TEACHING NOTES ON GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION

WITH EXAMINATION QUESTION SYLLABUS D (4024/1/2)

AN ENLARGEMENT

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Email: kachamadickson@gmail.com
 GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION

IMPORTANT NOTES AND FORMULAE

1. Definition: Transformation is defined as a geometrical operation that maps points from

one set (object) to another set (image). Transformation can be divided into two parts,
Isometric and non-isometric transformation.
2. Isometric Transformation: This is the type of transformation in which the object and
the image have the same size and shape, i.e. have the same dimensions. Under this type
of transformation, we have Translation (T), Reflection (M) and Rotation(R).
A. TRANSLATION

A translation is a transformation in which every point on the object moves in a straight

line to another point called the image. When an objected under goes translation, we say
the objected has been translated. Capital letter T is used to denote translation and it is

given by a column vector which is called a translation vector T = . For this translation

− Refers to the number of units the object point moves to the left and right of the x-
axis depending on its sign of .
− Refers to the number of units the object point moves up or down the y-axis also
depending on the sign of .

A translation has the following properties

Lines drawn from the object to their corresponding point on the image are parallel
and equal
Object and image have the same shape and size.

Method of finding a translation Vector

using the counting method

This is where counting the number of units moved in the horizontal x-axis and the
number of units moved in the vertical y-axis.

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 Example 1

The diagram below shows ∆ABC and ∆A B C and ∆A B C

Given that both triangles ∆A B C and ∆A B C are images of ∆ABC under a

translation. Write down a translation vector that is used to map

(a) ∆ABC onto ∆A B C ,

(b) ∆ABC onto ∆A B C .

Solution

(a) Take point A and its image point A , we can see that A moved 5 units in the positive
x-axis, i.e. = 5 and moved 1 unit in the positive y-axis i.e. = 1. Therefore a
5
translation vector , T = =
1
(b) Take point C and its image , C moved 5 units in the positive x-axis i.e. = 5 and
5
3 units in the negative y-axis i.e = −3. Therefore T = =
−3
using the formula
Supposing that O is the object, I is the image, then we can see that
+ =

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 Example 2

1. ∆PQR has vertices P(2,3), Q(2,4) and R(4, 3) and ∆P′Q′R′ has vertices
P # (4, −2), Q# (4, −1) and R# (6, −2).
(a) Draw and label the two ∆s,
(b) Given that ∆P′Q′R′ is an image of ∆PQR under a translation. Write down a
translation vector.
2. Rectangle A has vertices (-2,2), (-6,2), (-2,4) and (-6,4). Given that rectangle A is
5
mapped onto rectangle B by a translation, with a translation vector T = .
−4
(a) Find the coordinates of rectangle B,
(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 2 units on each axis, draw and label the two
rectangles.

Solution

1. (a)

(b) To find a translation vector, T, pick any corresponding point on the object and
imagine and use the formula T + O = I
2 4
T+ =
3 −2
4 2 2
T= − =
−1 3 −5

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 2. (a) T + O = I
5 −2 −6 −2 − 6 3 −1 3 −1
+ =
−4 2 2 4 4 −2 −2 0 0
Therefore, the vertices of rectangle B are (3, -1), (-1, -2), (3, 0) and (-1, 0)
(c) See graph

Describing a translation
A translation is fully described by stating
its name,
the column vector or translation vector.

For instance, from example 2: ∆)*+ is mapped onto ∆P′Q′R′ by a translation with
2
translation vector T =
−5
B. Reflection:

A reflection is a transformation where the corresponding points on the object and image,
have the same distance from the mirror line. It is usually represented by letter M

Describing a reflection
A reflection is fully described by stating
it’s name

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 the mirror line.

Properties of a reflection transformation

Object and imagine have the same size and shape

Any line which is drawn to join the object and its image point is always perpendicular
to the mirror line.
The object point and the image point are equidistant from the mirror line
Any point that falls on the mirror line is not reflected and so it the image of itself.

