Unit 1 - BCOM (H) 2021 Onwards

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ComputerApplications Chapter – 1
Computer Applications UNIT 1 1
What is acomputer??
• Definition – Machine or device which can work with information
such as store, retrieve, manipulate and process data.
• Computare (latin word) – means calculation
CA Th e o ry N o te s 1

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Components of the information system are

as follows:
1. Computer Hardware:
Physical equipment used for input, output and processing. The
hardware structure depends upon the type and size of the
CA Th e o ry N o te s
organization. It consists of an input and an output device, operating 2
system, processor, and media devices. This also includes computer
peripheral devices.

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2. Computer Software:
The programs/ application program used to control and coordinate the
hardware components. It is used for analysing and processing of the
data. These programs include a set of instruction used for processing
information.
• Software is further classified into 3 types:
1.System Software
2.Application Software
3.Procedures
3. Databases:
Data are the raw facts and figures that are unorganized that are and
later processed to generate information. Software's are used for
organizing and serving data to the user, managing physical storage of
media and virtual resources. As the hardware can’t work without 3
software the same as software needs data for processing. Data are
managed using Database management system.
Database software is used for efficient access for required data, and to
manage knowledge bases.

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4. Network:
• Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks like the

intranet, extranet and the internet.
• These resources facilitate the flow of information in the organization.
• Networks consists of both the physicals devises such as networks
cards, routers, hubs and cables and software such as operating
systems, web servers, data servers and application servers.
• Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications
processors, and other devices interconnected by communications
media and controlled by software.
• Networks include communication media, and Network Support.
5. Human Resources:
It is associated with the manpower required to run and manage the
system. People are the end user of the information system, end-user
use information produced for their own purpose, the main purpose of
the information system is to benefit the end user. The end user can be
accountants, engineers, salespersons, customers, clerks, or managers 4
etc. People are also responsible to develop and operate information
systems. They include systems analysts, computer operators,
programmers, and other clerical IS personnel, and managerial
techniques

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Block Diagram ofComputer
GIGO
Input Unit - Devices

• Keyboard – Data Entry and Commands, Functions, navigations etc
• Mouse, Joystick, Console, Touch Screen and pad, stylus, digitizer, light
pen, pointing sticks, track ball – Pointing Device & Commands
CA Th e o ry N o t e s • Scanners – Flat Bedded, hand held, image scanners, Bar code reader, 5
OMR, OCR, MICR, QR Code Scanner

• Biometric Scanners -

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InputUnits
• An input device is a piece of hardware used to provide data to a
computer used for interaction and control. It allows input of raw data to
the computer for processing.
• Input unit is a unit that accepts any input device. The input device is
used to input data into the computer system.
• The Input Unit perform transferring the data from outside the world into
the system and later this data is processed, and system produces
instruction through output unit such as Printer, monitors etc.
• The Input devices enters the data from outside the world into the
primary storage devices. The input devices are a means of
communication with outside world and our computer system.
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Contd…
• Input Devices accepts or receives the data or instruction from outside the
world such as input devices like keyboard and mouse
• It converts the data or instruction or information into machine readable
form for further processing.
CA Th e o ry N o t e s • Later it supplies the decipherable information to PC for additionally 6
handling
• They act like a connection between outside the world and our own
computer system
• Keyboard and mouse are the prime examples of input devices.
• When the procedure is finished we get or receive desire result using output
devices such as printer's and monitor's.

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Output Units
• Output devices of computer produce or generate results with the
help of devices or gadgets such as printer, monitor etc.
• Primarily these instruction or data provided to computer system is in
binary code so to produce or generate the desired output the system
must convert this data into human-readable form, to do so it has to
first present the data or instruction to computer system for further
processing or handling.
• With the help and assistance of output devices, the system is linked
or connected with outside world.
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Contd..
• The output devices receive all the data or instruction in binary code.
• The output devices convert the binary codes into human readable or
intelligible form for better understanding and better functionality.
• They produce the changed or converted result to the user. which is 8
effectively comprehensible by humans for proper and accurate
understanding.
• They act as a connection or link between outside world and computer
system or our own PC framework.
• Printers, monitors and projector's are the prime examples of output
devices.

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Monitors
• CRT
• Plasma
• LCD
• LED 9
• TFT
• DLP

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Projector
• LED
• Light Projectors
Speaker
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ON 1 and OFF 0
Binary language 0,1 (base 2)
Decimal Number System (0-9) (base 10)
Expand Notation of 8765
8X1000 + 7X100 + 6X10 + 5X1
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Memory
ASCII
0,1 – Bits- Binary Digits
8 Bits – 1 Byte
CA Th e o ry N o te s 1024 = 2 10 bytes – 1 kilobyte KB 11
1024 KB- 1 MB
1024 MB – 1GB
1024 GB – 1TB

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DATA, INSTRUCTION AND

INFORMATION
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DATA
• Computer data is information processed or stored by a
computer. This information may be in the form of text
documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or other
types of data. Computer data may be processed by the
computer’s CPU and is stored in files and folders on the
computer’s hard disk.
• At its most rudimentary level, computer data is a bunch of ones
and zeros, known as binary data. Because all computer data is in
binary format, it can be created, processed, saved, and stored
digitally. This allows data to be transferred from one computer
to another using a network connection or various media
devices. It also does not deteriorate over time or lose quality
after being used multiple times.
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INSTRUCTION
• A basic command. The term instruction is often used to describe the
most rudimentary programming commands. For example, a
computer’s instruction set is the list of all the basic commands in the
computer’s machine language.
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INFORMATION
• Information is the summarization of data. Technically, data are raw
facts and figures that are processed into information, such as
summaries and totals. But since information can also be the raw data
for the next job or person, the two terms cannot be precisely defined,
CA Th e o ry N o te s and both are used interchangeably. 13
• It may be helpful to view information the way it is structured and

used, namely: data, text, spreadsheets, pictures, voice and video.
Data are discretely defined fields. Text is a collection of words.
Spreadsheets are data in matrix (row and column) form. Pictures are
lists of vectors or frames of bits. Voice is a continuous stream of
sound waves. Video is a sequence of image frames.
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CHARACTERISTICS OFCOMPUTER “GIGO”
Speed Accuracy Memory Diligence /

Dedication
Low Cost &
Versatility Reliability Automatic
Reduced Size
No Feeling &
No IQ

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CLASSIFICATION OFCOMPUTERS
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CLASSIFICATION OFCOMPUTERS
According to According to Data

Technology Handling
• Flesh • Analog 15
• Wood • Digital
• Metals • Hybrid
• Electromechanical
Devices
• Electronic Devices
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Classificationcontd….
According to According to
purpose Functionality
• General • Servers
Purpose • Workstation
• Specific • Information
Purpose Appliances
• Embedded
Computers

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Classification contd….
According to
According to Size
Microprocessor
• Super Computer
• Sequential
• Mainframe • Parallel
• Mini Computer
• Micro computer
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Advantages ofComputers
• Quick Entry • Once a document is in • Entertainment by playing

• Easy to edit and restructure electronic form it is easy to games, watching videos and
• Many tools to produce various store, and many documents listening to music etc.
kinds of output can be stored on one computer • Chatting with your relatives
in much less space. and friends.
CA Th e o ry • Storage
N o te s is inexpensive and 18
doesn’t take up much space • Files are easy to reach
• Easy to search/navigate • Data storage, analysing and
through documents. decision making.
For
For writing For Home
Organization

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Advantages of Computers
• Access to the Internet has become • Collecting information
invaluable as a research tool.
• Easily gather huge amounts of from Internet.
information and store it. • Making programs to solve
• Easily search for new information or
search the information already problems.
acquired.
• Interact with other researchers to
create/gather more research.
• Easily interpret results of own search
For For
research Education
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Limitations ofComputer
A computer cannot think itself. It has no self-intelligence.

A computer cannot learn by experience like a human being.
A computer cannot take independent decisions.

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Someterms
• Hardware is a comprehensive term for all the physical parts of a computer and related devices.
Computer hardware can be categorized as having either internal or external components.
• Internal components include items such as the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU),
Hardware
random access memory (RAM), hard drive, optical drive, heat sink, power supply, transistors, chips,
graphics processing unit (GPU), and network interface card (NIC). These components collectively
process or store the instructions delivered by the program or operating system (OS).
• External components, also called peripheral components, are those items that are often connected
to the computer in order to control either its input or output.
• Common input components include a mouse, keyboard, microphone, camera, touch pad , stylus,
joystick, scanner, USB flash drive or memory card.
• Monitors, printers, speakers, headphones and earphones/earbuds are all examples of output
computer hardware components.
• All of these hardware devices are designed to either provide instructions to the software or render
results from its execution.
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Someterms
• A computer system cannot do anything its own, it must be instructed to do a desired job. Hence, it
is necessary to specify a sequence of instructions that a computer must perform to solve a
problem. Such a sequence of instructions written in a language that can be understood by a
Software
computer is called a computer program.

• It is the program that controls the activity of processing by the computer; and the computer
performs precisely what the program wants it to do.
CA Th e o ry N o te s • The term software refers to the set of computer programs, procedures and associated documents. 20
Precisely, software means a collection of programs whose objective is to enhance the capabilities
of the hardware machine.
• Software consists of the programs and applications that run on computers. It provides instructions
for the hardware to accomplish tasks.
• Because software runs on computer hardware, software programs often have system
requirements that list the minimum hardware required for the software to run.
• There are two types of software – System and Application Software

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Someterms
• In electronic and computing, firmware is a term often used to denote

the fixed, usually rather small, programs and/or data structures that
Firmware
internally control various electronic devices.

