Media & Society

Semester – II
Paper Code – 20JRMO1

Common paper for 2nd Semester

Centre for Distance and Online Education

(A State University established under Haryana Act No. XXV of 1975)
NAAC 'A+’ Grade Accredited University
Author: Dr. Abid Ali

Copyright 2022, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK

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 Paper Code 20JRM01
MEDIA AND SOCIETY
Second Semester
Time Allowed 3 hrs Max. Marks 100
Theory Marks 80
Assignment 20
UNIT I
1. Media Definition
2. Relationship of Media in Society
3. Impact of Media on society – recent trends
4. Media and Social Development
UNIT II
1. Media Literacy
2. Impact of Media on children and youth
3. Media and gender issues
4. Media and Rural Society
UNIT III
1. Media and Violence
2. Media and Rising Crime
3. Media and Democracy
4. Media and development of Scientific temperament
5. Media and environmental issues
UNIT IV
1. Media Accountability.
2. Media and Economic development
3. Media and Nation Building
4. Popular culture and media
UNIT-1

1- çLrkouk
2- mns';
3- ehfM;k dh ifjHkk"kk
4- ehfM;k vkSj lekt ds chp laca/k
5- lekt ij ehfM;k dk çHkko %orZeku ço`fÙk
6- ehfM;k vkSj lkekftd fodkl
7- lkjka'k
8- vH;kl ç'u
9- çeq[k 'kCn
10- lUnHkZ,oa v/;;u lkexzh

yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds fØ;kdykiksa ij utj j[kus ds fy;s
ehfM;k dks pkSFks LraHk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA 18oha 'krkCnh ds ckn ls [kkldj vesfjdh Lora=rk
vkanksyu vkSj Ýkalhlh Økafr ds le; ls turk rd igqapus vkSj mls tkx:d dj l{ke cukus esa
ehfM;k us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ehfM;k dh ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fdlh Hkh O;fä] laLFkk] lewg vkSj
ns'k dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaL—frd ,oa jktuSfrd :i ls le`) cuk ldrh gSA
orZeku le; esa ehfM;k dh mi;ksfxrk] egÙo ,oa Hkwfedk fujarj c<+rh tk jgh gSA dksbZ Hkh lekt]
ljdkj] oxZ] laLFkk] lewg ;kO;fä ehfM;k dh mis{kk dj vkxs ugha c<+ ldrkA vkt ds thou esa
ehfM;k ,d vifjgk;Z vko';drk cu x;k gSA bUgha esa ls dqN eqís tSls ehfM;k dh ifjHkk"kk ]ehfM;k
vkSj lekt ds chp lac/a k]lekt ij ehfM;k dk çHkko %orZeku ço`fÙk ]ehfM;k vkSj lkekftd fodkl ij
bl bdkbZ esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

bl bdkbZ dks i<us ds ckn vki

1- ehfM;k ds mi;ksxksa ds ckjs esa crk ldsx
a s
2- ehfM;k o~ lekt ds fofHkUu lac/a kksa dk o.kZu dj ldsx
a s
 3- lkekftd fodkl dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsx
a s
4- fefM;k ds çHkkoksa dh ppkZ dj ldsx
a s

lapkj ,d vuojr çfØ;k gSA bldh mRifÙk i`Foh ij ekuo lH;rk ds lkFk gqbZ gSA çkjafHkd
;qx esa ekuo viuh Hkko&Hkafxekvksa vkSj çrhd fpUgksa ds ekè;e ls lapkj djrk Fkk] fdUrq vkèkqfud ;qx
esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa Økafrdkjh vuqlaèkku ds dkj.k lapkj cqyUnh ij igqap x;k gSA jsfM;ks]
Vsyhfotu] flusek] VsyhQksu] eksckby] QSDl] baVjusV] bZ&esy] osc lkbV~l] VsyhfçUVj] baVjd‚e]
Vsyh&dkUÝsfa lax] dscy] lekpkj i=] if=dk bR;kfn lapkj ds vR;kèkqfud ekè;e gSaA lapkj ekè;eksa dks
vR;kèkqfud cukus esa ;q)ksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA 20 oha 'krkCnh ds eè; rd lapkj dks Lora=
fo"k; ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA jktuhfr'kkL=] lekt'kkL=] ekuo'kkL= rFkk euksfoKku ds fo'ks"kK vius
fo"k; dh t:jr ds eqrkfcd vè;;u djrs FksA gkykafd] bldh fof'k"Vrk dk ,glkl nqfu;k dks çFke
foÜo ;q) ¼1914&1918½ ds ckn gksus yxk FkkA ,d Lora= fo"k; ds :i esa blds vè;;u dh
vko';drk rc eglwl dh x;h] tc f}rh; foÜo ;q) ¼1939&1945½ ds nkSjku teZuh ds rkuk'kkg
'kkld fgVyj ds çpkj ea=h xks;cYl us dguk 'kq: fd;k& fdlh >wB dks ckj&ckj nksgjkvks rks lp
gks tkrk gSA f}rh; foÜo;q) ds ckn iwjh nqfu;k nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gks x;h FkhA ,d xqV dk
lkezkT;oknh vesfjdk rFkk nwljs xqV dk lkE;oknh lksfo;r la?k usr`Ro djus yxkA nksuksa egk'kfä;ksa ds
chp fons'kh mifuos'k ls eqä gksus okys Hkkjr tSls dqN rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'k Fks] ftUgsa vius xqV esa
'kkfey djus ds fy, egk'kfä;ksa ds chp gksM+ eph FkhA blds fy, nksuksa vius lSU; cyksa dks
vR;kèkqfud gfFk;kjksa ¼ukfHkdh; o tSfod ceks½a rFkk [kqfQ;k ra=ksa dks vR;kèkqfud lapkj ekè;eksa ls ySl
djus esa yxs FksA blh nkSjku vesfjdh çfrj{kk foHkkx us baVjusV dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA lksfo;r la?k ds
fo?kVu ds ckn vesfjdk us vius baVjusV dk njoktk nqfu;k dks mi;ksx djus ds fy, [kksy fn;k gS]
tks orZeku le; esa lcls Rofjr xfr dk lapkj ekè;e gSA

lapkj ¼ Communication½ : lapkj 'kCn dk lkekU; vFkZ gksrk gS& fdlh lwpuk ;k lans'k
dks ,d O;fä ls nwljs O;fä rd igqapkuk ;k lEçsf"kr djukA 'kkfCnd vFkksZa esa lapkj vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds
Communication 'kCn dk fgUnh :ikarj.k gSA ftldh mRifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds Communis 'kCn ls
gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS lkekU; ¼Commun½] vFkkZRk lapkj 'kCn ls rkRi;Z lwpuk nsus okys lapkjd
¼Sender½ vkSj lwpuk xzg.k djus okys çkid ¼ Receiver½ ds eè; mHk;fu"Brk LFkkfir djus ls gSA
blls lapkjd vkSj çkid ds eè; le>nkjh o lk>snkjh fodflr gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks lapkj
,d ,slk ç;kl gS ftlds ekè;e ls ,d O;fä nwljs O;fä ds fopkjks]a Hkkoukvksa ,oa eukso`fÙk;ksa esa
lgHkkxh curk gSA lapkj dk vkèkkj 'laokn' vkSj lEçs"k.k gSA fofHkUu foèkkvksa ds fo'ks"kKksa us lapkj dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS] ysfdu fdlh ,d ifjHkk"kk ij loZlEer ugha cu ldh gSA dqN
çpfyr ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa :
v‚DlQksMZ fMD'kujh ds vuqlkj& fopkjks]a tkudkjh oxSjg dk fofue;] fdlh vkSj rd igqapkuk ;k
ckaVuk] pkgs og fyf[kr] ekSf[kd ;k lkadsfrd gks] lapkj gSA
pkYlZ bZ- v‚lxqM ds vuqlkj& vke rkSj ij lapkj rc gksrk gS] tc ,d flLVe ;k lzksr fdlh nwljs ;k
xarO; dks fofHkUu çdkj ds ladsrksa ds ekè;e ls çHkkfor djsa A
yqbZl ,- ,ysu ds vuqlkj& lapkj mu lHkh fØ;kvksa dk ;ksx gS ftuds }kjk ,d O;fä nwljs ds lkFk
le>nkjh LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gSA lapkj vFkksZa dk ,d iqy gSA blesa dgus] lquus vkSj le>us dh ,d
O;ofLFkr rFkk fu;fer çfØ;k 'kkfey gSA
dSFk MSfol ds vuqlkj& ,d O;fä ls nwljs O;fä dks lwpuk Hkstus rFkk le>us dh fofèk gSA ;g
vko';d rkSj ij yksxksa esa vFkZ dk ,d iqy gSA iqy dk ç;ksx djds ,d O;fä vkjke ls xyr le>us
dh unh dks ikj dj ldrk gSA
,syu ds vuqlkj& lapkj ls rkRi;Z mu leLr rjhdksa ls gS] ftudks ,d O;fä viuh fopkjèkkjk dks
nwljs O;fä dh efLr"d esa Mkyus ;k le>kus ds fy, viukrk gSA ;g okLro esa nks O;fä;ksa ds efLr"d
ds chp dh [kkbZ dks ikVus okyk lsrq gSA blds varxZr~ dgus] lquus rFkk le>us dh ,d oSKkfud
çfØ;k lnSo pkyw jgrh gSA
eSdMsfoM vkSj gjkjh ds vuqlkj& euksoSKkfud –f"V ls lapkj ls rkRi;Z O;fä;ksa ds chp fopkjksa vkSj
vfHkO;fä;ksa ds vknku&çnku ls gSA
Øp ,oa lkfFk;ksa ds vuqlkj& fdlh oLrq ds fo"k; esa leku ;k lgHkkxh Kku dh çkfIr ds fy, çrhdksa
dk mi;ksx gh lapkj gSA ;|fi euq";ksa esa lapkj dk egRoiw.kZ ekè;e Hkk"kk gh gS] fQj Hkh vU; çrhdksa
dk ç;ksx gks ldrk gSA

mijksä ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdlh ,d O;fä ls nwljs O;fä

vFkok lewg dks dqN lkFkZd fpàksa] ladsrksa ;k çrhdksa ds ekè;e ls Kku] lwpuk] tkudkjh o euksHkkoksa dk
vknku&çnku djuk gh lapkj gSA
 21oha 'krkCnh dk ekuo lapkj ekè;eksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA blds vHkko esa u rks dksbZ O;fä] lewg o
lekt çxfr dj ldrk gS vkSj u rks ekuo thou esa thokUrrk vk ldrh gSA bldh mi;ksfxrk dks
ns[krs gq, ykMZ eSdkys us lapkj dks 'pkSFkhlÙkk' dk uke fn;kA lapkj ds dk;kZs dks mudh ç—fr ds
vkèkkj ij nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyk] çkFkfed dk;Z& ftlds varxZr lwpuk
nsuk] f'kf{kr djuk] funZsf'kr djuk nwljk] f}rh;d dk;Z& ftlds varxZr fopkj foe'kZ] laxks"Bh]
lsehukj] ifjppkZ] okrkZy‚i bR;kfn vkrs gSa A lapkj fo'ks"kK gSjkYM y‚losy us lapkj ds rhu çeq[k
dk;Z cryk;k gSA
1- lwpuk laxzg ,oa çlkj]
2- lekt o ifjos'k ds fofHkUu vaxksa ls lEcUèk LFkkfir djuk] vkSj
3- lkaL—frd fojklr dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd LFkkukarfjr djukA
¼1½ lwfpr djuk : ,d tekuk Fkk] tc dgk tkrk Fkk& Knowledge is Power ¼Kku gh 'kfä gS½]
ysfdu vkt dgk tkrk gS& The Information is Power ¼lwpuk gh 'kfä gS½A nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
ftlds ikl uohure vkSj vfèkdre lwpuk gksxh] og lcls vfèkd rkdroj gksxkA vkèkqfud ;qx esa
lwpuk ,d 'kfä'kkyh gfFk;kj cudj mHkjk gS] ftl O;fä ;k lekt ;k jk"Vª ds ikl ftruh vfèkd
lwpuk gksrh gS] mls mruk gh vfèkd 'kfä'kkyh ekuk tkrk gSA mruk gh vfèkd çxfr ds iFk ij
vxzlj gksrk gSA ekuo vius ftKklq LoHkko ds dkj.k ikl&iM+ksl vkSj ns'k&nqfu;k dh rktkrjhu
?kVukvksa ls tqM+h lwpukvksa dks tkuus ds fy, lnSo rRij jgrk gSA lwpukvksa ds vHkko esa Lo;a dks
lekt ls dVk gqvk eglwl djrk gSA vkèkqfud ;qx esa lapkj ekè;eksa dk çeq[k dk;Z lwpuk nsuk gSA bl
dk;Z dks lekpkj i=] if=dk] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj] bZ&esy] baVjusV] VsyhQksu] eksckby] lks'ky
usVofdZax lkbV~l] ;w&Vîwc] osc iksVZYl bR;kfn ds ekè;e ls fd;k tk jgk gSA

¼2½ f'kf{kr djuk : lapkj dk nwljk çeq[k dk;Z f'k{kk dk çpkj&çlkj dj lekt ds yksxksa dks f'kf{kr
djuk gSA f'k{kk us foKku dks tUe fn;k gS vkSj foKku us lapkj ekè;eksa dksA vc lapkj ekè;e f'k{kk
vkSj foKku nksuksa ds çpkj o çlkj esa mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA lekt dks f'kf{kr djus dk
mís'; ek= i<u+k&fy[kuk ugha gS] cfYd ns'k o lekt esa miyCèk lalkèkuksa dh tkudkjh nsdj mi;ksx
djus ;ks³~x; cukuk gSA f'k{kk ls ekuo dk ckSf)d fodkl o pfj= fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ekuo thou esa
dykRedrk dk lw=ikr gksrk gSA vius vuqHkoksa ds vknku&çnku ls ekuo cgqr dqN lh[kus dk ç;Ru
djrk gSA vuqHkoksa dk mn~Hko vukSipkfjd lapkj ls gksrk gS] ftlesa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk
egRoiw.kZ gSA fo'ks"kKksa dk dFku gS fd] lapkj ekè;eksa }kjk f'k{kk dk ftruk vfèkd çpkj&çlkj gksxk]
ns'k o lekt mruk gh vfèkd lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaL—frd] jktuhfrd vkSj uSfrd fodkl dh –f"V
ls le`)'kkyh gksxkA vktdy Vsyhfotu o jsfM;ks ij NCERT vkSj IGNOU ds vusd 'kS{kf.kd
dk;ZØeksa dk çlkj.k gks jgk gSA lekpkj i=ksa] if=dkvksa o osclkbVksa ij çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh
ds ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh nh tk jgh gSA vr: yksxksa dk f'kf{kr djuk lapkj dk çeq[k dk;Z gSA