Example 3

1. ∆, has vertices (2, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 1). Using a scale of 2cm represent 2 units on each
axis, draw and label triangle A and its images under the flowing mirror lines
(a) ∆- mirror line =0
(b) ∆ mirror line =
(c) ∆. mirror line =0
2. ∆ABC has vertices A(−4, 1), B( −2, 3) and C(−3,4) and its image ∆A B C has
vertices A (1, −4), B (3, −2)and C (4, −3). Using a scale of 2cm to represent 2
units on each axis.
(a) Draw and label ∆ABC and ∆A B C .
(b) Describe fully a single transformation that maps ∆ABC onto ∆A B C .
(c) On the same axes, draw and label ∆A B C an image of ∆A B C under a
reflection in the line = 0.
(d) Another triangle ∆A/ B/ C/ has vertices A/ (5, 1), B/ (2, 3)and / (4, 4).

(i) Draw and label ∆A/ B/ C/ .

(ii) If ∆A/ B/ C/ is an image of ∆ABC under a reflection, write down the mirror
line.

Solution

1. Use the properties of a reflection to draw the images as shown on the graph paper.

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 2. (a) See graph for ∆ABC and ∆A B C

(b) ∆ABC is mapped onto ∆A B C by a reflection in the line =

(c) See graph for ∆A B C
(d) (i) see graph

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 (ii) To find the mirror line, joint any corresponding point on the object and
image and find perpendicular bisector, in this case, mirror line = 0.5

Transformation represented by matrices

A matrix usually a 2 × 2 can be used to represent a transformation. For instance, if a

matrix is given, it is very easy to find the vertices of an image of the given object by
simply multiplying the given matrix by the vertices of the object.

The table below shows some standard matrices for some mirror lines

Transformation (reflection) Matrices

Reflection in the line = 0 or x-axis 1 0
0 −1
Reflection in the line = 0 or y-axis −1 0
0 1
Reflection in the line = or − =0 0 1
1 0
Reflection in the line = − or + = 0 −1
0 −1 0

Example 4
Triangle A has vertices (−1,1), (−3, 1) and (−3, 3). A transformation represented by
0 −1
the matrix maps triangle A onto triangle B.
−1 0
(a) Find the coordinates of triangle B,
(b) Draw and label both triangles on an XOY plane.
(c) Describe fully this transformation.
−1 0
(d) Transformation represented by the matrix maps triangle A on C. Draw and
0 1
label triangle C on the same axes.

Solution

0 −1 −1 −3 −3 −1 −1 −4
(a) =
−1 0 1 1 4 1 3 3
(b) Therefore triangle B has vertices (−1, 1), (−3, 1) and (−3,3)

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 (c) It is a reflection in the line
=−
−1 0 −1 −3 −3
(d) =
0 1 1 1 4
1 3 3
1 1 4
Therefore, the vertices of C are
(1, 1), (3, 1) and (3, 4).

C. ROTATION

A rotation is a transformation that turns an object about a fixed point called the centre of
rotation through a given angle and direction of rotation. An object can either be rotated
clockwise or anti clockwise. An anticlockwise rotation is said to be positive and an a
clockwise rotation is said to be negative.
C′

A′
B′ A′

C′ B′ 34°
P
Describing a rotation
A rotation is described fully by stating
it’s name
the angle of rotation
the direction of rotation

How to find the centre of rotation

Join any two corresponding points on the object and image AA′ and BB′
Find the bisectors of the two lines formed using geometrical instruments as shown
above
The point of intersection of the two bisectors is the centre of rotation(point P)

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 How to find the angle of rotation

Join any corresponding point on the object and its image to the centre for example AP
and PA′.
Use the protractor to measure the angle. APA′ = 90°
The measurement obtained on the protractor gives the angle of rotation. Therefore
angle of rotation is 90 clockwise.

Example 5

1. ∆ABC has vertices A(1,2), B(2, 4)and C(4,1) and its image ∆A′B′C′ has vertices
A# (−2,1), B # (−4, 2) and C# (−1, 4).
(a) Draw and label ∆ABC and ∆A′B′C′,
(b) Find the centre, and angle of rotation.
(c) Hence describe fully the transformation

Solution

(a) See graph for the two triangles

(b) Use the rules above to find the centre and angle as shown on the graph.

(c) It is an anticlockwise rotation of 90° centre (0,0).

