5-22 CHAPTER 4~ General & Excavation and Fits 309.1 Special Foundation Systems Special foundation systems or materials other than specified in the foregoing Sections may be introduced Provided that such systems canbe. supported by calculations and theory to be providing safe foundation solutions and when approved by the engineer-of-record The special foundations solutions for ineomporation into the foundation should have proven tack record of ‘successful usage in similar application 309.2 Acceptance and Approval Structure support ox improved ground using such special systems or proprictary systems may be approved subject, to submittal of calculations and other proof of acceptance and usage 309.3 Specific Applications Specialty foundation systems may be applied or used specifically to address any or combinations of the following: bearing capacity improvement, soil liquefaction mitigation, slope stability. enliancement, control and/or acceleration of consolidation settlements oF immediate setlements, inerease in soil shear strength and capacity, sliding resistance, increased pullout or ‘overturning capacity, special anchors in soil and rock and other beneficial effects, Controlled low streagth materials (CLSM) to reduce fill loads may be allowed for use where applicable, Association of Siuciural Engineers of the PhilippinesNSCP 101-10 en Chapter 4 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES VOLUME | BUILDINGS, TOWERS AND OTHER VERTICAL STRUCTURES SIXTH EDITION Association of Structural Engineers ofthe Philippines Suite 713, Point Plaza C 112 Panay Avenue, Quezon City rippines {00 Tel. No : (+632) 410-048 Fax No.: (#632) 411-8606 Email: asepor Website: htep:t/www.asepontine.org National Situctural Code of the Philippines 6" Elton Volume tTable of Contents LOTION 401» GENERAL. pi ator 1.2 Scope gRCTION 402 ~ DEFINITIONS. SECTION 403 - SPECIFICATIONS BL Noation 2 Tests of Materials 3 Cement A034 Agztozats, yo 5 Water 4036 Steet Reinforcement 103.7 Admintres 8 Storage of Materials n3.9 Sundards Cited in this Chapter SECTION 404 - DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS. 4061 Notation 4042 Definitions 4043 General 4044 Exposure Categories and Classes 494.5 Special Exposure Conditions F 404.6 Requirements for Concrete Mixtures 4047 Altemative Cemesitious Materials for Sulphate Exposure 404.8 Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio 4049 Corrasion Proton of Reinforcement SECTION 405 + CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING AND PLACING 405.1 Notations 4052 General 4053 Selection of Conecte Propanions 4054 roponioning on the Basis of Field Experience and Trial Miatures, of Both 405 3 Proportioning without Field Experience or Trial Mixtures 4056 Average Strength Reduction 405.7 Bvalvation and Acceptance of Concrete 405.8 Preparation of Equipment and Place of Deposit 405.9 Mixing 405.10 Conveying 405.11 Depositing 405.12 Curing 405.13 Hat Weather Reguicen SECTION 406 - FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES 406-1 Design of Formwork 406 2 Removal of Fors, Shores and Reshoring 406.3 Conduits and Pipes Embedded in Concrete 406.4 Consiruction Joints ECTION 407 - DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 407.1 Notations. 4072 Standard Hooks. 4073 Minimum Bend Diameters. 4074 Beading of Reinforcement 4075 Surface Conditions of Reinforcement 407-6 Placing Reinforcement 407-7 Spacing Lams for Reinforcement 407.8 Conorete Protection for Reinforcement 4079 Special Reinforcement Details for Coiumns 407.10 Connections National Si AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS: Eadtion Volume CHAPTER 4-Conoreio 4-14-2 CHAPTER 4. Conerete 401.11 Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Mombers 407.12 Lateral Reinforcement for Flexural Members 407.13 Shrinkage and ‘Temperature Reinforcement 407.14 Requirements for Structural Integrity SECTION 408 - ANALYSIS AND D! 408.1 Notations 408.2 Design Methods 408.3 Loading 208.4 Methods of Analysis: 408.5 Redistribution of Negative Moments in Continuous Nonprestressed Flexural Members 408.6 Modulus of Elasticity, 408.7 Lightweight Concrete 408.8 SitTaess 408.9 Effective Stiffness (o Determine Lateral Deflection 4408.10 Span Length 408.11 Columns 408.12 Arrangement of Live Load 408.13 T-bearm Construction 408.14 Joist Construction, 408.15 Separate Floor Finish SECTION 409 - STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS see 409.1 Notations. 409.2 General 409.3 Required Steength 409.4 Design Strength, 409.5 Design Strength for Reinforcement GN-GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 409.6 Controt of Deflections, “ . SECTION 410 - FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS mcs 7 410.1 Notations 410.2 Scope, 410.3 Design Assumptions 410.4 General Principles and. Requirements 410.5 Distance between Lateral Supports af Flexural Members 430.6 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members 410.7 Distbution of Flesnal Reinforcement in Beams and One-way 410.8 Deep Beams 410.9 Design Dimensions for Compression Members 410-10 Limits for Reinforcoment af Compression Members 410.11 Slendemess Effects in. Compression Members 410.12 Mognified Moments. ° 410.13 Moment Magnification Procedure - Nonsway. 