Assignment - 3

NAME : LALITHYA SAI JALADI ENROLLMENT : BT20ECE061

PAPER 1 : Analysis of Clustering based Hierarchical Routing Protocols for WUSN Architecture

A : different architectures of WUSN :

1. 1D-WUSN Architecture: In one-dimensional WUSNs, individual nodes collect data

underwater and communicate using acoustic waves or fiber optics for single-hop
transmission to remote stations.
2. 2D-WUSN Architecture: In 2D-WUSNs, sensor nodes form clusters with anchor nodes as
coordinators. Data is gathered by nodes and relayed to control nodes, using both horizontal
and vertical communication.
3. 3D-WUSN Architecture: These architectures are used by nodes for communication in high-
range data transmission. Here, sensor nodes are merged into groups.
4. 4D-WUSN Architecture: These WUSNs combine features of mobile WUSNs and 3D-
WUSNs. Mobile WUSNs use remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) for data collection
and transmission to anchor nodes, which then relay the data to other sites. Nodes
may independently relay data based on their distance from the ROV and each other.

B : Challenges of WUSN :

Limited Bandwidth

Cost of devices is high

Propagation delay of WUWN is higher than that of terrestrial sensor network.

Compared to TWSNs, the error rate in UMSNs is extremely high.

WUSN has a high-power consumption, yet their battery power is limited.

WUSN sensor node communication has been disrupted due to data loss and propagation delay.

Although acoustic communication has a purpose in WUSN, its limited range and low frequency
mean that it is inefficient for real-time data transmission.

C . Cluster Based Routing Protocols in WSN

The paper "Analysis of Clustering based Hierarchical Routing Protocols for WUSN Architecture"
discusses various cluster-based routing protocols used in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks.
Here's a brief explanation of each protocol mentioned:

1. LEACH: A protocol that forms clusters of sensor nodes based on the received signal strength
and uses randomized rotation of cluster-heads to evenly distribute energy consumption among
the sensors.
 2. PEGASIS: Instead of forming multiple clusters, this protocol organizes nodes into a single-chain
structure where each node receives from and transmits to its closest neighbor, and only one
node is selected to transmit to the base station.

3. HEED: Aims to prolong network lifetime by distributing energy consumption across high-
energy nodes; it selects cluster-heads based on a hybrid of their residual energy and a secondary
parameter, such as node proximity to its neighbors.

4. TEEN: Designed for time-critical applications, this protocol reacts to sudden changes in the
monitored attributes by setting soft and hard thresholds, reducing the number of transmissions.

5. APTEEN: It combines the features of TEEN and LEACH, aiming to provide a flexible and hybrid
approach for both periodic data collection and reaction to time-critical events.

6. SEP: A protocol that considers heterogeneity in terms of node energy; it gives nodes with
higher initial energy better chances to become cluster-heads, aiming to extend the stable period
of the network.

7. DEBC: This protocol focuses on balancing energy consumption among nodes by considering
their residual energy during cluster-head selection.

8. EEHC: A protocol designed to improve energy efficiency by forming a hierarchical cluster

structure, potentially enhancing scalability and lifetime.

D. Comparitive analysis among various protocols

The comparison of cluster-based routing protocols like LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS, TEEN, APTEEN,
SEP, DEBC, etc., considers metrics such as energy, power, aggregation, heterogeneity, scalability,
etc. PEGASIS lacks data aggregation and performs poorly in scalability, energy efficiency, and
stability, but has low overhead. APTEEN exhibits low power consumption, high energy efficiency,
and scalability, with light overhead. Additionally, a comparison in Table 2 assesses
heterogeneity, location awareness, cluster head mobility, and node deployment.

E.Conclusion

The study compares cluster-based routing protocols in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
(WUSN), assessing key differences and addressing challenges like scalability and energy
consumption. Future research may focus on real-time applications and optimizing energy
parameters using soft computing techniques.
PAPER 2 : A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks in case of miners’
safety.

This paper speaks about the significance of Wireless Body Area Networks in case of miners’
safety. Well known routing protocols are discussed and compared in this paper. Real time
monitoring of the field’s condition and health of miners is achieved by deploying WBANs.
Routing techniques of Wireless Mesh Networks are very useful in case of Mines because of
operational fields being temporary, low cost and easily deployed. WMN is designed for static
nodes.. It is not useful for connectivity of mining workers since they move frequently and WMN
is also not of low power consumption.