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 Rotation presented by a matrix

This is where matrices are used to represent standard rotation whose centre and angle of
rotation are known

For Example: Determine the matrix for a anticlockwise rotation of 90° about the origin.

C(1,0) B(0,1)

D(-1,0) 0 A(1,0)

When A and C are rotated in the given direction, we have

A(1,0) →B(0, 1) and C(1, 0) → D(−1,0).

A C B D
1 0 0 −1
= . Therefore, an anticlockwise rotation of 90° is given by the
0 1 1 0
0 −1
matrix .
1 0

The table below gives transformation matrices for rotation

Rotation of Matrices
90° clockwise centre(0,0) 0 1
−1 0
90° anticlockwise or clockwise 270° (0,0) 0 −1
1 0
180° clockwise centre (0,0) −1 0
0 −1
360° - complete turn 1 0
0 1

Example 6

Given that ∆)*+ has vertices P(2,1), Q(4,3) and R(2,4). Using a scale of 2cm to
represent 2 units on each axis for −≤ ≤ 4 and −4 ≤ ≤ 4.

(a) Draw and label ∆)*+

(b) Given that ∆)*+ is mapped onto

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 (i) ∆P′Q′R′ by an anticlockwise rotation of 90o centre the origin, find the
coordinates of ∆P # Q# R# and draw and label ∆P # Q# R# .
(ii) ∆P′′Q′′R′′ by a 90° clockwise rotation about the origin, find the coordinates
of ∆P′′Q′′R′′ and draw and label ∆P′′Q′′R′′ .

Solution

(a) See graph

(b) (i) An anti clockwise rotation of 90o about the origin is represented by the
matrix
0 −1
, multiply this matrix by the vertices of ∆PQR to find the coordinates
1 0
0 −1 2 4 2 −1 −1 −4
of ∆P # Q# R# . = . Therefore the vertices
1 0 1 1 4 2 4 2
∆P # Q# R# are )# (−1,2), * # (−1, 4)and + # (−4, 2).
0 1 2 4 2 1 1 4
(i) Similarly, = The vertices of ∆)′′*′′+′′
−1 0 1 1 4 −2 −4 −2
are )## (1, −2), * ## (1, −4) and + ## (4, −2)

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 Finding the image vertices when the centre is not (0,0)

Example 7

Triangle ABC has vertices A (3, 2), B (2, 2) and C (6, 0)

(a) Draw triangle ABC and its image triangle A B C under an anticlockwise rotation of
90o centre (1,1).

Solution

Because the centre is not the origin, we cannot use the matrix method to find the vertices
of the image.

Now let the centre be

P(1, 1). To find the
coordinates of A,
Join A to the centre P,
so that we have AP.
Measure a 90o angle at
the centre so that we
have P, .
Use your compasses, to
draw an arc (as shown
with dotted line) at let it
cut P, at , . Do the
same to B and C.

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3. NON-ISOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION

This is a type of transformation where the object and image have different dimension.
Under this transformation we have Enlargement, Stretch and Shear.

A. ENLARGEMENT

This is a transformation where the size of the ob ject and image are different but similar.
C’

O B B′

A
A′
When corresponding points on the object and image are prolonged with straight lines,
they converge at one point as shown above. The point of convergence is called the centre
of enlargement. The centre of enlargement can be inside, at the edge or outside the
object. The amount by which the object is enlarged is called the scale factor or
enlargement factor, dented by letter, :.
Describing an Enlargement
An enlargement is fully described by stating:
It’s name,
the centre of enlargement,
the scale or enlargement factor.

How to find the centre of enlargement

Joint any two corresponding points on the object and image.
Prolong the straight lines joined by the two points.
The point of intersection of these two lines is the centre of enlargement.

How to find the scale factor

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 distance moved by the image point from the centre I,#
:= =
distance moved by the object point from the centre I,

JKLMN ONPMQR
:=
STUNVQ ONPMQR

Note that;

When the scale factor is positive, the image and object are on the same side.
when the scale factor is negative, the object and the image are on opposite sides.
When the scale factor is a fraction, then an object is bigger than the image.