410.14 Moment Magnification Procedure - Sway. 410.15 Axially Loaded Members Supporting Slab System. 410.16 Transmission of Column Loads thuough Floor System 410.17 Composite Compeession Members 410.18 Beating Strength SECTION 411 - SHEAR AND TORSION. ATT Novations 411.2 Shear Suengy 411.3 Lightweight Conerste. 4lLAShear Strongih Provided by Concrete for Nonprestiessed Members 411.5 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete for Prestressed Members 411.6 Shear Suength Provided by Shear Reinforcement 4117 Design for Torsion 411.8 Shear - Friction 411.9 Deep Beams. Assocation of Stctuval Engineers ofthe Philippines. o 47 45 4 49 50) 50 30 a 56 3CHAPTER ¢ 44 411.10Provisions for Brackets and. Corbels, 4ILAL Provisions for Walls 411,12 Transfer of Moments to Columns ‘411.13 Provisions for Slabs end Footings . SECTION 412 - DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT ‘412.1 Notations. 412.2 Development of Reinforcement - General. 4123 Development of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wi, © in Tension. 4124 Development of Deformed Bars in Compression 412.5 Development of Bundled Bars. 4126 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension 412.7 Development of Headed and Mechanically Anchored L_ eformed Bars in Tension 44128 Development of Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcer scot in Tension, 412.9 Development of Welded Plain Wire Reinforcement ir Teasion, 412.10 Development of Prestessing Strand 412.11 Development of flexural Reinforcement - General 412.12 Development of Positive Moment Reinforcement. 412.13 Development of Negative Moment Reinforcement 412.14 Development of Web Reinforcement 412.5 Splices of Reinforcement - General 412.16 Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tensi 412.17 Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression 412.18 Special Splices Requitements for Columns. 412.19 Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Reinforcement in Tens 03. 412.20 Splices of Welded Plain Wire Reinforcement in Tension SECTION 413 - TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS AI3.1 Notations 4132 Seope : 7 4133 Definitions nD 4134 Slab Reinforcement 0 413.5 Openings in Slab Systems vs a) 413.6 Design Procedures 82 413.7 Direct Design Method. 82 85 413.8 Equivatem Frame Method SECTION 414 - WALLS. 414.1 Notations 414.2 Scope 414.3 General a : 414.4 Minimum Reinforcement i 414.5 Walls Design as Compression Members. : 88 414.6 Empirical Design Method. 88 414.7 Non-Bearing Walls... : : 88 414.8 Walls as Grade Beams. : 89 414.9 Altemate Design of Slender Walls 89 eee 89 SECTION 415 - FOOTINGS. AIS.L Notations 415.2 Scope 4153 Loads and Reactions. 415.4 Footings Supporting Circular or Regular Polygon- Shaped Columas o¢ Pedes: 8 0 415.5 Moment in Footings. 90 415.6 Shear in Footings. 90 415.7 Development of Reinforcement in Footings : ot 415.8 Minitouim Footing Depth. 91 415.9 Transfer of Force a Base of Column, Wal o Reinforcement Pedestal 2 415.10 Sloped or Stepped Footings 2 9 415.11 Combined Footings and Mats. Notional Structural Code of the Philippines 6” Ed4-4 CHAPTER 4 Concrete 415.12 Plain Concrete Pedestals and Footings, SECTION 416 ~ PRECAST CONCRETE 416.1 Notations. 416.2 Scope. 416.3 General : 4164 Disteibution of Forces among Members. 416.5 Member Design Eanes | 416.6 Stcuctural Integrity, - a i 416.7 Connection and Bearing Design. 4168 tems Embedde After Conerete Placement 416.9 Marking and Identification. 416.10 Handling. 416.11 Strength Evaluation of Precast Construction . :CTION 417 - COMPOSITE CONCRETE PLEXURAL Min MBERS. 417A Notations 417.2 Scope. 417.3 Geneva © 417.4 Shoring, | ANTS Vertical Shear Strength 417.6 Horizontal Shear Strength 417.7 Ties for Horizontal Shear. SECTION 418 - PRESTRI 418.1 Notations 418.2 Scope. 418 3 General 418.4 Design Assumptions 418.5 Permissible Stresses in Concrete ~ Flexural Members 418.6 Permissible Siress in Presiressing Tendons | 418.7 Lass of Presuress 418.72 Friction Loss in Post-Tensioning Tendons, 418.8 Flexural Suengih, aes 418.9 Limits for Reinforcement of Flexural Members 418.10 Minimum Bonded Reinforcement :D CONCRETE. oe dO1 418.11 Stotically Indeterminate Structures, 418.12 Compression Members ~ Combined Flexural rj Axia! Loads 101 418,13 Slab Systems: 102 418.14 Post-Tensioned Tendon Anchorage Zones 103 € Zones for Monostranéy¢ Single 16 mm Diameter Bar Tendons 104 ¢ Zones for Moltistrant!, Tendons, 104 418.17 Corrosion Protection for Unbonded Prestic- sing Tendons 105 418.18 Pest-Tensioning Ducts 5 105, 418.19 Grout for Bonded Prestressing Tendam 10s 418.20 Protection for Prestressing Steel 105 418.21 Application and Measurement of Prew scying Fores 105 418.22 Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Crs. ers 106 418.23 Extemal Post- Tensioning. 109) SECTION 419 -SHPLLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS.. sol 419.1 Notations 109 419.2 Seape And Definitions 109 4193 Analysis and Design Ho 4194 Design strength of Materials no 110 419.5 Shell Reinforcement 419.6 Construction SECTION 420 -STRENGTH EVA! ,UATION OF 420.1 Notations 420.2 Strength Evalvation-Geveral m1 XISTING 8) PRUCTURES, Assocotca of Sitclural Engnoers of te PhappnesCHAPTER 4 Concieln 45 4420.3 Determination of Required Dimensions and Material Propenies... 112 42034 Load Test Proced ute. : : ae 12 4205, Loading Criteria 13 420.6 Acceptace Criteria vn 13 420.1 Provisions for Lower Load Rating. 13 13 420.8 Safety. SECTION 421 ~ BARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES 421.1 Notations. 421.2 Definitions 421.3 General Requirements 421.446 Mechanical Splices in Special Mament Frames and Special Structural Walls 421-4 Intermediate Precast Steuetural Walls 421.5 Flewural Members of Special Moment Frames. 421.6 Special Moment Frame Subjected to Bending and Axial Load 421.7 Joints of Special Moment Frames. 421.8 Special Rlnfoced Cone Srtiral Wis nd Coupling Beas, 421.9 Steucturat Diaphragms and Trusses, 421.10 Foundations 421.11 Members not Designated as Part ofthe Seisinic-Foree Resisting System, 421.12 Requirements for Intermediate Moment Frames, Seismic Zone 2 421.13 Special Moment Frames Using Proesst Concrete. 421.14 Ordinary Moment Frames, 421.15 Special Stevetural Walls Constructed Using. Pr SECTION 422 - STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCR 422.1 Noxaions 422.2 Scope 422.3 Limitations 422.4 Joins 422.5 Design Method 422.6 Strength Design 422.7 Walls. 422.8 Footing 422.9 Pedestals 422.10 Precast Members. 422,11 Prain Concrete in Earthquake-Resisting Structures SECTION 423- ANCHORAGE TO) CONCRETE... a 423.1 Definitions. 423.2 Scope 423.3 General Requizements 423.4 General Requirements for Strength of Anchors, n Requirements for Tensile Loading, 426.6 Desing Requirements for Shear Loading. 423.7 {meraetion of Tensile and Shear Forces. 423.8 Required Edge Distances, Spacings, and Thickness to Prechude Spliviing Failure 423.9 Insallation of Anchors, SECTION 424 - ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD... 424.1 Nowations ast Conroe 424.2 Scope 424.3 General 424.4 Permissible Serviee Load Stresses 424.5 Development and Splices of Reinfareement M45 424.7 Compression Members With oF Without Flexure 146 46 424.8 Shear and Torsion EXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS 425.1 Scope Natonat Structural Code of the Pritippaies 6" Eaton Volume 146 CHAPTER 4 Conceele 425.2 Redistibution of Negative Moments in Contiauous Non Prestressed Flexural Members SECTION 426 - ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS... SECTION 427 STRUT AND TIE MODELS... 427.1 Definitions 427.2 Strat-andTie Model Design Procedure 4273 Suength of Struts. 427.4 Srength of Ties, 4421.5 Strength of Nodal Zanes gineers ofthe Philippines. Associaton of Structuralstench ane 401.4 Notation Je =Specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa 401.2 Scope 401.241 This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete elements ‘of any building or other structure under requirements of the [National Building Code of the Philippines of which this Section of the National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1, forms a part of. This section also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures For structural concrete, f} shall not be less than 17 MPa. [No maximum value of shall apply unless restricted by specific code provision 4401,2.2 This chapter shall govem in all matters pertaining to he design, construction, and materisl properties of structural concrete elements wherever this chapter is in contlict with requirements contained in other standards referenced in this chapter, 401.2.3 Design and construction of one- and «wosfaily dwellings and multiple single-family dwellings (ownhouses) and their accessory structures will be covered hy provisions of the National Structural Code of the Phitippines, Volume 1, Housing, 401.24 For unusual structures, such as arches, tanks, teservoirs, bins and silos, blastresistant structures, and chimneys, provisions of this chapter shall govern where applicable. See also 422.23. 