In this unit you wil © use letters for numbers in expressions © simplify expressions © use brackets in algebra calculations learn the main operations using algebra learn how to solve equations substitute a value into a formula or expression revise sequences and identify and use sequence rules find the general term of a sequence. You can use equations to model real-life situations such as the growth ofa plant. 2.1 Basic algebra en 2.1.1 _ Using letters for numbers in expressions © Suppose there is an unknown number of people on a bus. Call this number x. If two more people get on the bus there will be x + 2 people on the bus. D x+2isan expression. An expression has no equals sign whereas an equation does have an equals sign. © Suppose a piece of cheese weighs w kilograms. If I cut off 2 kilograms, I have w — 2 kilograms left. © IfTstart with a number » and then double it, I will have 2n (2n means 2x n). If I then add 8, I will have 2n + 8. > When you muttiply, write the number before the letter. So write 2n, not n2, for 2 x n, Exercise 1 @ Find the expression that I am left with. 1 Tstart with mand then double it. 2n (@)—{ X2]}-->? 2 I start with y and then add 4. yh Youcan draw a function machine to help you.Basic algebra 65 3 Istart with x and then take away7. 2-#+ — (X)->f 4 Istart with x and then add 100, % +100 5 Istart with y and then multiply by 5. Sy 6 Istart with sand multiply by 100. \o0s 7 I start with t and then treble it. 3t 8 Istart with sand then add 11, + 9 I start with p and then take away9. ? —-9 10 Istart with mand thenaddx, +X 11 I start with m and then multiply by 4. 4. 12 I start with x, double it and then add 3. 2x+3 @)—-[ x2 +3 |»? 13 I start with n, double it and then take away 12. 20 = 12. 14 I start with m, treble it and then add 2. 3m + % 15 I start with y and multiply by 20. 204 16 I start with x, treble it and then add 3. 3x<3 17 I start with y, double it and then take away 7. 24 — 18 I start with &, treble it and then add 10. 3 +(O evra Find the expression thet I am left with if Tstart with n, add 2 and then multiply the result by 4. Istart with n, subtract 3 and then divide the result by 7. Istart with n, add 6 and then square the result. n> nt2 > 4(n+2) n-3 no>n-3 37 noant6 > (n+ 6)? Exercise 2@ Find the expression that I am left with. 1 start with x, add 4 and then multiply the result by 3. 3(- a+) Use brackets. | 2 Istart with x, add 3 and then multiply the result by 5. 5( x43) — 3 Tstart with y, add 11 and then multiply the result by 6. (o(y <1) Wetec | rite this 4 Istart with x, add 3 and then divide the result by4. Z-< 3 ss =66 Algebra 1 5 start with x, subtract 7 and then divide the result by 3. 6 I start with y, subtract 8 and then divide the result by 5. oat. 7 I start with 4a, add 3, multiply the result by 2 and then divide the final result by 4. 2(4a +3 8 I start with m, subtract 6, multiply the result by 3 and the divide the final result by 4. B(m-c) 9 Istart with x, square it and then subwact6. <* —(| 10 I start with x, square it, add 3 and then divide the result by 4. r+3 11 I start with 1, add 2 and then square the result, (mn +2))* Use brackets. (wo -x)r 12 I start with ew, subtract x and then square the result. 2 13 I start with x, square it, subtract 7 and then divide the result by 3. © > G@-s0 3 14 I start with x, subtract 9, square the result and then add 10. 1S I start with », add 7, square the result and then divide byx. (4 +4)* % 16 I start with a, subtract x, cube the result and then divide by y. @ -x)> 17 A piece of wood is Jem long, IfI cut off a piece 3cm long, how much wood remains? @ -3) em 18 A piece of string is 15cm long. How much remains after I cut off'a piece of length xcm? (iS - x) cm 19 A delivery van weighs Jkg. At a depot it picks up goods weighing 200kg and later delivers goods weighing mg. @ + 0 ~m) kg How much does it weigh after making the delivery? 20 A box usually contains n cookies. The shopkeeper puts an extra 2 cookies into each box. A girl buys 4 boxes. How many cookies does she have? 4 (x +2'\ 21 A brick weighs wkg. How much do six bricks weigh? 61 22 A sack weighs kg. How much do x sacks weigh? 23 Aman shares a sum of m pence equally between 1. six children. How much does each child receive? © 24 Asum of £p is shared equally between you and four others, How much does each person receive? £ 5 25 A cake weighing 12kg is cut into m equal pieces. How much cs does each piece weigh? aBasic algebra 67 2.1.2. Simplifying expressions ‘You can simplify the expression 3n + 2n to 5m. This is because 3n + 2n means ‘n + n+ plus n + n’, which is equivalent to 52. ‘You can write the expression 8x + x as 8x + Lx and then simplify it to 9x. > You can only simplify like terms. These are parts of an expression that have the same letter. ‘The expression 3x + 8x has two like terms. You can simplify it to 11x. ‘The expression 5x + 2y has two unlike terms and you cannot simplify it. Here are some more examples. scat a 8n+2n-n=9n b 2x+3y+4x= 6x + 3y © A4xt34+2Qx-1= 6x2 d ntm-—n+3m=4m Exercise 3 @ Collect like terms together. 1 2a+3a Sa 2 6a+5a lla 3 2at+3at+4a Ga 45ntn Gn 5 7n-2n Sm 6 10n-n In 7 3xt2x-x AK B4xt 10x+ 2x (Ox 9 3x-xtx 3x 10 4at+b+2a+3b 6a + 4b 11 6a+4b+3at+2b Jo + bb W23xtytIxt4y Se + SY 1B 2xt5y+Tx+2y Ix + Fy 14 4m+2n+ mtn Sm+3vy 15 6m+3n+1l0m—n (om «2u 16 3xt44+2x47 SK «UI W7 lix+12+2x-4 3x +8 Watstxt2 Fet!O 19 12x+3xt4yex 16K + AY 20 2x+343xt5 HK +E 2 4r+8+5x-3 Tx +S 225e-3+2e+7 FH 23 6xtltxt3 Feet 24 4x-342x+10tx Feet 25 SxtBtxt4+2x Sx +12 26 1x-9+2x+343x IK —G 27 5x+7-3x-2 x4+5 28 4x-6-2x+1 %*K-S 29 10x+5-9x-10+x 2x -5 30 4a+6b+3+9a-3b-4 \Sa +3b —| 31 Bm—3nt+1+6nt2m+7 \Om Gn4¥32 6p-4+45g-3p- 4-79 37 ~ 74-8 BB 12s—3r+2-10s—4e+12 2S-Fe*t4 34 a-2b-7 tat2+B Za +l 35 3x4 2yt5z-2x—-yt2z K*Y+ It 36 6x—-SytBe-xt+yte SK — oy At 37 2k-3mtnt+3k—m—n Skew 38 12a-3 + 2b-6-Bat3b 4a «db -3 39 3atx+e-2a-5x-6e A-Se-4x 40 m+7™-SF-4nt+8-m Sn ed68 Algebra 1 In questions 41 and 46, find the perimeter of each shape. — i meter = sum of Give the answers in the simplest form. _ Perimeter: _allthe sides 41 4 ex+k 42 a x x+2 2x+t x x 5 4 a 7 eth 44 3 Batb+3 x x-2 a a a b 9 3 46 2x \ox + & +1 x of + 2 fee “| «6 2 Y I 2x 2.1.3. Multiplying with letters and numbers 3n means 3 lots of n which is 3 x n, 6a means 6 lots of a which is 6 x a. When you multiply a letter by a number, you write them next to each other, ‘You write 5 x mas 5n ‘You write a x b as ab ‘You write 4 x mx nas 4mn You write 3 x aX nas 3an > You can simply expressions by multiplying them by each other, 2aX5b=10ab (2X 5=10,a%b = ab) 4m x 3n 2mn (4x3 12, m x n= mn) 2n x 3n = 6n* (2*3=6, nxn =n)Basicalgebra 69 Exercise 4 1. Write in a simpler form, Part a is done for you. a axb=ab bo nxm nm co xxy TY do hxe ht e axdxn adn f 3xaxb 3ab g 4xnXm inm h 3xXaxbxXe Babe 2 Write in a simpler form. Part a is done for you. a 2ax3b=6ab b 3aXx5b [Sab ¢ 2xb6d led d 5nx2m lonm e 2px7q I4P2 f 3ax10m 30an B 10sx2 20st h 12aX3b 36abi 4ux8v Sluv 3 Write in a simpler form, Part a is done for you. a ByXya3xyxy= 3" b yxy yo ¢ 2xx3x Gxt d 4ex6r At™ e 6axa b¢* F Syx2y Loy? g xX2x %r hh yx3y a i 10xx 10x too¥? 2.1.4 Using brackets ‘The expression 3(a + 6) means 3 X a+ 3 X 5, So 3(a + 6) = 3a+ 3b. > Thisis called expanding the brackets or removing the brackets. Here are some more examples. seats 2G + 2y) = xt 4y 5(Ba+ 26) = 15a + 105 SQe+2)=5x+10 4(2x-1)=8x-4 n(n+2)=n?+2n 2n(3n+ 1) = 6n? + 2n Exercise 5 @) Expand the brackets. 1x43) Reo 23e+5) KAS B4G+6) Se ert 4 22x41) 4x42 5 52x43) WxtS6 4Gx-1) We-* 7 6(2x-2) \%e-i2 8 3(5x-2) K-69 5Gx-4) I5x-20 10 7(2x-3) (4 -2( 11 2x +3) 4y+G12 3@x4+1) Ged 13 5(c+4) SKFLO 14 62x +2) (te FI5 24x-1) Bx -2 16 2(a +38) 20 +Gb 17 320+ 5)bq +(5b18 52m + 3n) Wom 16K 19 7(2a- 36) (he, ~21b20 11(a + 26) llar2b21 8(3a+25) Tha + Ibb 22 x(x +5) XH 23 x(x—2) KP-2K 24 x(x-3) Kt-3x 25 x(2x +1) Wyte e 26 x(3x—2) 3x'-227 xGx+5) BK +5x 28 2x(e- 1) 2c I 29 Axle +2) Atohy3O 3x2 +3) Gyr a9"7O Algebra t Remove the brackets and simplify. BT 3+ 2) + A+ FRED 32 5x2) + Fv + AEK+A 33 2Aa- 3) + 3at 1) Sa-Z 34 5(a + 1) + O(a + 2)lla+ IF 35 T(a- 2) + (a4) Sa-10 36 30¢— 2) +5024) BE +4 37 3x + 2) +2641) SxS BB A(x + 3) + H+ 2 PHE BD B(x — 2) + 3-2) Bx -16 40 A(a ~ 2) + 2(2a + 1) Fa-G BV x(2x + 1) + 36x + 2)2xe 4 4D #(2x— 3) + 50x +1) 2x74 22S 43 a(3a 2) + 2(2a~ 2) aba-F44 y(Sy + 1) +30 ~ N54 5B ale + 1) + xx DSK + 29 46 a(2a +3) + alat 1) 3a + ha 2.1.5 Subtracting terms in brackets ~(@ + 6) means -1 x (a + 8 ~(2a ~ 6) means ~1 x (2a ~ 8) 3a + 2b - (2a +b) 3a+2b-2a-b=ate 1 Remove the brackets. Part a is done for you. & -(ntn)=-m-n b -(@+H-9-% € -@at+-Za-—b @ -(m-a)-men © -@-b -A+e f -Ga-d) ~Batb & ~@tb-d-a-b4c hh ~Qatb=20)-ta-oered ~Ge-y-2)-H+y 42 Remove the brackets and simplify. 2 2a+56-(a+d) a+4b 3 5a+2b-(a+8) 4a+b 4 6a+8b~(2a+b) 4a+ Fb 5 3a+7b-(2at+3b)a+4h 6 at 2b)-(atba+ 37 3@a +b) - (a+ 26) Sa+h 8 3(m +n) — m+n) me 2m 9 Seen 2n) ~ (m= amet 72m +n) ~ 3(m+n) ttm + 4 V1 6G # 38) ~ 10" r+ Gin IB Sx~ 2exty) v—2y_— AB AK Bet) dy 3y 14 Sa + 38) + (a + 589444955 IS 20x + 4y)—3ex=9) Be + Uly 16 Find an expression for the perimeter of each rectangle. 2at+1 atl fa-2 far 8 Sx-2 lox +4 17 Find an expression for & the perimeter of this picture & the area of this picture. bx +27 + 4 bx 7% ty PSBasic algebra 71 @ 18 The three sods, A, B and C, in the diageam have lengths of x, w+ Land x 2cm. ESS Eee) eS) xem x+lem x= 2om In these diagrams, write the length / in terms of x. Give your answers in their simplest form. —_— | —e ~~ — | ——_> UK-e 2x42 c da SS ‘= ' x-\ Xe “-3 ‘ a. ———— + 1——. x+3 K+3 2.1.6 Overview of Algebra © You can muhiply letters and numbers, Axn=4n © You can add like terms. 2a+3b+6a4d Bx4+84+2x-2 =5x+6 © You can cancel fractions,72 Algebra} Exercise 7 @ In questions 1 10 18, write those statements that are ane ys (ruc, pores Saxanne a 10 m+ mi? =m? W3e-c=3 Wns2=2+0 16 2n = ant 18 20+ 2n= te e 19 Here are some algebra cards. ES EF GS 9 = (Gn) (GiEw) (azn) ‘Which cards will always be the same as (2a nn, 4n-2n bb Which cards will aways be the same as (9) 0 Xn xR, € Which cards will always be the same as(HP 3n¢3, nten 4 Which card will ahvays be the sameas (HP 4 +m, ee Write your own card that will aways be che same as (EM) 2 xn xy 20 In the expression 31 + 7, ewo operations are done in the following order: RET} n+ 7 Draw similar diagrams to show the correct order of operations for these expressions. & on-1 b 8n+10 © 5+3 n—RGHET Hen -1 9 FEHR} sn + 10 "EHR 3 +3 d 3(2n+5) © 500-4) ¢ aed "REEHRIN0+) RHSE RSH sn) ERP In questions 21 10 35, simplify the expressions. 2 ain n 2 aol a 24 62-50 Warbtera2arwec 26 3w—w AWnr 27 mnt mm 209, 28 AES gt a tiatng 30axa QQ? 31 6n+6 B2HtE- 3-1 ~3P HHL 4s 33 | 34 Ant ntl) QneL Butdesen W438