CHAPTER4

LAPLACE TRANSFORM

4.1.INTRODUCTION mathematical tools used for

the solution
the continuous-
transformis one of equations. (Mostly -time system
TheLaplace integro-differentialequations). In comparison (as shown in figu
linear ordinary integTO-differential solving linear integro-differential equation;
by
are described
the classicial method of the following two attractive features:
4.1.) with method has
transform particular integral of the solutio:
the Laplace homogeneous equation and the
() Theobtained in one operation. integro-differential equation int-
are the
transform converts ma
(ü) The Laplaceequation in s(Laplace operator). It is then possible to
an algebraic
equation by simple algebraic rules to obtain th
nipulate the algebraic The finalsolution is
obtained by taking the
expression in suitable forms.
inverse Laplace transform.
Initial
Intego Laplace Algebraic
differential Conditions
Transformation equation in s
equation
Manipulate the
transformed algebraic
Classical equation to make the
Method expression in suitable forms

Inverse Laplace Suitable forms

Solution for inverse Laplace
Transformation transformation
Time Domain
Frequency domain
Fig. 4.1. Comparison of Classical method and Laplace transform method
From the 2nd feature of Laplace transform over classical method, Laplace
transformation is somewhat
uct or quotient of two similar to logarithmic operation, To find the
prod
number,
(0 logarithm of two we find
(i) add or subtract numbers
(iiD take
4.2.
antilogarithm to get product or quotient
The DEFINITIONOF THE
Laplace transform methodLAPLACE
is a TRANSFORM prob-
lems. We define a solving circuit
Laplace transform powerful technique for
as follows:
76
 Laplace Transform O0 77

-thetime function ft) which is zero for t < 0 and that satisfy the condition

as
ksr some real and positive o, the Laplace transform of f(t) is defined

PG) =i0) =[ft)e-# dt

0
vari
The variable s is referred to as the Laplace operator, which is complextrans-
=o+ jo. And the functions ft) and F(s) are known as Laplace
able, i.e., 8
formpair.
TRANSFORMATION
A8.INVERSE LAPLACE obtaining ft) is termed the
Civen the Laplace transform F6), the operationbyof
denoted
inverse Laplace transformation and is
ft) =F)] = 27yj (P(a)etds
G- jo
F(s) by using
Though one could evaluate the inverse transform of a function inverse
obtain the trans
above equation, normally the transform table is used to
formation.
RPROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
1. Multiplication by a constant
f(t). Then
Let k be a constant and Fs) be the Laplace transform of
£[kf()] = kF()
2. Sum and Difference
Let F,(6) and F,(6) be the Laplace transform of f() and f(t), respectively.
Then
f(0 +f,0)) = F(6) + F,(0)
(Time-Differentiation)
3. Differentiation with respect to t" value of ft) as t
Let F(e) be the Laplace transform of ft) and let f(0*)* be the
approaches 0. Then,
=sF(3) - limf(t)
t’0 =sFe) -f(0*)
Proof :

F(9) =£0) =[f)-e# dt

0

Let ft) = u ; then = du

and esl dt = du ; then v=

8

*In some books f(0) is written instead of f(0*).

78 O0 Circuits and Systems

On integrating

(:.
putting the value
8 dt
5.
Therefore,
in
= sF{8) -f0)
Thus the Laplace transform of the second
derivative of f(t) as
dt
dt l=0
=slsF(s) -fo*)] -f(0*)
(where f(o) is the value of the frst =sF(e) - sf(0*) -(o0)
In general, derivative of f) as t approaches 0)
=
4.
dr

Integration by sF(9)-slf(o)-s-f0).. -
sf(0*)--0+)
(Time-Integration)
£)] =Fs)
then, the Laplace
transform of the first integral of f(t) is given by
FG) 8
Proof :

dt
Let
; then du =
and
ft) dt
du =et dt 1
On integrating then =--e-st

f(t)e-st dt
1
=0-0+O) =F(8)
 Laplace Transform O0 79
In general,

Note : The Laplace transform of the indefinite integral is given as8

(where (0*) is the value of the integral f) as t approaches zero)

KDifferentiation with respect to "" (Frequency-Differentiation)
The differentiation in the 8-domain corresponds to the multiplication by ""
in the time domain, i.e.
dF(s)
£[t ft)) = ds
Proof :

ds

Jo f):et. (-)dt =- tf(0)-et dt =-£[t -fO)

6. Integration by (Frequency-Integration)
The integration of Fs) in s-domain corresponds to division by " in the time
domain, i.e.

