‘ac Jt Buon Spares at) 1000 Babee, Reson SONS0 91105 Review of predictive capabilities of JRC-JCS model in engineering practice NeBarton & S.Bandis ‘Norwegian Geoecoical Instn, Oso, Norway 4 Arsbtclian Universi Thesalonl, Greece ASTVcT: The aatabae aed developing PETE Shown how f10t testing to abtany Ske sample size. the O:systen are developed. Eiénand’ shear raversa are alse desertoes 1. anreanvcrzou The oRC-06S oF Barton-Bandis Joint model SRartes Inconsplevously sane 20 years Ss'a eeans-of desert tg the peak shear Strength of more than 200 artiftetalten- Ston"fractures. These were developed with a'guitietine tn vartous wesw nose! fateriats, wach Rad unconfined eanpres- Stan'streigths (oe) es Tow as. 0.08 NPa. Cinear plots of peak friction angte {arctan vlog) versus peak ailation angie {Gey ihteaes"the'teFtonag smote 1 = op tan(2tq 30°) a is" proportional te the Tosarietw ef che” FUL (oe/on)? iy = 10 109(0e/6q) @ By elimination, the following staple fom: wie ootetnes 1 = op tan{20 109(se/oq) + 30°) (3) Thus the first form of tne *URC-JCS" moder was actually the "20"" op" model, where ‘he rovanneds coefficient (JR) way equa? 40'20 for these: rough tension fractures. The Joint walt strength (JCS) was equal to te (the uncon ine conoression strength) The ortginat form of the equation 1s therefore perfect consistent with togtys oust = 0p tanGaRC 109(368/oq) + #r ” the barton-t 433, Joint made), reviewed NS extrapotetea bath ia"terms of stress ing Field measurement of J8C 1s demonstrated, and relationships with Jy 10 ‘Const tuttye model ing oF shear stress-displacenenty dtl ans represents the three limiting values Or the three input paraneters tre. RC = 20 (roughest possibie Joint SW tneo8 ackoa’ ster8) WES + 9¢ (Jeast possible veatnertng grade, ces trash fracture) te =p (fresh unveathered fracture With beste friction angles tn The" range 264 to 314"). 1p adastion, the sna size of the samples (Gc'rm length) meant. that both JRC and OES Sere" truely Tavoratory scale parameters ng would fovadays, Be given the subscripts. Sheg"ena obtp aarton seat. (1802), co GieEingursh nen fron the scaleccorrectes fal dae values Oty amd StSyf3ee 2 PEAK STRENGTH OF ROCK JOINTS ANO ITS pReDiction Figure 1 s1Tusteates the results of airect Shear tests, or 130 rock Joints, reported by Barton and Choubey (1977). Elght rock types were represented. The’ statistics for JRC, JcS and @r are otven in Figure 2. The mean values ofthese paraneters. ro GRC = 8,9 CS = 82 Wha ere used as input paraneters to aerive the: cantralstrength envelope in Figure 1. ‘akey aspect of this stuay was the caiscovery that seltoueiaht #118 testing, 6033 £ 5 Normal stress (Pa) Figs 1. Paak shear. strengt of 130 rock Joints’ and strengtn preatction with ‘austin. such as thet sVTustrated tn Figure 3, be used to predict peck sheer sed on elt tests of the §7 Joint safotes vith JRC = 8.0, 2/neen value 2F peak friction angie {9 + gretan t/oq) of 43 was preateted fer the 87 eirett Shear eeste. that followed the tiie Eestinge. the measured mean was 405°, a o°2" errors ne EI, tested Joint sample generally reaches falure ten the tomal Stress 18 4a" yives'a Peasonanly accurate estteate of” Deak friction angle up to normal stress, ‘evels appreaching ive srders of maght= de higher. ft" abresd levels epprauching the Tevel of 0 (ar ats), sunstitution of the cone Fined strengtn' (oy. 05) tn eauaton «in place of ec: (or 9és) gives'e very good fit ‘a'the’ ened strength ef fresh fractures. Asperities apparently aevelop higher Strength due to heir Increased cone ‘inanent With the greater areas of con tact (Barton, 1876) t+ 0n tanfame 1060S) + oe] 8) The togartthate form of ineans that the peat friction a ‘nereases by ORE degrees for every order femagnttude Peauetion in normal stress. £ Fig. 2. ORC, JOS and gy statistics for 130 jones! Table 1 sVlustrates this with example values of JRt' 5 ana'10,"ang Ses = 100 ra.’ Typteal tit angles (ar) at fallure, vouia be” expected tee about 5 espectively. since tiTt angles {pprosening 40° present experimental dit- taina) and {neoretical eiericereies (cohesion, Intercept), the use of t11t vests Joints with GRC values greater than about 10 Ts generally possible and Rortzontat ul} tests must be used. "The general” for~ imula for evatuating ei1E tests ts ore co} 3. DILATION OF ROCK JOINTS Avo 17S baentcriow Asparity angles (1) of about 60° wii! be sufrieent to give true cohesion tnter= fepts ana prevent tivt testing.” Im effect the Joine experiences a peak aiTation angle of equal magnitude to the (1) value. Peak dilution angles recorded in the eect near eats show fn Figure ‘arted fren 0° to. go" with an average Value of 20.0". At Tow noma) stress Tevelsy with Tittle asperity dan peak divetion angle can be approximated iss 4% + URC Tog(CS/oq) ” At higher normal stress, with Increasing fsperity cenage the peak aitation angle, iy reduce toes Tow as 608Table 1 Errect of 1arge stress changes on peak friction angles for exanple values ofr ake = Sor fo, 008 5 100 Wa and” = 30". aretan (on) arctan (ren) | on(Wa) [Farce unccia —] on(hPa) | conments te Dao 100 3S = 0, - 0» a a. i 1 2 ake eee i acd 5 oe Ou ors a oe oro arts oe Broo. | Tint test Fig. 3. TATE test for JRC and tye iy = WRC 109(0S/09) © To 1Nustrate the tmportance of attatton Angles tothe behaviour of rock Jotnts.tn fontined: situations, the strength envelo= bes eraun tn Figure'& have beon appenced fhe minimus Tikely values of dp (From fauation 8). Tis Tkely thal the git lon angies are even nigher for envelo fnereby enpnasising the great importance ot both Joint reugnness and. joint wall Strength in the stabi ity of underground Spentnas. 1 aaa ot ae ten i Fig. 4. Peak dilation angles appended to naar strengen envelopes (Garton, 1987)> 4 SCALE EFFECT ao 1TS pReDicTiON Pratt et al. (1974) tndyeated tn thete ests on Joints in quartz atorite that Deak friction angles rested fram 68 to 45% hen sample fength was. Increased fron 14 1B 71 oa.” A comon normal stress of Lsitpa vas eoployes. Aecorging to theoretical calculations by Sargon and Choubey 1877) utilizing equation &, sane 12" to’ 15" of his scale effect my have been caused by resuced cS, the ramincer by’ sate errects-on aRt. ine Tast authors Feported SRC values of 6.8 for tilt tests ofa 45 cx Tong Joint tm granite. THtE fna'push tests on 18 anaiy eames of 10 605Sle Fig. Sa. Scale eftect correction for JRCos cn length cut from the larger sample, gave Then Re of #8" The pradictea men ‘alue’of @{peak). from airect shear tests bn these $8 sangies wag 488, uatle the ‘easured mean was 49.8, These ‘ncontestinie Seale effects fo rock Joints nave been confirmed By exten five work with moulded Joint models. ieanetsy 1800, Bandis-etvars 1981). Ip ektensive review ot sone 650 gate points fran 35 sources by Barton (1982) Esntiens. an even more narked seals effect for shear stiffness (kg). since both shear Strength (¢) ang elsplacanentsto-peak (Speak) ae separately arfected by SnB7BRea' brace se. ‘as a result