401.2.5 This chapter does not govern design and installation of portions of concrete piles and drilled picts embedded in {round except for structures in regions of high seismic risk fr assigned to high seismic performance or design categories, See Section 421-104 for requirements for ceoncrece piles, drilled piers, and caissons in structures in regions of high seismic risk or assigned to high seismic performance or design categories, 401.2.6°This chapter does not govern design and consiuetion of soil-suppored slabs, unless the slab ‘sansinits vertical loads from other portions of the structare (othe soi CHAPTER 4. Gonerete 47 401.27 Conerete on Steel Form Deck 401.2.7.1 Design and construction of structural concrete slabs east on slay-in-place, noncomposite steel form deck fre governed by this chapter 401.2.7.2. This chapter does not govern the composite esign af structural conercte slabs cast on stay-in-place, composite steel form deck, Concrete used in the construction of such slabs shall be governed by Sections 401 t0 406 of this chapter, where applicable. Portions of such slabs designed as reinforced concrete are governed by this Chapter for Earthquake Resistance 401.2.8 Special Provision 401,2.8.1 In regions of moderate (seismic Zone 2) oF high seismic risk (Seismie Zone 4), provisions of Section 421 shall be satistied, See Section 421.31 and 401.29 This chapter does not govern esign consirucion of tanks and reservoirs. Guidance on design and construction of concrete tanks reservoir shall be obtained from the American Concrete Institute ACI 350-01 oF ACI 350.06 “Code Requirements {for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures” unless sufficient supporting evidenee can be obtained from recognized tteratute [Naional Sinctural Cade of the Phiippines 6" Edition Volurse 448 CHAPTER 4 Conerote SECTION 402, DEFINITIONS ‘The following terms are defined for general use in this chapter. Specialized definitions appear in individual secvions. ADMIXTURE is materia other than water, ageregate, oF hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and adkded to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties, AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, Ceushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraslic cement ‘conereve or mortar AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is agaregare with a dry, loose weigh! of 1120 ke/tn' oF less. AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a figntweight conerete specimen cured for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture a 15° C10 29° C and dried for 2¢ days in $0 £7 percent relative humidity at 23°C # 1.1°C, IN POST-TENSIONING is 8 ANCHORAGE DEVI device used ts anchor tendons 10 conerete members pretensioning, a device used co anchor tendons dor hardening of concrete, ANCHORAGE ZONE IN” POST-TE} MEMBERS is the portion of the member through which the concentraied prestressing force is wansferred (9 the concrete and distributed more uniformly actass the section Hes extent is equal to the largest dimension of the ctoss section, For intormediate anchorage devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devives. BASE OF SPRUCTURE iy that level at which the horizontal earthquake ground motions are assunsed to be mpatted (0 a building. This level does not necessaily ‘coincide wit the ground! level, See Seevion 421 BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE. is aan anchorage device ase with any single sradl ora sing 6mm or smaller diameter bar that siisfies Section 418.22,1 and the anchorage device requirements oF the Past “Tensioning Instituie’s “Specification far Unbonded Single Sirane Tendons ISTRAND ANCHORAG! ed with multiple st BASIC. MUL’ fn anchorage device wires, or single bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that Selisies Section 418,221 andthe bearing. sess and ininimum pte fess requirements of AASHTO Standart Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17° Eduion, 2002, Division I, Sections 9.21.72. tnouph 921.724 BONDED TENDON is a presiressng tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting BOUNDARY ELEMENT is that portion along, swoctural wall and structural diaphragm edge strengthened by Jongitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Boundary elements do not necessarily require increase inthe thickness. fof wall or diaphragin, Edges of opening within walls and diaphragms shall be provided with boundary elements as requited by Section 421.8,6.2 or 421.9.7, See Section 421. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are mateials as specified in Section 4003 which have cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as portland coment, blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, tr such materials in combination with fly ash, ca oF other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground ranslated blast-furnace slag, COLLECTOR ELEMENT is an element thot acts in axial tension of compression 10 wansimit earthquake-induced fotces between a structural diapheagm and a vertical element of the seismie-foreo-resisting system, See Section 21 COLUMN is a member with a ratio of heightto-least- lateral dimension of 3 oF greater used primarily to support axial compressive loud. For a tapered member, the least Iuueral dimension is the average of the top and bottom ‘dimensions of the smaller sid. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS ave conerete flexural members of precast and eastin-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate plae- ‘ments bu so interconnected that all elements respond 10 Toads as a unit COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross seetion in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or equal 1 the comipression-contealied strain lini COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile stain at halamced sir conditions, See Scetion 40.4.3, CONCRETE is 9 mixture of portland cement or any te hnyelraulie coment, fine agaregate, coarse aggregate an er, with oF without amixtures, Assoriaton of Stuciual Eng sears of the PhilippiansCONCRETE, NORMALWEIGHTT is concrete containing ‘nly aggregate that conforms to ASTM C33. CONCREFE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT is lightweight conorete containing only normal weight aggregate that conforms (o ASTM C33 and only lightweight aggregate that, onforms to ASTM C330. SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE YD i he compressive stength of onerete used in design and evaluated in accordance with provisions of Section 405 in MPa. Whenever the quantity Je is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value ‘only isintended, and result has units of MPa CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT is concrete continig lightweight aggregate that coafoems 10 Section 403.4 and las an air-dry unit weight as determined by "Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concree” (ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 Ke/m’. In ths code, igheweight concrete containing only lightweight coarse and fine aparegates that conform to ASTM C330 is termed “concrete, altighweigh. and lightweight concrete containing lightweight aggregate and an equilibrium density, as determined by ASTM C567, bewween 1440 ym? and 1840 kgf, tecmed “concrete ightweight CONNECTION is 8 region that joins two or more members. In Section 421, a connection also refers 10 @ region that joins members of which one or more is precast for which the following more specific definitions apply: DUCTILE CONNECTION is. @ connection that experiences yielding as a rosult of the earthquake design displacements. STRONG CONNECTION 4 comecto elastic while adjoining members experience yielding 2s a result of the earthquake design displacements CONTRACT DOCUMENTS | are documents, includ the project drawings and project specifieations, covering the required Work CONTRACTION JOINT is « formed, sawed, or tooled Dove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of erscking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure COVER, SPECIFIED CONCRETE is the distance between the oulermos! surface of embedded reinforcement ul the closest ower surface of the concrete indicated on Uesign drawings or in projest specifications. CROSSTHE is # continuous reinforcing bar taving a seismic hook at one end anel a hook not less than 90-degree ‘Nationat Siructsal Code ofthe Phiippines 6” Ed CHAPTER 4-Goncrete 48 ‘hooks with at least six-diameter extension atthe other end. ‘The books shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The o-degree hooks of twa successive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end. See Seotions 407, 421 CURVATURE PRICTION is fiction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS ce deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats, defermed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric ‘conforming to Section 403.6.3. DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total _laterat displacement expected for the design-basis earthquake, as Fequired by the governing code for earhquake-resistant design. See Section 421 DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS ate the combination ‘of factored loads and forces in Section 4093, DESIGN STORY DRIFT RATIO. is the relative difference of design displacement in between the top and bottom of a story, divided by the story height. See Section 421 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required (0 develop the design strength of reinforcement ata critical section, See Section 409.43. DROP PANEL is a projection below the slab used 0 reduce the amount of negative reinforcesneat over a column ‘or the minimum required slab thickness, and to increase the slab shear strength, See Sections 413.3. and 4134.7. DUCT is a conduit (plain or corrugated) to accommodate prestiessing steel for post-tensioned instalation Requirements for post-tensioning duets are given in Section 418.18 PEFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement ECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons aller all losses have occutred, texchuding effects of doad load and superimposed load. EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond «critical section, EQUILIBRIUM DENSITY is the density of lightweighs cconerele afer exposure to a relative humidity of 50 & 5 percent anda temperature of 23.00 2.00" C for a period of rant density (see ASTM C567). Time sufficient to seach co jon Volume t4:10 CHAPTER 4 - Concrole EXTREME ‘TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber. HEADED DEFORMED BARS are deformed reinforcing bars with heads atached at one or both ends. Heads are attached to the bar end by means such as welding or forging ‘onto the bar, internal threads on the head mating t threads ‘on the bar end, or a separate threaded mut to secur the head of the bar. The net bearing area of headed deformed bar equals the grass area of che heal minus the lager ofthe avea of the bar andthe area of any obstruction. HEADED SHEAR STUD REINFORCEMENT is a reinforcement consisting of individual headed studs, or ‘groups of studs, with anchorage provided by a head at each fend oF a common base rail consisting of a steel plate ot shape. HOOP is a closed tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcement elements each having hooks at both ends. A continuously wound tie shall have a seismic hook at both ends. See Section 421 ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining pats of & concrete structure, usually a vertical plane, ata {designed location such a to interfere least with performance ‘of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in| the conerete and through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted JACKING FORCE is the temporary foree exerted by device that introduces tension into prestessing tendons in prestressed concrete JOINT is a postion of structure common to intersect members, The effective erose-sectional arca af a joint of a special moment fame, A for shear strength compistations is defined in Section 421.7.4.1 LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported by a member, as defined by Section 204 (without toad factors). LOAD, FACTORED is the load, mukiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion members by the strength design method of this chapeer, See Seetions 408.2.1 snd 4093, LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by Section 205 (Govithout load factors), LOAD, SERVICE is the lod specified hy Seetions 204 to 207 (withoot load factors), MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of nora sess ‘o corresponding strain for tensile or compressive ses below proportional limit of material. See Section MOMENT FRAME is a fraine in which members and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and axial force, Moment frames designated as par of the seismic forces resisting system shall be categorized as follows ORDINARY MOMENT FRAME js a castin-ploro or precast concrete frame complying with the requitemeas: of Sections 401 t0 418, and, inthe case of ordinary mat frames assigned co areas with low seismic tisk, ats complying with Section 421.14 INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME is a castin-place frame complying with the requirements of Section 421.12 in dition o the equirements for ordinary moment frames. SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME. 2 castin-place frame ‘complying withthe requirements of Section 421.3.4 thro 421.3.7, 421.5 through 421.2, ora precest frame comply with the requirements of Section 421.5 through 421 421.131 dhrough 421.134, In addition, the requirements | ordinary monent frames shall be satisfied. NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nomi sirength exclusive of strains dve co effective prestress creep, shrinkage and temperature. PEDESTAL is an wpright compression member with a ratio ‘of unsupported height 19 average least lateral dimension noi exceeding 3. For tapered member, the least lateral “dimension is the average of the top and boltom dimensions ‘of the smaller site. PLAIN CONCRE! with 0 ‘winforcement oF with Less reinforcement than the minimus mount specified for einforeed concrete Eis structural concrete PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is seinforcement that docs not conform 10 definition of deformed reinforcement, See Section 403.6. PLASTIC HINGE REGION is the length of fra clement over which flexural yielding is intend to occur due (o earthquake design displacements, extending not fess than distance i trom the eritieal section where Nexural yielding initiates. Soe Section 421 POST-TENSIONING is 2 method! of prestessing in whieh rendons are ‘ensioned after concrete has hardened PRECAST CONCRETE is structural conevete element cast in other than its final position in the structure Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines