handle Error and Exception Scenarios: Implement error handling and
exception handling mechanisms in both producer and consumer components
to deal with potential issues such as network failures, message processing
errors, or communication timeouts. Ensure graceful recovery and fault
tolerance to maintain system reliability.
7. Testing and Integration: Thoroughly test the communication between C++
producers and Java consumers under various scenarios, including message
publication, subscription, message delivery, and error recovery. Perform
integration testing to validate the interoperability and compatibility of the
components across different languages.
8. Deployment and Monitoring: Deploy the application components in the
production environment and monitor their performance, message
throughput, and system resource utilization. Utilize monitoring tools and
logging mechanisms to track the behavior of the distributed components and
identify any potential issues or bottlenecks.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Q9: Planning a Real Computing Application Using AWS Services

Ans: Application Overview: For this scenario, let's consider developing a
web application that allows users to upload images, apply various filters to
them, and then download the edited images. We'll use AWS services such as
Amazon S3 for storing images, Amazon EC2 for hosting the application
server, and Amazon SQS for managing message queues.
1. Amazon S3: We'll use Amazon S3 to store user-uploaded images and
edited images. The S3 bucket will need to be configured for public access to
allow users to upload and download images.
Resources and Costs:
• Storage: Estimate the required storage space based on the expected number
and size of uploaded images.
• Data Transfer: Consider the data transfer costs for uploading and
downloading images.
• Request Fees: Take into account the fees associated with S3 requests such as
PUT, GET, and DELETE operations.
2. Amazon EC2: We'll deploy the web application on Amazon EC2
instances running a web server (e.g., Apache or Nginx) and the necessary
backend code for image processing.
Resources and Costs:
• Instance Type: Choose an appropriate EC2 instance type based on the
expected workload and performance requirements.
• Compute Time: Estimate the compute time required for image processing
operations.
• Data Transfer: Consider data transfer costs between EC2 instances and S3
for image storage and retrieval.
• EBS Volumes: Optionally, allocate additional EBS volumes for storing
application data or logs.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2. Amazon SQS: We'll use Amazon SQS to manage message queues

for processing user requests asynchronously. When a user uploads an
image, a message will be sent to an SQS queue for processing.
Resources and Costs:
• Message Queues: Create SQS queues for handling image processing
requests.
• Queue Operations: Consider the costs associated with SQS API requests for
sending and receiving messages.
• Message Retention: Configure message retention policies based on
processing requirements and cost considerations.
Performance Testing and Analysis: After setting up the application on
AWS, conduct performance testing to evaluate the system's scalability,
reliability, and responsiveness. Measure metrics such as response times,
throughput, and error rates under different load conditions. Analyze the
results to identify performance bottlenecks, optimize resource utilization,
and improve overall system efficiency.
Q10: Developing a Private Cloud Using OpenNebula
Ans: Overview: OpenNebula is an open-source cloud management platform
that allows users to build and manage private clouds. With OpenNebula,
organizations can create virtualized environments, deploy and manage
virtual machines, and automate cloud operations.
Key Components:
1. Hosts and Clusters: Set up physical or virtual hosts to serve as computing
resources for the private cloud. Organize hosts into clusters for resource
management and allocation.
2. Storage: Configure storage resources such as local disks, SAN, or NAS to
provide storage for virtual machines and data.
3. Networking: Define virtual networks, VLANs, and IP addressing schemes
to facilitate communication between virtual machines and external networks.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

4. Templates and Images: Create templates and images for virtual machine
provisioning, allowing users to quickly deploy pre-configured VM
instances.
5. Users and Groups: Define user accounts and assign roles and permissions
to control access to cloud resources and operations.
6. Monitoring and Logging: Implement monitoring and logging mechanisms
to track resource usage, performance metrics, and operational activities
within the private cloud environment.
Deployment Process:
1. Installation: Install and configure OpenNebula on a dedicated server or
virtual machine according to the installation guide provided by OpenNebula.
2. Configuration: Configure host nodes, storage, networking, and other
infrastructure components using the OpenNebula management interface or
command-line tools.
3. Integration: Integrate OpenNebula with existing infrastructure components
such as hypervisors, storage systems, and networking devices for seamless
operation.
4. User Management: Set up user accounts, groups, and access controls to
manage user access and permissions within the private cloud environment.
5. Resource Allocation: Allocate computing resources, storage capacity, and
network bandwidth based on workload requirements and organizational
policies.
6. Testing and Validation: Conduct testing and validation to ensure the proper
functioning of the private cloud infrastructure, including provisioning,
migration, and management of virtual machines.
7. Documentation and Training: Document the deployment process,
configuration settings, and operational procedures to facilitate ongoing
management and maintenance. Provide training to system administrators
and users on how to utilize the private cloud platform effectively.
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Benefits of OpenNebula:
• Flexibility: OpenNebula supports multiple hypervisors, storage
backends, and networking technologies, allowing organizations to tailor
the private cloud environment to their specific requirements.
• Scalability: The modular architecture of OpenNebula enables horizontal
scaling of infrastructure components to accommodate growing workloads
and user demands.
• Cost-effectiveness: By leveraging existing hardware resources and
opensource software, OpenNebula offers a cost-effective solution for
building and managing private clouds compared to proprietary cloud
platforms.
• Control and Security: With full control over infrastructure resources
and data, organizations can implement robust security measures and
compliance policies to protect sensitive information and ensure
regulatory compliance within the private cloud environment.