Visvesvaraya Technological University

BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA.

A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

“The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging

Technology in Detection of Handwriting”

Submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree
in Computer Science and Engineering.

Submitted by
H M HEMANTH NAYAK 4JN20CS033

Under the guidance of

Dr. Sankhya N Nayak
M.Tech, Ph.D.,
Associate Professor, Dept. of CS&E,
JNNCE, Shivamogga.

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering
Shivamogga - 577 204
April 2024
 National Education Society ®

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical entitled

“The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging

Technology in Detection of Handwriting”
Submitted by
H M HEMANTH NAYAK 4JN20CS033

Student of 8th semester B.E. CS&E, in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and
Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2023-24.
Signature of Guide Signature of Co-Ordinator

Dr. Sankhya N Nayak M.Tech, Ph.D. Dr. Manjula G R M.Tech, Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Dept. of CS&E Professor, Dept. of CS&E

Signature of HOD

Dr. Jalesh Kumar M.Tech, Ph.D.

Professor and Head, Dept. of CS&E

Examiners: 1. 2.
 ABSTRACT

Hyperspectral imaging technology is used to recognize handwriting, to restore the original data, and
to reappear the same color masking handwriting. After extracting the characteristic bands, a
preliminary distinction between the sample data is made. Each sample is then subjected to noise
reduction, IsoData, the establishment of eye mask, removal of background and PCA analysis is then
done. Combined with mathematical statistics analysis, the method of identifying tampering
handwriting and reproducing cover handwriting is put forward.18 kinds of brand black neutral pen
and 15 brands of blue neutral pen are analyzed and preliminary study is made on the erasable neutral
pen.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On presenting the technical report on “The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral

Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting” I feel great to express my humble feelings
of thanks to all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in the successful completion of
the project work.

I would like to thank my respected guide Dr. Sankhya N Nayak, Associate Professor Dept. of
CS&E, and my project coordinator Dr. Manjula G R, Professor Dept. of CS&E, who helped
me a lot in completing this task, for their continuous encouragement and guidance throughout
the project work.

I would like to thank Dr. Jalesh Kumar, Professor and Head of the Dept. of CS&E, JNNCE,
Shivamogga and Dr. Y Vijay Kumar, the Principal, JNNCE, Shivamogga for all their support
and encouragement.

I am grateful to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and our institution
Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering and for imparting us the knowledge with
which we can do our best. Finally, I would also would like to thank the whole teaching
and non-teaching staff of Computer Science and Engineering Department.

Thanking you all,

H M HEMANTH NAYAK
4JN20CS033

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEGEMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES v

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Introduction 1-2

Flow of the Proposed System 3

Chapter 2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 4-10

2.1 Hyperspectral Imaging System and 4-6

Imaging Principle
2.2 Tampering Handwriting Recognition 6-8

2.3 Cover Handwriting Recognition 8-9

2.3.1 Experimental Samples 8

Results 9

2.4 Erasable Neutral Pen Handwriting 9-10

Recognition
2.4.1 Experimental Samples 9

Chapter 3 APPLICATIONS 11-14

3.1 Applications for Hyperspectral Imaging 11-13

3.2 Multispectral Vs Hyperspectral Imaging 13-14

iii
 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of 14
Hyperspectral Imaging

Chapter 4 CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCES 16

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

NO

1 Flow of the proposed system 3

2.1 Principle of hyperspectral Imaging 4

2.2 Spectral reflectance of black sterling pens of different brands 4

2.3 Digital photo, feature extraction band, false color synthesis 6

2.4 Results of digital photo, component analysis with 7

information
2.5 Cover up sample of digital photos vs different methods 8

2.6 Processing result of erasable pen handwriting 9

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Hyperspectral imaging is like other spectral imaging, collects and processes information from
across the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of hyperspectral imaging is to obtain the
spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the purpose of finding objects, identifying
materials, or detecting processes. Hyperspectral imaging, combines the power of digital
imaging. For each pixel in an image, a hyperspectral camera acquires the light intensity for a
large number of spectral bands. The human eye is sensitive to light in the visible range and
distinguishes the materials according to the colors. However, humans are unable to distinguish
between the same color altered handwriting. For example, contracts, receipts, certificates,
checks, documents and other documents on the number, time, text and other content is easy to
add or tamper. Handwriting recognition and re add malicious tampering cover handwriting is an
important manifestation of the evidence in criminal procedure.

Therefore, in most civil and criminal cases, it is necessary to identify the handwriting of the
neutral pens for much document identification. The use of erasable neutral pen is also more and
more extensive. There are more and more crimes committed by criminals who make use of
erasable neutral pens to change and forge documents. There are two main methods to identify
handwriting: Nondestructive Testing and nondestructive testing. Chemical analysis, such as thin
layer chromatography, is a destructive test that separates the mixture of handwriting into
components by capillary action. Another method is to use spectral imaging technology to
distinguish the same color of handwriting. Spectral imaging captures subtle differences and is
valuable in handwriting analysis.

Hyperspectral image is a series of discrete narrow band images of electromagnetic spectrum,

which can simultaneously obtain spectral information and image information. Hyperspectral
imaging is an effective non-destructive tool in recent years. It has been widely used in the
identification of agricultural products.

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In handwriting inspection, ink recognition rate is as high as 79%. But the experimental materials
are still limited to several different brands of ink. The experimental results lack generality.
Domestic pens are usually written with neutral pens, but also lack of practicability in China.
Most domestic researchers use multispectral imaging technology. This method has the
disadvantages of single algorithm, small wavelength range, and low spectral resolution and so
on.

The effect of identification is not ideal,a qualitative study with Hyperspectral technology. But
not doing a lot of experiments to make quantitative analysis. The processing method is simple.
The hyperspectral imaging technology in handwriting detection has made an inquiry.

Hyperspectral images can be used to reflect different spectral characteristics of different

materials. In the aspect of handwriting tamper recognition, the sample recognition is best after
noise reduction, background information removal, principal component analysis and pseudo
color synthesis. In terms of covering the handwriting, the experimental samples were analyzed
by noise reduction and principal component analysis, and the recognition effect was the best.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

Flow of the Proposed System:

Fig 1: represents the flowchart of handwriting recognition

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

CHAPTER 2
WORKING PRINCIPLE

In this chapter, the principle and application of hyperspectral imaging technology in detection
of handwriting is explained briefly.

2.1 Hyperspectral Imaging System and Imaging Principle

2.1.1 Components of the System:

The core components of hyperspectral sorter consist of hyperspectral camera, electrically

controlled mobile platform, light source, computer and control software. Collecting the
spectrum at the wavelength of 400 ~ 1000nm, the spectral resolution is 2nm pixels, CCD: 1392
* 1040. In order to prevent image distortion, after several attempts and correction, determine the
exposure time is 7.286ms, the moving speed of motorized translation stage is 0.4cm/s.

2.1.2 Imaging Principle of the System:

As shown in Fig. 2.1, hyperspectral cameras are made up of imaging lenses, imaging
spectrometers, and CCD cameras. In the image acquisition, the experimental samples are placed
on the stage. A light source shines on an object and passes through an object. The reflected light
passes through the imaging lens and passes through the front slit of the spectrometer.

The axis of the X axis becomes one dimensional, and the spectrum is perpendicular to the
transmission grating. Dispersion occurs in the vertical slit direction. The white composite light
is divided into a series of vertical slit directions, with monochromatic light scattered along the
wavelength. The light is projected on the CCD, and the spectral reflectance of each band is
recorded by the CCD.The translation table moves in the Y axis, and the camera scans the whole
plane gradually. After the integration of the computer, the spectral camera finally obtains a three-
dimensional data cube containing image information and spectral information. The "push
broom" imaging technique is compared to the previous "filter type" imaging technique. The
"push broom" hyperspectral imaging technology has the advantages of higher spectral purity,
less environmental impact, stronger field applications and higher luminous flux.

The main principle of principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction is to
convert the variables of the correlation of the sample data from adjacent bands to variables.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

This reduces the number of variables in the original sample data. A few of the variables can still
contain most of the original data, and can explain the comprehensive information of the sample
data.

Fig 2.1 Principle of hyperspectral imaging

A graph is a false color image obtained by combining three principal components. After
processing with different processing methods, new differences will appear in the result of
processing.

Fig 2.2 Spectral reflectance of black sterling pens of different brands

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

2.1.3 Spectral Characteristics of Handwriting:

The ink of writing is complicated in the process of production and processing. Each brand of
neutral pen ink has its own raw materials, formulations and processing technology. So even if
the pen of the same color, their ink composition will be very different. The reflectance spectra
of different materials vary greatly with different wavelengths. The same color is still different
substances, resulting in "the same color, different spectrum" phenomenon.

