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CHAPTER I

IDENTITY OF THE BOOK

A. BOOK IDENTITY

TITLE : ASTROPHYSICS FOR PEOPLE IN A HURRY

AUTHOR : NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON

PUBLISHER : W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

PUBLICATION YEAR : 2017

PUBLICATION PLACE : New York

PUBLICATION EMAIL : specialsales@wwnorton.com

ISBN : - 978-0-393-60939-4

- 978-0-393-60940-0 (e-book)

NUMBER OF PAGES : 109

EDITION : 1ST EDITION

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CHAPTER II
SUMMARY OF THE BOOK

A. BOOK SUMMARY

CHAPTER I OF THE BOOK


The Greatest Story Ever Told
In the very first beginning of the chapter it talks about on how actually our universe can be
existanced due to its big size and it became an universe we can witness now. The research that
already existed about this momentum was published by Einstein’s general theory of relativity,
which released about understanding about gravity that caused matter and energy warped around the
universe. When universe itself were formed, it contain of molecules, atoms, and subatomic
particles. Some of the experts also are trying to give their opinion about this universe and one of
them is The German physicist Max Planck who appeared with his idea quantized energy in 1900, by
that finding he is called as the father of quantum mechanics.
In that finding, the father of quantum mechanics already proved the clash between gravity
and quantum mechanics poses no practical problem for the contemporary universe. Astrophysicists
apply the tenets and tools of general relativity and quantum mechanics to very different classes of
problems. But in the beginning, during the Planck era, the large was small, and suspect there must
have been a kind of shotgun wedding between the two. Almost scietific believes that high-mass
stars fortuitously explode, scattering their chemically enriched guts throughout the galaxy. After
nine billion years of such enrichment, in an undistinguished part of the universe, in an
undistinguished galaxy, in an undistinguished region, and in an undistinguished star was born.
Moreover, eventhought all the scietifics research already improve to us on how the universe
itself exist, but curiousity about the universe seems not satisfy people of universe existance itself.
Therefore, some religious people assert, with a tinge of righteousness, that something must have
started it all: a force greater than all others, a source from which everything issues. A prime mover.
In the mind of such a person, that something is, of course, God.

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CHAPTER 2
ON EARTH AS IN THE HEAVEN

In this chapter, still talks about on how universe can be stable because of its gravitation
which was triggered by Mr. Isaac Newton. He makes a research of gravitation law of the universe.
The research was done based on physics law which is different with everywhere else in the universe
itself. In this chapter, it tries to relate with the christian belief that there is a heaven which existed
in the universe. That heaven itself is managed by God and there is nobody in this world that can
reach the thinking of its greatness. Moreover, based of Newton research, actually our world can be
stable because of gravitation that already involved in the formed.
In improving about the gravitation, Mr. Isaac Newton improve it by pulling ripe apples from
their orchards also guides tossed objects along their curved. By the research, Newton took
conclusion that exactly gravity is the holder of the world which guides planets, asteroids, and
comets in their orbits around the Sun and keeps hundreds of billions of stars in orbit within our
Milky Way galaxy. Moreover, the science itself not only transfixed by the physical rule but also
existence and persistence of physical constants, therefore the energy output of the Sun would have
been far more variable than anything the biological, climatological, or geological records indicate.
Exactly, by understanding the law of physical, it can make a comprehension that our world
is a best place for living being because it already prepared so proper and we don’t have to worried
about that. By other hand, the laws actually bring the good perception for any people who don’t
believe about the science, to be more who believe about that as well.

CHAPTER 3
Let There Be Light
In this chapter, it talks about on how actually the existance of the universe since the big bang
exploded over the space and all the material were ocupied in vague fog. This case actullay has been
occur about 380.000 years ago and as the temperature drops, particles move more and more slowly.
And so right about then, when the temperature of the universe first dipped below a red-hot 3,000
degrees Kelvin, electrons slowed down just enough to be captured by passing protons, thus bringing
full-fledged atoms into the world. This allowed previously harassed photons to be set free and travel
on uninterrupted paths across the universe.
Moreover, it also tells that how the light will brigthening all the part of spectrum because of
light being heated and as result it will view somewhere. The final result of the research can be seen

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like infrared and LED revolution among of the community itself, therefore gives off some radio
waves and a vanishingly small number of photons of higher energy.
By studying these temperature variations in the CMB—that is to say, by studying patterns in
the surface of last scatter—we can infer what the structure and content of the matter was in the early
universe. To figure out how galaxies and clusters and superclusters arose, we use our best probe, the
CMB—a potent time capsule that empowers astrophysicists to reconstruct cosmic history in
reverse. Studying its patterns is like performing some sort of cosmic phrenology, as we analyze the
skull bumps of the infant universe.