• Typical examples of devices containing firmware range from end-user
products such as remote controls or calculators, through computer parts
and devices like hard disks, keyboards, or memory cards, all the way to
scientific instrumentation and industrial robotics.
• Also more complex consumer devices, such as mobile phones, digital
cameras, synthesizers, etc., contain firmware to enable the device's basic
operation as well as implementing higher-level functions.
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Someterms
• Computer is automatic, but under the supervision of human. It need human to activate
(initialize) it before the combination of hardware/software can execute any job (work).
Humanware
• Humanware (also known as peopleware) doesn’t include those who can not operate
computer.
• Humanware includes programmer, operator, etc., i.e. anybody who can guide computer
CA Th e o ry N o te s to perform (execute) task. 21
• The computer work on data and these data will be fed via its’ input device into the
computer.
• Humanware is those responsible for inputting data. Without the humanware the
computer set is more like an artwork (decoration).
• Humanware can also be defined as hardware or software that is built around user
capabilities and user needs. This often involves creating a particular visual or physical
interface for a given set of users. The design and engineering of humanware starts with
the user's interests and needs first, and designs the infrastructure accordingly.

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Someterms
• Software that connects two otherwise separate applications. For example, there are a
number of middleware products that link a database system to a Web server. This
allows users to request data from the database using forms displayed on a Web
browser, and it enables the Web server to return dynamic Web pages based on the
user's requests and profile.
Middleware
• The term middleware is used to describe separate products that serve as the glue
between two applications. It is, therefore, distinct from import and export features that
may be built into one of the applications. Middleware is sometimes called plumbing
because it connects two sides of an application and passes data between them.
Common middleware categories include:
• ESBs
• TP monitors
• DCE environments
• RPC systems
• Object Request Brokers (ORBs)
• Database access systems
• Message Passing
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Someterms
• Freeware (from "free" and "software") is computer software that is available for use at no
cost or for an optional fee.
• Though the definition of "freeware" covers both proprietary and closed source software
that is available for use at no cost as well as free and open source software, in common
usage it tends to refer more often to proprietary and closed source
software that is available for use at no cost.
Freeware
• Software that is commercial but not available free of charge is occasionally referred to
as payware or commercial software
• Freeware (not to be confused with free software) is programming that is offered at no cost
and is a common class of small applications available for downloading and use in most
operating systems.
• Because it may be copyrighted, you may or may not be able to reuse it in programming you
are developing.
• The least restrictive "no-cost" programs are uncopyrighted programs that are in the public
domain.
• When reusing public domain software in your own programs, it's good to know the history
of the program so that you can be sure it really is in the public domain.

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CentralProcessingUnit (CPU)ofComputer System

• The Central Processing unit is also called as brain or heart of a
computer. The CPU is nothing but an electronic hardware device
which carries or performs out all the operation such as arithmetic and
logic operation.
• The CPU in another term is also called as "PROCESSOR".
• The CPU is also responsible for controlling all the operations of the
other units of the computer system.
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Internal parts of CPU --- CU and ALU

• The control Unit or CU Controls or coordinates all activities
performed in a computer system. It receives information or
instruction or directions from the main memory of computer.
• An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform 23
arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental
building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

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Internal parts of CPU also has – Registers and Bus

• It is a special temporary storage location within the CPU. Registers quickly,
accept, store and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately
(main memory hold data that will be used shortly, secondary storage holds data
that will be used later).
• To execute an instruction, the control unit of the CPU retrieves it from main
memory and places it onto a register.
• The typical operations that take place in the processing of instruction are part of
the instruction cycle or execution cycle.
• The instruction cycle refers to the retrieval of the instruction from main memory
and its subsequence at decoding.
• The process of alerting the circuits in CPU to perform the specified operation.
• The time it takes to go through the instruction cycle is referred to as I-time.
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Booting
It is the process of starting or resetting a computer. When the
computer is first turned on(cold boot) or reset(warm boot),the
computer executes the software that loads and starts the
computer OS and prepares it for use.
Boot Record
It refers to the section of disk that contains the operating system. 24
Boot sector is the portion of the disk reserved for self starting
portion (Bootstrap loader) of an operating system.
Boot strap loader
It is a program that is automatically run when computer is switched
on. It first performs few hardware tests then passes control to
operating system’s loader files to load the OS.
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How does booting work? : Start-Up Sequence

