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1 The diagram shows students walking to school. There are puddles of water on the ground.

puddles

After school, the puddles have disappeared and the ground is dry.

(a) State the name of the process that causes the puddles to disappear.

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(b) Describe the process that causes the puddles to disappear.

Use your ideas about molecules.

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[Total: 4]
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2 Some gas is trapped in a cylinder fitted with a moveable piston. The diagram shows the arrangement.

gas

cylinder
moveable
piston

Describe how the gas exerts a pressure on the cylinder.

Use your ideas about molecules.

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[Total: 2]

3 Some gas is trapped in a cylinder fitted with a moveable piston. Diagram A shows the arrangement.

gas

cylinder
moveable
piston
Diagram A

The piston moves and increases the volume occupied by the gas. The temperature of the gas
remains constant. Diagram B shows the new position of the piston.

moveable
gas piston

cylinder

Diagram B

State and explain what happens to the pressure of the gas on the cylinder.

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[Total: 2]
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4 A quantity of gas is trapped by a piston in a cylinder with thin metal walls. The piston is free to move
without friction within the cylinder.

The diagram shows the cylinder and piston.

gas

cylinder

piston

The cylinder is placed inside a freezer.

When the temperature reaches −18 °C, the pressure of the gas in the cylinder is still equal to that
of the atmosphere.

Explain, in terms of the particles of the gas, how the pressure remains equal to its original value.

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[Total: 3]

5 A teacher fills a copper can with solid wax and heats the can. She continues heating once the wax
has melted and stops heating when the wax is boiling.

Describe the molecular structure of the wax in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion
of its molecules when it is a solid and when it is a gas.

solid wax ..................................................................................................................................

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wax as a gas ............................................................................................................................

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[Total: 6]
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6 Some hot liquid is poured into a shallow dish.

Explain how evaporation causes the liquid to cool.

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[Total: 3]

7 The diagram shows a flask with air trapped inside it.

tight-fitting
stopper

flask

air

Initially, the flask and air are at room temperature. The flask is then cooled in a refrigerator.

(a) State the change in the pressure of the air in the flask as the air cools.

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(b) Explain your answer to (a). Use your ideas about air molecules.

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[Total: 4]

8 A student uses a microscope to view a small particle in a liquid. The diagram shows the path of the
particle.
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small particle

(a) State the name given to the motion of the small particle.

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(b) Explain why the small particle moves as shown in the diagram.

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[Total: 3]
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9 The diagram shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles (Brownian motion).

microscope

glass cover

smoke glass cell

The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.

The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the microscope.

Explain, in terms of forces and the motion of air molecules, the cause of the motion of the smoke
particles.

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[Total: 4]
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10 The diagram shows a road next to the sea.

On a sunny day, the Sun warms the road.

The air above the road is heated by the warm road.

Describe how this affects the molecules of the air.

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[Total: 2]
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11 The diagram shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles (Brownian motion).

microscope

glass cover

smoke glass cell

The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.

The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the microscope.

Draw the path of one of the bright specks of light.

[2]

[Total: 2]

12 During a picnic on a warm, dry day, a metal can of lemonade is wrapped in a damp cloth.

Evaporation cools the water in the cloth.

Explain, in terms of molecules, how evaporation cools the water in the cloth.

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[Total: 3]
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13 The temperature of the air in a sealed glass container is increased.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air also increases.

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[Total: 2]

14 The temperature of the air in a sealed glass container is increased.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why the internal energy of the air increases.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

15 The diagram represents gas particles in a container. The container is at room temperature.

container wall
gas particle

(not to scale)

Explain how the gas particles exert a pressure on the walls of the container.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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16 The diagram represents gas particles in a container. The container is at room temperature.

container wall
gas particle

(not to scale)

Describe the motion of the gas particles.

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[Total: 2]

17 The diagram represents gas particles in a container. The container is at room temperature.

container wall
gas particle

(not to scale)

State how the motion of the gas particles changes when the gas in the container is cooled.

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[Total: 1]
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18 Explain, in terms of molecules, how sweating helps to cool your body on a hot day.

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[Total: 3]

19 The two diagrams show how a puddle of water changes on a warm windy day.

puddle of
water puddle of water
three hours later

solid road
surface

(a) Describe the process by which the volume of water in the puddle decreases.

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(b) State and explain one change in the weather that would cause the volume of water in the
puddle to decrease more slowly.

statement...........................................................................................................................

explanation........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 4]

20 A fixed mass of gas of volume V1 is at a pressure p1. It is compressed to a volume V2.

(a) Complete the equation for the final pressure p2 of the gas when the gas is compressed at
constant temperature.

p2 =

[2]
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(b) State and explain how the final pressure compares with p2 when the temperature of the gas
increases during compression.

statement...........................................................................................................................

explanation........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]