CHAPTER 4
Between the Galaxies
In the formed of our universe, there is also material that can’t be separated is galaxy. The
existance of the galaxies itself in the universe very much and about hundred billion of them are still
exist. The galaxies decorate the universe circumtances and it makes beautiful and brigth, and by that
case we can enjoy the the bright in the dark time. Our galaxy is shaped which named as milky way
due to appearance to the unaided eye across Earth’s night time sky. Moreover, The nearest galaxy
larger than our own is two million light-years away, beyond the stars that trace the constellation
Andromeda. This spiral galaxy, historically dubbed the Great Nebula in Andromeda, is a somewhat
more massive and luminous twin of the Milky Way. Notice that the name for each system lacks
reference to the existence of stars: Milky Way, Magellanic Clouds, Andromeda Nebula. All three
were named before telescopes were invented, so they could not yet be resolved into their stellar
constituencies.
In the rest of space, outside of clusters, there is a population of galaxies that thrived long
ago. As already noted, looking out into the cosmos is analogous to a geologist looking across
sedimentary strata, where the history of rock formation is laid out in full view. Cosmic distances are
so vast that the travel time for light to reach us can be millions or even billions of years. When the
universe was one half its current age, a very blue and very faint species of intermediate-sized galaxy
thrived. We see them. They hail from a long time ago, representing galaxies far, far away. Their
blue comes from the glow of freshly formed, short-lived, high-mass, high-temperature, high-
luminosity stars. The galaxies are faint not only because they are distant but because the population
of luminous stars within them was thin. Like the dinosaurs that came and went, leaving birds as
their only modern descendant, the faint blue galaxies no longer exist, but presumably have a
counterpart in today’s universe.

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CHAPTER 5

DARK MATTER

In this chapter it talks about on how the gravity in the universe can be a friendly and solid of
nature phenomena in this universe, so that we can understand how universe can still exist. By this
moment, Isaac Newton is brilliant expert of the law of the gravity itself and improve on how
actually gravity’s mysterious “action-at-a-distance” arises from the natural effects of every bit of
matter, and that the attractive force between any two objects can be described by a simple algebraic
equation. Moreover, Albert Einstein appear with his idea to show that we can more accurately
describe gravity’s action-at-a-distance as a warp in the fabric of space-time, produced by any
combination of matter and energy.

Moreover, Vera Rubin, an astrophysicist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington,


discovered a similar mass anomaly within spiral galaxies themselves. Studying the speeds at which
stars orbit their galaxy centers, Rubin first found what she expected: within the visible disk of each
galaxy, the stars farther from the center move at greater speeds than stars close in. Therefore, it
resulted to dark matter which exerts gravity according to the same rules that ordinary matter
follows, but it does little else that might allow us to detect it. Dark matter seems not to interact
through the strong nuclear force, so it cannot make nuclei. It hasn’t been found to interact through
the weak nuclear force, something even elusive neutrinos do. It doesn’t seem to interact with the
electromagnetic force, so it doesn’t make molecules and concentrate into dense balls of dark matter.

CHAPTER 6
DARK ENERGY

In this part, it talks about that our universe nowadays is almost getting something bad, like a
pressure from unknown sources. There are a lot of speculation thought that it is caused of negative
gravity which ultimately win the tug-of-war, as it forces the cosmic expansion to accelerate
exponentially into the future. The kind of the gravity itself were produced by a collision of black
holes in a galaxy 1.3 billion light-years away, and at a time when Earth was teeming with simple,
single-celled organisms. Therefore, dark energy existed which is a quantum effect—where the
vacuum of space, instead of being empty, actually seethes with particles and their antimatter
counterparts. They pop in and out of existence in pairs, and don’t last long enough to be measured.

Moreover, dark energy is real, teams of astrophysicists have begun ambitious programs to
measure distances and the growth of structure in the universe using ground-based and space-borne
telescopes. These observations will test the detailed influence of dark energy on the expansion

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history of the universe, and will surely keep theorists busy. They desperately need to atone for how
embarrassing their calculation of dark energy turned out to be.

CHAPTER 7
THE COSMOS ON THE TABLE
Our cosmos exactly were created Only three of the naturally occurring elements were
manufactured in the big bang. The rest were forged in the high-temperature hearts and explosive
remains of dying stars, enabling subsequent generations of star systems to incorporate this
enrichment, forming planets and in our case people. Amid these chemical confabulations we find
elements significant to the cosmos, allowing me to offer the Periodic Table as viewed through the
lens of an astrophysicist.
Finally, in the end cosmic journey through the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, right to
the edge of the solar system, and beyond. For reasons I have yet to understand, many people don’t
like chemicals, which might explain the perennial movement to rid foods of them. Perhaps
sesquipedalian chemical names just sound dangerous. But in that case we should blame the
chemists, and not the chemicals themselves. Personally, I am quite comfortable with chemicals,
anywhere in the universe. My favorite stars, as well as my best friends, are all made of them.

CHAPTER 8
ON BEING ROUND

In this explanation, expand the opinion that there are a lot of thing that can be learnt from
universe due to its secretness. It can be started from simple soap bubbles to the entire observable
universe. Therefore, sometimes the soap bubbles assumed as spherical in a mental experiment just
to glean basic insight even when we know that the object is decidedly non-spherical. In short, if we
do not understand the spherical case, then you cannot claim to understand the basic physics of the
object. This occuration cannot be judged as Spheres in nature are made by forces, such as surface
tension, that want to make objects smaller in all directions. The surface tension of the liquid that
makes a soap bubble squeezes air in all directions.
The sphere to end all spheres—the largest and most perfect of them all—is the entire
observable universe. In every direction we look, galaxies recede from us at speeds proportional to
their distance. As we saw in the first few chapters, this is the famous signature of an expanding
universe, discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929. When you combine Einstein’s relativity and the
velocity of light and the expanding universe and the spatial dilution of mass and energy as a
consequence of that expansion, there is a distance in every direction from us where the recession
velocity for a galaxy equals the speed of light. At this distance and beyond, light from all luminous
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objects loses all its energy before reaching us. The universe beyond this spherical “edge” is thus
rendered invisible and, as far as we know, unknowable.

CHAPTER 9
INVISIBLE LIGHT
In this chapter, it talks about how the invisible light existed in our universe itself. Moreover,
early that year the English astronomer William Herschel observed some warming that could only
have been caused by a form of light invisible to the human eye. Other investigators immediately
took up where Herschel left off. In 1801 the German physicist and pharmacist Johann Wilhelm
Ritter found yet another band of invisible light. But instead of a thermometer, Ritter placed a little
pile of lightsensitive silver chloride in each visible color as well as in the dark area next to the violet
end of the spectrum. Sure enough, the pile in the unlit patch darkened more than the pile in the
violet patch.
Filling out the entire electromagnetic spectrum, in order of low-energy and low-frequency to
high-energy and high-frequency, we have: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ROYGBIV,
ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Modern civilization has deftly exploited each of these bands
for countless household and industrial applications, making them familiar to us all.

CHAPTER 10
BETWEEN THE PLANETS
In this chapter, it talks about the condition about our universe which actually if it is seen will
looks like an empty space. Eventhough, all the planets are there, also like sun, stars and others, but
still looks empty because the space still leave the very big space of the space itself. Moreover, we
have to understand also that planets contains all manner of chunky rocks, pebbles, ice balls, dust,
streams of charged particles, and far-flung probes. The space is also permeated by monstrous
gravitational and magnetic fields. Interplanetary space is so not-empty that Earth, during its 30
kilometer-persecond orbital journey, plows through hundreds of tons of meteors per day—most of
them no larger than a grain of sand. Nearly all of them burn in Earth’s upper atmosphere, slamming
into the air with so much energy that the debris vaporizes on contact. Our frail species evolved
under this protective blanket. Larger, golfball-size meteors heat fast but unevenly, and often shatter
into many smaller pieces before they vaporize. Still larger meteors singe their surface but otherwise
make it all the way to the ground intact. You’d think that by now, after 4.6 billion trips around the
Sun, Earth would have “vacuumed” up all possible debris in its orbital path. But things were once
much worse. For a half-billion years after the formation of the Sun and its planets, so much junk

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rained down on Earth that heat from the persistent energy of impacts rendered Earth’s atmosphere
hot and our crust molten.