of extensive testing of joints, Joint rept icasy ang review of Veeraiura, warton and Bandi. (2982) 0 posed. scale correction curves for JRC end SeSas shown In Figure Sand tn equations 3 and 10. Fig. Sb. Scale effect correction for JCS. o — | B lies By (19) ie 24] “ re BR here subscrigts (o) and (n) refer to Tab cate (100 mm) ang tn situ block sizes. The erfect or hese seale factors: on Stresscalsplacenent curves 15 shown In Figures. © FIELO ESTIMATION OF ROUGHNESS 1 qutck way of obtaining an approxi Iessure Of JRGy using « straight Shown’ tn Figure 7. The roughness Of 8 Fig. 6, Components of shear strength and their reduction with snereates block size {ndieaies the eomptoxtey of Patton's "1" value fn practice, fangis (1960). 606: | eo | o WI Figs 7. Field estimate of JR¢q prior to ENTE testing (Barton 1982). joint, 1m the field cap also be described 2y'the parameter Jp, Borroved fram the O- Syston (Barton et ai, 19a). Suggested ‘alues sre summartzed In Table Zang Figure 8° The tela neenod of est inating SRE snoun Sn igure 7 has been used ‘tedetiy to suggest akty vaites for 20 cm Sng 100"on sized stocks" (Figure 8, right ane colons): Combined use oF dp 2nd Jy Table 2. The Q-system parameter Jee ‘Su rob 2 2 fase poe Ya fa fo snd AEE ee fs | 2 one woe a= wasn a> wise sins | x sls as Pine | Fig, & Relationships between Jp in the O- fytien’ana dRp for 200 1m and [000 an samotes’ (Sarton, 1967). (Tabte 3) from the Qesystem aso proviaes alneans of obtaining a Tirst estinate of peak friction angles for uneeathered end ‘Bineral coated Joint watts using the Simple relation tn Table 4s Fleia est ieation of input parameters for the tue staple constitutive models Mtustrated in'Figure’8, can be supple seed wth Unt est in exeracte oocts taining the tnt tn qusttion (Figure {6}. Alternatively, Jotnts in gett! core an'be tiTe testedy using standara driTT ore or using cesteated large dtaneter Cores‘ ariTied parattel with Jotnt planes, Table 3. the Q-system paraneter 3 orFigure 11 t1tustrates plates cores with th Faughness profiles pI EVIE anges (eB.8° to 72s1").— JRE valves falculates using equation 6 ranged trom ree axially ual measured at the measured SHEAR STRESS - DISPLACEMENT AND ITS aeniction A dimenstontess formulation for estimating the\correct Shape of shear stress displa conent curves for any practical noma Table 4. Estinate of o(peak) tram Jp and ES “UNTED Pustic PROS NY DNR TR PERO BARTON- UENO vee (h/ 4] strength criteria for reek 08 Fig. 10. THNt tests of blocks tn situ, Large’ cores can'be dried where insuf= {lela Soint ets are presint to release m/f ~~ Fig. 11, Reconstructed tit test resuits ‘or’ three parallel core samples af ied Shown the sane joint planesFig. 12. Dimensiontess modet for shear strass-dtsplacerent model ing, after farton (1882). In this example Qp/t = 2. stress level or block siz in'Figure 12. Figure 13, he tive of JRC (mob! i2e8) 15 canta ines ron the general tzea form of aust ion Bion) 15 the: Prtetton Ainge obi ized at'any given shear $1991 ‘anent (8): ts tnustrated Three examples are shown in SHEAR STRESS MPa SHEAR DISPLACEMENT mm Fig. 13, Examples of stress-aieplacenent curves. calculated from the model tn Figs iz, Fig. 14, A preliminary model for simu- ‘ading the erfects ef eyelte shear and ateumisted shear ter reek Jofntes tas =e tf] oe a The magnitude of (peak) representing the displacement needea to moblitze peak shear Strength, #5 approximated y the equation: Fel Speak = (2) weere 6(peak) and Ly are tn meters. This feuetion was a saninat poor best 110" to and’ gleaned” from the. tereture. ‘Shear reversals with oF without change of norse1 stress, can be approximated with {he diensiontess fermutation shown in Figure: 14, where (0) ts the Tritial gra lent an Figure 122 te To. an 7 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF JOTNTED ooausses| ‘he above formurations (eg 10, ti, 12, 13,ane Figures. 