¼3½ euksjatu djuk : lapkj ekè;eksa dk rhljk çeq[k dk;Z yksxksa dk euksjatu djuk gSA euksjatu esa
ekuo thou dh uhjlrk dks rksMu+]s fpark o ruko ls è;ku gVkus rFkk rktxh Hkjus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
;gha dkj.k gS fd lapkj ekè;eksa dh enn ls dkVZwu] ys[k] laxhr] dfork] ukVd bR;kfn dk
çlkj.k@çdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa flusek] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj] baVjusV tSls
ekè;e yksxksa ds le{k euksjatukRed lkexzh çLrqr dj jgs gSaA euksjatu yksxksa dh Hkkouk o
laons u'khyrk ls tqM+k gS] D;ksafd vius nSfud thou esa yksx flusek dykdkjksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
euksjatu ds ekè;eksa ls yksxksa dks ikl&iM+ksl ds ifjos'k] laL—fr] QS'ku bR;kfn ds ckjs esa tkuus]
le>us o lh[kus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA lapkj ekè;e lekt esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij fc[kjs fdUrq ,d
gh ç—fr ds yksxksa dks euksjatu ds ekè;e ls tksM+rk gS rFkk vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djkrk gSA lu~ 1990 ds
n'kd esa Vsyhfotu rFkk lu~ 2000 ds n'kd esa ,Q,e jsfM;ks us csM:e esa ?kqliSB dh rFkk
euksjatukRed dk;ZØeksa dk çlkj.k dj yksxksa dks vius eksg tky esa Qalk fy;kA

vkèkqfud ;qx esa lwpuk vkSj euksjatu ijLij ,d nwljs ds fudV vk x;s gSaA bldk mnkgj.k gS]
lekpkj i=ksa esa dkVZuw rFkk Vhoh pkSuyksa ij ,uhes'ku ds lkFk lekpkjksa dk çdk'ku o çlkj.kA buds
feJ.k ls ,d u;k 'kCn cuk gS&'bUQksVsUesVa ' vFkkZr~ ,slh lkexzh ftlesa 'buQkZses'ku' ¼lwpuk½ Hkh gks vkSj
'baVjusVesaV' ¼euksjatu½ HkhA
vU; dk;Z : lapkj ds vU; çeq[k dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa :&

¼A½ ekuoh; laons ukvksa dks O;ä djuk]

¼B½ HkkoukRed Lrj ij rqf"Vdj.k dk mik; djuk]
¼C½ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds çfr lnSo rRij jguk]
¼D½ uokpkj ds çpkj&çlkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djuk]
 ¼E½ fujlrk dks nwj dj cnyko ds fy, çsfjr djuk]
¼F½ fofHkUu lkekftd ?kVdksa ij fuxjkuh j[kuk] vkSj
¼G½ lkekftd mUu;u ds fy, ç;Ru'khy jgukA
mijksä vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd lapkj ,d ,slk ojnku gS] ftldk mi;ksx dj ekuo us
vius ckSf)d dkS'ky dks fodflr djus vkSj vius cqf) o ifjJe ds cy ij csgrj thou cukus dk
ç;kl fd;k gSA blhfy, ekuo dks vU; thoèkkfj;ksa esa Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA
¼Types of Communication½
lapkj ekuo thou dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa esa ls ,d gS] ftlds u gksus dh fLFkfr esa ekuo vèkwjk gksrk gSA
vius lekt esa ekuo dgha lapkjd ds :i esa lans'k lEçsf"kr djrk gS] rks dgha çkid ds :i esa lans'k
xzg.k djrk gSA lapkj çfØ;k esa lapkjd 'kfCnd ladsrksa ds :i esa míhidksa dks lEçsf"kr dj çkid ds
O;ogkj dks cnyus dk ç;kl djrk gSA lapkj dsoy 'kkfCnd ugha gksrk gS] cfYd blesa mu lHkh fØ;k,a
Hkh lEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ftuls çkid çHkkfor gksrk gSA lapkj çfØ;k esa lans'k dk çokg lapkjd ls
çkid rd gksrk gSA bl çfØ;k esa 'kkfey yksxksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij lapkj ds çdkjksa dk oxÊdj.k
fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksfa d ekuo ,d&nks yksxksa ls ,d fdLe dk rFkk fdlh lewg@lewnk; ds lkFk vU;
fdLe dk O;ogkj djrk gSA lapkj çfØ;k esa 'kkfey yksxksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij lapkj eq[;r: pkj
çdkj dk gksrk gS :&
1- var: oS;fäd lapkj]
2- varj oS;fäd lapkj]
3- lewg lapkj] vkSj
4- tulapkjA
lapkj ekè;e dks vaxzsth es Communication Medium lapkj ekè;e dk çHkko lekt esa
vukfndky ls gh jgk gSA lapkj ekè;e lzkrs ,oa Jksrk ds eè; ,d eè;&LFky –'; gS tks eq[;r:
lwpuk dks lapkjd ls ysrk gS rFkk çkid dks nsrk gSA ç—fr ds vkèkkj ij lapkj ekè;eksa dk oxÊdj.k
fuEufyf[kr gS :&
ijEijkxr ekè;e : lapkj ds ijEijkxr ekè;e dk mn~Hko vukfndky esa gh gks x;k FkkA rc ekuo
lapkj dk vFkZ rd ugha tkurk FkkA lH;rk ds fodkl ls eqæ.k ds vkfo"dkj rd ijEijkxr ekè;eksa ls
gh lans'k dk lEçs"k.k ¼lapkj½ gksrk FkkA bu ekè;eksa }kjk lEçsf"kr lans'k dk çHkko lekt ds lk{kj vkSj
fuj{kj nksuksa rjg ds yksxksa ij gksrk FkkA blds varxZr èkkfeZd çopu] gfjdFkk] lHkk] i;ZVu] xkjh] xhr]
laxhr] yksd laxhr] u`R;] jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] dBiqryh] dgkuh] dFkk] fdLlk] esyk] mRlo] fp=]
'khyk&ys[k] ladsr bR;kfn vkrs gSaA bl çdkj ds ijEijkxr ekè;e vukfndky ls gh lans'k lEçs"k.k ds
lkFk euksjatu dk dk;Z Hkh djrs vk jgs gSaA naxy ¼dq'rh½] [ksydwn] yksdxhr çfr;ksfxrk ds vk;kstu
ds ihNs çfrHkkvksa dks çksRlkgu nsus ds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa ds le{k LoLF; euksjatu çLrqr djuk FkkA
eqfær ekè;e : teZuh ds t‚u xqVsuoxZ us Vkbi dk fuekZ.k fd;k] tks eqæ.k ¼fçafVax çsl½ dk vkèkkj
cuk gSA eqæ.k ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn lapkj ds {ks= esa Økafr vk x;hA gkykafd blls iwow Z gLrfyf[kr i=ksa
ds ekè;e ls lwpuk lEçs"k.k dk dk;Z çkjaHk gks pqdk Fkk] ysfdu mldh igqap dqN lhfer yksxksa rd gh
FkhA eqfær ekè;e ds çpyu ds ckn lapkj dks ekuks ij yx x;kA çkjaHk esa eqfær ekè;e ds :i esa
dsoy iqLrd dks çpyu Fkk] fdUrq ckn esa lekpkj i=] if=dk] iEiysV] iksLVj bR;kfn eqfær ekè;e ds
:i esa lapkj dk dk;Z djus yxsA orZeku le; esa Hkh f'kf{kr tuekul ds chp eqfær ekè;eksa dk dkQh
çpyu gSA eqæ.k rduhdh ds {ks= esa yxkrkj gks jgs fodkl us eqfær ekè;eksa dks igys dh vis{kk dkQh
vfèkd çHkkoh cuk fn;k gSA eqfær ekè;eksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd buds lans'k dks dbZ ckj
i<+k] nwljks dks i<+k;k rFkk lk{; ds :i esa çLrqr djus ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA
bysDVª‚fud ekè;e : VsyhxzkQ ds vkfo"dkj ls lapkj dks bysDVªkfud ekè;e fey x;kA bldh enn
ls nwj&njkt ds {ks=ksa esa Rofjr xfr ls lwpuk dk lEçs"k.k laHko gks ldrkA blds ckn Øe'k: VsyhQksu]
jsfM;ks] ok;jysl] flusek] Vsi fjdkMZj] Vsyhfotu] ohfM;ks dSlsV fjdkMZj] dEI;wVj] eksMe] baVjusV]
lhMh@MhohMh Iys;j] i‚MdkLVj bR;kfn ds vkfo"dkj ls lapkj Økafr vk xbZA bysDVª‚fud lapkj
ekè;eksa dks mudh ç—fr ds vkèkkj ij JO; vkSj –';&JO; ekè;eksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
JO; ekè;e ds varxZr VsyhQksu] jsfM;ks] ok;jysl] VsifjdkMZj bR;kfn rFkk –';&JO; ekè;e ds varxZr
flusek] Vsyhfotu] ohfM;ks dSlsV Iys;j] lhMh@MhohMh Iys;j bR;kfn vkrs gSaA bysDVª‚fud lapkj ekè;e
dks æwrxfr dk lapkj ekè;e Hkh dgrs gSaA budh enn ls yk[kksa&djksM+ksa dh la[;k okys rFkk nwj&nwj
rd fc[kjs yksxksa ds ikl lwpuk dk lEçs"k.k laHko gks ldk gSA

lapkj ds mijksä rhuksa ekè;e ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dk ifjpk;d gSA rhuksa dh viuh&viuh
fo'ks"krk,a gSA lapkj Økafr ds ekStnw k ;qx esa Hkh ijEijkxr ekè;e vius vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus esa l{ke
gS] D;ksafd eqfær ekè;e ekè;e dh dsoy i<+&
s fy[ks rFkk bysDVª‚fud dh dsoy lkèku lEiUu lekt ds
chp yksdfç;rk gSA bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k ;g gS fd Hkkjr xkaoksa dk ns'k gS] tgka dh 70 Qhlnh
vkcknh dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk çeq[k lkèku [ksrh&fdlkuh gSA xkaoksa dh gkykr 21oha 'krkCnh ds nwljs n'kd
esa Hkh larks"k tud ugha gSA deksos'k ;gha fLFkfr rhljh nqfu;k ds vfèkdka'k ns'kksa dh gSA
lapkj ,d lrr~ çfØ;k gS ftlesa fuEu N: rRo ,d fuf'pr mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, vkil esa
fØ;k&çfrfØ;k djrs gSa A
¼i½ lapkjd¤ ¼Communicator½ lapkj çfØ;k esa lapkjd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;g çkid
dh leL;kvksa ,oa vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i lans'k dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA lapkjd lans'k dk lzksr o
fuekZrk gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lapkjd og O;fä gksrk gS tks lapkj çfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr djrk gSA bls
dE;qfudsVj] lsM
a j] lzkrs ] lEçs"kd] ,udksMj] laoknd bR;kfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA lEçsf"kr lans'k dk
çkid ij D;k vkSj fdruk çHkko gksxk] ;g lapkjd ds lEçs"k.k dyk vkSj Kku ds Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA
¼ii½ lans'k ¼Message½ lapkj çfØ;k esa fopkjksa o vuqHkoksa dk lEçs"k.k gksrk gSA fopkj o vuqHko dks
gh lans'k dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa& çkid ls lapkjd tks dqN dguk pkgrk gS og lans'k gSA lans'k
fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] çrhdkRed rFkk 'kkjhfjd gko&Hkko ds :i esa gksrk gSA lans'k dks varoZLrq
¼Contents½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA çk;: lans'k dk fuekZ.k var:oS;fäd lapkj ds :i esa gksrk gS] ysfdu
;g t:jh ugha gS og mlh :i esa çkid rd igqapsA ,d lans'k vyx&vyx ekè;eksa ls vyx&vyx
çkidksa rd vyx&vyx :iksa esa igqaprk gSA lans'k dk fuekZ.k djrs le; lapkjd dks lans'k dh fo"k;
oLrq] lans'k dh foospuk] lans'k ekè;e] çkid ds Kku dk Lrj bR;kfn dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;sA buesa
ls fdlh ,d dk xyr p;u gksus ij çHkkoh lapkj laHko ugha gSA
¼iii½ ekè;e ¼Channel½ lapkj çfØ;k es ekè;e lsrq dh rjg gksrk gS] tks lapkj vkSj çkid dks
tksMu+s dk dk;Z djrk gSA lans'k fdl rjg ds Jksrkvksa rd] fdl xfr ls rFkk fdrus le; esa igqapkuk
gS] ;g ekè;e ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lekpkj i=] Vsyhfotu pkSuy] jsfM;ks] osc iksVZYl] bZ&esy] QSDl]
VsyhfçaVj] eksckby bR;kfn lapkj ds vR;kèkqfud ekè;e gSaA lEçsf"kr lans'k dh lQyrk mlds ekè;e
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] lekpkj i= o bZ&esy ls Hkstk x;k lans'k dsoy lk{kj yksxksa ds chp]
tcfd jsfM;ks o Vsyhfotu ls lEçsf"kr lans'k lk{kj o fuj{kj nksuksa ds chp çHkkoh gksrk gSA bldk
rkRi;Z gS fd ekè;e vkSj lans'k ds chp lkeatL; ij lapkj dh çHkko'khyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA
¼iv½ çkid ¼Receiver½ çkid ml O;fä dks dgrs gS] ftldks è;ku esa j[kdj lapkjd vius lans'k
dk fuekZ.k] mfpr ekè;e dk pquko vkSj lEçs"k.k djrk gSA çkid dksbZ ,d O;fä ;k O;fä;ksa dk lewg
gks ldrk gSA çkid dks laxzkgd] xzg.kdrkZ] çkIrdrkZ] fjlhoj] fMdksMj bR;kfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA
lapkjd }kjk lEçsf"kr lans'k dks çkid i<d+j] lqudj] ns[kdj] p[k dj o Li'kZ dj xzg.k djrk gSA
ns[kus ;k lquus ;k i<u+s ;k lkspus dh {kerk ds vHkko esa çkid lans'k ds vFkkZs dks 'kr&çfr'kr xzZg.k
ugha ldrk gSA
¼v½ QhMcSd ¼Feedback½ lapkjd ls lans'k xzg.k djus ds mijkar çkid ml ij viuh çfrfØ;k O;ä
djrk gS] ftls çfr&mÙkj] çfriqf"V o QhMcSd dgk tkrk gSA csgrj lapkj ds fy, csgrj QhMcSd dk
gksuk vko';d gSA QhMcSd ls gh irk pyrk gS fd lapkjd ds lans'k dks çkid us xzg.k fd;k gS ;k
ughaA vuqHkoh lapkjd lEçs"k.k ds nkSjku gh çkid ls QhMcSd ysuk 'kq: dj nsrk gS] D;ksfa d og tSls gh
cksyuk 'kq: djrk gS] oSls gh çkid vius psgjs o gko&Hkko ls çfrfØ;k O;ä djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA
QhMcSd ls lapkjd dks irk pyrk gS fd lans'k lEçs"k.k esa xyrh gks jgh gS ;k ughaA QhMcSd
ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed rFkk çR;{k ;k vçR;{k gks ldrk gSA

¼v½ 'kksj ¼Noise½ lapkj çfØ;k esa 'kksj ,d çdkj dk vojksèk gS] tks lEçsf"kr lans'k ds çHkko dks de
djrk gSA 'kksj dks ckèkk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lapkjd ftl :i esa lans'k dks Hkstrk gS] mlh :i esa çkid
rd 'kr&çfr'kr igqap tk;s rks ekuk tkrk gS fd lapkj çfØ;k esa dksbZ vojksèk ugha gSA ysfdu ,slk
de gh gksrk gSA lHkh lEçsf"kr lans'k ds lkFk dksbZ u dksbZ 'kksj vo'; tqM+ tkrk gS] tks lapkjd }kjk
Hkstk x;k ugha gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] jsfM;ks ;k Vsyhfotu ij vkokt ds lkFk ljljkgV dk vkukA
eksckby ij okrkZyki ds nkSjku vklikl dh èofu;ksa dk tqM+ tkuk bR;kfnA
bl çdkj mijksä tkudkjh ls geus lapkj dks tkuus ds dksf'k'k dh vkSj bldh egÙkk dk ges irk
pyk Alapkj dks tkuus ds ckn ;s le>k tk ldrk gS fd vkt dk ehfM;k lapkj çfØ;k esa viuh D;k
Hkwfedk j[krk gS vkb;s vc ehfM;k dks xgjkbZ ls tkuus dh dksf'k'k djrs gS

orZeku le; esa ehfM;k 'kCn us bruh [;kfr çkIr dj yh gS fd bl 'kCn us Hkkjr es gh ugha] vfirq
lewps fo'o esa yksdfç;rk gkfly dj yh gSA Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa ehfM;k dks dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfyd
,oa fo/kkf;dk ds ckn pkSFks LraHk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA 1556 essa xsLij dkystk }kjk fyf[kr
iqLrd esa iqrZxky ls ykbZ tk jgh fçfUVx e'khu dk ftØ feyrk gSA vxj ckr dh tk, ehfM;k ds
'kkfCnd vFkZ dh] rks bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS&ek/;e] lk/ku ;k gsrwA ftldk vFkZ vaxzsth esa Vwy
'kCn ls Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA ehfM;k dk vFkZ ehfM;k ds vaxzsth 'kCn ^ehfM;e* dk cgqopu gS]
ftldk vFkZ gS & ek/;e ;kfu fcpkSfy;kA ehfM;k 'kCn lapkj ds lk/kuksa lekpkj i=] jsfM;ks] Vhoh
vkfn ds fy, laKk dh rjg ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lapkj ds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lk/kuksa dks Òh lkewfgd
:i ls ehfM;k dgk tkrk gSA fcuk ek/;e ds fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lapkj dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA
fQj Hkh ehfM;k 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk ds ckjs es tkuuk t:jh gS] tksbl çdkj gS&
Dictionary-com ds vuqlkj "lapkj ds lkèku] tSls jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu] lekpkji=] if=dk,¡ vkSj
baVjusV] tks yksxksa rd O;kid :i ls igq¡prs gSa ;k mUgsa çHkkfor djrs gSa"A ehfM;k og eq[; rjhdk gS
ftlls cM+h la[;k esa yksx lwpuk vkSj euksjatu çkIr djrs gSa] og gS Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks] lekpkji= vkSj
baVjusVA vkt ehfM;k ds dbZ :i miyCèk gSa] gkykafd dqN igys ls gh vçpfyr gks pqds gSa:
• ikjaifjd ehfM;k esa lekpkji=] if=dk,a] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] if=dk,a vkSj ;gka rdfd gksfMZx
a
Hkh 'kkfey gSaAikjaifjd ehfM;k dks eksVs rkSj ij nks miJsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS: fçaV ehfM;k vkSj çlkj.k
ehfM;kA
• fçaV ehfM;k ehfM;k dk lcls iqjkuk :i gS vkSj blesa lHkh çdkj ds eqfær isij çdk'ku
'kkfey gSa] tSls lekpkji=] if=dk,a] fdrkcsa] fjiksVZ] uSnkfudif=dk,a] i=d] fucaèk vkfnA
• çlkj.k ehfM;k dh 'kq#vkr 20oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa jsfM;ks vkSj ¼cknesa½ Vsyhfotu ds :i esa
gqbZ Fkh AtSls&tSls Vhoh dh 'kq#vkr us yksxksa ds fy, lekpkj ds :i esa tkudkjh rd igq¡pus ds lkèku
ds :i esa jsfM;ks ds egRo dks de fd;k] çlkj.k Vhoh vc ihNs NwVus yxk gS D;ksafd v‚uykbu ehfM;k
lzkrs gkoh gks x, gSaA
• fMftVyehfM;k] tks vkèkqfud lapkj dk ,d cM+k fgLlk cukrk gS] tfVy :i ls ,UdksM sM
ladsrksa ls ;qä gS tks HkkSfrd vkSj vkHkklh ehfM;k ds fofHkUu :iksa] tSls fd Qkbcjv‚fIVd dscy vkSj
daI;wVj usVodZ ij çlkfjr gksrs gSaA
fofdihfM;k ds vuqlkj ehfM;k lwpukvksa vkSj vkadMksa dks lajf{kr ,oa lEiszf"kr djus okys midj.k
vFkok lkewfgd lapkj gSA
lqjs'k dqekj ds vuqlkj ehfM;k ,d ,slk Vwy gS] ftlls lwpukvksa]tkudkfj;ks]a lans'kksa vkfn dks lEiszf"kr
fd;k tkrk gSA
M‚- vkfcn ds vuqlkj ehfM;k dk vFkZ (Mass& educational,developmental, infotainment,
awareness activities) tu 'kSf{kd] fodklkRed ,oa lwpukRed xfrfof/k;ka gSA

ehfM;k 'kCn ySfVu 'kCn ek/;e dk cgqopu gS] ftldk vFkZ gS e/; tehu ;k e/;orhZA lekpkj i=ksa]
jsfM;ks vkSj lwpuk ds vU; lzksrksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy, ,d 'kCn ds :i esa bldks ekl ehfM;k dgk
tk ldrk gStks 1920 ds n'kd ls foKkiu m|ksx esa bLrseky gksus okyk ,d rduhdh 'kCn FkkA
dukMkbZ lapkj fl)kardkj ek'kZy eSDyqgku us dkmaVjCykLV ¼1954½ esa dgk Fkk fd ^ehfM;k f[kykSuk
ugha gS] mUgsa enj xwt ¼miæoh½vkSj ihVj iSu¼vifjiDo½ vf/kdkfj;ksa ds gkFkksa esa ugha gksuk pkfg,A
bl rjg ds lapkj dh lajpukvksa dks fu:fir djus dsfy, 'ehfM;k' 'kCn dsoy 1920 ds n'kd esa ç;ksx
esa vk;k] ehfM;k bfrgkl de ls de iaægoha 'krkCnh esa gSaM çsl ds vkxeu ls vofèk dk fglkc ysrk
gS] vkSj dqN O;k[;kvksa esa fLØIVksfj;k] ekSf[kd ijajk,a 'kkfey gSa A vkSj eè; ;qxhu dky dh nhokj
isafVax A
pkyhl gtkj lky igys] dqN ekuo iwoZ tksua sbaMksusf'k;kbZ }hi lqykoslh ij ,d xqQk dh nhokjksa ij
fpf=r fd;k FkkA mUgksaus vius gkFkksa dh LVsfa ly vkSj vU; fu'kku NksMA+s ¶+jkal vkSj Lisu esa xqQkfp=ksa
dks dqN gt+kj lky ckn fnukafdr fd;k x;k gSA fo'ks"kK ugha tkurs fd dyk—fr dk D;k mís'; Fkk]
ysfdu dqN dk lq>ko gS fd os ,d ekè;e ls lapkj djus ds igys mnkgj.k gks ldrs gSaA ,sls fp=ksa ds
fy, "n'kZd" cgqr NksVk FkkA
rFkk dfFkr "ekl ehfM;k" dks thou esa vkus ls igys ubZ rduhdksa ds fuekZ.k dh çrh{kk djuh
iM+hA buesa ls igyk dkxt+ Fkk] ftl dk vkfo"dkj phu esa yxHkx 100 bZlk iwoZ esa gqvk FkkA gkykafd]
tksgkUl xqVsucxZ us igyk fçafVax çsl cukus ls igys 1]500 lky vkSj xqtjuk iM+kA
17oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa] igys lekpkji= fn[kkbZ nsus yxs] ysfdu D;ksafd cgqr de yksx
lk{kj Fks] ikBdksa dh la[;k lhfer Fkh AtSls&tSls vfèkd yksxksa us i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kk] ekl ehfM;k
dh igqap c<+rh xbZA 1800 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr rd] nVkbEl v‚Q yanu tSls mPp çlkj okys
lekpkji= fo'kky ikBd la[;k fodflr dj jgs FksA
QksVksxzkQh ds vkxeu us ehfM;k dk ifj–'; cny fn;kA 1862 es]a eSF;wczSMh us vesfjdh x`g ;q)
dh rLohjksa dh ,d çn'kZuh vk;ksftr dh FkhA LrCèk vesfjfd;ksa us [kM+s gksdj czSMh dh ,aVh ,Ve dh
yM+kbZ esa e`rdksa dh Nfo;ksa dks ns[kkAn U;w;‚dZ VkbEl us dgk fd czSMh us ";q) dh Hk;kud okLrfodrk
dks gekjs lkeus yk;kA"mUuhloha lnh ds var rd] ubZ rduhd us lekpkji=ksa dks rLohjsa Nkius dh
vuqefr nhA 1895 es]a yqfe;j caèkqvksa us isfjl esa pyrh rLohjksa dk igyk lkoZtfud çn'kZu fn;kA
n'kZdksa ds dqN lnL; Mj x,A1876 esa] vysDtsM
a j xzkgecsy us VsyhQksu dk vkfo"dkj fd;kAvc]
rRdky nks rjQk vkokt lapkj laHko FkkA
fnlacj 1901 es]a brkyoh vkfo"dkjd xqfXyYeks ekdkZsuh us flXuyfgy] lsVa t‚Ul] U;w Q+kmaMySaM
ij ,d irax ls tqM+k ,d jsfM;ks ,aVhuk [kM+k fd;kAmUgsa 3]400 fdeh nwj baXySaM ds d‚uZoky ls ,d
jsfM;ks flXuy çkIr gqvkArkjksa ;k dscyksa ds fcuk Rofjr lapkj vc laHko FkkA2 uoacj] 1920 dks]
fiV~lcxZ] isuflYosfu;k esa jsfM;ks LVs'ku dsMhds, ml o"kZ ds jk"Vªifr pquko ds ifj.kkeksa dh fjiksVZ
djusds fy, v‚u ,;j gqvkA gkykafd] yksxksa ds ?kjksa esa Vsyhfotu lsVksa dh O;kid LFkkiuk 1940 ds
n'kd ds var rd ugha gqbZ FkhA Vsyhfotu dh rduhd esa o"kksZa ls lqèkkj gksrk jgkA lcls rktk ehfM;k
>Vdk 1965 esa vk;k] ysfdu 'kk;n gh fdlh dks bl ds ckjs esa irk gksA eSlkpqlsV~l baLVhVîwV v‚Q
VsDuksy‚th dh ,d ç;ksx'kkyk esa nks daI;wVjksa us ,d nwljs ds lkFk lapkj fd;k AçkS|ksfxdh us ,d
lans'k dks vyx&vyx iSdstksa esa rksM+ fn;k] ftUgsa ckn esa çkIr djus okys daI;wVj ij fQj ls tksM+k
x;kA tuojh 2020 rd] 1-7 fcfy;u ls vfèkd osclkbVsa Fkha] ftuesa çfrfnu yxHkx 140]000 ubZ
osclkbVsa cukbZ xbZ FkhaA
ehfM;k ds bfrgkl dks vDlj ,d rukruh ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSAfjd‚MZ fd, x, bfrgkl
dks Lo;a ehfM;k ds fdlh u fdlh :i dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftl ij bls laxzghr fd;k tk ldrk
gS vkSj le; ds lkFk ikfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSAfçafVax çsl çkS|ksfx dh dk uokpkj if'peh laL—fr esa
ckSf)d {ks= ls dkuwuh LFkku vkSj mlls vkxs dbZ vyx&vyx cnykoksa esa ifj.kr gqvkA chloha lnh
dh fMftVy rduhd us fMftVy ehfM;k dks tUe fn;k] ftlus cnys esa baVjusV ds fuekZ.k dh lqfoèkk
çnku dhA
,d rduhd ls nwljh rduhd esa laØe.k us ehfM;k m|ksx dks cgqr çHkkfor fd;k gS] gkykafd
;g dguk eqf'dy gS fd rduhd us lkaL—frd cnyko fd;k ;k blds ifj.kke Lo:iA ?kj esa fQV
gksus ds fy, çkS|ksfx dh dks NksVk vkSj fdQk;rh cukus dh {kerk ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks yksdfç; cukus
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA

ehfM;k dks fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jh<+ dh gìh dgk tk, rks vfr';ksfä ugha gksxh D;ksafd ehfM;k ftl
çdkj dh lkexzh lEçsf"kr djsxk] oSlk gh cnyko lekt esa ns[kus feysxkA blfy, ehfM;k ds eq[;r%
rhu dk;Z gksrs gSa&
1- lwpuk nsuk ;k tkx:d djukA
2- f'kf{kr djukA
3- euksjatu djukA
bl çdkj ehfM;k ges'kk gh vius bu dk;ksaZ dks lqpk: :i ls djrk jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
ehfM;k vkSj lekt dk lac/a k ijLij lfn;ksa ls pyk vk jgk gSA vkerkSj ij ehfM;k dks ,d niZ.k dh
laKk nh tkrh gS] D;ksafd niZ.k dh Hkkafr ehfM;k Hkh lekt esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dk çfrfcEc ;kfu gw&c&gw
fp=.k turk ds lkeus çLrqr djrk gSA
mi;qZä tks Hkh dk;Z ehfM;k }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA og ehfM;k ij Fkksis ugha x, gSa vfirq ;g ehfM;k dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA bl mÙkjnkf;Ro dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, ehfM;k le;kuqlkj lHkh oxksZa o leqnk;ksa vkfn
ds fy, ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;ka] lwpuk,a] 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe] ekSle o i;kZoj.k dk gkypky] fQYe txr]
euksjatu o tkx:d vkfn dk;Z djus esa lrr ç;Ru'khy jgrk gSA

lekt ,d ls vfèkd yksxksa ds leqnk;ksa ls feydj cus ,d o`gn lewg dks dgrs gSa ftlesa lHkh O;fä
ekuoh; fØ;kdyki djrs gSaA ekuoh; fØ;kdyki esa vkpj.k] lkekftd lqj{kk vkSj fuokZg vkfn dh
fØ;k,a lfEefyr gksrh gSaA lekt yksxksa dk ,slk lewg gksrk gS tks vius vanj ds yksxksa ds eqdkcys vU;
lewgksa ls dkQh de esytksy j[krk gSA fdlh lekt ds vkus okys O;fä ,d nwljs ds çfr ijLij Lusg
rFkk lân;rk dk Hkko j[krs gSaA nqfu;k ds lHkh lekt viuh ,d vyx igpku cukrs gq,
vyx&vyx jLeks&
a fjokt+kas dk ikyu djrs gSaA

fofHkUu fo}kuksa us lekt dh fHkUu&fHkUu ifjHkk"kk dh gS&

xzhu us lekt dh voèkkj.kk dh tks O;k[;k dh gS mlds vuqlkj lekt ,d cgqr cM+k lewg gS ftldk
dksbZ Hkh O;fä lnL; gks ldrk gSA lekt tula[;k] laxBu] le;]LFkku vkSj LokFkksZa ls cuk gksrk gSA

,Me fLeFk& euq"; us ikjLifjd ykHk ds fufeÙk tks —f=e mik; fd;k gS og lekt gSA

M‚0 tsEl& euq"; ds 'kkfUriw.kZ lEcUèkksa dh voLFkk dk uke lekt gSA

çks0 fxfMaXl& lekt Lo;a ,d la?k gS] ;g ,d laxBu gS vkSj O;ogkjksa dk ;ksx gS] ftlesa lg;ksx nsus
okys O;fä ,d&nwljs ls lEcafèkr gSA

çks0 eSdkboj& lekt dk vFkZ ekuo }kjk LFkkfir ,sls lEcaèkksa ls gS] ftUgsa LFkkfir djus ds fy;s mls
foo'k gksuk iM+rk gSAeSdkboj ds vuqlkj lekt dh dqN eq[; rRo fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- jhfr;k¡
2- vfèkdkj
3- Lora=rk
4- dk;Zç.kkyh
5- ikjLifjd lg;ksx
6- lewg vkSj mi lewg

7- ekuo O;ogkj ij fu;a=.k

la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS] lekt ,d mís';iw.kZ lewg gskrk gS] tks fdlh ,d {ks= esa curk gS]
mlds lnL; ,dRo ,oa viuRo esa caèks gskrs gSaA

lekt dh dfri; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa ftUgsa lkekU;r;k lHkh lekt'kkL=h Lohdkj djrs gSa&

,d ls vfèkd lnL;
o`gn laL—fr
{ks=h;rk
lkekftd lacèa kksa dk nk;jk
Je foHkktu ftyk esa lekt lsok gsrq çek.k pkfg, fd'kh dh enn dj [kkfrj
lkeftd vkilh lg;ksx
lkeqfgd dk;Z

lekt ds dqN :i fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼1½ iwoÊ lekt rFkk if'peh lekt

¼2½ iwoZ&vkS|ksfxd lekt ¼f'kdkjh lekt] i'kqikyd lekt] m|ku&lekt] —f"k lekt] lkeUroknh
lekt½] vkS|ksfxd lekt] rFkk mÙkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt

¼3½ lwpuk lekt rFkk Kku lekt

¼4½ dqN 'kS{kf.kd] O;kolkf;d] vkSj oSKkfud la?k vius vki dks 'lekt' ¼lkslk;Vh½ dgrs gSa] tSls
vesfjdh xf.krh; lekt ¼American Mathematical Society½] j‚;y lkslk;Vh vkfn

¼5½ dqN ns'kksa esa] dHkh&dHkh O;kikfjd bdkb;ksa dks Hkh 'lekt ' dgk tkrk gS] tSls d‚&v‚ijsfVo
lkslk;Vh
lkekftd lajpuk ds mu fofHkUu igyqvksa vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa dk v/;;u gS tks lekt ds =ho
fodkl esa ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSA bldk mís'; fdlh leqnk; ds le{k ml vkn'kZ çk:i dks Hkh çLrqr
djuk gS tks ml leqnk; ds yksxksa dks fodkl dh vksj vxzlj dj ldsA tc ls fofHkUu ns'kksa esa]
fo'ks"kr% r`rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa esa] fu;ksftr vkfFkZd ifjorZu dh çfØ;k çkjEHk dh xbZ rc ls ;g
vko';drk eglwl dh x fd bu ifjorZuksa ds lkekftd çHkkoksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk,A lewg ds
vkdkj esa o`f)] vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu] vfLFkj thou esa fLFkj thou dk çkjEHk] lkekftd lajpuk dk
:ikUrj.k] /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ,oa fØ;kvksa dk egRo] foKku dk fodkl] uohu n'kZu] dqN ,sls rRo gS tks
bu ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA

çkphu ls orZeku le; rd lekt ds yxHkx çR;sd igyw esa ifjorZu gq, gSA ;g ckr vkfne vkSj
vk/kqfud nksuksa gh lektksa ds fy, leku :i ls lkFk gSA r`rh; fo'o ds ,sls ns'k tks iwt
a hoknh
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh laØe.k çfØ;k ls xqtj jgs gS] ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq lkekftd fl)karksa dk ç;ksx gh
lkekftd fodkl gSA

fofHkUu fopkjdksa dk er gS fd ^fodkl* viuh vUrfuZfgr fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k fdlh ,d fo"k; dh

v/;;u oLrq u gksdj lHkh fo"k;ksa dh v/;;u oLrq gS&v/;;u ds –f"Vdks.k esa Hkys gh vUrj gksA

ts-,- ikUlhvks us lkekftd fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd&**fodkl ,d vkaf'kd vFkok 'kq)
çfØ;k gS tks vkfFkZd igyw esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA vkfFkZd txr esa fodkl ls rkRi;Z
çfr O;fä vk; esa o`f) ls yxk;k tkrk gSA lkekftd fodkl ls rkRi;Z tu lEcU/kksa rFkk <‚ps ls gS
tks fdlh lekt dks bl ;ksX; cukrh gS fd mlds lnL;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA**

ch-,l-Mhlwtk ds vuqlkj&**lkekftd fodkl og çfØ;k gS ftlds dkj.k vis{kk—r ljy lekt ,d

fodflr lekt ds :i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA** lkekftd fodkl dk fo'ks"k :i ls dqN vo/kkj.kkvksa ls
lEcfU/kr gS] ;s vo/kkj.kk, gS&

,sls lk/ku tks ,d ljy lekt dks tfVy lekt esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSA
,sls lk/ku tks lkaL—frd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSA

,sls lEcU/k o <‚ps tks fdlh lekt dks vf/kdre vko';drk iwfrZ ds ;ksX;

lkekftd fodkl lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blds QyLo:i ljy lkekftd voLFkk tfVy
lkekftd voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA

lkekftd fodkl dh ,d nwljh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk lkekftd xfr'khyrk esa o`f)A

lkekftd fodkl esa ifjorZu çxfr ds vuq:i gksrk jgrk gSA

lkekftd fodkl ,d fuf'pr fn"kk dk cks/k djrk gSA

lkekftd fodkl esa ^fujarjrk* dk fo'ks"k xq.k gksrk gSA

lkekftd fodkl dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bldh vo/kkj.kk lkoZHkkSfed gSA

lkekftd fodkl dk fo"k;&{ks= vR;Ur O;kid gSA

lkekftd fodkl dk çeq[k dsUæ fcUnq vkfFkZd gS tks çkS|ksfxdh; fodkl ij fuHkZj gSA

lkekftd fodkl dh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh gS fd blds vUrxZr lkekftd lEcU/kksa dk
çlkj gksrk gSA
lekftd fodkl dh ç—fr oSKkfud gSA blds vUrZxr lkekftd rF;ksa dk v/;;u oSKkfud fof/k }kjk
fd;k tkrk gSA oSKkfud fof/k ml fof/k dks dgrs gSa ftlesa v/;;u fuEufyf[kr lqfuf'pr fof/k;ksa ls
gksdj xqtjrk gSA

leL;k dk fu:i.k

voyksdu

rF; laxzg

oxhZdj.k rFkk

lkekU;hdj.k

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge bl fodkl çfd;k esa tulgHkkfxrk ds egRo dk v/;;u djuk pkgrs gSA
vkSj lkekU;hdj.k ds fl)kUr ds :i esa ;g Lohdkj djrsa gSa fd fodkl&çfd;k esa tulgHkkfxrk
egÙoiw.kZ gSa rks bl rF; dh lR;rk dks ge mijksä of.kZr pj.kksa ds ek/;e ls gh ç.kkfer djsx
a As

1- ifjokj ds okrkoj.k dk Lo:i

ifjokj gh og lk/ku gS tgka ckyd dk lcls igys lekthdj.k gksrk gSA ftl ifjokj dk okrkoj.k
lkekU;r% ikjLifjd] lq[kn vkSj lqUnj Hkkoukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS o ftlesa ckydksa ds çfr vko';d
Lusg o lgkuqHkwfr cuh jgrh gSA rc ,sls mRlkgiw.kZ o çsjd ikfjokfjd ifjos'k esa ckyd ds O;ogkj esa
Hkh ikjLifjd vk/kkj ij vknku&çnku dh e/kqj lkekftd Hkkouk,a fodflr gksrh gSA

2- ikl&iM+ksl ds ifjos'k dk çHkko

cPps dk dqN le; vius iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk xqtjrk gSA vr% iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk ikjLifjd vUr%fØ;k dk
çHkko mlds lkekftd fodkl ij iM+rk gSA
3- oa'kkuqØqe

euksoSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj lkekftd fodkl ij oa'kkuqØe dk Hkh çHkko iM+rk gSA oa'kkuqØe O;fä dks
'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk mlds lkekftd fodkl dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gSA vusd
lkekftd xq.k O;fä dks oa'k ijEijk ds :i esa vius iwoZtksa ls çkIr gksrs gSA

4- 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl

'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl dk O;fä ds lkekftd fodkl ls ?kfu"B lacU/k gksrk gSA 'kkjhfjd –f"V
ls LoLFk rFkk fodflr efLr"d okys ckydksa ds lekthdj.k dh lEHkkouk;sa vfLrkd gksrh gS] tcfd
vLoLFk rFkk de fodflr efLr"d okys ckydksa ds lekthdj.k dh lEHkkouk de gksrh gSA chekj]
viax] 'kkjhfjd –f"V ls vukd"kZd] fod'r efLr"d okys] vYi cqf) okys ckyd çk;% lkekftd
vogsyuk rFkk frjLdkj lgrs jgrs gSA ftlds QyLo:i muesa ghurk dh Hkkouk fodflr gks tkrh gS
rFkk os vU; ckydksa ds lkFk Lo;a dks lek;skftr djus esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrs gSaA

5- laox
s kRed fodkl

lkekftd fodkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj laox

s kRed fodkl gksrk gSA laox
s kRed rFkk lkekftd
O;ogkj ,d nwljs ds vuq;k;h gksrs gSaA ftu ckydksa esa çse] Lusg] lg;ksx] gkl&ifjgkl ds Hkko vf)kd
gksrs gSa] os lHkh dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj ysrs gSa rFkk Lusg o vkd"kZ.k dk ik= cu tkrs gSaA blds
foijhr ftu ckydksa esa bZ"kZ~;k] }s"k] Øks/k] ?k'.kk] uhjlrk vkfn Hkko gksrs gSa] os fdlh dks Hkh vPNs ugh
yxrs gSa] rFkk ,sls ckydksa dh lHkh mis{kk djrs gSaA

6- ikyu&iks"k.k ç.kkyh

ckydksa esa lkekftd fodkl muds ikyu&iks"k.k ds <ax }kjk vf/kd çHkkfor gksrk gSA ftu ckydksa ds
ikyu iks"k.k esa ekrk&firk }kjk mfpr nqykj&I;kj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ckydksa dh ns[k&js[k muds }kjk
Lo;a dh tkrh gS] muesa lkekftd fu;eksa dks lh[kus rFkk muds vuq:i O;ogkj djus dh rhoz çsj.kk
gksrh gSA vr% ,sls ckydksa dk lkekftd fodkl vf/kd rhoz rFkk larks"ktud gksrh gSA

7- lkekftd oxZ&Hksn
lkekftd vkfFkdZ fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij lekt dks eq[; eq[; :i ls rhu oxksZ vFkkZr fuEu] e/; rFkk
mPp oxZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA çR;sd lkekftd oxZ ds fu;eksa] ewY;ksa] ekun.Mks] fo'oklksa
rFkk yksdjhfr;ksa esa varj gksrk gS] bl dkj.k fHkUu&fHkUu oxksZ ds cPpksa ds lekthdj.k esa varj gksrk gSA

8- lekt

lekt dk Hkh ckyd ds lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA lkekftd O;oLFkk
ckyd ds lekthdj.k dks ,d fuf'pr fn'kk çnku djrh gSA lekt ds dk;Z] vkn'kZ rFkk çfreku
ckyd ds lkekftd –f"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA

9- fo|ky;

ckyd ds lkekftd fodkl esa mlds fo|ky; dh mruh gh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftruk fd mlds
ifjokj dhA fo|ky; esa ckyd fu;e] vkRe la;e] vuq'kklu] uezrk tSls xq.kksa dks yxHkx lgt :i ls
gh vf/kxr dj ysrk gSA ;fn fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k tura=h; gS] rks ckyd dk fodkl vfojke xfr ls
mÙke :i xzg.k djrk pyk tkrk gSA

