Acetylation:

.
Reaction: CH3COCl + Compound → CH3CO-Group attached to the
compound.
What happens: Adds an acetyl group to a compound.
Use: Commonly used in making medicines and other organic
substances.
.
Wurtz Fittig Reaction:
.
Reaction: 2 Ar-X + 2 Na → Ar-Ar + 2 NaX (X = halide).
What happens: Connects two aromatic or alkyl compounds to form a
carbon-carbon bond.
Use: Important for creating different organic compounds.
.
Wurtz Reaction:
.
Reaction: 2 RX + 2 Na → R-R + 2 NaX (X = halide).
What happens: Connects two alkyl compounds to create a simple
carbon-carbon bond.
Use: Useful in building more complex molecules.
.
Wolff-Kishner Reduction:
.
Reaction: R-CHO or R-CO-R' + 2N2H4 + KOH → R-CH2-R' + N2 + 2H2O.
What happens: Converts aldehydes or ketones into hydrocarbons by
removing oxygen.
Use: Handy for simplifying complex molecules.
.
Williamson's Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-X + NaOR' → R-OR' + NaX (X = halide).
What happens: Combines an alkyl halide with a metal alkoxide to form
an ether.
Use: Commonly used to create ethers.
.
Stephen Reaction:
.
Reaction: RCN + Sn + HCl → R-NH2 + SnCl2.
What happens: Converts nitriles to primary amines using tin and
hydrochloric acid.
Use: Useful in the preparation of amines.
.
Swarts Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-Cl + SbF3 → R-F + SbCl3.
What happens: Converts alkyl halides into alkyl fluorides using
antimony fluoride.
Use: Important for introducing fluorine into organic compounds.
.
Schmidt Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COOH + HN3 → R-N2 + CO2 + H2O.
What happens: Converts carboxylic acids into amides using hydrazoic
acid.
Use: Widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
.
Schotten-Baumann Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COCl + H2NR' → R-CONHR' + HCl.
What happens: Converts acid chlorides into amides by reacting with
amines.
Use: Commonly used to make amides.
.
Sandmeyer's Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-N2+X- → Ar-X + N2.
What happens: Converts aromatic diazonium salts to various functional
groups.
Use: Useful for preparing a variety of aromatic compounds.
.
Rosenmund Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COCl + Pd + H2 → R-CHO + PdCl2.
What happens: Reduces acyl chlorides to aldehydes using a catalyst like
palladium.
Use: Important in the synthesis of aldehydes.
.
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-H + CHCl3 + KOH → Ar-CHO + 3 HCl + H2O.
What happens: Adds a formyl group (-CHO) to aromatic rings using
chloroform and a base.
Use: Used in the synthesis of salicylaldehydes.
.
Perkin Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-COOH + Ar'-CHO + Ac2O → Ar-COO-Ar'-CH=CH-COO-Ar'.
What happens: Forms α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids by condensing
aromatic aldehydes with acetic anhydride.
Use: Important in the synthesis of coumarins.
.
Liebermann’s Nitroso Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-OH + HONO → Ar-NO + H2O.
What happens: Forms nitroso compounds from phenols in the
presence of nitrous acid.
Use: Used in the preparation of nitroso dyes.
.
Mendius Reaction:
.
Reaction: R2C=O + Zn + HCl → R2C=CR'-R + ZnCl2.
What happens: Converts ketones to α,β-unsaturated ketones using zinc
and hydrochloric acid.
Use: Useful in organic synthesis.
.
Colbe-Schmitt Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-COCl + Na amalgam → Ar-CHO + NaCl.
What happens: Converts ketones to aldehydes using sodium amalgam.
Use: Useful for reducing ketones.
.
Hunsdicker Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-I + R-COCl → Ar-COR + HCl + HI.
What happens: Forms aryl ketones from aryl iodides and acyl chlorides.
Use: Important in the synthesis of ketones.
.
Hofmann Bromamide Reaction:
.
Reaction: RCONHR' + Br2 + KOH → RNH2 + CO2 + KBr + H2O.
What happens: Converts amides to amines using bromine and alkali.
Use: Used in the preparation of amines.
.
Hofmann Ammonolysis:
.
Reaction: RCOOR' + NH3 → RCONHR' + ROH.
What happens: Converts esters to primary amides using ammonia.
Use: Important in the synthesis of amides.
.
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-CHO + Br2 + PBr3 → Ar-CHBr-COBr.
What happens: Adds a bromine atom to the alpha position of
carboxylic acids.
Use: Useful for specific chemical transformations.
.
Iodoform Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COCH3 + I2 + NaOH → R-COI + CHI3 + NaOH.
What happens: Forms iodoform (CHI3) from methyl ketones in the
presence of iodine and base.
Use: Used as a test for certain types of methyl ketones.
.
Gattermann-Koch Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-H + CO + HCl + AlCl3 → Ar-CO-CHO + AlCl4-.
What happens: Adds a formyl group to aromatic compounds using
carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride.
Use: Important in the synthesis of aromatic aldehydes.
.
Gattermann Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-H + CO + HCl + AlCl3 → R-CO-CHO + AlCl4-.
What happens: Adds a formyl group to certain compounds using
carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of a catalyst.
Use: Used in the synthesis of specific types of aldehydes.
.
Gabriel Phthalimide Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-X + Phthalimide + KOH → R-NHPhth + KX.
What happens: Alkylates phthalimide followed by hydrolysis to form
primary amines.
Use: Useful in making primary amines.
.
Fries Rearrangement:
.
Reaction: Ar-COO-R' + AlCl3 → Ar-COO-Ar'-R''.
What happens: Rearranges certain compounds to create substituted
phenols.
Use: Important in organic synthesis.
.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation:
.
Reaction: Ar-H + RCOCl + AlCl3 → Ar-COR' + HCl + AlCl4-.
What happens: Adds an acyl group to certain aromatic compounds.
Use: Used to create specific types of aromatic ketones.
.
Wurtz-Fittig Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-X + R'-X + 2 Na → Ar-R' + 2 NaX.
What happens: Joins certain aryl and alkyl compounds to create biaryl
compounds.
Use: Important in creating certain types of compounds.
.