• Steps 1. As soon as the computer is turned on, the internal power
supply turns on and initializes. The basic input-output system (BIOS)
on system’s read only memory (ROM) chip is “woken-up” and takes
charge. BIOS is already loaded because it’s built-in to the ROM chip
and unlike RAM, ROM contents don't get erased when the computer
is turned off.
• Step 2. The BIOS performs the Power-on self test (POST) to make sure
all computers components are operational. If there are any errors, the
boot process stops.
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• Step 3. The BIOS looks for video card. In particular it looks for video card’s
built in BIOS program and runs it.
• Step 4. The BIOS begins the search for a drive to boot from. Most modern
BIOSes contain a setting that controls if the system should try to boot from
floppy disk (A:) or first try the Hard disk(C:). Some BIOSes will even let user to
boot from CD-ROM drive or other devices, depending on the boot sequence
BIOS setting. If no boot device at all can be found, the system will normally
display an error message and then freeze up the system.
• Step 5. Having identified its target boot drive, the BIOS looks for the boot
information to start the operating system boot process. If it is searching a
hard disk, it looks for boot record or master boot record at cylinder 0, head 0,
and sector 1(the first sector on the disk)
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• Step 6. It then loads the boot record into a specific place in RAM.
• Step 7. The BIOS displays its startup screen. The boot record contains a program
that BIOS now branches to, giving the boot record control of the computer.
• 8. The boot record loads the initial system file (for example, for DOS
system,IO.SYS) into RAM from the diskette or hard disk. Another special file that
is loaded is the one that tells which specific applications or commands the user
wants to have included or performed as part of the boot process.
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• Step 9. One of the first operating system files that is loaded is a system
configuration file (for DOS, its called CONFIG.SYS). Information in the
configuration file tells the loading program which specific operating system
files need to be loaded for specific device such as driver.
• Step 10. The BIOS performs a “system inventory “of sorts, doing more tests to
determine what sort of hardware is in the system.
• Step 11. If the BIOS support the Plug and Play standard, it will detect and
configure Plug and Play devices at this time and display a message on the
screen for each one it finds.
• Step 12. The BIOS will display a summary screen about system’s configuration,
it flashes on the screen very quickly before scrolling off the top.
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Start-up Sequence:
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BIOS / POST
RAM

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Registers Perform:-
1) Fetch: The Fetch Operation is used for taking the instructions those
are given by the user and the Instructions those are stored into the Main
Memory will be fetch by using Registers.
2)Decode: The Decode Operation is used for Execute
interpreting the Instructions means the Instructions Decode
are decoded means the CPU will find out which Fetch
Operation is to be performed on the Instructions.
3)Execute: The Execute Operation is performed by
the CPU. And Results those are produced by the
CPU are then Stored into the Memory and after that
they are displayed on the user Screen.
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Internal parts of CPU – Bus contd….

• The term Bus refers to an electrical pathway through which bits are
transmitted between the various computer components.
• Depending on the design of the system, several types of buses may be
present. 29
• The most important one is the data bus, which carries the data through
out the central processing unit.
• The wider the data bus, the more data it can carry at one time and thus
the greater the processing speed of the computer.

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Functions ofBusesinComputers
Data sharing - All types of buses found in a computer transfer data
between the computer peripherals connected to it.
Addressing - A bus has address lines, which match those of the processor.
This allows data to be sent to or from specific memory locations.
Power - A bus supplies power to various peripherals connected to it.
Timing - The bus provides a system clock signal to synchronize the

peripherals attached to it with the rest of the system.
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A number of I/O Buses
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Storage Unit of Computer
• It stores information or instruction

• It stores results
• It stores consequence of prepared data
• There are mainly two types of storage Unit 31
• Primary Storage
• Secondary Storage
• Network Storage(LAN, WAN and MAN) - WLAN

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PrimaryStorage
• They are also called as Main memory or in other words as RAM
(Random Access Memory).
• The Data or set of instruction is stored in primary storage before
processing and later the data is transferred to ALU where further
processing is done.
The primary Storage cannot store huge amount of data, and the data
store in this memory is temporary (The data is lost when there is
power failure), it is also called as temporary memory. Primary storage
has limited storage capacity because it is very expensive and generally
made up of semiconductor devices.
• The example of primary Storage is L1 Cache of Processor
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Main or PrimaryStorage