Example 7
1. Triangle PQR has vertices P( -1, 1), Q(3, 1) and R(1, 2) and its image triangle STU
has vertices S(-5, -1), T( 7, -1) and U( 1, 5).
(a) Draw and label the two triangles.
(b) An enlargement maps triangle PQR onto triangle STU. Find the centre and the
scale factor this transformation.
2. Triangle A has vertices (1, 1), (1, 3) and (3, 1) and its image triangle B has vertices
(−2, −2) (−2, −6) and (−6, −2).
(a) Draw and label the two triangles.
(b) Describe fully a single transformation which maps triangle A onto B.
3. The diagram below shows
triangle XYZ.
Given that, triangle XYZ is mapped
onto triangle UVW by an
enlargement of centre (1, 2) and
scale factor -2. Draw and label
triangle UVW.

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 Solution
1. (a) see graph

(b) Centre of enlargement from the graph is (1, 2)

WX Z
:= = =3
YX

2. (a) See the diagram below for triangle A and triangle B

(b) It is an enlargement about the origin and scale factor is – 2 since the object and
image are on opposite direction.

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 3. To find the vertices of UVW,
Joint the points of the object XYZ to the centre with prolonged straight lines.
Measure the distance of object point e.g. X (2units) from the centre.
Multiply the distance by the scale factor given to get the corresponding image
distance from the centre (2× −2 = −4 ).
Mark the image points and join them to obtain the required image, as shown

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 An enlargement represent by a matrix
When the centre of enlargement is (0, 0) and the scale factor is :, then the matrix which
: 0
represents this enlargement is given by M = . If the scale factor : is negative, then
0 :
−: 0
M= .
0 −:
Example 8
1. Given that parallelogram PQRS has vertices P(-4, 1), Q(-1, 1), R(-3, 2) and S(0, 2).
3 0
An Enlargements which is represented by the matrix maps parallelogram
0 3
PQRS onto parallelogram P′Q′R′S′.
(a) Write down the centre and scale factor of this transformation,
(b) Find the vertices of parallelogram P′Q′R′S′.
(c) Draw and label the two parallelograms.
2. Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(-3, -3), B(-2,-2), C(-1, -3) and D(-2,0) and
quadrilateral A B C D has vertices , (6, 6), B (4, 4), C (2, 6) and D ( 4, 0)
(a) Draw and label the two quadrilaterals.
(b) A single transformation maps quadrilateral ABCD onto
quadrilateral A B C D .
(i) Write down the matrix which represents this transformation
(ii) Describe fully this transformation.

Solution

: 0
1. (a) Comparing the standard enlargement matrix centre (0,0) which is and
0 :
3 0
, we have : = 3 and centre (0, 0).
0 3
(b) To find the vertices of parallelogram P # Q# R# S # , multiply the given matrix and
the vertices of parallelogram PQRS.
3 0 −4 −1 −3 0 −12 −3 −9 0
= . There the vertices of
0 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 6
Parallelogram P # Q# R# S # are P # (−12, 3) Q# (−3, 3), R (−9, 6) and S′(0, 6)

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 (c)

2. (a)

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 (b) (i) To find the matrix pick two points on the object and their corresponding
points on the image and form the matrix as follows.
\ ] −2 −2 4 4
=
^ _ 0 −2 0 4
−2\ = 4 ………….. (i) −2^ = 0 …………..(iii)
−2\ − 2] = 4 ………(ii) −2^ − 2_ = 4 ……(iv)
Solving equations (i) and (ii) simultaneously, gives \ = −2 and ] = 0.
Similarly, solving equations (iii) and (iv), gives ^ = 0 and _ = −2
\ ] −2 0
Therefore, the matrix is = .
^ _ 0 −2
(ii) Quadrilateral ABCD is mapped onto quadrilateral A B C D by an
enlargement centre (0, 0) and scale factor 2.

B. STRETCH

A stretch is a transformation that is pulled in one direction from the given line called the
invariant line. A stretch is usually denoted by S.

A D D1

B C C1

Invariant line (a fixed line)

Describing a stretch
A stretch is fully described by stating
Its name.
The scale or stretch factor.
The invariant line.

How to find the scale factor (k)

`a\bc \dc\
:=
e]fc^g \dc\

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 _hig\j^c aekc_ ] gℎc ha\bc mehjg ndea gℎc hjk\dh\jg
:=
_hig\j^c aekc_ ] gℎc e]fc^g mehjg ndea gℎc hjk\dh\jg ohjc

How to find the invariant line

An invariant line parallel to the p-axis ( y= 0)

If q , r are the coordinates of the image and q , r are the coordinates of the
st uv
object, then invariant line = \ is given by the formula =:
sw uv

An invariant line parallel to the x-axis ( y= 0)

If q , r are the coordinates of the image and q , r are the coordinates of the
st uy
object, then invariant line = ] is given by the formula =:
sw uy

Note that
Stretch factor k is negative when the stretch is in the negative x-axis or y-axis.
All the points move perpendicular to the invariant line.
If the invariant line is the x-axis, the x – values are not affected (remains the same).
If the invariant line is the y-axis, the y-values are not affected.

Example 9

1. Triangle ABC has vertices A(1, 1), B( 2, 1) and C(3, 1) and triangle PQR has vertices
P(3, 1), Q(6, 1) and R( 3, 3).
(a) Draw and label triangle ABC and triangle PQR.
(b) A stretch maps triangle ABC onto triangle PQR. Find
(i) the invariant line,
(ii) the stretch factor.
2. Parallelogram V has vertices (-1, -2), (-1, -3), (-3, -2) and (-4, -3). A stretch in the x-
axis direction, with y-axis invariant line and scale factor 2, maps parallelogram V
onto parallelogram U.
(a) Find the vertices of parallelogram U.
(b) Draw and label both parallelograms

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 Solution

1. (a) See graph

(b) (i) the invariant line is the fixed line, in this case it is the y-axis.
z{|v }~∆Y•X
(ii): = z{|v }~∆z€•

×6×2
:=
×2×2

:=3
2. (a) If x is the invariant line, then its values remain constant, therefore to get the
coordinates of parallelogram U, we multiply the y-values of parallelogram V by the
scale factor and keep the x-values constant
S(U) = (−1, −2 × −2) = (−1, 4)
= (−2, −2 × −3) = (−2, 6)
= (−3, −2 × −2) = (−3, 4)
= (−4, −2 × −3) = (−4, 6)
Therefore, the coordinates of U are (−1, 4), , ( −3, 4)and (−4, 6)
(c) The diagram below shows the two parallelograms

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 Stretch presented by a matrix
One way Stretch is a stretch that moves in one direction only, either x-axis or y-axis.
1 0
The matrix represents a one way stretch with x-axis as the invariant line and
0 :
scale factor k.
: 0
The matrix represents a one way stretch with y-axis as the invariant line and
0 1
scale factor k.
Two ways stretch is a stretch which is affected in both directions.
ℎ 0
The matrix represents a two way stretch where h is the x-axis direction and k
0 :
is the y –axis direction.

Example 10
1. A rectangle ABCD has vertices A(-1, 1), B( 2, 1), C(-1, 3) and D(2, 3). A
2 0
transformation represented by the matrix , maps rectangle ABCD onto
0 1
rectangle PQRS.
(a) Find the coordinates of rectangle PQRS,
(b) Draw and label the two rectangles,
(c) Describe fully the single transformation which is presented by this matrix.

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 2. Triangle B with vertices (1, 2), (3, 2) and (1, 6) is an image of triangle A whose
vertices are (1, 1), (3, 1) and (1, 3) under a stretch. Find the
(a) Draw and label the two triangles
(b) matrix which presents this transformation,
(c) the scale factor
(d) The invariant line.

Solution

2 0 −1 2 −1 2 −2 4 −2 4
1. (a) =
0 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3
Therefore, the vertices of rectangle PQRS are P(-2, 1), Q( 4, 1), R( -2, 3) and
S(4,3).
(b)

(c) The matrix represents a stretch of stretch factor 2 and y-axis the invariant line.
‚JƒQLPVN „… † …‡„K JPˆL‡JPQ OJPN Š
: = ‚JƒQLPVN „… ‰ …‡„K QRN JPˆL‡JLPQ OJPN = = 2

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 2. (a) see graph
\ ] 1 3
(b) =
^ _ 1 1
−2 −6
1 1

‹ + Œ = −• ………..(i)
Ž‹ + Œ = −• …(ii)

• + ‘ = ’ …………...(iii)

Ž• + ‘ = ’ ………….(iv)

Solving these pairs

of equations simultaneously,
gives \ = 2, ] = 0,

^ = 0 and _ = 1.
Therefore the matrix is
\ ] 2 0
= .
^ _ 0 1

z{|v }~ ∆€
(c) : = z{|v }~ ∆z
w
׊×
: = tw
× ×
t

:=2
(d) The invariant line is the x-axis.

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C. SHEAR

A shear is a transformation that maintains a fixed line (the invariant line) and moves other
points parallel to the invariant line by a distance proportional to their perpendicular distance
from the straight line. It is denoted by letter H.

“′
C

A′ B′ A B

Invariant line

In this case, the x-axis is said to be an invariant line.

Except A and B, the other point C has been shifted parallel to the invariant line.
The amount by which an object is sheared from the invariant line is called the shear
factor or scale factor (:).

Describing a shear
A shear is fully described by stating
Its name.
The invariant line.
The shear/ scale factor.

How to find the invariant line

Extend any pair of sides on the object and image with dotted lines.
The point of the intersection of these lines gives the invariant line.

How to find the shear factor

•JƒQLPVN K„ˆN‚ T– LP– —„JPQ

”=
•JƒQLPVN K„ˆN‚ T– QRLQ —„JPQ …‡„K QRN JPˆL‡JLPQ OJPN

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 Example 11

1. Triangle ABC has vertices A(-1, 1), B(-3, 1) and C( -3, 2) and its image ∆,′-′ ′
under a shear has vertices ,# (3, 1), - # (1, 1)and #
(5, 2).
(a) Draw and label the two triangles.
(b) Find the invariant line and the shear factor.
2. A square ABCD has vertices A(2, 2)B( 4, 2), C(2, 4) and D(4, 4) and its oimage
parallelogram PQRS has vertices P(−2, 2), Q(0, 2), R(−6, 4)and S(−4, 4).
(a) Draw and label square ABCD and its image parallelogram PQRS.
(b) Describe fully a single transformation which maps the square ABCD onto
parallelogram PQRS.

Solution

1. (a) See graph for the two triangles.

(b) (i) If we prolong the lines at points A and B and also at points A′ and B′, they
intersect in the x-axis, hence the invariant line is the x-axis.
‚JƒQLPVN K„ˆN‚ T– ‰ Q„ ‰˜ Š
(ii) := = =4
‚JƒQLPVN K„ˆN‚ T– ‰ …‡„K QRN ™uL™Jƒ

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 2. (a) See graph

(b) : =
•JƒQLPVN K„ˆN‚ T– —„JPQ š Q„ ›
‚JƒQLPVN K„ˆN‚ T– š …‡„K QRN JPˆL‡JLPQ

Š
=

2
,

n
o
w

since the movement was towards the negative x-axis we have a negative scale
factor. There square ABCD is mapped onto parallelogram PQRS by a shear x-axis
invariant line and shear factor −2.

Shear represented by a matrix

1 :
The matrix represents a shear with invariant line x-axis and shear factor, :.
0 1
1 0
The matrix represents a shear with invariant line y-axis and shear factor, :.
: 1
Note:
: is negative if the movement is in the negative direction of the x-axis and y-axis.
All points move parallel to the invariant line
If the invariant line is the x-axis, y-values are not changed.
If the invariant line is y-axis, x-values are not changed.

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 Example 12
1. A shear maps triangle XYZ with vertices X( 1, 4), Y(3, 4) and Z(1, 5) onto triangle
X Y Z whose vertices are Ÿ (1, 1), (3, −5) and ¡ (1, 2).
(a) Draw and label the two triangles.
(b) Find the matrix which represents this transformation.
(c) Find the invariant line and the shear factor.
2. Triangle G has vertices (4, 1), (4, 4) and (2, 4). A transformation represented by the
1 −2
matrix maps triangle G onto triangle H.
0 1
(a) Find the vertices of triangle H.
(b) Draw and label triangles G and H.
(c) Describe fully this transformation given by this matrix.