Fittig Reaction:
.
Reaction: 2 Ar-X + 2 Na → Ar-Ar + 2 NaX.
What happens: Forms a carbon-carbon bond between two aryl
compounds.
Use: Used to create aromatic compounds.
.
Finkelstein Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-X + NaI → R-I + NaX.
What happens: Swaps certain halides in compounds.
Use: Important for preparing alkyl halides.
.
Etard Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-CH2OH + CrO3 + H2SO4 → R-CHO + Cr2O3 + H2O.
What happens: Converts primary alcohols into aldehydes.
Use: Used in creating aldehydes.
.
Esterification Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COOH + R'-OH + H2SO4 → R-COOR' + H2O.
What happens: Forms esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Use: Commonly used in making esters.
.
Diazotization Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-NH2 + HNO2 + HCl → Ar-N2+Cl- + 2 H2O.
What happens: Forms diazonium salts from aromatic amines.
Use: Used in creating azo dyes.
.
Decarboxylation Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COOH → R-H + CO2.
What happens: Removes a carboxyl group from carboxylic acids.
Use: Important in various chemical transformations.
.

Clamensen Reduction:
.
Reaction: R-COCl + Zn(Hg) + HCl → R-CHO + ZnCl2.
What happens: Converts acyl chlorides into aldehydes.
Use: Useful in making aldehydes.
.

Coupling Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-X + R'-X + CuX → Ar-R' + CuX2.
What happens: Joins two compounds to create a larger one.
Use: The Heck reaction is an example that's important in making
certain compounds.
.
Claisen Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-COOEt + R'-O-Na+ → R-COOR' + EtOH.
What happens: Forms specific compounds called β-keto esters.
Use: Important in creating these types of esters.
.
Claisen Condensation:
.
Reaction: R-COOEt + R'-COOEt + NaOEt → R-COOR' + EtOH + NaOEt.
What happens: Forms β-keto esters or amides from certain
compounds.
Use: Used in making specific types of compounds.
.
Carbylamine Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-NH2 + CHCl3 + KOH → RN=C + 3 HCl + H2O.
What happens: Forms isocyanides from primary amines.
Use: Important in creating isocyanides.
.
Cannizzaro Reaction:
.
Reaction: 2 R-CHO + KOH → R-COOH + R-CH2OH.
What happens: Changes aldehydes into alcohol and carboxylic acid.
Use: Used for certain types of aldehydes.
.
Benzoin Condensation:
.
Reaction: 2 Ar-CHO + CN- → Ar-CHOH-COO-Ar'.
What happens: Joins two aldehydes to form a specific type of
compound.
Use: Important in creating certain types of compounds.
.
Balg-Schiemann Reaction:
.
Reaction: Ar-NH2 + HONO + HCl → Ar-N2+Cl- + 2 H2O.
What happens: Forms azo compounds from certain amines.
Use: Used in creating azo dyes.

Cross Aldol Condensation:
.
Reaction: R-CHO + R'-COCl + NaOH → R-CHOH-CO-R' + NaCl.
What happens: Joins two different carbonyl compounds to form a
larger compound.
Use: Important in creating complex molecules.
.
Aldol Condensation:
.
Reaction: R-CHO + R'-CHO + NaOH → R-CHOH-CO-R' + H2O.
What happens: Forms a specific type of compound by joining two
carbonyl compounds.
Use: Used in creating complex molecules.
.
Aldol Reaction:
.
Reaction: R-CHO + R-CHO + NaOH → R-CHOH-CO-R + H2O.
What happens: