Thực hành SQL Server Storage Architecture

Data Storage
Filegroups
Listing 6-1. SQL Server Round-Robin Allocation

USE Master
GO
--Create a database with three files in the primary filegroup.
CREATE DATABASE TEST
CONTAINMENT = NONE
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = N'Test', FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\TEST.mdf'),
( NAME = N'Test_File2',FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\test_file2.ndf'),
( NAME = N'Test_File3',FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\test_File3.ndf')
LOG ON
( NAME = N'Test_log',FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\test_log.ldf');
GO

IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.filegroups WHERE is_default=1 AND name =
N'PRIMARY')
ALTER DATABASE TEST MODIFY FILEGROUP [PRIMARY] DEFAULT;
GO

USE TEST
GO
--Create a table in the new database. The table contains a wide, fixed-length column
--to increase the number of allocations.
CREATE TABLE dbo.RoundRobinTable
(
ID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
DummyTxt NCHAR(1000),
);
GO
--Create a Numbers table that will be used to assist the population of the table.
DECLARE @Numbers TABLE
(
Number INT
)
--Populate the Numbers table.
;WITH CTE(Number)
AS
(
SELECT 1 Number
UNION ALL
SELECT Number +1
FROM CTE
WHERE Number <= 99
)
INSERT INTO @Numbers
SELECT *
FROM CTE;

--Populate the example table with 100 rows of dummy text.

INSERT INTO dbo.RoundRobinTable
SELECT 'DummyText'
FROM @Numbers a
CROSS JOIN @Numbers b;

--Select all the data from the table, plus the details of the row’s physical location.
--Then group the row count.
--by file ID
SELECT b.file_id, COUNT(*) AS [RowCount]
FROM
(
SELECT ID, DummyTxt, a.file_id
FROM dbo.RoundRobinTable
CROSS APPLY sys.fn_PhysLocCracker(%%physloc%%) a
) b
GROUP BY b.file_id;

FILESTREAM Filegroups
Listing 6-2. Adding a FILESTREAM Filegroup
ALTER DATABASE TEST ADD FILEGROUP [Test_FS_FG] CONTAINS FILESTREAM;
GO
ALTER DATABASE TEST ADD FILE ( NAME = N'Test_FA_File1',
FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\Test_FA_File1' )
TO FILEGROUP [Test_FS_FG];
GO

Listing 6-3. Creating a Table with FILESTREAM Data

USE Test
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.FilestreamExample
(
ID UNIQUEIDENTIFIER ROWGUIDCOL NOT NULL UNIQUE,
PictureDescription NVARCHAR(500),
Picture VARBINARY(MAX) FILESTREAM
);
GO
INSERT INTO FilestreamExample
SELECT NEWID(), 'Figure 6-1. Diagram showing the SQL Server storage
hierachy.', * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'D:\Data\SqlServer\Image\DAccess.jpg',
SINGLE_BLOB)

AS MyAlias;

Listing 6-4. Setting the Nontransactional Access Level

ALTER DATABASE TEST
SET FILESTREAM ( NON_TRANSACTED_ACCESS = FULL,
DIRECTORY_NAME = N'Test_FileTable' );

Listing 6-5. Creating a FileTable

USE TEST
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.FileTest_test AS FILETABLE
WITH
(
FILETABLE_DIRECTORY = 'Test_FileTable',
FILETABLE_COLLATE_FILENAME = database_default
);

Memory-Optimized Filegroups
Listing 6-6. Adding an In-Memory Filegroup and Container
ALTER DATABASE TEST ADD FILEGROUP [Test_InMemory] CONTAINS
MEMORY_OPTIMIZED_DATA;
GO
ALTER DATABASE Test ADD FILE ( NAME = N'InMemory',
FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\InMemory') TO FILEGROUP [Test_InMemory];
GO

File and Filegroup Maintenance

Adding Files
Listing 6-7. Adding a New File Using T-SQL
ALTER DATABASE TEST ADD FILE ( NAME = N'Test_File4', FILENAME =
N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TEST\Test_File4.ndf' , SIZE = 5120KB , FILEGROWTH = 1024KB ) TO
FILEGROUP [PRIMARY];
GO

Listing 6-8. Adding Additional Rows to the RoundRobin Table

--Create a Numbers table that will be used to assit the population of the table
DECLARE @Numbers TABLE
(
Number INT
)
--Populate the Numbers table
;WITH CTE(Number)
AS
(
SELECT 1 Number
UNION ALL
SELECT Number +1
FROM CTE
WHERE Number <= 99
)
INSERT INTO @Numbers
SELECT *
FROM CTE;

--Populate the example table with 10000 rows of dummy text

INSERT INTO dbo.RoundRobinTable
SELECT 'DummyText'
FROM @Numbers a
CROSS JOIN @Numbers b;
--Select all the data from the table, plus the details of the rows' physical location.
--Then group the row count
--by file ID
SELECT b.file_id, COUNT(*)
FROM
(
SELECT ID, DummyTxt, a.file_id
FROM dbo.RoundRobinTable
CROSS APPLY sys.fn_PhysLocCracker(%%physloc%%) a
) b
GROUP BY b.file_id;

Expanding Files
Listing 6-9. Calculating Free Space in Each File
SELECT
file_id
,unallocated_extent_page_count * 1.0 / 128 'Free Space (MB)'
FROM sys.dm_db_file_space_usage;

--Listing 6-10. Expanding a File

ALTER DATABASE TEST MODIFY FILE ( NAME = N'Test_File4',
SIZE = 20480KB );

--Listing 6-11. Shrinking a File with TRUNCATEONLY

USE TEST
GO
DBCC SHRINKFILE (N'Test_File4' , 0, TRUNCATEONLY);

Shrinking Files
--Listing 6-12. Shrinking a Database via T-SQL
USE TEST
GO
DBCC SHRINKDATABASE(N'TEST' );

Database Scoped Configurations

--Listing 6-14. Turn On Autogrow All Files
ALTER DATABASE TEST MODIFY FILEGROUP [Primary] AUTOGROW_ALL_FILES

--Listing 6-15. Turn Off Mixed Page Allocations

ALTER DATABASE TEST SET MIXED_PAGE_ALLOCATION OFF
Log Maintenance
Log File Count
Shrinking the Log
Listing 6-16. Shrinking a Log with TRUNCATEONLY
USE TEST
GO
DBCC SHRINKFILE (N'Test_log' , 0, TRUNCATEONLY);
GO

Log Fragmentation

Listing 6-17. Creating the TestLogFragmentation Database

--Create TestLogFragmentation database
CREATE DATABASE [TestLogFragmentation]
CONTAINMENT = NONE
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = N'TestLogFragmentation',
FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TestLogFragmentation.mdf' , SIZE = 5120KB ,
FILEGROWTH = 1024KB )
LOG ON
( NAME = N'TestLogFragmentation_log',
FILENAME = N'D:\Data\SqlServer\TestLogFragmentation_log.ldf' , SIZE = 1024KB ,
FILEGROWTH = 10%);
GO

USE TestLogFragmentation
GO
--Create Inserts table
CREATE TABLE dbo.Inserts
(ID INT IDENTITY,
DummyText NVARCHAR(50)
);
--Create a Numbers table that will be used to assit the population of the table
DECLARE @Numbers TABLE
(
Number INT
)
--Populate the Numbers table
;WITH CTE(Number)
AS
(
SELECT 1 Number
UNION ALL
SELECT Number +1
FROM CTE
WHERE Number <= 99
)
INSERT INTO @Numbers
SELECT *
FROM CTE;
--Populate the example table with 100 rows of dummy text
INSERT INTO dbo.Inserts
SELECT 'DummyText'
FROM @Numbers a
CROSS JOIN @Numbers b
CROSS JOIN @Numbers c;

Listing 6-18. Size of Log and Number of VLFs

--Create a variable to store the results of DBCC LOGINFO
DECLARE @DBCCLogInfo TABLE
(
RecoveryUnitID TINYINT
,FieldID TINYINT
,FileSize BIGINT
,StartOffset BIGINT
,FseqNo INT
,Status TINYINT
,Parity TINYINT
,CreateLSN NUMERIC
);

--Populate the table variable with the results of DBCC LOGINFO

INSERT INTO @DBCCLogInfo
EXEC('DBCC LOGINFO');

--Display the size of the log file, combined with the number of VLFs and a VLFs to GB
ratio
SELECT
name
,[Size in MBs]
,[Number of VLFs]
,[Number of VLFs] / ([Size in MBs] / 1024) 'VLFs per GB'
FROM
(
SELECT
name
,size * 1.0 / 128 'Size in MBs'
,(SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM @DBCCLogInfo) 'Number of VLFs'
FROM sys.database_files
WHERE type = 1
) a;

--Listing 6-19. sys.databases

SELECT log_reuse_wait_desc
FROM sys.databases
WHERE name = 'TestLogFragmentation';

--Listing 6-20. Defragmenting the Transaction Log

USE TestLogFragmentation
GO
DBCC SHRINKFILE ('TestLogFragmentation_log' , 0, TRUNCATEONLY);
GO
ALTER DATABASE TestLogFragmentation MODIFY FILE ( NAME =
'TestLogFragmentation_log', SIZE = 512000KB );
GO