CHAPTER 11
EXOPLANET EARTH
From this chapter, we can be able to understand about on how actually our earth already
prepare all things to be seen and enjoyed. No matter wheter you are far or close but you can witness
all thing in this earth if you have desire to witness it. There are a lot of transportation to see the
outstanding of our earth such like airplane or jet then you can explore our earth to see and watch the
mystery inside of it. Due to its beautiful, people can watch prawling cityscapes present an obvious
glow from the sky because of the star and moon presence and it makes brigth glowing in the night
time. And also in the day, because of the sun that shine in the earth, you can witness such like the
pyramid and great wall of china.
Moreover, in the universe, there is exoplanet, which The first exoplanet was discovered in
1995, and, as of this writing, the tally is rising through three thousand, most found in a small pocket
of the Milky Way around the solar system. So there’s plenty more where they came from. After all,
our galaxy contains more than a hundred billion stars, and the known universe harbors some
hundred billion galaxies. Our search for life in the universe drives the search for exoplanets, some
of which resemble Earth—not in detail, of course, but in overall properties. Latest estimates,
extrapolating from the current catalogs, suggests as many as forty billion Earth-like planets in the
Milky Way alone. Those are the planets our descendants might want to visit someday, by choice, if
not by necessity.

CHAPTER 12
REFLECTION ON THE COSMIC PERSPECTIVE

From the chapter, it reminds us that actually our universe already had galaxy which two
million light-years from Earth and it makes so awesome work for our universe since it presents.
Moreover, cosmic discoveries have demoted our self-image. Earth was once assumed to be
astronomically unique, until astronomers learned that Earth is just another planet orbiting the Sun.
Then we presumed the Sun was unique, until we learned that the countless stars of the night sky are
suns themselves. Sometimes also we presumed our galaxy, the Milky Way, was the entire known
universe, until we established that the countless fuzzy things in the sky are other galaxies, dotting
the landscape of our known universe.

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By the outstanding item that already prepared by our universe, During our brief stay on
planet Earth, we owe ourselves and our descendants the opportunity to explore—in part because it’s
fun to do. But there’s a far nobler reason. The day our knowledge of the cosmos ceases to expand,
we risk regressing to the childish view that the universe figuratively and literally revolves around
us. In that bleak world, arms-bearing, resource-hungry people and nations would be prone to act on
their “low contracted prejudices.” And that would be the last gasp of human enlightenment—until
the rise of a visionary new culture that could once again embrace, rather than fear, the cosmic
perspective.

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BAB III
THE STRENGTH OF THE BOOK

The book entitle Astrophysics for People in a hurry that is written by Neil Degrasse Tyson
has a good particular order from its introduction and more specific explanantion about how the
universe itself can be exist so that the reader can understand the order of the book. Then, it
continuous on how actually our universe can be stable by its gravity, then continue by telling the
reader of how many years our universe occured, and of course the reader will interest in reading the
book itself, the continues by discussing about material that existed in our galxy and universe,
therefore, the people can be able recognize what kind of material can be found in our universe, and
so on, until the index of the book is sufficiently provided as well.

A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHAPTER

Writting a book is not easy because it needs of full attention in order to give the beneficial
aspect toward to reader. Therefore, in writing the book it must be written in a good way. The book
is written by Neil Degrasse Tyson is a good book and it writes very well because it presents the
beneficial aspect when the reader are going to read it. Another case that can be found from the book
is provided by some experts opinion that supporting the content of the book which the expert
opinion is really supporting the theory of the book so that it will be very scientifically written.
Using of expert opinion is essential enough due to gain of currency in scientific research and
decision. The expert opinion who were attached in the book entitle Astrophysics for People in a
Hurry are Einstein (1916:), Murray Gell-Mann (1964), Sir Isaac Newton, and some other experts in
that case. And also in some chapter like from chapter 8 to 9 are putting the people comment who
already make a scientific research about our universe as well. So it makes the people who read the
book can also know the form and the shape of our universe although they can’t see it directly.
Talking about the relationship among the chapter, the book has been done a good work for
making connection between the chapter by chapter. It can be seen from the first chapter which is
explain on how actually our universe can be existanced due to its big size and it became an universe
we can witness now, then continuous by discussing on how universe can be stable because of its
gravitation,

next is on how actually the existance of the universe since the big bang exploded, in the fourth
chapter also talks about material that can’t be separated from universe, then talks about on how the
gravity in the universe, continuous by discussing about that our universe nowadays, continuous with

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explanation about our cosmos existance. In the eight chapter talks about the condition about our
universe, next talks about our earth, and the last chapter talks about reflection on our cosmos.
From compiling the chapter we can conclude that the chapter by chapter is having
relationship that make the reader can follow the content of the book and it can make their mind
analyse them as well. However, the content in the contents of this chapter is that each chapter gives
the content of the story so interesting that the reader can be interested in, and is highly
recommended for all readers who are still in school, because it can help them to read.

B. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONTENT OF THE BOOK WITH THE FIELD


OF SCIENCE.

Reading is important because it develops our thoughts, gives us endless knowledge and
lessons to read while keeping our minds active. The importance reading books to help us learn and
understand cannot be underestimated, not to mention the vocabulary and thinking skills we develop.
From the book entitle Astrophysics for People in a hurry that is written by Neil Degrasse
Tyson is a book which contain on how our universe can be existed in the very first beginning and
what kind of material which involved in our universe, and we can’t deny also on how actually our
universe is really huge. Therefore, the book could be also as a handbook of teacher and students
personally so that the book can be their usefull book in studying about our huge universe along with
its lading and they can learn it because the book is very scientifically. Another case also, that the
book was published at 2017, which means that this book is up to date and the content closely related
with this situation at this time.
Talking about the relationship between of the content of the book with the field of science
kthat the book can prove that the book is worth as a guideline book to teacher and student to study
about the nature of science. Every content of the book present the interesting story about our
universe as well, and also related it with the big experts in that case such like Albert Einstein, Isaac
Newton, and others, and finally the students or teacher can expand their comprehension in
understanding the science eventhough they can’t see it directly.

C. THE BOOK UPDATE

Talking about a good book, it is very closed with the publication year of the book. We
should know that a content that is written in the very close time at the time of now, that we can
conlude that the content of the book is update and it is suitable for the learner to few years after the

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book is published. While other case, if the book is written in long year of publication, it means that
the book itself talking about a heppening at the time which means not related with this time of now
because the time is going from year to year and life’s habitual also is changing.
From the book entitle Astrophysics for People in a hurry that is written by Neil Degrasse
Tyson, is published at 2017. From the year itself it is 2 years differentiation only from the time of
now. From that years, I conclude that the book is closely relate with the human lifestyle at this now
time. At this moment also, the book which talks about our universe also is needed to raise up our
awareness toward to our universe in constantly keeping it, and finally our universe can be a
bestfriend for all things in our universe.

CHAPTER IV
THE WEAKNESS OF THE BOOK

Talking about the book review, it is important to put bibliography which has functions to
give credit to authors whose work you've consulted in your research. It also makes it easy for a
reader to find out more about your topic by delving into the research that you used to write your
paper. Therefore, in publishing book, every publisher wishing to put bibliography for each of their
books, to appreciate the opinion of the other author we have consulted with. So, maybe next time
the writer must be kept attention to put bibliography to his/her book.

A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHAPTER

Talking about in book reviewing, it is also usefull to put some chart or diagram to help the
reader more understanding about what are they going to read from the book. The chart or diagram
itself has a function which among them can describe the data in the form of numbers carefully and
can elaborate its development and also can compare it with an object or an event that is
interconnected in a short and clear. So that, the content each chapter can more be understood by the
reader, which means also chart or diagram puposes itself as showing a comparison of qualitative
and quick information. The data provided in a complicated and complex descriptive form can be
simplified into a graphical form. This is made to make it easier to read and understand what's inside.
From the book entitle Astrophysics for People in a hurry that is written by Neil Degrasse
Tyson, do not provide the charts or diagram and as the result, the reader can be quickly bored and
possible of misunderstanding because of complex discussion from the book itself. Another case
also, the writter didnot put the conclusion or summary of the whole chapter in every chapter part
which it is also useful for the reader to make them knowing the main idea from the whole content in

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it. Moreover, due to its complex discussion, the writer should keep attention in using easier english
term to make the reader more understand about the topic of the book, unfortunately, the book did
not provided in an easy english term, therefore the reader who don’t use english as a main language
possible get difficulties in reading the book as well.

B. THE BOOK UPDATES

Talking about the book update, it means the how update the book in publishing to the public
as well. with the length of the year the publication of a book, then the book can be said to be not up-
to-date, where the possibility of its contents is not in accordance with the development of the
current era but because of the close year of publication with the current year, it can be ascertained
that the book has up-to-date content which can be said to be very closely related to the situation at
this time.
From the book entitle Astrophysics for People in a hurry that is written by Neil Degrasse
Tyson, is published at 2017, and I think this book is up to date and the content closely related to the
situation at this time, and I don’t think so the book has a weakness in related with the book update.

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BAB V
ANALYSIS RESULTS

We have to understand that Human beings possess an intrinsic need to explore the world.
Through exploration, we have discovered new continents, found cures to diseases, advanced in
technology, communication and much more. Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it
helps us build our civilization. However, we can’t deny also we have a limitation in exploring the
universe itself because we already known that we have a very huge universe, so it’s impossible to us
in exploring them at all. Therefore, the existance of reading sources in this case is really needed, to
help us in comprehending on how our universe can be existed without exploring it despite it is a
huge universe ever.

From this case, the people in the world will need a guideline in studying about on how our universe
can be existed in in our circumtances. Because of our needs, many educators and experts give their
opinion about the universe itself based on their own thought or research experience by creating a
book. As a reader, we have to able to filter what the suitable and acceptable book that explains the
content in detail but solid. In order that book review is important to filter of the book that we are
going to read.

After identifying the weaknesses of the book and its advantages, this book is acceptable and suitable
for a collegian or for the teacher handbook to share to the educational environment and to improve
their comprehension in UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWING about ouruniverse as well because
the content of the book explains in detail the meaning and how does our universe exist. Talking
from the advantages of this book, it can be said that the book has a good content to make it as
guidance book that can be used for every people. This book has an interesting chapter by chapter to
read becauseit tells our universe and its element, and also on how our universe can be formed as
well..
From the weakness itself, we can conclude that the book still can be used as a guideline
book even it doesn’t some charts or diagram, maybe in the future the writer can up date its written
to be more attractive. Moreover, the book also always attach the expert's opinion that makes the
reader confidently in reading the book because the book is trusted in fact and it is not the opinion of
scientific written. In the end, the book is very good and worthy for a collegian or reader to improve
reading skill.

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CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After having read the book I have criticized, it’s really important to understand about on
how our universe can be existed and formed in the very beginning. By knowing that case, we can be
able to take care about our universe and we can adore about how great our God in creating them,
therefore we can understand about our origins.
I felt great with the book discussion in every content. Every book has weakness and strength
to explain the content in it's to the education environment. And then being a student, by learning
how to make a critical book report, we can study and choose the book suits for ourself that can be
learned, and after comparing the book, we can improve our reading ability and understand every
content in it.

B. Suggestion

As a readers, of course, they will seek knowledge from reading material. The book that is
recorded is useful if the reader can understand and take learning about what is written by the author
into his/her book. Therefore, the book that is read must have the author's critical values and
thoughts, so that the reader not only gets the material but also can compare and analyze the reading
material he reads. In a book must have a bright idea. This will later be a differentiaton from a book
from another book, and can also be an attraction of the book. This will later become the reader's
longing for the writing of the creative writings of the author, so that the writer will be able to
continue to develop and create writing which of course can be accepted and provide benefits to the
readers' interest.
After analysing the book, I hope in the future the writers can improve his written to be better
so that the reader can interest to read to book as well. As a future writer, I am grateful that the
author can publish their book and I must learn from their personality to write and even better than
them.

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REFERENCES

Ningsih, Tutuk. 2015. Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter. Purwokerto: STAIN Press.

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