10- v/;kid

ckydksa ds lkekftd fodkl ij muds v/;kidksa dk egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA Nk= vius v/;kid ls
mlh ds leku O;ogkj djuk lh[krs gSaA ;fn v/;kid 'kkar] f'k"V rFkk lg;ksxh gksrk gSa rks Nk=ksa esa Hkh
f'k"Vrk] /kS;Z rFkk lgdkfjrk ds xq.k fodflr gks tkrs gSaA blds foijhr ;fn f'k{kd vf'k"V] Øks/kh rFkk
vlg;ksxh gSa rks Nk= Hkh mlh ds leku cu tkrs gSaA

11- vfHktkr lewg

ckyd dks lkekftd fodkl esa mlds lxa h&lkfFk;ksa dh eaMyh dh Hkh çHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk jgrh gSA
leku vk;q ds cPps ,d vyx lewg dk fuekZ.k dj ysrs gS] tks ,sfPNd gksrk gSA ,d ckyd dh fe=
eaMyh] ftruh cM+h] fo"ke o ftruh vf/kd fofHkUu vfHk:fp;ksa o vfHkof'Ùk;ksa okyh gksrh gSA mruk gh
ckyd dk lkekftd fodkl dk {ks= rn~uqlkj vf/kd ns[kus esa vkrk gSA

12- laL—fr

çR;sd lLa—fr ds vius dNq çfreku] ijEijk,¡ ewY; gksrs gSa ftUgsa lkaL—frd çfreku vFkok çfr:i
dgrs gSA cPps viuh laL—fr ds bu çfr:iksa dks ekrk&firk] f'k{kd vkfn ds ek/;e ls lh[k ysrs gSA
bl lh[kus esa lekthdj.k ds dbZ lajpu lgk;d gksrs gSa] ftlesa çR;{k funs'Z ku] vuqdj.k] fujh{k.k]
çfr:i.k] çcyu vkfn eq[; gSaA

13- çpkj ds ek/;e

ckydksa ds lkekftd fodkl ij çpkj ds fHkUu&fHkUu ek/;eksa tSls jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] flusek] v[kckj]
eSaxthu vkfn dk Hkh çHkko iM+rk gSA bu ek/;eksa }kjk fHkUu&fHkUu lkekftd igyqvksa ij vius&vius
<ax ls tksj Mkyk tkrk gSA ckydksa dks bu ek/;eksa ls rjg&rjg dh ckrsa crkbZ tkrh gSaA bu ckrksa dk
os rqyukRed v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa] ftlls muesa lkekftd lw> Hkh fodflr gks tkrh gS] tks
mUgsa fofHkUu rjg ds lkekftd O;ogkj lh[kus esa enn djrh gSA

14- lkekftd oapu

tc ckyd dks vU; lkfFk;ksa ,oa O;fä;ksa ls feyus tqyus dk volj ugh fn;k tkrk gS rks blls mudk
lkekftd fodkl ij cqjk çHkko iM+rk gS rFkk bl fLFkfr dks lkekftd oapu dgk tkrk gSA dbZ ckj
lkekftd oapu vf/kd gksus ls ckydksa esa vlkekftdrk dk 'khyxq.k fodflr gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+
tkrh gSA

ckyd esa tUe ds le; fdlh Hkh ekuo lekt dk lnL; cuus dh ;ks³~x;rk ugha gksrh gSaA og ,d
tSfodh;çk.kh ds :i esa lalkj esa vkrk gS rFkk jä] ekal o gfì;ksa dk ,d thfor iqryk gksrk gSA mlesa
vanj fdlh çdkj ds lkekftd xq.kksa dk lekos'k ugha gksrk gSA og u rks lkekftd gksrk gS --- u rks
vlkekftd--- vkSj u rks lekt fojksèkh---A lekt ds jhfr&fjoktksa] çFkkvksa] ewY;ksa ,oa laL—fr;ksa ls Hkh
vutku gksrk gSA og ugha tkurk gS fd mls fdlds çfr dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg, rFkk lekt ds
yksx mlls dSlh vis{kk j[krk gSA ckyd dqN 'kkjhfjd {kerkvksa ds lkFk iSnk gksrk gSA bu {kerkvksa ds
dkj.k gh cgqr dqN lh[k ysrk gS rFkk lekt dk fØ;k'khy lnL; cu tkrk gSA lkekftd lEidZ ds
dkj.k lh[kus dh {kerk O;kogkfjd :i èkkj.k djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ekuo esa Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djus dh
{kerk gksrh gS] tks lekt ds lEidZ esa vkus ls gh O;kogkfjd :i xzg.k djrh gSA lkekftd lEidZ ds
dkj.k gh ekuo lekt ds jhfr&fjoktksa] çFkkvksa] ewY;ksa] foÜoklksa] laL—fr;ksa ,oa lkekftd xq.kksa dks
lh[krk gS vkSj ,d lkekftd çk.kh gksus dk ntkZ çkIr djrk gSA lkekftd lh[k dh bl çfØ;k dks gh
lekthdj.k dgrs gSaA

lekthdj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk

¼Meaning and Definition of Socialization½

lekthdj.k og çfofèk gS] ftlds }kjk laL—fr dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrk
gSA blds ekè;e ls ekuo vius lewg ,oa lekt ds ewY;ksa] jhfr&fjoktks]a yksdkpkjks]a vkn'kkZs ,oa
lkekftd mís';ksa dks lh[krk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa lekthdj.k ,d çfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk ekuo dks
lkekftd &lkaL—frd lalkj ls ifjfpr djk;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa lekthdj.k dh dqN çpfyr
ifjHkk"kk,a fuezfyf[kr gSa :&

,- MCY;w- xzhu ds vuqlkj& lekthdj.k og çfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk cPpk lkaL—frd fo'ks"krkvksa]
vkReiu vkSj O;fäo dks çkIr djrk gSA

fxfyu vkSj fxfyu ds vuqlkj& lekthdj.k ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml çfØ;k ls gS ftlds }kjk O;fä]
lewg esa ,d fØ;k'khy lnL; curk gS] lewg dh dk;Zfofèk;ksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djrk gS] mldh
ijEijkvksa dks è;ku j[krk gS vkSj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vuqdwyu djds vius lkfFk;ksa ds çfr
lgu'kfä dh Hkkouk fodflr djrk gSA

fdEcky ;ax ds vuqlkj& lekthdj.k og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk O;fä lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd {ks=
esa ços'k djrk rFkk lekt ds fofHkUu lewgksa dk lnL; curk gS vkSj ftlds }kjk mls lekt ds ewY;ksa
vkSj ekudksa dks Lohdkj djus dh çsj.kk feyrh gSA

,p-,e- t‚ulu ds vuqlkj& lekthdj.k lh[kus dh og çfØ;k gS tks lh[kus okys dks lkekftd
Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djus ;ks³~x; cukrh gSA
 U;we;
s j ds vuqlkj& ,d O;fä ds lkekftd çk.kh ds :i esa ifjofrZr gksus dh çfØ;k dk uke
lekthdj.k gSA

mijksä ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd& lekthdj.k lh[kus dh ,d çfØ;k

gS ftlds }kjk ekuo vius lewg vFkok lekt dh lkekftd&lkaL—frd fo'ks"krkvksa dks xzg.k djds
vius O;fäRo dk fodkl djrk gS vkSj lekt dk fØ;k'khy lnL; curk gSA lekthdj.k }kjk cPpk
lkekftd çfrekuksa dks lh[kdj muds vuq:i vkj.k djrk gS] blls lekt esa fu;a=.k cuk jgrk gSA

LohoVZ ,oa f³~xyu us lekthdj.k ds rhu rRoksa dks vko';d cryk;k gSaA igyk& var:fØ;k]
nwljk&HkkoukRed Loh—fr vkSj rhljk& lapkj o Hkk"kkA nwljs O;fä;ksa ds lkFk var:fØ;k ds nkSjku
ekuo lgh O;ogkj djuk lh[krk gSA og ;g Hkh lh[krk gS fd fdl çdkj ds O;ogkjksa dks lekt }kjk
Loh—r çkIr gS vkSj fdl çdkj ds O;ogkj çfrcafèkr gSaA bl nkSjku og vius vfèkdkjksa] nkf;Roksa rFkk
drZO;ksa dks Hkh lh[krk gSA lh[kus dk dk;Z lapkj o Hkk"kk }kjk ljyrk ls fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd ekuo
,d HkkoukRed vkSj ckSf)d çk.kh gksrk gS] vr: og çse ikus o çse çnku djus dk vuqHko Hkh çkIr
djrk gSA HkkoukRed okrkoj.k esa lekthdj.k 'kh?kz gksrk gSA bl çdkj lekthdj.k ds fy, mä rhuksa
rRoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

ekuo dh lkekftd o lkaL—frd ijEijkvksa ds LFkkukarj.k dh çfØ;k dks lkekthdj.k dgrs gSaA ;g
LFkkukarj.k ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h rd gksrk gS] ftlesa lapkj dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS aA lkekftd
fujarjrk dks cuk, rFkk cpk, j[kus ds fy, lapkj ds fofoèk foèkkvksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA bldh
vfuok;Zrk dk vuqeku cM+s gh vklkuh ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksfa d lekthdj.k dh çR;sd fØ;k
lapkj ij gh fuHkZj gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ekuo lapkj dh enn ls tSls&tSls lkaL—frd vfHko`fÙk;ksa] ewY;ksa
vkSj O;ogkjksa dks vkRelkr djrk tkrk gS] oSls&oSls tSfodh; çk.kh ls lkekftd çk.kh curk tkrk gSA
bl çdkj] lapkj rFkk lkekftd thou ds chp dkQh xgjk lEcUèk ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA lkekftd
lEcUèkksa ds fy, ikjLifjd tkx:drk dk gksuk t:jh gSA ikuh&fxykl] dye&nokr] ia[kk&fctyh ds
chp lEcUèk gksrk gS] ysfdu mls lkekftd lEcUèk ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd buds chp ekufld
tkx:drk dk vHkko gksrk gSA vr: ekufld tkx:drk ds vHkko esa lkekftd lEcUèkksa dk fuekZ.k
laHko ugha gSA orZeku lekt esa lapkj us ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd Hkwfedk dks vfèkxzfgr dj fy;k gSA
fo'ks"kKksa dk nkok gS fd lapkj ds fofoèk ekè;eksa dh rhu egRoiw.kZ lkekftd çfØ;k,a gSa& lekthdj.k]
lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj lkekftd fu;a=.kA lapkj lekthdj.k dk çeq[k ekè;e gSaA

vkt ls djhc ikap yk[k lky iwoZ dUnjkvksa esa jgus okys ¼vkfn½ ekuo us viuh èofu rFkk
okD'kfä ds vkèkkj ij ekSf[kd lapkj dh ftl lrr~ ldkjkRed ijEijk dh 'kq:vkr dh] og orZeku esa
Hkh tkjh gSaA lH;rk ds çkjaHk esa ekuo ds ikl dsoy vkokt Fkh] rc ifjokj ¼çkFkfed lewg½ }kjk
ekSf[kd lapkj ds :i esa lekthdj.k dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk FkkA bl lanHkZ esa lekt'kkL=h tsfYMp us
vè;;u fd;k] ftldk fo"k; Fkk& lekthdj.k esa ekrk&firk dh Hkwfedk A vius vè;;u ds nkSjku
mUgksaus ik;k fd lHkh lektksa esa firk& lkèkd usr`Ro ¼Instrumental Leadership½ rFkk ekrk&
HkkoukRed usr`Ro ¼Expressive Leadership½ çnku djrs gSaA lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk
lekthdj.k ds vfHkdj.kksa dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA ifj.kker: ifjokj ds lkFk&lkFk ØhM+k lewg]
ikl&iM+ksl] ukrsnkj rFkk fookg tSlh laLFkk,a Hkh lekthdj.k dk dk;Z djus yxhA

dkykarj esa fyfi dk vkfo"dkj gksus ls f'k{k.k laLFkk, ¼Educational Institutions½ Hkh
lekthdj.k ds vfHkdj.k ¼lkèku½ cu x;sA gkykafd blls çkFkfed lewg dh Hkwfedk esa fdlh çdkj dh
deh rks ugha vk;h] ysfdu yksxksa dks lkoZtfud :i ls lekthdj.k ds {ks= esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh dks Lohkdj djuk iM+kA rc f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa gLrfyf[kr iksfFk;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
FkkA rRdkyhd ekuo ds fy, lhfer la[;k okyh ;s iksfFk;ka vn~Hkwr oLrq,a Fkh] ftuds vknj esa yksxksa dk
'kh'k lnSo >qdk jgrk FkkA bu iksfFk;ksa dks fyf[kr lapkj dk çkjafHkd ekè;e dgk tkrk gSA eqæ.k ds
vkfo"dkj o fodkl ds ckn iksfFk;ka dh txg dks iqLrdksa us vfèkxzfgr dj fy;k] ftlls fyf[kr lapkj
ekè;e dks foLrkj feykA rc lekt esa çkFkfed lewg ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa o iqLrdksa ds
ekè;e ls Hkh lekthdj.k gksus yxkA rRdkyhu lekt esa eqæ.k rduhdh vk'p;Ztud lapkj ekè;e ds
:i esa mHkjkA blds ckn lekt dk tSls&tSls fodkl gksrk x;k] oSls&oSls lapkj ds ekè;eksa dk HkhA
ifj.kker: lekpkj i=] if=dk,a] jsfM;ks] flusek] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj] baVjusV] VsyhQksu] eksckby
bR;kfn lapkjekè;e lekthdj.k ds dk;Z esa tqVs gSA lekt esa lapkj ekè;eksa dh cgqyrk ds dkj.k yksxksa
ds ikl ,d gh lans'k dbZ ekè;eksa ls vkus yxs gSa] ftlls lans'kksa ds iqf"Vdj.k dh leL;k dk Hkh dkQh
gn rd lekèkku gks x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=h ';kek pj.k nwcs ds vuqlkj& ekuo tSfodh; çk.kh
ls lkekftd çk.kh rc curk gS] tc og lapkj ds ekè;e ls lkaL—frd vfHko`fÙk;ksa] ewwY;ksa vkSj
O;ogkjtU; çfrekuksa dks vkRelkr dj ysrk gSA budk nkok gS fd lkaL—frd fujarjrk dks lapkj
ekè;eksa ij vkèkkfjr lkekftd çfØ;k gSA O;fä] lekt o ewY;ksa ds chp ijLij vknku&çnku ls
lEcUèk LFkkfir gksrk gS] ftlls lkaL—frd fujarjrk dks xfr feyrh gSA bl çfØ;k esa lapkj ekè;e
egRoiww.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA

ekuo esa cqf)] rdZ] Hkk"kk] vfHkO;fä] laL—fr bR;kfn ds :i esa dbZ uSlfxZd xq.kksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA
ftudh enn ls og HkkSfrd ekè;eksa }kjk lEçsf"kr lans'kksa dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA lapkj dh fofHkUu
foèkk,a lekthdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd fujarjrk dks cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA lkekftd
fopkjd fofy;El ds vuqlkj& ubZ lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k ,d ubZ HkkSfrd laL—fr fodflr gqbZ gSA
lkFk gh lkekftd vkfo"dkjksa ds :i esa lapkj ekè;eksa dk lkekthdj.k o lkekftd ifjorZu esa
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA HkkSfrd vkfo"dkjksa us ekuo thou dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA bldk mnkgj.k gS&
erkfèkdkj dk ç;ksx] L=h f'k{kk dk çlkj] caèkqvk etnwjh dh lekfIr] vUèkfoÜoklksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa dk
mUewyu] ftls çfrLFkkfir djus esa lapkj ekè;eksa dh lcls vge Hkwfedk jgh gSaA mijksä lkekftd
cqjkbZ;ksa ds lewyuk'k ds fy, lcls igys lapkj ekè;eksa us gh tu&tkxj.k vfHk;ku çkjaHk fd;kA blls
u;s lkekftd ewY;ksa dh çfrLFkkiuk gqbZ] tks lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj lekthdj.k ds dkj.k cusAa

lkekthdj.k dk ewy vkèkkj lapkj gh gSA ekuo&f'k'kq lalkj esa i'kq dh vko';drkvksa ls ;qä
,d tSfodh; çk.kh ds :i esa tUe ysrk gS rFkk lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k }kjk lkekftd çk.kh curk gSA
bl çfØ;k ds fcuk u rks lekt thfor jg ldrk gS] u rks laL—fr cp ldrh gS vkSj u rks lkekftd
euq"; dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSA lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k esa lapkj ekè;eksa dh Hkwwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA
vkèkqfud lapkj ekè;eksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k esa Hkh cnyrh jgrh gSA bu
ifjorZuksa ds vè;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lapkj ekè;eksa ds lkekftd nkf;Roksa dh tgka c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gS]
ogha vkèkqfud lekt Hkh lapkj ekè;eksa ij gh iwjh rjg ls vkfJr gks x;k gSA çkjaHk esa tc lapkj
ekè;eksa dk fodkl ugha gqvk Fkk] rc lekthdj.k dk ,d ekè;e lkèku ekSf[kd lapkj Fkk] ftlesa
ifjokj uked çkFkfed lewg ds lnL; Hkkx ysrs FksA ;g çfØ;k dkQh lhfer FkhA eqæ.k rduhdh ds
fodkl ls yksxksa dks iqLrdksa dh lqfoèkk feyh] ftlds dkj.k Kku ds {ks= foLr`r gqvkA lekpkj i=]
if=dk jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] eksckby] baVjusV bR;kfn bysDVª‚fud ekè;eksa ds vkxeu ls lh[kus dh çfØ;k
esa <sjksa lwpuk lans'k miyCèk gks ldsA
ekl ehfM;k og çfØ;k gS tks O;kid n'kZdksa ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij lapkj dk o.kZu djrh gSA ekl
ehfM;k Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks] lekpkji=ksa] if=dkvksa] lsyQksu vkSj baVjusV tSlh lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa dk
mi;ksx djrk gSA ekl ehfM;k dh tM+sa fçaV ehfM;k esa gSa] ysfdu vkèkqfud le; esa blus Vsyhfotu
vkSj baVjusV ij vfèkd è;ku dsfa ær fd;k gSA
'kk;n gh dksbZ lekt ;k laçHkq jkT; gks tks vkt lekpkj ekè;eksa ds fcuk Bhd ls dke dj ldsA
lekpkj ehfM;k egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd os gesa nqfu;k esa D;k gks jgk gS] bls cuk, j[kus esa enn djrs gSaA
gj txg] lekpkj ehfM;k turk dks egRoiw.kZ ekeyksa dh lwpuk nsrk gS] os yksxksa dh tkudkjh ds fy,
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ksZa dks çlkfjr djrs gSa] os tkudkjh Hkh çnku djrs gSa ftl ij dbZ miHkksxrk
jk; cukrs gSaA gekjs nSfud lekpkj i= i<+us ls fuLlansg gekjs –f"Vdks.k] gekjs vkpj.k vkSj ;gka rd
fd gekjs ekSfyd uSfrd ewY; Hkh çHkkfor gksrs gSaA okLro esa] lekpkj ehfM;k us laL—fr dks vkdkj
fn;k gS] jktuhfr dks çHkkfor fd;k gS] O;kikj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] vkSj fiNyh 'krkfCn;ksa esa
yk[kksa yksxksa ds nSfud thou dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
ekbdy vks''k‚?kuslh vkSj tsu LVSMyj us rhu çeq[k {ks=ksa dh tkap djds lekt vkSj ehfM;k ds chp
lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS: ledkyhu lekt] ehfM;k dSls dke djrk gS vkSj lekt ij ehfM;k dk
çHkkoA vks''k‚?kusl vkSj LVSMyj us lcls igys ledkyhu lekt dh rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k
fd;k: ifjorZu vkSj ladV] vlekurk vkSj varj] vkSj if'peh yksdra=ksa esa lgefr cuk, j[kukA vxyk
{ks= ftl ij mUgksua s è;ku dsfa ær fd;k og Fkk ehfM;k dSls dke djrk gS] bl ij mUgksaus rhu "LVkfjax
i‚baV iksth'ku" fn,A igyk] çfrfufèkRo: ÞehfM;k mRikn okLrfod nqfu;k dks ugha fn[kkrs ;k mudk
çfrfufèkRo ugha djrs gSa( os okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k vkSj iqu: çLrqr djrs gSa"A nwljk] O;k[;k: "ehfM;k
dsoy mu rjhdksa esa ls ,d gS ftlds }kjk ge vkSj lekt nqfu;k dks le>rs gSa] ;k nqfu;k dk fuekZ.k
djrs gSa"A vafre ,d] ewY;kadu: "ehfM;k dk LokfeRo] fu;a=.k vkSj fuekZ.k dqN lewgksa }kjk fd;k tkrk
gS tks nwljksa dh vksj ls lekt dh le> cukrs gSa"A blls Li"V gS fd tulapkj ekè;e ,d lkaL—frd
?kVuk gS tks lkekftd lanHkZ esa fo|eku gSA
ehfM;k lar`fIr dk orZeku Lrj ges'kk ekStnw ugha jgk gSA gky gh esa 1960 vkSj 1970 ds n'kd esa]
mnkgj.k ds fy,] Vsyhfotu esa eq[; :i ls rhu usVodZ] lkoZtfud çlkj.k vkSj dqN LFkkuh; Lora=
LVs'ku 'kkfey FksA bu puyksa us eq[; :i ls nks&ekrk&firk] eè;e&oxÊ; ifjokjksa ij viuh çksxzkfeax
dk y{; j[kkA fQj Hkh] dqN eè;eoxÊ; ifjokjksa ds ikl Vsyhfotu rd ugha FkkA vkt] lcls xjhc
?kjksa esa ,d Vsyhfotu vkSj vfèkdka'k eè;e oxZ ds ?kjksa esa dbZ Vhoh fey ldrs gSaA u dsoy miyCèkrk
esa o`f) gqbZ gS] cfYd lHkh mez] vk;] i`"BHkwfe vkSj –f"Vdks.k dks [kq'k djus ds mís'; ls 'kks ds lkFk
çksxzkfeax rsth ls fofoèk gSA ;g O;kid miyCèkrk vkSj ,Dlikstj Vsyhfotu dks vfèkdka'k ekl&ehfM;k
ppkZvksa dk çkFkfed Qksdl cukrk gSA gky gh esa] baVjusV us viuh Hkwfedk esa rsth ls o`f) dh gS
D;ksafd vfèkd O;olk; vkSj ifjokj "lkbu v‚u" djrs gSaA gkykafd Vhoh vkSj baVjusV us ekl ehfM;k]
fQYeksa vkSj if=dkvksa ij gkoh gks x, gSa
ehfM;k laLFkku lekt dk ,d fgLlk gSaA lekpkj ehfM;k dks Lora= vkSj fu"i{k D;ksa gksuk pkfg,]
bldk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k bldk çgjh dk;Z gSA lekpkj ehfM;k ls ljdkj] O;kikj vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa ij
dM+h utj j[kus dh mEehn gSA ;g cgl vkSj ppkZ ds fy, lkoZtfud Mksesu esa eqíksa dks ykus dh
mEehn gSA blfy, ;g ljdkj dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og u dsoy çsl dh Lok;Ùkrk dh j{kk djs] cfYd
turk dks lekpkjksa dk Lora= vkSj fu"i{k forj.k Hkh lqfuf'pr djsA ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fgr esa gS
fd tks yksx ehfM;k }kjk çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh ij fuHkZj gSa os viMsV jgsa vkSj nqfu;k ls tqM+s jgsAa
ehfM;k ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og fcuk fdlh Mj ;k i{kikr ds lekpkjksa dks lk>k djs vkSj mu
eqíksa ij turk dh jk; O;ä djus esa enn djs tks muds fy, fpark dk fo"k; gSaA ehfM;k turk vkSj
'kfä;ksa ds chp ,d ekè;e ds :i esa dke djrk gSA5
–

ehfM;k ,d 'kfä'kkyh Økafr gS ftlus gekjs thou dks pkSrjQk cny fn;k gS( "Essay On Time "
dh ysf[kdk lqt+Su l‚jsy dgrh gSa] blus gekjs lekthdj.k] vius O;olk;ksa dks lapkfyr djus]
jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa layXu gksus] O;olk;ksa dk fuekZ.k djus vkSj ukSdjh esa HkrÊ djus ds rjhds dks
cny fn;k gSA mu {ks=ksa esa var nZ̀f"V çnku djrk gS tks gekjs lekt esa egRoiw.kZ :i ls çHkkfor gq,
gSaA ,d lks'ky ehfM;k mifLFkfr ,d thoar vkSj ikjn'kÊ lapkj j.kuhfr dk ,d VªsM ekdZ gS] vkSj ml
var rd] lks'ky ehfM;k fo'ks"k mi;ksfxrk çnku djrk gSAlks'ky ehfM;k VwYl ljdkj vkSj turk ds
chp var%fØ;kRedrk esa lqèkkj dj ldrs gSa] vkSj os ,slh vkcknh rd igqap tkrs gSa tks ijaijkxr
ehfM;k dk mi;ksx vU; yksxksa dh rjg ckj&ckj ugha djrs gSaA
jkbV ,aM fgalu ¼2010½ }kjk gky gh esa fd, x, ,d lks'ky ehfM;k vè;;u esa ik;k x;k fd vfèkdka'k
tulaidZ is'ksojksa dk ekuuk gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k midj.k muds laxBuksa ds fy, Qk;ns ean FksA fo'ks"k
:i ls] 77% mÙkjnkrkvksa us ladsr fn;k fd Qslcqd vkSj fyaDMbu tSls lkekftd usVodZ egRoiw.kZ Fks]
65%dk ekuuk Fkk fd fV~oVj tSlh ekbØks&Cy‚fxax lkbVsa egRoiw.kZ Fkha] 65% dk ekuuk Fkk fd
YouTube tSlh ohfM;ks lk>k djus okyh lkbVsa egRoiw.kZ Fkha] vkSj 57% dk ekuuk Fkk fd Cy‚x
egRoiw.kZ FksAO;olk;h Hkh fopkjksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj turk ds lkFk nksrjQk laokn esa
layXu gksus ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k Vwy dk mi;ksx djrs gSa ¼,ojh] LohVLVj] vkSj ySfjlh] 2010½A
gkyk¡fd] tcfd lks'ky ehfM;k laxBuksa ds fy, dbZ ldkjkRed volj çLrqr djrk gS] pqukSfr;k¡ cuh
jgrh gSa ftudk lekèkku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;g 2019 lks'ky ehfM;k LVSfVfLVDl ds vuqlkj gSA bu IysVQkeksZa us gekjs lekt dks çHkkfor djus ds
çeq[k rjhds ;gka fn, gS:a