Solution

1. (a) See graph

\ ]
(b) Let the matrix be ,
^ _
then pick any
corresponding points on
the object and image to
form four equations as
follows:

\ ] 1 3 1 3
=
^ _ 4 4 1 −5

\ + 4] = 1 …..…..(i)

3\ + 4] = 3 …..….(ii)

^ + _ = 1 ……….. (iii)

3^ + 4_ = −5 ……..(iv)
Solving equations (i) and (ii)
simultaneously gives

\ = 1 and ] = 0 and also solving equations (iii) and (iv), gives ^ = −3 and d = 1.

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 \ ] 1 0
Therefore, the required matrix is = .
^ _ −3 1

(c) The invariant line is the y-axis (fixed line) and from the above matrix, we can
see that the shear factor : = −3.
2. (a) To find the vertices of triangle H, multiply the given matrix by the vertices of
triangle G.
1 −2 4 4 2 2 −4 −6
=
0 1 1 4 4 1 4 4
Therefore, the vertices of triangle H are (2, 1), (-4, 4) and (-6, 4)
(b) See graph for the two triangles.

(c) G is mapped onto H by a shear invariant line the x-axis and shear factor -2.

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 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

PART A: PAPER ONE TYPE

QUESTION 1
The diagram below shows two triangles A and B

4
B
3

2 A
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Describe fully the single transformation which maps triangle A onto triangle B.

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 QUESTION 2
A point R (−3, 1) is mapped onto S (2,−1) by a translation T. Express T as a column
vector.
QUESTION 3
T
h
e

d
i
a
g
r
3
am below shows ∆A. If ∆A is mapped onto ∆B by a translation ¢ = , draw ∆B on
−2
the diagram below.
QUESTION 4
In the diagram below, triangle ABC is mapped onto triangle STR by a combined
transformation.

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 Name the two transformations that map triangle ABC onto triangle STR

QUESTION 5
The kite in the diagram below has coordinates (0, 0), (2, 1) (5,0) and (2, −1). Draw the
image of the kite after a reflection in the line = .
x
5
4 4
3 3
2
1
p
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
- −3
−4

QUESTION 6
The diagram below shows two triangles ABC and triangle A’B’C’ on the XOY plane.

D
e

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 scribe fully the transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A’B’C’.
QUESTION 7
The diagram below shows triangle P on the Cartesian plane. Given that triangle P is
mapped onto triangle Q by a reflection in the line = − , draw and label triangle Q.
x
5
4
b 3
2

P 1
p
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2

-3
-4

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 PART B: PAPER TWO (2)

QUESTION 1: 2019 P2 NOV

The vertices of triangle ABC are ,(1, 1), -(1, 3) and (3, 3). The vertices of
triangle A B C are , (−1, 1), - (−3,1) and (−3, 3).
(a) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit one each axis, draw the x and y axes for
−6 ≤ ≤ 6 and −6 ≤ ≤ 6. Draw and label triangles ABC and A B C .
(b) Describe fully a single fraction transformation that maps triangle ABC onto
triangle A B C .
(c) An enlargement maps triangle ABC onto triangle A B C with vertices
A (−2, −2), B (−2, −6) and C (−6, −6).
(i) Draw and label triangle A B C .
(ii) Find the scale factor.
2 0
(d) The transformation represented by matrix maps triangle ABC onto
0 1
triangle ABC onto triangle A/ B/ C/.
(i) Find the coordinates of the vertices of A/, B/ and C/.
(ii) Draw and label triangle A/ B/ C/.
(e) Triangle ABC is mapped onto triangle AŠ BŠ CŠ with vertices
AŠ (1, −2), BŠ (1, 0) and CŠ (3, −6).
(i) Draw and label triangle AŠ BŠ CŠ .
(ii) Find the matrix representing this information

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 QUESTION 2: 2019 JULY/AUG
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
x

(a) An enlargement maps triangle ABC onto triangle A B C . Find

(i) the centre of enlargement,
(ii) the scale factor.
(b) Triangle ABC is mapped onto triangle A B C by a single transformation.
Describe fully this transformation.
(c) Triangle ABC is mapped onto triangle A/ B/ C/ by a stretch.
(i) the matrix which represents this transformation,
(ii) find the area scale factor.
1 0
(d) A transformation maps triangle ABC onto triangle AŠ BŠ CŠ , not drawn
0 1
on the diagram. Find the coordinates of AŠ , BŠ and CŠ .