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RAM ROM
Definition of RAM is Random Access Memory Definition of ROM is Read-only Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) is expensive when ROM is cheaper when compared to RAM.
compared to ROM
The speed of Random Access Memory (RAM) is higher The speed of Read-only Memory (ROM) is slower when
when compared to ROM compared to RAM.
Random Access Memory (RAM) has a higher capacity ROM has a lower capacity compared to RAM
when compared to ROM
Data in RAM can be modified, erased, or read. Data in ROM can only be read, it cannot be modified or
erased.
The data stored in RAM is used by the Central Processing The data stored in ROM is used to bootstrap the
Unit (CPU) to process current instructions computer.
Data stored on RAM can be accessed by the Central If the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs to access the
Processing Unit. data on ROM, first the data must be transferred to RAM,
and then the Central Processing Unit (CPU) will be able to
access the data.
Data of RAM is very volatile, it will exist as long as there is Data present in Read-Only Memory (ROM) is not volatile,
no interruption in power. it is permanent. Data will remain unchanged even when
there is a disruption in the power supply.
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Primary Memory Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPOcSGgSxiQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4XOVaSLACo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K1yczxSmeU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytsNCQMQGQ0 34

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SecondaryStorage
• Secondary storage are also called as permanent storage unit as when
the data store in this memory are stored permanently user can recall
the data whenever they need.
• The data remains in this memory even when there is a power failure
or shutdown, they are much cheaper then primary memory.
• The Example of Secondary Storage are Hard disk and Zip drives
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Calculate the size of Hard Disk

• 3 plates in HDD
• 30 tracks per side
• 20 sectors per track
• 250 GB of data per sector 38
• Both side
= 2 X 3 X 30 X 20 X 250 = 900000 GB
=900000 /1024 = 878.90 TB

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Inter Record Gap
Inter Block Gap

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20 KB data saved per inch

Total length of tapes = 50 ft
= 50 X 12 X 20 KB = 12000 KB
=12000 KB / 1024 = 11.71 MB
• 0.5 inch for each record X 60 = 30 Inch
• 1/10 IRG = 1/10 X 60 = 6 inch
• 0.5 inch IBG = 3 inch
• Total = 30 +6 + 3 inch = 39 inch / 12 = 3.25 ft.
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WWW 42

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Computer Networks - Types of

Network, Medium and
Topologies 53
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Computer Operating system
123
• An operating system is the most important software that

runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory and processes, as well as all
CA Th e o ry N o te s its software and hardware. It also allows one 62
to communicate with the computer without knowing how to

speak the computer's language. Without an operating system,
a computer is useless.

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Starting an Operating System(Booting)
 Power On Switch sends electricity to the  BIOS will then look for a small sector at the very beginning of your
motherboard on a wire called the Voltage Good primary hard disk called MBR.
line.  The MBR contains a list, or map, of all of the partitions on your
 If the power supply is good, then the BIOS computer‘s hard disk (or disks).
(Basic Input/Output System) chip takes over.  After the MBR is found the Bootstrap Loader follows basic instructions
 In Real Mode, CPU is only capable of using for starting up the rest of the computer, including the operating system.
approximately 1 MB of memory built into the  In Early Kernel Initialization stage, a smaller core of the Kernel is
motherboard. activated.
 The BIOS will do a Power-On Self Test (POST)  This core includes the device drivers needed to use computer‘s RAM
to make sure that all hardware are working. chips.
125
BIOS
• BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM/EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory) chip known as firmware on the PC motherboard.
• BIOS can be accessed during the initial phases of the boot procedure by
pressing del, F2 or F10. 63
• Finally, the firmware code cycles through all storage devices and looks for
a boot-loader. (usually located in first sector of a disk which is 512 bytes)
• If the boot-loader is found, then the firmware hands over control of the
computer to it.
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Functions of Operating System
127
1. Process Management
• A process is a program in execution.
• A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices to
accomplish its task.
• Simultaneous execution leads to multiple processes. Hence creation, execution and
CA Th e o ry N o te s termination of a process are the most basic functionality of an OS 64
• If processes are dependent, than they may try to share same resources. thus task of process
synchronization comes to the picture.
• If processes are independent, than a due care needs to be taken to avoid their overlapping in
memory area.
• Based on priority, it is important to allow more important processes to execute first than
others.
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2. Memory management
• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.
• It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
• Main memory is a volatile storage device. When the computer made turn off everything
stored in RAM will be erased automatically.
• In addition to the physical RAM installed in your computer, most modern operating systems
allow your computer to use a virtual memory system. Virtual memory allows your computer
to use part of a permanent storage device (such as a hard disk) as extra memory.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory
management:
Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.
Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.
Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
129
3. File Management
• A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.
• File systems provide the conventions for the encoding, storage and management of
data on a storage device such as a hard disk.
 FAT12 (floppy disks)
 FAT16 (DOS and older versions of Windows)
 FAT32 (older versions of Windows)
 NTFS (newer versions of Windows)
 EXT3 (Unix/Linux)
 HFS+ (Max OS X)
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management:
✦ File creation and deletion.
✦ Directory creation and deletion.
✦ Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
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4. Device Management or I/O Management
• Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or on expansion cards) that act as an interface
between the CPU and the actual device.
• Device drivers, which are the operating system software components that interact with the devices
controllers.
• A special device (inside CPU) called the Interrupt Controller handles the task of receiving interrupt
requests and prioritizes them to be forwarded to the processor.
• Deadlocks can occur when two (or more) processes have control of different I/O resources that are
needed by the other processes, and they are unwilling to give up control of the device.
• It performs the following activities for device management.
 Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
 Designates a program responsible for every device known as Input/output controller.
 Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long.
 Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
 Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.
131
5. Security & Protection