Proof :
dt

7. Shifting Theorem
delayed
[a]Shifting in time (Time-shifting): The Laplace transform of a shifted or
function is given as
£ft- a)-Ut - a) =eF()
Proof :
Let t-a=y, then, dt = dy

£ft - a) Ut- a) =f(y)-U(y) e-ay +o) dy

(since UY) = 0;y < )

=e-asj. f(y)ew dy =eF(s)

 Systems
80 DO Circuitsand
frequency (Prequencyshifting): The Laplace transform of ea
b] Shiftingin transform of that
Laplace function,
a function is
equalto the with & i8 tin
by (s + a). replac,
Proof:

=f)--+a%dt =F(s ta)

- a)
Note : £le fO) =F8
Theorem
If theValue
8. Initial first derivative of f) is Laplace transformable, then the initial valu
of a function ft) is given as
KO)
Limf(!)
0
=Lim[s F(s)]
9. Final Value Theorem as
The final value of a function fO) is given
foo) Limf(0) = Lim<sF(8))
Functions
10. Theorem for Periodic
The Laplace transform of a periodic function (wave) with period Tis emusl.
1 times the Laplace transform of the first cycle of that function (wave)
1-e-Te
Proof :
Let f,(0). f,(0), f\0),...be the functions describing the first, second, third. .....

cycles of a periodic function f) whose time period is T. Then

f) =f0 +f,) +f,0) +t
=f(0+(t- 1) Ut -T) +f,(t- 2T) U(t - 27) +...
Now, let AU(0)=F,e)
Therefore, by shifting theorem (property 7[a] of L.T.), we get
£fO) =F,(6) +eF,(9) +e1 F,(6) +
=F,(0) [1+t es +e27 +....]
1
ie6)
11. Convolution Theorem
Given two functions f,(4) and f,(), which are zero for t<0. If £f,0)= F1
and £[,(t) =Fe), then
£[F(6)-F,(8)] =f(0 *f,0) is called the convolution of f) and f0) and is
equal to

12. Time-Scaling
i-60dt or
If Laplace transform of ft) is Fls), then

Note: Final value theorem doesnot apply when ft) is a periodic function.
 Laplace Transform 0081
Table 4.1. Laplace Transform Pairs

f()* dt
S. No.
0

1 K
1 or Ut), K 8 8
1.
1 n!
2. g2'gn t1
8() 1
3
1
etat
4 8 Fa

tetat
5 (8Ta)?

6 sin ot

7 COS 0t

8 e at sin ot (8 + a)2+ o2
(8 + a)
9. e al cos @t (8 + a)2 + 2

10. sinh at

11 cosh at

12. etat ft) F(s F a)

13. ft+ t) ettos F(s)

*AlI () should be thought of as being muliplied by Ult), i.e., fe) = 0 for t< 0.
Example 4.1. Find the Laplace transform of the following standard signals
(functions)
(a) The unit step function Ut).
(6) The delayed step function KUt- a).
(e) The ramp function Kr(t) or Kt Ut).
(d) The delayed unit ramp function r(t- a).
(e) The unit impulse function S().
(n The unit doublet function 8'(t).
Solution :
(a) f) = UO)

F(9) =U):e dt
By the definition of UC) given in chapter 2, we have
e-st 1
=edt =
82 OD Circuits and Systems

(b) ft) = KUt a)

F($) = KU((-a)e-st dt
By the definition of Ut - a) given in chapter 2, we have
e-st

= Ke-tdt = K-8
(Alternatively we can find directly using property 7[a])
(c) f) = Kr(t) = Kt UC)
e-st
By -8 dt
lo

= K[0 0] +*est
8 J0
dt =
ft) =r(t- a) = (t- a) U(t - a)

F(e) = Jo (t- a)U(t- a)e-st dt

e-st
=| (t-a)e-t dt = (t - a) ° -8
dt

=0-0 +
1 e-st
dt =
82
(Alternatively we can find directly using property 7[a])
(e) f0) = 8(O)

F(o) =8(t)
Jo e-t dt
By the definition of 8(), given in chapter 2, we have
F(s) =
ft) = 8'()e1 F(s) = 8.£ (6(0)] =8
(Since S() = 1 only at t = 0)