12 ang 1a) are Incorporated in the special version of Cungatt's, DEC code (Cundel?, 1980). operated by NGI. The Aon-Iifear, scale epensent jolt moael described in the above ts also'developed or nermal cl Sand aperture modelling (Bandis et a 609© ® k abe wre Fig. 15. Five baste Joint behaviour modes. at 6 © 1983) and for fluid ftow along the Joints (Garton et a1. 1985), The operating cade, {ermed UDEC=88, nas a subroutine for Joint Behaviour that’ tneludes the features shown Sn'Figure 1s: A's thear strete-atapiace- Rent, a's Gtiation-dteplaceent, € = per- Seabirity-displacenent, D = norm stress- Closure {out tiple eyeles) ana € = permea- bititySnarmal stress, Hegel ed race ‘susses display combinations of these modes (Gee Figure 16). The UDet-88 model of {bin tunnels. shown tn Figure 17, shows the Stabilizing effect of shear elaplacenent And etlation which causes tnereased nonmal stress (Nakurat et al. 1990). Fig. 16. Normal (N) and shear (5) con- ponants "in rock mass deformation bebavtour SBS SERS REY Fig. 17. Wax, dtsplacenent 6.5 am; UDEC-88 SRR RO NON RR eS ES Bee ererences fandis, Se 1980. perteantal studies of Scale affects on shar strengths ane detornation af rock joints: “on.0y ‘hasta, Unive of Leeds, Engng, 385. Bands, 32, Ar Lansen and Ne Barton 98, Siperinntat studios of sete rtedee on the’ shear beharSour af Fock JeImS, Imes'd “OF Rock Neen Win. BEATE Geonech. Restrs 18) i angis, S., Arce Landen and Ni. Sardon 985."funsientars ot Race Joint Deformations Ins oy Rogk Mesh, Wine Shc § Geonachs desire 20, 6, 340-268, sarton, Rey he Lien and’ 3, Lings 1874 Etginsng chet fain a foek- Siopores fost Mechanics, 6,4, 109-298. tartan, he 1095 The anear strength of feck tng rock Jofntey Tots SoursRock eth. hone Sets Geanec Mostrny 13, SrZisr203. Also Nel-Pot: 113, i87d, fartén, he and Ye Choobey 1877. The shear Strangin'of rock Joints tn theory and practdce, Rotk Hethantesy U/ey Teste isctnal“oupis Moy tore: Barton, he 1982. Neel ng rock Joint Eehivior fron in situ Blosk tastat Impl cations for nuetear waste respost- fry eslone OW" 308, Calanbus, Oh 96 sartony Ne an ndtay Sy 982, Efrects eck Size on the Sar Behavior of Soonted Rocky Sard U.S. Symp. on Roce echo, berkeley, Che 7392780, artery np donde, Se'and dathiar, Ke 198s," Serengny Derarmation end Coraictivity Coping’ of Rock Seints, Ines Rost mech. Whine Set. 8 Geonech. Abstr 28,3) T2initi artery he 1987- predicting the Genaviour er Gnlergrouig Qpentigh Yn Rocke Rene] fccna Wotoriat ets. Ciabon: heterae 17 Barton, Ne and Bakar, K. 1987. Deterling rack Ssincs for the tyarotnersa mechan ic design of nuclear waste vavlesy, AE2L, (Garada,"Teosigy t ond it, 1-429, cungall, Bete 1980. General zed BiatinetEtenent, Program tor Nags) ng deintes aock Behn: 80. Peter Canal Assocs European Research Otticey Us. henge WoRUrae, Aas Me Barton, 6, Yk, Pr chrysiantnaksy K, Wonses 1990, dointed ents ode ng Poe: Lown ant, Reek Joints, Norays Prabty eke Ade Black and Gufs Brace {Say tietetion and'sefaraition of Jotnied Quarts Dloritey Prac. at Sed Inte Conga on Rock Weth,« Denver, CO, 2 308 ioe, 610