● Communication range is a big problem in case of 5G for application to underground mining

fields. Compared to the mentioned paradigms, WBAN are low cost and low energy
consumption thus being suitable for underground mining conditions. This paper discusses
various routing protocols of WBAN and compares them.
● WBAN is most applicable in healthcare, medical devices, military devices , sports devices and
gaming electronics. In case of miner devices, WBAN supports devices measuring Blood
pressure, heartbeat rate, body temperature, Oxygen levels, positioning and tracking of
miners, Methane level, temperature, fire and toxic gas, dust penetration and uv level of the
surrounding environment.
● Anybody, a LEACH based routing protocol is proposed which is a cluster based routing
protocol.
1. Direct communication between sensors and base station is reduced.
2. Energy saving does not occur in case of Anybody as data gathering takes place.
3. Can cause overheads and complexity due to complex routing process
4. Requirement of backbone structure for cluster head selection - not a good routing
protocol for mining fields.
● Probabilistic protocols are much useful in WBANs. They are energy efficient. A path is built
on the basis of minimum link state value calculated by a cost function. Overheads are
generated periodically compared to cluster routing protocols.
1. Efficient Thermal and Power Aware routing (ETPA) : temperature, energy of node
and received power from adjacent nodes is considered as a cost function. Suitable
for WBANs.
2. DVRPLC is introduced to decrease average end-to-end delays.
● Cross layering protocols:
1. WASP: advantages of MAC layer and network layer are utilized to reduce energy
consumption and maximize throughput. \
2. AMR (Adaptive multihop tree based routing protocol) : applying a distributed
spanned tree, reducing energy level RSSI and hop count.
● Temperature is key issue of concern in WBAn
1. ETPA considers temperature and TARA(Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm) makes
data packets transmitted by bypassing high temperature areas or nodes.
2. LTRT (least total route temperature) routing protocol calculates optimal path by
considering hop count and temperature.
● QoS aware routing protocols: DMQoS, RL-QRP(link quality at first concern)
● Discussions:
 1.Energy is not much limited in case of miners.
2.Real time transmission is the important QoS parameter here.
3.Hop count parameter is not of much importance.
4.Temperature is mainly mentioned to decrease the thermal damage caused by the
sensor and damage body of miners.
5. AI can be applied to achieve balance between all the parameters.
● Challenges faced and solutions for designing Routing protocols for WBAN in underground
Mining fields:
1. Minerals can interfere in transmission of WBAN. Channel models for different
mining environments should be studied.
2. AI : Although energy constraints can be managed, computation power will affect
application of AI. Thus, Mobile Edge Computing is used for AI.
3. Centralized control of Network: We suppose that a sink node is embedded in the
miner's uniform. SDN (Software defined Network) is a potential network paradigm
for this case.
PAPER 3 : Research on Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Algorithms for coal mine mobile sensing

The research paper discusses the use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in coal mines. It highlights the
advantages of WSN in coal mining, such as its ability to provide real-time data transmission, adaptability to
the underground environment, and its applications in personnel positioning, environment data sampling,
and safety monitoring. The paper also emphasizes the challenges faced by WSN in coal mines, including
long data transmission latency, unbalanced energy consumption, and short network life cycle.
Additionally, it delves into the hierarchical routing protocol used in coal mines, focusing on the
optimization algorithms for clustering mechanisms and the selection of cluster heads. Overall, the paper
aims to address the specific issues related to WSN in coal mines and propose potential solutions.

Hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSN) involve organizing sensor nodes
into a hierarchical structure to efficiently manage data transmission and network operations. The
main idea of hierarchical routing protocols is to divide the network into clusters, with each cluster
having a cluster head responsible for aggregating and forwarding data to the base station. This
approach helps in reducing energy consumption, managing network traffic, and extending the
network lifetime. The cluster heads play a crucial role in coordinating communication within their
respective clusters and with the base station, thereby optimizing the overall network performance.

Hierarchical routing protocols aim to address challenges such as long data transmission latency,
unbalanced energy consumption, and short network life cycle by organizing the network into a
hierarchical structure. This allows for more efficient data aggregation, reduced communication
overhead, and improved scalability. Additionally, hierarchical routing protocols facilitate the
implementation of optimization algorithms to further enhance the performance of the network,
such as optimizing cluster head election methods and controlling cluster range.

In summary, hierarchical routing protocols in WSN involve organizing sensor nodes into clusters with
designated cluster heads to optimize data transmission, energy consumption, and network
performance.
The main challenges faced by wireless sensor networks in coal mines include:

1. Special Environment: The unique environment of coal mines, characterized by factors such as coal
dust, wind speed, and dampness, poses challenges for data transmission and network stability.

2. Real-time Data Transmission: The need for real-time data transmission in coal mines, due to safety
and operational requirements, presents a challenge for wireless sensor networks.

3. Dynamic Network Layout: The dynamic nature of coal mining operations requires a network
layout that can adapt to changing conditions, posing challenges for network deployment and
maintenance.

4. Long Data Transmission Latency: The need to reduce transmission delay from the routing
algorithm to ensure timely data transmission.

5. Unbalanced Energy Consumption: Wireless sensor networks in coal mines face challenges related
to unbalanced energy consumption among nodes, which can affect the overall network performance
and lifespan.

6. Short Network Life Cycle: The limited lifespan of wireless sensor networks in coal mines due to
factors such as energy consumption and environmental conditions.

These challenges highlight the need for effective optimization algorithms and routing protocols to
address the specific requirements of wireless sensor networks in coal mines.

The paper discusses the use of optimization algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO),
ant colony algorithm, and fruit fly algorithm (FOA) for the hierarchical routing protocol in clustering
mechanisms. These algorithms are considered effective for optimizing the cluster head election
method and controlling cluster range in the hierarchical routing protocol used in wireless sensor
networks in mines.