Example 4.2. Find the Laplace transform of the following

(a) The exponential decay functions :
(6) The sinusoidal functionfunction
sin ot.
Ke-at
(c) The cosine function cos ot.
Kd) e-at sin. ot
,e) e al cos ot
)eat t U(t)
(g) sin h at
(h) cos h at
Solution :
(a) ft) = Ke-at

F(s) = Kete dt = Ke-ts+ a)l dt

-(8 t a) lo
 Laplace Transform 00 83
ft) = sin ot
e jot -e-Jot
Fs) =sin ot e-#dt sin ot =
2j
1 1
2j 8 jO 8+ j0
8+ j0 -8+ j0
2j (s + jo)(8 - jo)
(c) As similar to above case
8
ft) = cos wt, then, Fe) =
Alternatively for (b) and (c) we know, that
1
£le a =
put a =jo
1
£lejoi] = 8+ jo = cos Ot - jsin ot
8- jo [Multiplying Numerator and
£[cos ot - jsin o] = 8+ jo 8-j0 Denominator by (s-jo)]
=
8- jo

Equating real and imaginaries on both sides, we have

S

£cos ot) =2+2 and £[sin ot) =

(c) ft) = e a sin ot

F(8) = (s + a)2 + 2 Using property 7[b)

e) ft) =e a cos ot
Using property 7[b]
F(8) = (s+ a)2+ @2
ft) =ea t Ut)
1 Using property 7[b]
F(s) = (8 + a)2
g) We know that
sinh at=
 = etos

Example 4.4. Obtain the Laplace transforms of the waveforms shown in () fig
ure 2.4,(ii) figure 2.7,(iii) figure 2.17, (iv) figure 2.19, (LP. Univ., 2001)(v) figure
2.20, (vi) figure 2.22(6), (vii) figure 2.22(c), (viii) figure 2.22(), (ix) figure 2.22(e).
Solution :
eho
() F(8) = K
8 K
() F(s) = K. K(1-es -se)
2
86 OO Circuits and Systems

(i) V() = Vm m

(iv) Fi) = 2e-as 2e-2as -2e-3as

+..]
=1-2e-s(1-es +e2 2e-as
easl2 e-as/2
1+e-as (1-eay
s(1 +eas)
s(easl2 + e-as/2)
Alternatively ways : (Using theorem for periodic functions)
1 1
F(s) = 1-e-2as -F(s) = 1-e-2as 2e-as e-2a8
8
8
(Since f, (t) = Ut) - 2U(t - a) + Ut - 2a)
1 1-e-as
1-e-2as(l-e-ay = 1
(1 +e-ay tanh 2
1 3e-2s
(v) Fs) = +4_9e5s
8

= (1-3e-20 4 4e-ds - 2e-50)

(vi) e-28 |

K 1
(vii) F(s) = 1-e)

(viii) F(s) = Ke-as2 -e-as

(ix) F6) =K-2 e-28 K

+
-2e +ea]= Kl-e
Example 4.5. Obtain the Laplace Transforms of the
in () figure 2.23 (ii) figure 2.27. periodic waveforms as shoWn
Solution (Using
:
theorem periodic functions)
for
() i'(t) = (21-
=2t Ut)2)[U) Ut - 2)] +
2U(t) - (2t -2+ (-2t
2t
+ 6)[U(t 2) - Ut - 4)J
= 21U0) 2U0) - 4(t 2) 6) Ut- 2) + (2t 6) Ut- 4)
Ut 2) + 2(t - 4) Ut 4) + Z0
2
I(s) = £[i'()] = +2e4s 2e-48
8

2e-2 +e-ts-(1-ete) 8
2
Q-e)2-1-et) 8

Since Time period, T = 4, Therefore.

1
I(s) = 1-e-4s
 Laplace Transform 00 87
() vt) = 1.Go,(0) +(-2) G(0)
= [U) - Ut - 1)] 2[Ut - 1) Ut - 2)]
= Ut) 3Ut - 1) + 2Ut 2)

V') =(1-3e-s +2e-2) =-(1-et)(1- 2e-)

8

Sine Time period, T = 2, therefore

1 1
V(s) = 1-e-28E'(8)- 1-e-28 (1-e*X1 -2er)= |1+e-s
e
Alternative ways :
E(t) =U() 3Ut - 1) + 3Ut 2) 3Ut- 3)+ ...
E(e) =£(E() =1-3e +3e-2s -3e-3s +...]
1 1-2es
8 1+e-s