2.2 Tampering Handwriting Recognition

2.2.1 Experimental Samples:
The experimental samples are 18 brands of black neutral pens and 15 brands of blue neutral pens.
The same color of different brands of neutral pens with each other, first with a pen to write the
number "1", 24 hours later, the same color of other brands of neutral pens modified to digital
"40"".Provide 306 samples by black pens and 210 blue pens samples.

Method:
Most of the hyperspectral images collected are background information. Background
information has a great deal of interference to subsequent processing, so the first step is to
establish eye mask and remove background information by IsoData classification. There are 256
bands between the wavelength ranges of 400-1000nm hyperspectral instrument data acquisition,
information quantity of sample data is very large, but very high correlation exists between the
band and the band adjacent to the sample data information there is a lot of redundancy.

Therefore, the principal component analysis method is used to reduce the dimensionality of
sample data. The main principle of principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality
reduction is to convert the variables of the correlation of the sample data from adjacent bands to
variables that are uncorrelated or independent of each other. This reduces the number of variables
in the original sample data. A few of the variables can still contain most of the original data, and
can explain the comprehensive information of the sample data.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

Fig 2.3 represents (a) digital photo (b) feature extraction band
(c) the minimum noise fraction (d) independent principal component analysis
(e) the two principal component analysis (f) false color synthesis.

After removing the background information, the processing result is clearer. False color synthesis
can be based on the different colors of handwriting to identify the tampered parts. A large number
of data analysis show that this method is the best way to recognize handwriting tampering. The
person who has not seen the original data can successfully recognize the tampered handwriting,
that is, the sample of the group can be identified.
Result:
In the 720-1000nm band, different brands of neutral ink spectral reflectance difference is large,
is the best band to identify handwriting. The recognition effect of domestic pen and Nissan pen
is up to 100%, which provides a theoretical basis for the counterfeit and shoddy goods. Research
shows that in the sample of tampering handwriting test, after the background information is
removed, the analysis is processed again, and the recognition effect is clearer. 306 sets of black
neutral pen tampering sample data, there are 232 sets of data can be identified the recognition

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

rate of 75.8%. 210 sets of blue neutral pen tampering sample data, there are 198 sets of data can
be identified, the recognition rate of 94%.

2.3 Cover Handwriting Recognition

2.3.1 Experimental Samples:
Each neutral pen is written on its respective digital serial number, 24 hours later, the same color
of other brands of neutral pens are covered. 306 black neutral pen cover test samples and 210
blue neutral pen cover samples were made respectively.

Method:
Usage of black neutral pen to cover the sample black neutral pen. Figure 3.4 is a digital
photograph with the result of principal component analysis with background information. The
principal component analysis is used without background information. The result of false color
synthesis is also shown. It shows the processed pictures clearly show the hidden handwriting. A
large number of experiments show that the principal component recognition of background
removal is the best.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig 2.4 represents digital photos and processing result. (a) Digital photograph. (b) The result
of principal component analysis with background information. (c) The result of principal
component analysis without background information. (d) The result of false color synthesis.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

Results:

306 sets of black neutral pen cover samples, 175 sets of data can be identified, the
recognition rate of 57.3%.210 sets of blue neutral pen cover samples, 116 sets of data can
be identified, the recognition rate of 55%.

2.4 Erasable Neutral Pen Handwriting Recognition

2.4.1 Experiment samples:
Consider 7 brands of erasable pens, with each pen on the paper to write the corresponding
number, then using a pencil eraser with data corresponding to the characters, made 14
experimental data. Each pen is written with the corresponding number and color, and then erasing
the characters behind the numbers.

Method:
After processing each set of experimental data by black and white frame calibration, noise
reduction and principal component analysis, we got the experimental results as shown in figure
3.5. It is the second principal component of principal component analysis, and is the third
principal component of principal component analysis. It can be seen that after the analysis of
components, the erased characters are reproduced again.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig 2.5. represents Cover up a sample of digital photos versus the results of different
methods of processing. (a) Digital photograph. (b) The result of principal component
analysis with background information. (c) The result of principal component analysis
without background information. (d) The result of false color synthesis.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

Results:
14 experimental data on A4 paper, 14 data can be identified well, the recognition rate of 100%.On
the receipt of the 7 experimental data, 6 can be well identified, the recognition rate of 85.7%.