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 QUESTION 3: 2018 NOV/OCT
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Triangle R is the image of triangle P under a rotation. Find the coordinates of the
centre, angle and the direction of the rotation.
(b) A single transformation maps triangle P onto triangle M. describe fully this
transformation.

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 (c) Triangle P maps onto triangle V by a stretch. Find the matrix of this
transformation
(d) If triangle P is mapped onto triangle S by a shear represented by the matrix
1 0
, find the coordinates of S.
−2 1
QUESTION 4: 2018 JULY/AUG
Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit, on both axes, draw x and y axes for
−8 ≤ ≤ 12 \j_ − 6 ≤ ≤ 14.
(a) Draw and label triangle X with vertices (2,4), (4,4) and (4,1).
(b) Triangle X is mapped onto triangle U with vertices (6,12), (12,12) and (12,3) by
a single transformation.
(i) Draw and label triangle U.
(ii) Describe fully this transformation.
(c) A 90° clockwise rotation about the origin maps triangle X onto triangle W. Draw
and label triangle W.
(d) A shear with X –axis as the invariant line and shear factor -2 maps triangle X onto
triangle S. Draw and label triangle S.
(e) Triangle X is mapped onto triangle M with vertices (4,4), (8,4) and (8,1).
(i) Draw and label triangle M
(ii) Find the matrix which represents this transformation
QUESTION 5: 2017 NOV/OCT
Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit on each axis, draw x and y axes for
−6 ≤ ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ ≤ 8.
(a) A quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(−5,7), B(−4,8), C(−3,7) and D(−4,4) while
its imagine has vertices A (−5, −3), B (−6, −2), C (−5, −1) and D (−2, −2).
(i) Draw and label the quadrilateral ABCD and its image A B C D .
(ii) Describe fully the transformation which maps the quadrilateral ABCD
onto quadrilateral A B C D .

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 −2 0
(b) The matrix maps the quadrilateral ABCD on the quadrilateral
0 1
A B C D
(i) Find the coordinates of the vertices of the quadrilateral A B C D
(ii) Draw and label the quadrilateral A B C D .
(c) The quadrilateral ABCD is mapped onto quadrilateral A/ B/ C/ D/ where
A/ is (4, −8), B/ is (2, −10), is C/ (0, −8)and D/ is (2. −2). Describe fully this
transformation.
QUESTION 6: JULY/AUG
Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit on each axis, draw x and y axes for
−6 ≤ ≤ 10 and −6 ≤ ≤ 12.
(a) A quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(1,1), B(2,1), C(3,2) and D(2,3) while
its imagine has vertices , (3,2), - (6,1), (9,2) and . (6,3).
(i) Draw and label the quadrilateral ABCD and its image A B C D .
(ii) Describe fully the transformation which maps the quadrilateral ABCD
onto quadrilateral A B C D .
1 0
(b) The matrix maps the quadrilateral ABCD on the quadrilateral
3 1
A B C D .
(i) Find the coordinates of quadrilateral A B C D .
(ii) Draw and label quadrilateral A B C D .
(c) Quadrilateral A/ B/ C/ D/ has vertices A/ (−2, −4), B/ (−4, −2), C/ (−6, −4) and
D/ (−4, −6). Describe fully the transformation which maps quadrilateral ABCD
onto A/ B/ C/ D/ .

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 QUESTION 7: 2016 NOV/OCT
Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow.

(a) An enlargement maps triangle ABC onto triangle A B C . Find

(i) the centre of enlargement
(ii) the scale factor
(b) Triangle ABC is mapped onto triangle A B C by a shear. Find the matrix which
presents this transformation.
(c) Triangle ABC is mapped onto triangle A/ B/ C/ by a single transformation.
Describe this transformation fully.
−3 0
(d) A transformation with matrix maps triangle ABC onto triangle AŠ BŠ CŠ
0 1
not drawn on the diagram. Find
(i) The scale factor of this transformation
(ii) The coordinates of AŠ, BŠ and CŠ .

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