Example 4.6. Obtain the LT. of the waveform as shown in figure 2.28.
Solution: ft) = e[U) Ut 1) + Ut - 2) Ut 3) + Ut 4) ....]

e
1 1 1
8+ 8+ 8+
2 2 2

1
-).4)}.
1
8+=

Ezample 4.7. Obtain the Laplace transform of the waveform shown in figure
2.30(c).
Solution: i(t) = 1.5(1-e4) Ut) - 1.5 (1-ee-0.)] Ut 0.1)
e-0ls e-01s
8+4

6(1-e-01s)
15 0-çi|- s(8+4)
Ezample 4.8. Obtain the Laplace transform of the waveformn shown in figure
2.31.
Solution: v(t) = K[ Ut) 4(t-1) U((-1) (t- 2) Ut- 2)]
V(e) = | 2 4e-s 2e-201 2
5=K [1-2 se*-e2
Example 4.9. Obtain the Laplace transform of the periodic, rectified half-sine
Wave as shown in figure 4.3.
92 D0Circuits and Systems
Example 4.19. Determine Laplace Transform of fe)
the following wave shown in figure 4.7.
Solution: From the wave form shown in figure 4
4.7, (3,4)
f) = 4G,.s (1) + (- 21 + 10) Gas(0)
= 4[Ut) - Ut 3)] -2 (t -5) 0
[Ut-3) - Ut - 5)]
= 4Ut) - 4U(t - 3) 2(t -5 + 2 - 2) Fig.4.7.
Ut - 3) + 2(t -5)) Ut 5)
= 4Ut) - 2(t - 3) Ut 3) + 2(t 5) Ut 5)
Therefore, Laplace transform of the waveform is
Fs) = £ f)
4 2e-Ss 2 e-5s

Example 4.20. Find the Laplace transforms of the

(a) eat Ut) following functiong :
(b) eat U(t - b)
(c) e-a(t - b) U(t - b) =
(d) ea(t-b) U(t - c) = ab.e-at
U(t-b)
eb.e at U(t- c).

Solution : (a) F6) = |f(t)edt = e-ae,U(e) e-dt = 1

8+ a

(Alternatively we can find directly using properly 7 [b])

(6)
dt
e-(8+a)e |o e-(s+a)b
-(8 + a) (8 + a)
(Alternatively we can find directly using 4.

property 7[a] and property 7|6)

(c)
Fla) = e-a ( -b) UO- b) e-dt
4
= eab e-ota)t
-(8 + a)
e-(8+a) b e-bs
8+ a
8 +a

(Alternatively we can find directly using property 7|a])

(d)
Ut- c) edt =
eabe-at, e-sldt
e-l8+a)t | e-(o+a)e
eab
-(8+a)|e 8 + a
 CHAPTER 5

CIRCUIT ANALYSIs BY LAPLACE

5.1.INTRODUCTION
TRANSFOA
The circuit analysis in time domain were presented in
the third
the classical method. Having introduced the definition of
Laplace chapter
and learned toobtain the Laplace transform of many functions
we shall now be exposed to the remarkable power of the in
Laplace
transofusorth¡
previ
mathematical tool to find the circuit responses in terms of
subject to any arbitrary input functions. transiorm
voltages and
5.2.SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The Laplace transformation is used to
differential equation. A differential equationdetermine the solution of in.
of the general form
di
den dy?-1 +.....+ an-1 dt + ani = v(t)
becomes, as a result of the Laplace
may be solved for the unknown as transformation, an algebraic equation w

Is) = £v(t)]+initial condition terms

a,s" + ay-+ + an-18 + an
where I(s) =£[i())
Is) is a ratio of two polynomials in s. Let the
numerator and denomist
polynomials be designated P(s) and Q), respectively, as
P(s)
I(s) =
Q(s)
Note that Q(s) = 0is the
characteristic eguation, If the transform te
P(s)/6) can now be found in a table of
written directly. In general, however, thetransform pairs, the solution i) Calu
transform expression for I($) mus
broken into simpler terms before any practical
Next, we factor the transform table can be use
denominator polynomial,
Q(s) = a,s t a,sn-l+ ... t Q(),
=4,(s + s) .... (s t s,) a-1t n
or very compactly,
n