Fig 2.6. The processing result of erasable pen handwriting. (a) second principal component (b)
Third principal component. (c) Receipt, data, digital photos; (d) Principal component
analysis results.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS
3.1 Applications for Hyperspectral Imaging:
Hyperspectral remote sensing is used in a wide array of applications. Although originally
developed for mining and geology (the ability of hyperspectral imaging to identify various
minerals makes it ideal for the mining and oil industries, where it can be used to look for ore and
oil), it has now spread into fields as widespread as ecology and surveillance, as well as historical
manuscript research, such as the imaging of the Archimedes Palimpsest.

This technology is continually becoming more available to the public. Organizations such as
NASA and the USGS have catalogues of various minerals and their spectral signatures, and have
posted them online to make them readily available for researchers. On a smaller scale, NIR
hyperspectral imaging can be used to rapidly monitor the application of pesticides to individual
seeds for quality control of the optimum dose and homogeneous coverage.

Agriculture
Although the cost of acquiring hyperspectral images is typically high, for specific crops and in
specific climates, hyperspectral remote sensing use is increasing for monitoring the development
and health of crops. In Australia, work is under way to use imaging spectrometers to detect grape
variety and develop an early warning system for disease outbreaks.\ Furthermore, work is
underway to use hyperspectral data to detect the chemical composition of plants, which can be
used to detect the nutrient and water status of wheat in irrigated systems.

Eye care
Researchers at the University de Montréal are working with Photon etc. and Optina Diagnostics
to test the use of hyperspectral photography in the diagnosis of retinopathy and
macular edema before damage to the eye occurs. The metabolic hyperspectral camera will detect
a drop in oxygen consumption in the retina, which indicates potential disease. An ophthalmologist
will then be able to treat the retina with injections to prevent any potential damage.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

Food processing
In the food processing industry, hyperspectral imaging, combined with intelligent software,
enables digital sorters (also called optical sorters) to identify and remove defects and foreign
material (FM) that are invisible to traditional camera and laser sorters. By improving the accuracy
of defect and FM removal, the food processor’s objective is to enhance product quality and
increase yields.
Adopting hyperspectral imaging on digital sorters achieves non-destructive, 100 percent
inspection in-line at full production volumes. The sorter’s software compares the hyperspectral
images collected to user-defined accept/reject thresholds, and the ejection system automatically
removes defects and foreign material.

Mineralogy
Geological samples, such as drill cores, can be rapidly mapped for nearly all minerals of
commercial interest with hyperspectral imaging. Fusion of SWIR and LWIR spectral imaging is
standard for the detection of minerals in the feldspar, silica, calcite, garnet, and
olivine groups, as these minerals have their most distinctive and strongest spectral signature in
the LWIR regions.
Hyperspectral remote sensing of minerals is well developed. Many minerals can be identified
from airborne images, and their relation to the presence of valuable minerals, such as gold and
diamonds, is well understood.

Surveillance
Hyperspectral surveillance is the implementation of hyperspectral scanning technology for
surveillance purposes. Hyperspectral imaging is particularly useful in military surveillance
because of counter measures that military entities now take to avoid airborne surveillance. Aerial
surveillance was used by French soldiers using tethered balloons to spy on troop movements
during the French Revolutionary Wars and since that time, soldiers have learned not only to hide
from the naked eye, but also to mask their heat signatures to blend into the surroundings and
avoid infrared scanning.
The idea that drives hyperspectral surveillance is that hyperspectral scanning draws information
from such a large portion of the light spectrum that any given object should have a unique spectral
signature in at least a few of the many bands that are scanned.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

Astronomy
In astronomy, hyperspectral imaging is used to determine a spatially-resolved spectral image.
Since a spectrum is an important diagnostic, having a spectrum for each pixel allows more science
cases to be addressed. In astronomy, this technique is commonly referred to as integral field
spectroscopy, and examples of this technique include FLAMES and SINFONI on the Very Large
Telescope, but also the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on Chandra X-ray Observatory
uses this technique.

Chemical imaging
Soldiers can be exposed to a wide variety of chemical hazards. These threats are mostly invisible
but detectable by hyperspectral imaging technology. The Telops Hyper-Cam, introduced in 2005,
has demonstrated this at distances up to 5 km.

