Gravitation Fastrack Revision Gavitationat Force: It's the force of attraction between arytwo objects in the universe. ‘equity: tis the Force with which the Earth pulls the bjects towards its centre. |p universal Law of Gravitation: This law was given by isaac Newton and states that, ‘the Force of attraction between fanytwo objects in the universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square oF distance between them’ cum Gravitational force, f= a Here, G = 6673 x 1071 N-mékg? is the universal sgraitation constant. The direction of the Force is atong the tine joining the certres oF two object. )> importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation “The universal law of gravitation successfully explained seieral phenomena which are as follows: > the force that binds us to earth, > the motion of the Moon around the Earth, > the motion of planets around the Sun, ané > thetides due to the Moon and the Sun. edge BOOSTER AAThe strength of gravitational Feablecs depends on how big th Se apart they ae. attraction between two 1e objects are and how force that keeps 2 body tal Force: It isthe force Ot eee te jalong the circular path, to act i cuits or the change in direction of ie city jon, eg, motion of Moon around the Eart rs of Planetary Motion: > Acceleration Due to Gravity (9) It is the acceleration due to the Earth's gravitational pull when an abject Falls towards the Earth, It does nat depend on the mass of a faling object but onthe mass ofthe Earth ar elt dies. cM oe Re where M = mass of Earth & R= radius of Earth and g=98ms? Knowledge BOOSTER Ai The value of 9 decreases as the distance of an abject (from the centre ofthe celestial body increases and this. value is less ot equator thon at poles > Motion of objects Under the influence of Gravitational Force: Equations of motion for a freely falling body uegt Equations of motion fora body thrown vertically upward General equations of motion veurot |v veu-gt 1 _oe 1 seurrbot |ieutr 3 a |rau 9 of vews2os_|v2=u2+2gh |v= v2 2gh > Mass: It is the total quantity of material contained inan object ts I units Kilogram (Kg) ands a scalar quantity. ‘The mass of an object is constant and does not change from place to place, wiedge BOOSTER — ‘spring balance is used to meosure the weight of an (Jobject and pan balance is used to measure the rma: ” ofan object. aa It is the force with which an object | ” Movant earth We product ofBert orn ial to area. width form the area of base is minimum when e. , a buoyant force e weight of liquid re part of object's uid, more is the density of liquid. Case Study 1 Universal law of gravitation states that every in the universe attracts every other object \ force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The direction of force is along the line joining the centres of the two bodies. The law is universal in the sense that it is applicable to all bodies, whether the bodies are big or small, whether they are celestial or terrestrial, Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions. Q1. The universal law of gravitation was postulated by: a. Copernicus b. Newton c. Galileo d. Archimedes Q2. Which of the following is true for the universal law of gravitation? (i) It acts on all the objects irrespective of their nature, shape and size (i) Foc Mxm (iii) It acts along the line joining the centres of the two objects. (iv) Foe Wa2 a. (i) and (iii) b. (ii) and (iv) c. (i), (ii) and (iv)force exerted by Sun than that exerted by Earth force of gravitation between two bodies of 1 kg each kept at a distance of 1m is: b. 667x10-°N 0, 667 x 10-"'N We know that, Mxm a 1 Foc Mx mand Fc +, ie, and Fa Fo facts along the tine joining the centres oft ‘objects and tis said to be universal because itis applicable to all objects (8 times, (4m) (i6m, pT Ty my 1g F=G=667x10-0N © eleration produced in a freely * to the gravitatio force of the 3. Aballis thrown up with a speed of 13 high will it go before it begins to: m/s?) a. 196m «20m b 43m 1. (b) mass of falling body We know that, constant, / of the Earth, 50. g does not depend on the mass of the: body. .(b) in the downward direction The acceleration due to gravity is alwa downwards towards the centre of the| freely falling body, 5 1. (a) 2.45 m/s?ae students to place them on “the surface of the water. Students observed that a few objects float on the surface of water while a few sink in water. Read the given passage answer of the following gucci m4 ave the Ql. An object floats in a force is: a. zero », greater than its weight € less than its weight 4. equal toits weight ‘An object sinks in a liquid if the buoyant force is: a. zero b. greater than its weight C less than its weight 4. equal toits weight |. The buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid acts: a. in the vertically upward direction in the vertically downward direction at an angle of 90° to the direction in which weight of the object acts at an angle of 45° to the direction in which weight of the object acts |. The magnitude of buoyant force depends on the: fa. density of liquid _b. volume of liquid weight of the abject d. viscosity of quid Magnitude of buoyant force is given PY: es ‘a Newton's first law b. Archimedes prt © Newton's second law d. None of these Answers L(t) greater than its weight liquid if the buoyant because of the same force acting a few ‘above Earth's surface. And the Moo because gravity is able to supply the neces: centripetal force at a distance of millions of meters. Sir Isaac Newton was the first Scientist to precisely define the gravitational force, and to show that is could explain both falling bodies and astronomical motions. The gravitational force is always attractive, and it depends only on the masses involved and the distance between them (Newton’s universal law of zravitation) Read the given passage carefully and give the ‘answer of the following questions. Q1. What is gravitational force? 2. Briefly explain why Newton pondered over the ‘existence of gravitation? Q3. Define the universal gravitational constant. 4. State the value of 6. Who obtained it for the first time? QS. ‘Several phenomena of celestial bodies were believed to be unconnected but universal Law of gravitation was successful to explain them: Mention any two phenomena. Answers: All objects (with mass) in the universe attract each other. This force of attraction between objects is called the gravitational force Itis said an apple felon Newton's head when he was sitting under a tree. He thought if Earth attracts an apple cant also attract the Moon? ls the force same in both cases? This led to the study on gravitation. The universal gravitational constant is numerically equal to the force of attraction between two unit masses when they are separated by a unit distance ‘as measured from their centres, The accepted value of Gf 673 10" Nm? hg The value of G was found out by Henry Cavendish by using a sensitive balance. eae ‘Two phenomena explained by uni gravitation are: se () the force that binds us to (i) the motion of the Moon ara| Q2. Isvalue of'g’ same at all places on the Earth? Give reason for your answer. P " Q3. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49 Non the Earth? Q4. if a planet existed whose mass was twice that of Earth and whose radius 3 times greater, how ‘much will a 1 kg mass weigh on the planet? Q5. In spaceship moving in space, why does a person experience weightlessness? - Answers 1. ‘The weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the Earth 2. The value of acceleration due to gravity. g. is not ‘constant at all the places on the surface of the Earth. This is due to the flattening of the Earth at the poles, all the places on its surface are not at the same distance from its centre and so the value of gvaries with latitude 3. Here, = W=49N,m=? on experiences weightlessness as in spaceship Bin space, the acceleration due to gravity is no ‘ground, when we stand on one both feet? Justify your answer. Which will exert more pressure:; on the area of 10 m? or a 50 kg m When we stand on loose sand, our: Q3. a4. sand our body does not go that deep sand. But when we lie down on the sang body does not go that deep in the sand, Why are railway tracks laid on large concrete sleepers? Q5. Answers 1. 51 unit of pressure is N/m? or Pascal (Pa), When a force of 1 N acts normally on an area 1m? then pressure acting on the surface cal 1 Pascal 2, The surface area of one foot Is less than two fs Therefore, we exert more pressure on the ground when we stand on one foot as pressure is im proportional to area of contact, Force mxg 10010 a) meat 9 05s \" “Area ~ (Area) 10 a Force Mxg _ SOx10 _5o0) “Area ~ (Area), 4 50 kg mass on 4m? exerts more pressure |. When we stand, we apply more pressure than} we are lying due to less area of contact as Pressure oc s ‘Area Concrete sleepers are laid on railway tracks sot the weight of passing train is spread over area of ground, This reduces the pressure n the ground and the track may not sink int ground. a : [?] Very Short Answer Type Questions :