Q8) = ao iSts,)
II
Where nindicates a product =of0.factors, andpossible
s,, S S, are the n roots
the characteristic equation Q(s) Now the forms of these r'oootsar
discussed as :
96
 Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform O0 97
Partial Fraction Expansion When All the Roots of Q(e) are Simple :
If all roots of 6) =0, are simple, then
P(s) K,
I(s) =
(8 +8)(8 +&4,....(8 +&,) 8+81K,+.....+
8+ 82 8+8,
where the Ks are real constants called residues. Any of the residues K,,
Ke .. K, can be found by multiplying I(s) by the corresponding denominator
factor and setting (8 t 8;) equal to zero, i.e.
8 =- 8; .As

Q8) Js-8j
(ii) Partial Fraction Expansion When Some Roots of Q(6) are of Multiple
Order :
If aroot of Qs) =0, is if multiplicity r, then
P(s) Ky2 K1
Is) = (8+8).(s) (8+8,) 8+81 (8+8y
The following equations may be used for the evaluation of coefficients of
repeated roots.
K, = (8+s) I(o)|ls =-S1
d
"ls =$1

1 d'
ls =- 81

1
K11 (r - 1)! ds ls =-s1
(iüi) Partial Fraction Expansion When two roots of QS) are of Complex
Conjugate Pair:
Iftwo roots of Q8) = 0, which form a complex conjugate pair, then
I(s) =
P(s) KË K
(s+a+ jo)\s +a- jo).Q,(s) (s +a+jo) (s +a- jo)
Where K, = (8 ++ j0)·1(s)-(a+ jo)
and K,* is the complex conjugate of K,. An expression of the type shown
above is necessary for each pair of complex conjugate roots.
Several examples will illustrate the partial fraction expansion and the
evaluation of K's.
Example 5.1. Solve the Differential Equation
x"+3x' + 2x=0, x(0*) =2,(0*) =-3.
Solution :Taking the Laplace transform,
s'X(s) sx(0) - x(0) + 3sX(8) 3x(0*) + 2X(s) = 0
(82 + 38 + 2)X($) sx(0*) + x(0) + 3x(0*)
(g2 + 3s + 2)X(8) = 2s + 3 (By putting initial conditions]
28+3 2s+3
Or
X(8) =2+38 +2 (8+1)(s +2)
98 DO Circuits and Systems

Hence, all roots of denominator polynomial are

fraction expansion, simple. Then by
28+3
X(s) =(s+1)(8 +2)
K K,
8+1 8+2
parta
Where K, = (8+1)·X(®),
28 +3| -2 +3
1+2
=1

and K, = (s + 2)- X(8) ,z2 = 28 +3

8+1 =1
Is = 2
The result of the partial fraction expansion is thus,
28 +3 1 1
X(8) =
(8+1)(8 + 2) 8+1 8+2
Therefore, the solution of given differential equation is
x{t) =X{6)] =£ 1 1 _ ]
Or x(t) = et + e-2!

Example 5.2. Find i(t) , if I(s) :

s(s+1°(s+2)"
1
Solution: I(s) =
f(s+1)°(g+2)
K14 K21 K2 Ks.
8 8+1 (s+1) 8+2
1
Where K, =s*0)|,=0yKy=(e+ 2) I(¢)l,=4= 1
Kyp = (8 + 1) I(8)se-1 1
d
K¡ =(sds +1 I)]|,1
d
-(2s+2)| =0
Jlg=-1 s'(s+2) lg=-1
The complete expansion is
1 1
I(8) = 28 2(8 +2)
Therefore,
i() =;-te +e A 2

g+58+9
Example 5.3. 1fI\8)= +56+128 +8 find i(t).
g +58 +9
Solution : I(s)= g +58 +128 +8 8+58 +9
(6 +1)(8 +48 +8)
 Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform 00 99
8+58+9 (8+58+9)
I(s) = (8+1)(8+2+j2)(8 +2-j2)
K*
I(8) =s+1 (8+2+j2) (8+2- j2)
s+58+9
K, =(e+1) 16) 2+48 +8|ls-1
=1

K, =(8 + 2 +j2) I(0)2+2)=

j4
1
K=
Therefore, the complete expansion is
1 1
j4 +
j4
I8) = 8+1 (8+2+j2) (8 +2-j2)

Hence, i()

j4

i() =e+e sin 2t A

8 +58+9 1 1
Alternatively, I9) = 8 +4s +8
(s+1)|8+4s +8) 8+1

1 2
8+1
l(s+2)' +(2)?
Therefore, i() ={I)] = e+e sin 2t A

as £-1 =el sin ot

(s+a)' +o²
5.3. TRANSFORMED CIRCUIT COMPONENTS REPRESENTATION
5.3.1. Independent Sources
The sources v(t) and ú) may be represented by their transformations, namely
V(8) and I6) respectively as shown in figure 5.1.

)V(8)

(b)
Fig. 5.1. Representation of(a)voltage source (b) current source.
100 DO Circuits and Systems
5.3.2. Resistance Parameter
By Ohm's law, the U-i relationship for a resistor
in
In the
Up) = Rigl)
complex-frequency domain (8-domain), above
t-domain
Vle) =RIRe) equation
From above two equations, we
observe that the representation of
a resistor in t-domain and s-domain
iR() becomes
are one and the same as shown in v()
figure 5.2.
5.3.3. Inductance Parameter
RVala)
The v-i relationship for an Fig. 5.2.
inductor is Representation ofa resistor.
dt

i,(0) = jv) d) +i, (0°)

The corresponding Laplace transforms ate
V,(6) = sLI(0) Li,(*)
1
Or
I;le) =v(s)
sL
+92(0")
From above
the inductor as equations, we get the
transformed circuit
shown
in figure 5.3. representation for
I(o)

sL
V(t)
V,() )0)

Fig. 5.3.
5.3.4. Capacitance Parameter Representation of an inductor.
For a capacitor, the u-i
relationship is
(4) = cu,dt(t)
Or
v(0) =fi0) dt +u,(0*)
0
The correspondingI,(8)Laplace Transform are
=s C V,(6) Cu,(0*)
Or V(s) =l
a()+ (0)
From above equations, we get
the capacitor as shown in figure 5.4.the transformed circuit representatio
 Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform DO 101

I(0) I,(4)
+&
i(0) 1

v,() sC V.(6)
Co,(0*)

Fig. 5.4. Representation of acapacitor.

Example 5.4. Consider the differential equation
d'y(), 3dt)-+2y(t)=5Ut)
d dt
Where U(t) is unit-step function. The initial conditions are y(0) =-1 and
(o*)
dt
=2. Determine y(t) for t 20.
Solution : Taking Laplace transform on both sides of given differential equation :
5
s'Y(8) - sy(0+)- y'(0*) + 3sY(s) 3y(0*) + 2Y(8) = S

Substituting thevalues of initial conditions and solving for Y(s), we get

5
s2Y(s) + s - 2 + 3sY(s) + 3+ 2Y(6) = S
-s-s+5 -s-s+5
0r Y(s) = s(s+1)(3+2)
s(s² +3s+2)
Expanded by partial fraction expansion,
-s-s+5 KË K,+ K3
Y(s) = s(s+1)(s +2) s+1 s+2
5
K, =sY6)=0
-1+1+5
K, = (s +1) Y)ls=-1 (-1)(1) =-)
-4+2+5 3
K, =(s +2) Y(6)l,=-2(-2%-1) 2
5 5
+
Therefore, Y(s) = 28 8+1 2(8 +2)
Hence, taking the inverse Laplace transform, we get the complete solution as
5 3
y() =. -5e+e
2
;t0
t=0
Example 5.5. Consider the R-L circuit with R=4 40
Qand L=1H excited by a 48V d.c. source as shown I
in figure 5.5 (a). Assume the initial current 48V
through the inductor is 3A. Using the Laplace
transform determine the current i (t); t>0. Also
draw the s-domain representation of the circuit.
Fig. 5.5(a).
102 D0 Circuits and Systems
Solution: Applying KVL,
R(i) + Ldi(t) =48
dt
Taking Laplace transform
48
R*() + L<sI(s) -i,(0) = 8

48
4I(8) + 1.[sI(s) - 3] = 8

38+48
Or Is) = s(8 +4)
Applying the partial fraction expansion, we get
Is) =
3s+ 48 K1, K
s(s +4) 8+4

38 + 48|
where K, = s.Is) |,=0= s+4 lg=0
= 12

and K, = (s t 4)./(8) =4
(3s+48)| 48
=-9
8
lg=-4 I(s)
12 9
Then, I(s) = s+4
Or i(t) ={ I(s)] = 12 --9e-4 A Fig. 5.5(b).
And the 8-domain
shown in figure 5.5(6). representation
is

Example 5.6. Consider a series R-L-C circuit 292

with the capacitor initially charged to voltage
of 1V as indicated in figure 5.6 (a), Find the 1V
1H
expression for i(t). Also draw the s-dommain
representation of the circuit.
c= i(t)

Solution : The differential equation for the

current it) is Fig. 5.6(a).

L di(t) + Ri(t) +
dt i() dt +u, (0) =0
and the corresponding transform equation is
L[s*(e) i(o»))+RI(e)+I(s)+
Cs
(0") =0
The parameters have been specified onC= GF, R=20, L = 1H, and v(0")=
-1V(with the given polarity). The initial current 2
behaves as a open circuit. The
i(o+) =0, because initially m
transform equation Is) then becomes
sI (s) +21(6) +I(s) -E =0
1
Or
I(s) 2+28 +2
 Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform 00 103
or, Completing the square,
1
I(8) =
(8+1)² +1
I(e)
Therefore, i(() =())
i(t) =et sin t A
The 8-domain representation is o) =0
shown in igure 5.6(6). Fig. 5.6(b).
Example 5.7. Consider the R-C parallel circuit as shown in figure 5.7 (a) with
De0.52 and C=4F excited by d.c. current source of 10A, Determine the
across the capacitor by applying Laplace transformation. Assume thevoltage
voltage across the capacitor as 2V. Also draw the s-domain representationinitial
of the
circuit.
Solution : Applying KCL,
v() +cdue) = 10
S0
R dt (T)10A v(t) R=0.52 C=4F
Taking Laplace transform
V(e) +C[8V(8) - v(0*)] =
R 8 Fig. 5.7a).
10
2V(8) + 4[sV(8) -2] =: 8
88+10
V8) =
s(48+2)
Applying the partial fraction expansion,
28 +2.5
K¡
V6) = s(8+0.5) K1+ 8+0.5
K, =sVo)=0=5
and K, =(s+ 0.5)V0) |,=-05-3
-3
V(8) 8 8+0.5 Plo
Therefore,v(t) =(V0)] V(s) 0.52
=5-8e-0.5t V 48
The s-domain representation
of the circuit is shown in figure
5.7 (b). Fig. 5.7(b).
Example 5.8. In the network otz0
shown in figure 5.8, the switch S
is closed att=0. With the network 102 1H 1H
parameter values shown, find the
100 V 109 102
expressions for i, (t) and i,(0), if i,()2
the net work is unenergized
before the switch is closed.
Solution: Applying KVL, oop Fig. 5.8.
equations are
di, (t) 2+ 10, (t) +10[/ (0) - iz(0)] = 100
dt

ddt(0) +20i,() - 10i,(t) = 100 ..)

104 DO Circuits and Systems

And, d, (0)-+ 10i, () +10[, (t) - ()] = 0

dt

dy (0) +20i,(t) -10i4 (1) = 0

dt
The transform equations of () and (ii) may be
written as
conditions are zero, as given):

(s +20) 1,(6) - 101,(6) =

100
8
(ke ging initial
and -101,(0) +(8+ 20) I,(e) =0
Writing in matrix form,
8+20 -10 100
-10 8+20|| ,(8)
By Cramer's rule,

I(9) = and I,(9) =2

100
-10 8+20 100|
Where, 8
8+20| -10

and 8 +20 -10

A=
-10 8 +20|
Therefore, A, =(8 +20) ; A, =
1000
and A = (8 + 20) 100 = g+ 408 + 300
So, I,(8) = 100(8 +20)
s(8+408+300)
1000
and
I,le) =
s(8+40s +300)
The partial fraction expansion of above expressions I,(8) and
L,(8) are
20/3 -5 -5/3
I,(8) =
8+10 8+30
and I,(e) = 3 -5 5/3
8 8+10 8+30
The inverse Laplace
20
transformation give i,(t) and i,() as

i,(t) = -be-10: 5-30:

3 eA
i,(e) = 10_se-l0:
3
+
5
eA
Which is the required solution. t=0 22

Example 5.9. In the series R-LL-C circuit 1H

shown in figure 5.9, There is no initial )50V i(t)
charge on the capacitor. If the switch S is 0.5F
closed at t = 0, determine the resulting
current.
Fig. 5.9.
 Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform O 106
Solution: The time-domain equation of the given circuit is
1
2i() 1
+ dt. i0.5(J ) dt =50
2i(t) + di)
dt +2| i() dt =50 (.:. u, (0)=0)
Taking Laplase transform,
50
2I(8) +sI(e) - i(0) +29
5
Because i(0*) = 0, therefore.
50 50
I\s) =
8+28+2 (8+1² +1
Therefore,
i() =2 [I (9))
i(t) = 50 e sint A
Example 5.10. Repeat Example 3.8 as shown in figure 3.11 using Laplace transform.
Solution: Before the switching action takes place,

V= i() (R + R)+z4O
dt
Taking Laplace transform,

8
=I(9) R, +R,) +L[sI'(e) - i0)]
Since i"(0*) = 0, therefore,
I(9) =
s(R +R +Ls)
V
1 1
R+R

i') =l (I(s)] = 1-e

R+Rg

Therefore, i() R + R
When switch is closed: R, is short circuited. Then
V=zi() + R i(t)
dt
Taking Laplace transform,
V
8
= L[sI(s) - i(0*)] + R,Ie)

i(0) = i(o) =
R+Ry
V LV
= (Ls +R) I(8)
R +Ry
106 DO Circuits and Systems

8
R+Ra
LV
(Ls+ R,) (R+ Rg)(La +R)
I(a) = 1 1 + 1
8
8+
L L

L
|R R+R
VR 1
= RR8 R(R +R,) 8+

V
Therefore i(t) =1 (Ie)] = VR
R R(R +R,)
Or R
R +R
Example 5.11. Repeat Example 3.10 as shown in
transform. figure 3.13 using Laplace
Solution: Applying KVL,

Taking Laplace transform and putting R=4, C= 1

16 and v,(0+) = 9V, we have
8 = 4I(8)+ I(4)+ 8

8
I(6) = (4s +16)= 8+4
i(t) = (I(s)] = - 2e4
Therefore,
0
or
v(t) = 1+ 8e-41 y
Example 5.12. Repeat Example 3.13 as shown in figure 3.16 using Lap
transform.
Solutions : With the switch on 1,
50 = 40i'(:)+20 (2)
dt
 Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform OO 107
Taking Laplace transform,
50
= 40 I'8)+ 20[sI' (8) -i'(0)]
Since i0) = 0, therefore,
50 2.5
I(8) =
s(40 +20:) (8+2)
Using partial fraction expansion,
I(9)
Therefore, i') =1(I'(%)] = 1.25(1-e21)
as t ’ 0
i' (o)= 1.25 A
With the switch on 2,
10 = 40 i(t) + 20 )
dt
Taking Laplace transform,
10
= 40 I(s) + 20[sI(9) - i(0)]
As Kot) = i' (o) = 1.25
10
Therefore, = (40 + 208) I(s) - 20 x 1.25

(10+25
8 10+ 258
I(8) =(40+20s) s(40 +208)
25(8 +0.4) = 1.25
8+0.4
I(8) = 20s(8 +2) |a(8 +2)

= 1.25 0.25 8+2

s+2

Therefore, i() =(Ie)] t=0

Or i(t) =0.25 + e2t A
1Q 12
Example 5.13. Solve for i(t) in circuit as
shown in figure 5.10 (a) in which 3F
3F 10V6F
capacitor is initially charged to 20V, the 20V
6-F capacitor to 10V, and the switch is i(t)
closed at t = 0. Also draw the trans
formed circuit.
Fig. 5.10a).
Solution:

-10 = 0 ...)
0
108 D0 Circuits and Systems

Taking Laplace transform

I9)-+2I(9) + (e) +10
38 8
0
0r 10

1 10
Ie) + 2I\s) = 8 1

I8) = 20 38 1+1=2
48+1 20
5 I(s)
8+0.25
Therefore,
The
i(t) =1(Ie)] =5 e0.25 A Fig. 5.10).
transformed circuit from equation (i) is shown in
Example 5.14. At t =0, S is closed in the figure
circuit
All
of figure 5.11 find v, (t)
initial conditions are zero. and i,(t). ww
5.10(6).
Solution : Applying KCL, t= 0
R
R R
R dt
Taking Laplace transform,
8 R R
Fig. 5.11.
As
v, (0") = 0 (given)

1
V,(6) = 2
8* RC 8+
2
RC

Therefore,v,(0) = (VA0)) = C
&-1 RC 1 RC
8 2 2
8+
RC
2
V,t) = IR 1-e
2

And
i,() = C, lu,e)) =C. 2
RC

Or
(0) = I.e Rc' A
Example 5.15. In the
figure 5.12, S, is closed atcircuit
t= 0,
of
and t0 50)
1000 X=4msec
S, is opened at t=4
i(t) for t>0. msec. Determine )100V
(Assume inductor is initially 0.1H
de-energised)
Fig, 5. 12.