Environment
Most countries require continuous monitoring of emissions produced by coal and oil-fired power
plants, municipal and hazardous waste incinerators, cement plants, as well as many other types
of industrial sources. This monitoring is usually performed using extractive sampling systems
coupled with infrared spectroscopy techniques. Some recent standoff measurements performed
allowed the evaluation of the air quality but not many remote independent methods allow for low
uncertainty measurements.

3.2 Multispectral VS Hyperspectral Imaging

Hyperspectral imaging is part of a class of techniques commonly referred to as spectral imaging
or spectral analysis. Hyperspectral imaging is related to multispectral imaging. The distinction
between hyper- and multi-spectral is sometimes based incorrectly on an arbitrary "number of
bands" or on the type of measurement. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) uses continuous and
contiguous ranges of wavelengths (e.g. 400 - 1100 nm in steps of 0.1 nm) whilst multispectral
imaging (MSI) uses a subset of targeted wavelengths at chosen locations (e.g. 400 - 1100 nm in
steps of 20 nm).

Multispectral imaging deals with several images at discrete and somewhat narrow bands. Being
"discrete and somewhat narrow" is what distinguishes multispectral imaging in the visible

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

wavelength from color photography. A multispectral sensor may have many bands covering the
spectrum from the visible to the long wave infrared. Multispectral images do not produce the
"spectrum" of an object. Landsat is an excellent example of multispectral imaging.

Hyperspectral deals with imaging narrow spectral bands over a continuous spectral range,
producing the spectra of all pixels in the scene. A sensor with only 20 bands can also be
hyperspectral when it covers the range from 500 to 700 nm with 20 bands each 10 nm wide.
(While a sensor with 20 discrete bands covering the VIS, NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR would
be considered multispectral.)

'Ultra spectral' could be reserved for interferometer type imaging sensors with a very fine spectral
resolution. These sensors often have (but not necessarily) a low spatial resolution of several pixels
only, a restriction imposed by the high data rate.

3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hyperspectral Imaging:

The primary advantage to hyperspectral imaging is that, because an entire spectrum is acquired
at each point, the operator needs no prior knowledge of the sample, and post processing allows
all available information from the dataset to be mined. Hyperspectral imaging can also take
advantage of the spatial relationships among the different spectra in a neighborhood, allowing
more elaborate spectral-spatial models for a more accurate segmentation and classification of the
image.

The primary disadvantages are cost and complexity. Fast computers, sensitive detectors, and large
data storage capacities are needed for analyzing hyperspectral data. Significant data storage
capacity is necessary since hyperspectral cubes are large, multidimensional datasets, potentially
exceeding hundreds of megabytes. All of these factors greatly increase the cost of acquiring and
processing hyperspectral data.

Also, one of the hurdles researchers have had to face is finding ways to program hyperspectral
satellites to sort through data on their own and transmit only the most important images, as both
transmission and storage of that much data could prove difficult and costly. As a relatively new
analytical technique, the full potential of hyperspectral imaging has not yet been realized.

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 The Principle and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
Hyperspectral imaging technology has high spectral resolution and continuous wave band. It can
obtain many narrow bands in the large range from ultraviolet to infrared. It contains both object
image information and spectral information. Because of the different spectral absorption
conditions of different materials, hyperspectral images at some specific wavelength will have a
more obvious reflection on a brand's handwriting. Hyperspectral data can fully reflect the
differences between the physical structure and chemical composition of the experimental
samples. Hyperspectral images can be used to reflect different spectral characteristics of different
materials. In tamper recognition, the sample recognition is best after noise reduction, background
information removal, and principal component analysis and pseudo color synthesis. In terms of
covering the handwriting, the recognition effect was the best and in the erasable neutral pen, the
recognition effect is also ideal.

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REFERENCES

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and Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Detection of Handwriting” IEEE
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[2]. R. S. Gad (MIEEE), N. Vetrekar, Ingrid Nazareth, J.S. Parab, G. M. Naik “Human Tissue
Diagnostics For Physiological Information Using Hyperspectral Image Model“ Science Direct,
vol. 24, pp. 229-240, 2020

[3]. Zohaib Khan, Faisal Shafait and Ajmal Mian “Hyperspectral Imaging for Ink Mismatch
Detection”, IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 133523-135333, 2019

[4]. Aythami Morales, Miguel A. Ferrer, Moises Diaz-Cabrera, Cristina Carmona, Gordon L.
Thomas “The use of Hyperspectral Analysis for Ink Identification in Handwritten Documents”,
Science Direct, vol. 10, 22283-22296, 2018

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