• The operating system uses password protection to protect user data
and similar other techniques.
• It also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data by
assigning access right permission to files and directories. 66
• The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked

computer system may want to control use of that information,
concurrent processes should not interfere with each other.
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6. User Interface Mechanism

• A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions
and how information is displayed on the screen
• There are two types of user interfaces
1. Command Line Interface
2. Graphical user Interface
133
1. Command-line interface
• In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by
short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions
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2. Graphical User Interface

• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and
visual images
135
History of Operating System

The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
 No Operating System
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-boards to
control the machine’s basic functions.
The Second Generation (1955-1965)
CA Th e o ry N o te s  First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS 68
 Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
 Single-stream batch processing systems
The Third Generation (1965-1980)
 Introduction of multiprogramming
 Development of Minicomputer
The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
 Development of PCs
 Birth of Windows/MaC OS
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Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS
137
1. Batch Operating System

• The users of this type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly.
• Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator
• There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group them
CA Th e o ry N o te s into batches. 69
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1. Batch Operating System cont..

Advantages of Batch Operating System:
 Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time for the batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometimes costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System:
IBM's MVS
139
2. Multiprogramming Operating System:
• This type of OS is used to execute more than one jobs simultaneously by a single processor.
• It increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one job to
execute.
• Multiprogramming operating systems use the mechanism of job scheduling and CPU
CA Th e o ry N o te s scheduling. 70
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3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

• Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly.
• These systems are also known as Multi-tasking Systems.
• The task can be from a single user or different users also.
• The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
• After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.
141
3. Time-Sharing Operating Systems cont..
• Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

Each task gets an equal opportunity
Fewer chances of duplication of software
CPU idle time can be reduced
CA Th e o ry N o te s • Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS: 71
Reliability problem
One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data
Data communication problem
• Examples of Time-Sharing Oss
Multics, Unix, etc.
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4. Multiprocessor operating systems

• Multiprocessor operating systems are also known as parallel OS or tightly
coupled OS.
• Such operating systems have more than one processor in close
communication that sharing the computer bus, the clock and sometimes
memory and peripheral devices.
• It executes multiple jobs at the same time and makes the processing
faster.
• It supports large physical address space and larger virtual address
space.
• If one processor fails then other processor should retrieve the
interrupted process state so execution of process can continue.
• Inter-processes communication mechanism is provided and implemented
in hardware.
143
5. Distributed Operating System

• Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network.
• Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
• These are referred to as loosely coupled systems.
• Examples:- Locus, DYSEAC
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6. Network Operating System

• These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
• These types of operating systems allow shared access of files, printers,
security, applications, and other networking functions over a small
private network.
• The “ other" computers arc called client computers, and each computer
that connects to a network server must be running client software
designed to request a specific service.
• popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
145
6. Network Operating System
Advantages of Network Operating System:

 Highly stable centralized servers
 Security concerns are handled through servers
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system
CA Th e o ry N o te s  Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems 73
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

 Servers are costly
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly
Examples of Network Operating System are:
Microsoft Windows Server 2003/2008/2012, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
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7. Real-Time Operating System
• These types of OSs serve real-time systems.

• The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small.
• This time interval is called response time.
• Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are
very strict like
 missile systems,
 air traffic control systems,
 robots, etc.
147
8. Embaded Operating System

• An embedded operating system is one that is built into the circuitry of an electronic
device.
• Embedded operating systems are now found in automobiles, bar-code scanners, cell
phones, medical equipment, and personal digital assistants.
CA Th e o ry N o te s • The most popular embedded operating systems for consumer products, such as PDAs, 74
include the following:
 Windows XP Embedded
 Windows CE .NET:- it supports wireless communications, multimedia and Web
browsing. It also allows for the use of smaller versions of Microsoft Word,
Excel, and Outlook.
 Palm OS:- It is the standard operating system for Palm-brand PDAs as well as
other proprietary handheld devices.
 Symbian:- OS found in “ smart” cell phones from Nokia and Sony Ericsson
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Popular types of OS
• Desktop Class
Windows
OS X
Unix/Linux
Chrome OS
• Server Class
Windows Server
Mac OS X Server
Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
Android
iOS
Windows Phone
149
Desktop Class Operating Systems:-

• Platform: the hardware required to run a particular operating system
• Intel platform (IBM-compatible)
• Windows
• DOS
CA Th e o ry N o te s • UNIX 75
• Linux
• Macintosh platform
• Mac OS
• iPad and iPhone platform
• iOS
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Ms-DOS
• Single User Single Tasking OS.
• It had no built-in support for networking, and users had to manually
install drivers any time they added a new hardware component to their
PC.
• DOS supports only 16-bit programs.
• Command line user interface.
• So, why is DOS still in use? Two reasons are its size and simplicity. It does
not require much memory or storage space for the system, and it docs
not require a powerful computer.
151
Microsoft Windows
• The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-platform
desktop and notebook computers.
• Best known, greatest selection of applications available.
CA Th e o ry N o t e s • Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. 76
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Mac OS
• User-friendly, runs on Mac hardware. Many applications available.
• Current editions include: Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina & Big Sur—Version
XI(Released in Nov 2020)
153
Linux
• Linux: An open-source, cross-platform operating system that runs on
desktops, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones.
• The name Linux is a combination Linus (the first name of the first
developer) and UNIX (another operating system.
• Users are free to modify the code, improve it, and redistribute it,
• Developers are not allowed to charge money for the Linux kernel itself
(the main part of the operating system), but they can charge money for
distributions (distros for short).
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Google Chrome OS
• Chrome OS. Is a popular thin client operating system.
• Thin client A computer with minimal hardware, designed for a specific task.
For example, a thin web client is designed for using the Internet.
155
Server Operating Systems

• Windows Server
• Familiar GUI interface for those experienced with Windows
• UNIX
CA Th e o ry N o te s • Very mature server capabilities, time-tested, large user community, stable 78
• Linux
• Free, customizable, many free services and utilities available
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Windows Server
157
UNIX
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Tablet and Phone Operating Systems

• System-on-chip (SoC): An operating system that comes preinstalled on a
chip on a portable device such as a smartphone.
• Popular SoC operating systems:
 iOS: for iPad, iPhone
 Android: for a variety of tablets and phones
• Downloadable applications (apps) from an App store, for example:
 Apple App Store
 Google Play Store
159
iOS on the iPhone and iPad

• The Apple-created operating system for Apple tablets and phones.
• The current stable version, iOS 14, was released to the public on September
16, 2020.
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Android
• Android, a popular OS for smartphones and tablets, is based on Linux
Kernel.
• Developed by Google
• Current versions include:
• Android 8 Oreo
• Android 9 Pie
• Android 10
• Android 11 (released on Sep, 2020)
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Usage of payment Gateway 81

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Time savings
Expenses control
Advantages of electronic
Reduced risk of loss and theft
payment systems
Low commissions
User-friendly
Easier and more convenient
Economical and less transaction fee
Waivers, discounts and cashbacks
Digital record of transactions
One stop solution for paying bills
Helps keep black money under control

163
Disadvantages of electronic payment systems
Restrictions
The risk of being hacked
The problem of transferring money between different payment

systems
The lack of anonymity
The necessity of Internet access

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DIGITAL PAYMENT REQUIREMENTS
• Atomicity
• Anonymity/Privacy
• Scalability
• Security
• Reliability
• Usability
• Inter-operability
165
METHODS OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM
Unstructured Aadhaar Enabled

Unified Payment
Banking cards Supplementary Payment System
Interface (UPI)
Service Data (USSD) (AEPS)
PoS terminals
Electronic Wallets Internet Banking Mobile Banking
(Point-of-Sale)
Bharat Interface for

Electronic Tokens Electronic Cheques
Money (BHIM) app

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Fraud Risk
RISKS IN ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS

Tax Evasion Risk
Payment Conflicts Risk
Credit risk
Compliance risk
Liquidity risk
Impulse Buying Risk
167
ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER
• EFTs include direct-debit transactions, wire transfers, direct deposits, ATM withdrawals and online
bill pay services. Transactions are processed through the Automated Clearing House (ACH)
network, the secure transfer system of the Federal Reserve that connects all U.S. banks, credit
unions and other financial institutions.
CA Th e o ry N o te s • For example, when a person uses his debit card to make a purchase at a store or online, the 84
transaction is processed using an EFT system. The transaction is very similar to an ATM
withdrawal, with near-instantaneous payment to the merchant and deduction from the person’s
checking account.
• Direct deposit is another form of an electronic funds transfer. In this case, funds from the
employer’s bank account are transferred electronically to the employee’s bank account, with no
need for paper-based payment systems.Computer Applications UNIT 1 168
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Types of transactions in EFT
• National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)

• Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
• Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)
169
Communication through
Internet 85

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Information and Communication Technology

(ICT)
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
is an extended term for information technology
(IT) which stresses the role of unified
communications and the integration of
telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless
signals), computers as well as necessary
enterprise software, middleware, storage, and
audio-visual ...
Role of ICT in E-Communication 171
171

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173
“Human being is a social animal”
174
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Verbal :- Colleagues, friends, subordinates,

superiors, experts, teachers, students,
family members and with people in all
walks of life
Non-Verbal : - Reading and/or writing

books, pamphlets, periodicals, special
journals, reports, letters, memos,
newspapers, etc.;
175
What is E- communication ?
E-communication is short for electronic communication
which means you communicate to people electronically
or using electronic devices like emailing, text, phone
calling etc. using technologies and devices
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Basic Communication Model

177
Types of E-communication
•Email, SMS
•Newsgroups, Chat rooms , Video Conferencing
•Social Media and Instant Messaging
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Classification of E-Communication
• Electronic communications are classified according as
1. One-way (simplex)
2. Two-way - full duplex or half duplex transmissions
3. And through Analog or digital signals.
179
179
Technologies used to connect…


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Data Transmission Modes
Simplex
Half duplex
Full Duplex

181

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183

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Analog Signals & Digital Signals

• An analog signal is a • A digital signal refers to an electrical
smoothly and signal that is converted into a pattern of
continuously varying bits. Unlike an analog signal, which is a
voltage or current. continuous signal that contains time-
Examples are: varying quantities, a digital signal has a
• Sine wave discrete value at each sampling point.
• Voice
• Video (TV)
185
185
Signal converter
Modem - Modulator-demodulator
• A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit
data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer
information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over
telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves.
• A modem converts between these two forms.
• Modulation – Analog to Digital
• Demodulation – Digital to Analog

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Modem - Modulator-demodulator
Modulation (Analog Signals to Digital Signals)
Demodulation (Digital Signals to Analog Signals)

187
Signal Flow and conversion in E-

Communication
MODEM
Sender
(Client)
Communication Channel
MODEM Receiver
(Server)

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Internet, Intranet & Extranet
Private
Corporate
Extranet (MAN
or WAN

189
E-Communication Medium
E-Communication Medium
Wired/Guided Wireless/Unguided
Twisted Pair Radiowaves
Co-axial Cable Microwaves
Fiber optics Infrared waves

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Guided/Wired Medium
191
Unguided/Wireless Medium

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Thankyou

193

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B C O M (H ) 2 0 2 1 o n w a rd s 1 8 -1 1 -2 0 2 2

Computer Applications UNIT 1 1

Computer Applications UNIT 1 2

Computer Applications UNIT 1 3

Components of the information system are

Computer Applications UNIT 1 4

Computer Applications UNIT 1 5

Computer Applications UNIT 1 6

• Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks like the

Computer Applications UNIT 1 7

Computer Applications UNIT 1 8

Block Diagram ofComputer

Computer Applications UNIT 1 9

Input Unit - Devices

OMR, OCR, MICR, QR Code Scanner

Computer Applications UNIT 1 10

Computer Applications UNIT 1 12

Computer Applications UNIT 1 13

Computer Applications UNIT 1 14

Computer Applications UNIT 1 15

Computer Applications UNIT 1 16

Computer Applications UNIT 1 17

Computer Applications UNIT 1 18

Computer Applications UNIT 1 19

Computer Applications UNIT 1 20

Binary language 0,1 (base 2)

Decimal Number System (0-9) (base 10)

Expand Notation of 8765

8X1000 + 7X100 + 6X10 + 5X1

Computer Applications UNIT 1 21

Computer Applications UNIT 1 22

DATA, INSTRUCTION AND

• It may be helpful to view information the way it is structured and

Computer Applications UNIT 1 27

CHARACTERISTICS OFCOMPUTER “GIGO”

Speed Accuracy Memory Diligence /

Computer Applications UNIT 1 28

Computer Applications UNIT 1 29

According to According to Data

Computer Applications UNIT 1 31

Computer Applications UNIT 1 33

Computer Applications UNIT 1 34

Computer Applications UNIT 1 35

• Quick Entry • Once a document is in • Entertainment by playing

Computer Applications UNIT 1 36

A computer cannot think itself. It has no self-intelligence.

A computer cannot take independent decisions.

Computer Applications UNIT 1 38

Computer Applications UNIT 1 39

computer is called a computer program.

Computer Applications UNIT 1 40

• In electronic and computing, firmware is a term often used to denote

internally control various electronic devices.

Computer Applications UNIT 1 41

Computer Applications UNIT 1 42

Computer Applications UNIT 1 44

CentralProcessingUnit (CPU)ofComputer System

Computer Applications UNIT 1 45

Internal parts of CPU --- CU and ALU

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Internal parts of CPU also has – Registers and Bus

How does booting work? : Start-Up Sequence

Computer Applications UNIT 1 54