Qslcqd] fV~oVj vkSj baLVkxzke tSls IysVQ‚eZ ds bLrseky ls yksxksa ds lkekftddj.k esa dkQh Økafrdkjh
cnyko vk;k gSA blus okLrfod le; ds vkèkkj ij gekjs ifjokj ds lnL;ksa] nksLrksa vkSj fj'rsnkjksa ls
tqM+uk vklku cuk fn;k gSAlks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls yksx rLohjsa vkSj ohfM;ks lk>k dj ldrs gSa
vkSj vius djhch yksxksa ds lkFk laokn dj ldrs gSaA blus fj'rksa dks etcwr fd;k gS vkSj ;g ifjokjksa
dks bl rjg ls ,d lkFk yk jgk gS tks igys laHko ugha FkkAifjokjksa] nksLrksa] fj'rsnkjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa ds
ikl dkS'ky lk>k djus vkSj fofHkUu n{krkvksa esa lqèkkj djus dk volj gSA lkFk gh] yksxksa dks u,
nksLr cukus vkSj feyus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA

ekdZsfVax ls ysdj xzkgdksa ds lkFk le; ij ckrphr djus rd & lks'ky ehfM;k ls O;olk; cgqr
çHkkfor gq, gSaA ,d O;olk; ftlus lkekftd ds mi;ksx dks viuk;k gS] mlds çfrLifèkZ;ksa ij ,d
fuf'pr c<+r gSA v‚uykbu IysVQ+‚eZ O;olk;ksa ds fy, okLrfod le; ds vkèkkj ij vius çlkn dk
foKkiu djus vkSj vfèkd xzkgdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus dk ,d de [kpÊyk rjhdk gSA blus O;olk;ksa ds
fy, O;kid xzkgd vkèkkj rd igqapuk vkSj fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds ekè;e ls xzkgdksa dh oQknkjh esa lqèkkj
djuk vklku cuk fn;k gSA xzkgdksa rd vklku igqap O;olk;ksa dks ekStwnk xzkgdksa dks cuk, j[kus ds
lkFk&lkFk vfèkd vkdf"kZr djus dk ykHk nsrh gSA blls cM+h cktkj fgLlsnkjh vkSj vfèkd ykHk ekftZu
vkSj O;olk;ksa ds fy, dqN vPNs #i;s feyrs gSaA O;olk;ksa }kjk vius xzkgdksa ls ckrphr vkSj QhMcSd
ds ekè;e ls] os cktkj dks tYnh ls le> ldrs gSa vkSj ubZ j.kuhfr;ksa dks viuk ldrs gSa] lkFk gh
xfr'khy xzkgd ds Lokn vkSj ekaxksa ds vuq:i gks ldrs gSaA

lks'ky ehfM;k us jktuhfr dks dbZ rjg ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA vktdy] ;g og txg gS tgka T;knkrj
yksxksa dks mudh [kcj feyrh gS( dqN ekeyksa esa] ;g ehfM;k ?kjkuksa ds lkeus gksrk gSA ;g og ekè;e gS
tks jktuhfrd vkSj vU; lekpkjksa rd lcls vklku igqap çnku djrk gSA ;s v‚uykbu IysVQ‚eZ yksxksa
dks vius jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks viuh jktuhfrd f'kdk;rksa dks çlkfjr djus vkSj dkjZokbZ dh ekax
djus dh vuqefr Hkh nsrs gSaA ;g ,d ,slk ekè;e Hkh gS tgka cM+s iSekus ij jktuhfrd jSfy;ka dh tkrh
gSa] vfHk;ku pyk, tkrs gSa vkSj ;gka rd fd jktuhfrd v'kkafr Hkh lcls T;knk eglwl dh tkrh gSA

lks'ky ehfM;k us ukSdjh dh HkfrZ;ksa dks dkQh çHkkfor fd;k gSA vfèkdka'k daifu;ka vius lkekftd
iksVZQksfy;ks ds vkèkkj ij vius dke ij j[kus dk fu.kZ; ysrh gSaA HkrÊdrkZ ukSdjh fjfä;ksa dks iksLV
djus ds fy, v‚uykbu usVodZ dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSa ftlds ekè;e ls mUgsa vius vkn'kZ mEehnokj
feyrs gSaA blus ukSdjh pkgus okyksa ds fy, ukSdjh ds inksa rd igqap dks vklku cuk fn;k gSA ;g
fyaDMbu tSls IysVQ‚eZ ij Li"V gS] tgka ukSdjh pkgus okys vius dkS'ky ds lkFk viuk çksQkby cuk
ldrs gSa vkSj ns[k ldrs gSa fd ukSdjh ds volj HkrÊdrkZ D;k iksLV dj jgs gSaA

lks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls dbZ is'ks vkSj dkS'ky cuk, vkSj lh[ks x, gSaA v‚uykbu lh[kus esa Hkkjh
o`f) gqbZ gS tgka dksbZ vklkuh ls ,d dkS'ky lh[k ldrk gS vkSj blds pkjksa vksj ,d etcwr is'kk cuk
ldrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ds vfLrRo ds dkj.k nwjLFk f'k{kk çkIr djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k esa o`f)
gqbZ gS] lkFk gh ys[ku lsokvksa tSls 'kS{kf.kd çLrkoksa esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ gSA

gkyk¡fd] lks'ky ehfM;k ds dkj.k udkjkRed çHkko iM+ jgs gSaA ;g ,d ,slk eap gksus ds ckotwn]
ftlds ekè;e ls ge esytksy djrs gSa] viuk O;olk; pykrs gSa vkSj jktuhfrd ekeyksa dks le>rs gSa]
;gka dqN udkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gS:
• O;fäxr tkudkjh lk>k djus ds ekè;e ls] fdlh dh xksiuh;rk ij çfr:i.k] pksjh vkSj ihNk
djus dk tksf[ke gksrk gS – vU; nks"kksa ds chpA vktdy] daifu;ka ukSdjh pkgus okyksa dks ekius ds
fy, lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA dqN Hkh viekutud ;k 'keZukd iksLV djus ls vki ukSdjh
ds volj [kksldrs gSa] D;ksafd 'baVjusV dHkh ugha Hkwyrk'A
• v‚uykbu lks'ky IysVQ‚eZ u'ks dh yr gSa vkSj blls dk;ZLFkyksa ij mRikndrk esa Hkkjh deh
vkbZ gSA blls daifu;ksa ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gS D;ksafd mUgsa ?kkVk gksrk gSA
• dqN mnkgj.kksa esa] blus dqN yksxksa dks & fo'ks"k :i ls vareZq[kh yksxksa dks & okLrfod nqfu;k
ds foijhr vkHkklh nqfu;k ij cgqr vfèkd Hkjkslk djus ds fy, cuk;k gSA
• lkbcj cqfyax lks'ky ehfM;k dk ,d vkSj fparktud çHkko gSA lkbcj cqfyax ds ifj.kkeksa us
ihfM+rksa dks volkn esa fxjrs ns[kk gS vkSj vfèkd dêjiaFkh ekeyksa es]a mUgsa viuh tku xaokuh iM+h gSA
• pwafd lwpuk rsth ls v‚uykbu ;k=k djrh gS] blfy, >wBh lwpuk dk ,d VqdM+k cM+h la[;k esa
yksxksa rd tYnh igqap ldrk gS vkSj çkIrdrkZvksa ds chp cgqr ng'kr iSnk dj ldrk gSA

”
ehfM;k }kjk lekt dks laiw.kZ fo'o esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gS blfy;s
ehfM;k dk ;g ç;kl gksuk pkfg, fd ;s tkudkfj;ka ;FkkFkZ gkaAs lwpukvksa dks rksM+&ejksM+dj ;k nwf"kr
dj çLrqr djus dk ç;kl ugha gksuk pkfg,A lekt ds fgr ,oa tkudkjh ds fy;s lwpukvksa dks ;Fkkor
,oa fo'kq) :i esa turk ds le{k is'k djuk pkfg,A ehfM;k dk çLrqrhdj.k ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks
lekt oturk dk dk ekxZn'kZu dj ldsA ehfM;k lekt dks vusd çdkj ls usr`Ro çnku djrk gS
ftlls lekt dh fopkj/kkjk çHkkfor gksrh gSA ehfM;k dks çsjd dh Hkwfedk esa Hkh mifLFkr gksuk pkfg,
A ehfM;k lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa ds fgrksa dk j{kd Hkh gksrk gSA og lekt dh uhfr] ijaijkvksa]
ekU;rkvksa rFkk lH;rk ,oa laL—fr ds çgjh ds :i esa Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ehfM;k viuh [kcjksa }kjk
lekt ds vlarqyu ,oa larqyu esa Hkh cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ehfM;k dks lekt esa 'kkafr] lkSgknZ vkSj
lejlrk dh Hkkouk fodflr djukpkfg;sA lkekftd ruko] la?k"kZ] erHksn] ;q) Hkwdai] ck<+ ,oa vU;
çk—frd ;k ekuo—r vkinkvksd
a s le; ehfM;k dks cgqr gh la;fer rjhds ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A jk"Vª
çse ,oa ,drk dh Hkkouk dks mHkkjus ds fy, dks c<+&p< +dj fgLlk ysuk pkfg,A ehfM;k dh
cgqvk;keh Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd ehfM;k vkt fouk'kd ,oa fgrS"kh nksuksa Hkwfedkvksa
esa lkeus vk;k gSA vc le; vk x;k gS fd ehfM;k viuh 'kfä dk lnqi;ksx tufgr esa djs vkSj
lekt dk ekxn'kZu djs rkfd ehfM;k ij mBus okyh ykaNu dh vkokt]ljkguk dh vkokt esa cny
ldsA

 lkekftd esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djsAa

 ehfM;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oe vFkZ ] mRifr] bfrgkl dh ppkZ djsAa
 lket o~ ehfM;k ds ikjLifjd lac/a kks ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj O;ä djsAa
 fofHkUu lkekftd eqnksa dh ppkZ djsa ,oa blds fy;s ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk r; djsaA
 ehfM;k ds fofHku :iksa ,oa muds dk;ksaZ dh ppkZ djsAa
 oSdfYid ehfM;k &oSdfYid ehfM;k xSj eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k Q‚eZ ¼tSls ipsZ ;k fHkfÙkfp=½ tks
iwjd vkSj dHkh&dHkh ikjaifjd ehfM;k :iksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, mRiUu gksrs gSaA
 U;w ehfM;k ^U;w ehfM;k ^ lapkj dk og laoknkRed ¼Interactive½ Lo:i gS ft lesa baVjusV
dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ge i‚MdkLV] vkj ,l ,l QhM] lks'ky usVodZ ¼Qslcqd] ekbZ Lisl]
V~ohVª½] CykXl] fofDdl] VSDlV eSlsftax bR;kfn dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ikjLifjd laokn LFkkfir
djrs gSaA ;g laokn ek/;e cgq&lapkj laokn dk : /kkj.k dj ysrk gS ftlesa ikBd n'kZd
Jksrk rqjar viuh fVIi.kh u dsoy ys[kd çdk'kd ls lk>k dj ldrs gSa] cfYd vU; yksx Hkh
çdkf'kr çlkfjr lapkfjr fo"k;&oLrq ij viuh fVIi.kh ns ldrs gSaA ;g fVIif.k;ka ,d ls
vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gS vFkkZr cgq/kk l'kä fVIif.k ;ka ifjppkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSaA
mnkgj.kr% vki Qslcqd dks gh ysa & ;fn vki dksbZ lans'k çdkf'kr djrs gSa vkSj cgqr ls yksx
vkidh fo"k;& oLrq ij fVIi.kh nsrs gSa rks dbZ ckj ikBd&oxZ ijLij ifjppkZ vkjEHk dj nsrs
gSa vkSj ys[kd ,d ls vf/kd fVIif.k;ksa dk mÙkj nsrk gSA U;w ehfM;k okLro esa ijEijkxr
ehfM;k dk la'kksf/kr :i gS ftlesa rduhdh Økafrdkjh ifjorZu o bldk u;k :i lEefyr gSA
 lks'ky ehfM;k lks'ky ehfM;k ¼Social Media½ ,d ,slk ehfM;k gS] tks ckdh lkjs ehfM;k
¼fçaV] bysDVª‚fud vkSj lekukarj ehfM;k½ ls vyx gSA lks'ky ehfM;k baVjusV ds ek/;e ls ,d
opqZvy oyZ~M cukrk gS ftls mi;ksx djus okyk O;fä lks'ky ehfM;k ds fdlh IysVQ‚eZ
¼Qslcqd] fV~oVj] baLVkxzke½ vkfn dk mi;ksx dj igqap cuk ldrk gSA
 lekt lekt ,d ls vf/kd yksxksa ds leqnk;ksa ls feydj cus ,d o`gn lewg dks dgrs gSa
ftlesa lHkh O;fä ekuoh; fØ;kdyki djrs gSaA ekuoh; fØ;kdyki esa vkpj.k] lkekftd
lqj{kk vkSj fuokZg vkfn dh fØ;k,a lfEefyr gksrh gSaA lekt yksxksa dk ,slk lewg gksrk gS tks
vius vanj ds yksxksa ds eqdkcys vU; lewgksa ls dkQh de esytksy j[krk gSA
 fodkl fodkl 'kCn ifjorZu dk |ksrd gS A fodkl ds varxZr O;fä ds ekufld] lkekftd]
laox
s kRed rFkk 'kkjhfjd –f"V ls gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr O;fä
esa gksus okys leLr ifjorZuksa dks fodkl dgk tkrk gSA
 fodkl fl)kar &fodkl fl)kar dk fopkj ;s gS fd ehfM;k flLVe vkSj ljdkjksa ;g
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d lkFk dke djuk pkfg, fd ,d ns'k csgrj cusxk ] ,oe vU;
ns'kksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh dks c<+kok nsxkA
 fu;ked fl)kar lapkj fo'ks"kK ÝsMfjd flcVZ] fFk;ksMksj ihVjlu rFkk foycj Jke us 1956 esa
çdkf'kr viuh pfpZr iqLrd Four Theories of the Press ds varxZr çsl ds pkj çeq[k
fl)karksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh gS] ftls fu;ked fl)kar dgk tkrk gSA tks fuEufyf[kr gSa :&
 çHkqRooknh fl)kar ¼¼Authoritarian Theories½
 mnkjoknh fl)kar ¼Libertarian Theories½
 lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fl)kar ¼Social Responsibility Theories½
 lkE;oknh ehfM;k fl)kar ¼ ¼ Communist Media Theories½
 lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fl)kar dk çfriknu vesfjdk ¼1940½ esa Lora= ,oa ftEesnkj çsl ds fy,
xfBr vk;ksx us fd;k] ftlds vè;{k dksyfEc;k foÜofo|ky; ds jkcVZ gVfdUl FksA bl
fl)kar dks mnkjoknh fl)kar dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ij fodflr fd;k x;k gSA lkekftd
mÙkjnkf;Ro fl)kar ds vuqlkj& tuekè;e dsoy lekt dk niZ.k ek= ugha gksrk gS] cfYd
blds dqN lkekftd mÙknnkf;Ro Hkh gksrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa vkj-Mh- dsLes;j us vk;ksx ds le{k
dgk fd Vsyhfotu u dsoy lekt dk] cfYd turk ds laLdkjksa ,oa çkFkfedrkvksa dk Hkh niZ.k
gSA Ýsad LVsUQu dk dFku gS fd tu ekè;e lekt ds niZ.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA fdlh Hkh
?kVuk dks mlds okLrfod :i esa çLrqr djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA lkFk gh vkj-Mh- dsLes;j o
Qszsl
a LVsUQu lesr reke ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa dk Lohdkj djuk iM+k fd tuekè;eksa dk dk;Z lekt
esa ?kVh ?kVukvksa dks is'k djuk ek= gh ugha gS] cfYd buds dqN lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh gSaA
tuekè;eksa dk çeq[k mÙkjnkf;Ro ;g gS fd os vius dk;ZØeksa ds ekè;e ls lekt esa O;kIr
dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus] f'k{kk dk çlkj djus] lkEçnkf;d ln~Hkkouk o jk"Vªh; ,drk dks cuk;s
j[kus rFkk ns'k fgr dh j{kk esa enn djsAa tuekè;eksa dks dsoy lekt dh bPNk ls fu;af=r
ugha gksuk pkfg,] cfYd ,d vPNs iFk çn'kZd dh rjg lekt fgr esa mfpr fu.kZ; Hkh ysuk
pkfg,A
1. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/media
2. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/media
3. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1098/media
4. https://owlcation.com/humanities/A-Short-History-of-Media
5. https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/1-3-the-evolution-of-media/
6. https://study.com/academy/answer/what-is-the-relationship-between-mass-media-and-
society.html
7. Daramola, I. F. E. D. A. Y. O. (2007). Relationship between mass media and
society. International journal of communication, 6, 106-120.
8. https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Relationship-Between-Media-and-Society-FKWEX3E36ZYA
9. https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/contemporary-mass-media/the-role-and-
influence-of-mass-media
10. https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/57200/1/Unit1.pdf
11.https://medium.com/@kashafmurtza655/role-of-media-in-society-
760db2844ae3
12.https://manavrachna.edu.in/blog/media-as-a-catalyst-for-social-change/
13.https://www.ssim.ac.in/blog/role-of-media-in-society/
14.https://www.essaybiography.com/role-of-media-our-society/
15. https://www.scotbuzz.org/2017/04/samajik-vikas.html
16. http://vgmcu.blogspot.com/2014/06/normative-theories.html
17. Bharat Main Parivar, Vivah Aur Natedari (Family, Marriage And Kinship In India) Shobita Jain
 UNIT – II

1. çLrkouk
2. mns';
3. fefM;k lk{kjrk
4. cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa ij ehfM;k dk çHkko
5. ehfM;k vkSj ySafxd eqís
6. ehfM;k vkSj xzkeh.k lekt
7. lkjka'k
8. vH;kl ç'u
9. çeq[k 'kCn
10.lUnHkZ ,oa v/;;u lkexzh

ehfM;k ,d lexz ra= gS ftlesa fçafVax çsl] i=dkj] bysDVª‚fud ek/;e] jsfM;ks] flusek] baVjusV vkfn
lwpuk ds ek/;e lfEefyr gksrs gSaA vxj lekt esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dh ckr djs]a rks bldk rkRi;Z
;g gS fd lekt esa ehfM;k çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k :i ls D;k ;ksxnku ns jgk gS ,oa mlds mÙkjnkf;Roksa
ds fuoZgu ds nkSjku lekt ij mldk D;k ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed çHkko iM+ jgk gSA çHkko ij xkSj
djus ls Li"V irk pyrk gS fd ehfM;k dh lekt esa 'kfä] egÙkk ,oa mi;ksfxdrk esa o`f) ls blds
ldkjkRed çHkkoksa esa dkQh vfHko`f) gqbZ gS ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk blds udkjkRed çHkko Hkh mHkj dj
lkeus vk, gSaAehfM;k us tgka turk dks fuHkhZdrkiwoZd tkx:d djus] Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djus] lÙkk
ij rkfdZd fu;a=.k ,oa tufgr dk;ksZa dh vfHko`f) esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS] ogha ykyp] Hk;] }s"k] Li/kkZ]
nqHkkZouk ,oa jktuSfrd dqpØ ds tky esa Qaldj viuh Hkwfedk dks dyafdr Hkh fd;k gSA O;fäxr ;k
laLFkkxr fufgr LokFkksaZ ds fy;s ;syks tuZfyTe dks viukuk] CySdesy }kjk nwljksa dk 'kks"k.k djuk]
pViVh [kcjksa dks roTtks nsuk vkSj [kcjksa dks rksM+&ejksM+dj is'k djuk] naxs HkM+dkus okyh [kcjsa
çdkf'kr djuk] ?kVukvksa ,oa dFkuksa dks f}vFkhZ :i çnku djuk] Hk; ;k ykyp esa lÙkk:<+ ny dk i{k
ysuk] vuko';d :i ls fdlh dh ç'kalk vkSj fdlh nwljs dh vkykspuk djuk tSls vusd vuqfpr dk;Z
vktdy ehfM;k }kjk fd;s tk jgs gSaA laons u'khy eqíksa dks c<+k&p<+kdj is'k djuk] uSfrdrk] lkekftd
fodkl ls lacaf/kr [kcjksa dks utjvankt djuk vktdy ehfM;k dk ,d lkekU; y{k.k gks x;k gSA
ehfM;k ds bl O;ogkj ls lekt esa vO;oLFkk vkSj vlarqyu dh fLFkfr curh utj vkrh gSASbu lcdks
ns[krs gq, ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ,oa lkekftd <kaps ds vusd rRoksa ls blds laca/k ij ppkZ djuk vkt
vko';d gks x;k gSA vr% bl bdkbZ esa fefM;k lk{kjrk ]cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa ij ehfM;k dk
çHkko ]ehfM;k vkSj ySafxd eqís ] ehfM;k vkSj xzkeh.k lekt ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

bl bdkbZ dks i<us ds ckn vki

1- ehfM;k ehfM;k lk{kjrk ds ckjs esa crk ldsx
a s
2- ehfM;k dk lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa ds lkFk laca/kksa ij ppkZ dj ldsx
a s
3- ehfM;k dk fo'ys"k.k o~ blds çHkkoksa dh ppkZ dj ldsx
a s

ehfM;k lk{kjrk esa ,slh çFkk,a 'kkfey gSa tks yksxksa dks ehfM;k rd igqapus] vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djus
dh vuqefr nsrh gSa ehfM;k lk{kjrk ,d ekè;e rd lhfer ugha gS vkSj bls mu n{krkvksa ds ,d lewg
ds :i esa le>k tkrk gS tks dk;Z, thou vkSj ukxfjdrk ds fy, vko';d gSaA ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'k{kk
ehfM;k lk{kjrk n{krkvksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh çfØ;k gS , vkSj bldk mís';
ehfM;k çHkko ds ckjs esa tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj ehfM;k ds miHkksx vkSj fuekZ.k nksuksa ds çfr
lfØ; #[k cukuk gSA

ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'k{kk ds 'kq#vkrh ç;klksa dk irk vDlj 1920 ds n'kd ds var vkSj 1930 ds n'kd
dh 'kq#vkr esa ehfM;k mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks fo'ys"k.kkRed dkS'ky fl[kkus ds fy, fczfV'k fQYe laLFkku ds
ncko esa yxk;k tkrk gSA yxHkx mlh le; vesfjdk esa, foLd‚fUlu ,lksfl,'ku Q‚j csVj cz‚MdkLVlZ
us ukxfjdksa dks ehfM;k ds vfèkd egRoiw.kZ miHkksäk cuus ds fy, ehfM;k lk{kjrk dh ekax dhA
gkyk¡fd] bu çkjafHkd ehfM;k lk{kjrk ç;klksa dk y{;] tks 1960 ds n'kd esa tkjh jgk] Nk=ksa
dks blds miHkksx ds f[kykQ psrkouh nsdj ehfM;k ls mudh j{kk djuk FkkA bl ifjçs{; ds ckotwn]
ehfM;k vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls Vsyhfotu dk çHkqRo c<+rk jgk] Hkys gh ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'k{kk esa #fp de gks
xbZA
 gky gh es]a baVjusV vkSj iksVZscy çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds vkxeu ls tks gesa dgha Hkh vkSj dHkh Hkh
ehfM;k dk miHkksx djus esa l{ke cukrh gSa] us ehfM;k lk{kjrk ds vkºoku esa iqu#RFkku fd;k gSA fQj
Hkh y{; vc yksxksa dks ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djus ls jksduk ugha gS] cfYd mUgsa vfèkd lwfpr] fopkj'khy
ehfM;k miHkksäk cuus esa enn djuk gSA
gkyk¡fd ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'k{kk vc v‚LVªsfy;k] dukMk vkSj fczVsu lfgr vaxzsth cksyus okys ns'kksa
esa Loh—r vkSj lQy gks xbZ gS] ;g vHkh rd la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa ikBîØe dk ,d ekud fgLlk
ugha cu ik;k gS] tgka dsæa hdj.k dh deh ds dkj.k ,d Hk;kog –f"Vdks.k iSnk gqvk gSA

LoLFk yksdra= ds fy, igyh vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ vko';drk gS çcq) ernkrkA ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'kf{kr
ernkrkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks l{ke gSa vfHk;ku j.kuhfr;ksa ds ekè;e ls ns[kus ds fy, vkSj xaHkhj
:i ls ewY;kadu djus esa l{ke gSa ?kks"k.kki= vkSj pqukoh Hkk"k.kA ehfM;k lk{kjrk ds vU; egRoiw.kZ
dkj.k gSa%
 : vkius ns[kk gksxk fd ;gka rd fd NksVs cPps vkSj
NksVs cPps lapkj ds vknh gSa gekjs dqN cPpksa ds fy,] Vsyhfotu ,d csch flVj vkSj baVjusV ds
:i esa dk;Z djrk gS ,d nksLr ds :i esaA ,sls esa t:jh gS fd cPps Hkh ehfM;k lk{kj gksa fd
V‚e ,aM tsjh dsoy dkVZwu gSa vkSj vly ftanxh esa dksbZ mudh rjg nkSM+s rks pksV yx ldrh
gS!
 gekjs okLrfod esa thou] gesa
thus ds fy, vkSj viuh fQYeksa vkSj Vsyhfotu esa dM+h esgur djuh iM+rh gS èkkjkokfgd thou
dks cgqr xqykch fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ,d ehfM;k lk{kj O;fä bl fLFkfr ls fujk'k eglwl ugha
djsxk gSa vkSj le>sx
a s fd okLrfod thou blls vyx gS D;k n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl çdkj]
ehfM;k lk{kjrk gesa varj ns[kus esa enn djrh gSA
 vxj ge dqN çdkj ds
dk;ZØe cgqr vfèkd ns[krs gSa rks ge ;g ekuus yxrs gSa fd lekt ,d tSlk gS A ehfM;k
lk{kjrk gesa Nfo;ksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ :f<+;ksa ls eqä djrh gS
 ehfM;k lk{kjrk gesa ehfM;k çkS|ksfxdh dk
vuqlj.k djus esa l{ke djrh gS
 ehfM;k lk{kjrk gesa gekjh laL—fr dks le>us esa enn djrh gSA
  ehfM;k lk{kjrk dk bjknk ehfM;k flLVe ;k ml lekt dh vkykspuk djuk ugha gS tks ges'kk
jktuhfrd ,tsM
a k] :f<+okfnrk ;k xyr c;kuh dh ryk'k esa jgrs gSa( gkyk¡fd] ;g ,d ehfM;k
miHkksäk cukus dk bjknk j[krk gS tks cqf)eku fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gks vkSj vutkus esa ehfM;k
ls çHkkfor u gksA
 ehfM;k lk{kjrk ehfM;k dh vkykspuk djus vkSj nks"k [kkstus ds lkèku ds :i esa dk;Z ugha
djrh gS
 ehfM;k lk{kjrk dk mís'; vkidks dbZ ls ehfM;k ds vuqHko dks ns[kus esa enn djuk gS
 ehfM;k lk{kjrk vkidks ehfM;k ds lkFk ckrphr u djus ds fy, ugha dgrh gSA ;g dsoy
vkidks lkoèkkuh ls ckrphr djuk] xaHkhj :i ls lkspuk vkSj le>nkjh ls le>uk fl[kkrk gSA
ehfM;k lk{kjrk dk egRo vkt igys ls t+~;knk blfy, Hkh gS] D;ksafd ckt+kj vkSj O;kolkf;d
çfrLièkkZ dh otg ls vc ehfM;k dk Lo:i cgqr cny pqdk gSA vkt Hkkjh ek=k esa Hkkjr esa yksx
lks'ky ehfM;k ij ,fDVo gSa vkSj vkSlr :i ls jkst+ vius thou ds yxHkx 2 ls 3 ?kaVs nsrs gSa] ysfdu
vfèkdrj yksxksa dks mldk mís'; ugha irk gSA mUgsa Loa; ls fuEu ç'u djus dh vko';drk gS –

1 - os lks'ky ehfM;k ¼Qslcqd] V~ohVj] OgkV~l,Ii vkfn ½ dk mi;ksx fdl mís'; ls dj jgs gSa\

2- os lks'ky ehfM;k ij fdl rjg dh [kcjksa dks ns[k&i<+ jgs gSa \

3 - D;k os lks'ky IysVQ‚ElZ ij fn[kuh okyh [kcjksa dh tkap&iM+rky djrs gSa\

4 - D;k os [kcjksa dks fcuk tkap&ij[k dj vkxs Hkstrs gSa\ vxj gka] rks mldk mís'; D;k gS\

5 - D;k os fdlh daVsVa dks dsoy vkuan ;k et+s ds fy, 'ks;j dj jgs gSa\

6 - muds }kjk 'ks;j fd, tkus okys daVsVa ls lekt o ifjos'k ij D;k çHkko iM+sxk] bldk mUgsa
vankt+k jgrk gS\

7 - lks'ky IysVQ‚ElZ ij fn[kus okys fdlh [kcj dk lkslZ D;k gS vkSj og fdruk foÜoluh; gS] bl
ij fopkj djrs gSa\
,sls reke loky gSa] tks ,d lks'ky ehfM;k ;wt+j dks [kqn ls iwNus pkfg,] D;ksfa d vkt gj dksbZ bldk
mi;ksx] rks dj jgk gS] ysfdu og mlds nq"ifj.kke vkSj çHkko ls iwjh rjg voxr ugha gS ;k ;wa dgsa
fd og ehfM;k lk{kj ugha gSA
orZeku esa vke tuekul dks Qsd U;wt+ vkSj >wBh vQokgksa dks igpkuus ds fy, gesa lk{kjrk ij cy
nsuk gksxk
lks'ky ehfM;k dks ysdj gesa vkt t+~;knk fpfpar gksus dh t+:jr blfy, Hkh gS] D;ksafd vkt gj dksbZ
i=dkj gS] lcds ikl viuh dye gS] ogha vkt vfèkdka'k fçaV vkSj bysDVªkfs ud ekè;e Hkh lks'ky
ehfM;k ij vius ikao rst+h ls ilkj pqds gSaA

,sls esa gesa ehfM;k lk{kjrk dh t+:jr vkt t+~;knk eglwl gksrh gS] D;ksafd blds vHkko esa vke lekt
vkSj tu&thou esa ,d v–'; t+gj QSyrk tk jgk gS] tks yksxksa dks HkkSfrd {kfr ds ctk; ekufld
:i ls [kks[kyk vkSj chekj cuk jgk gSA yksxksa esa vUnj gh vUnj fdlh ,d fuf'pr i{k ds çfr
csrgklk yxko] rks fdlh ds çfr }s"k dh Hkkouk iui jgh gS] ftlls muesa lgh o xyr le>us dh
laHkkouk [kRe gks jgh gSA

ogha Vsyhfot+u U;wt+ pkSuy Vhvkjih dh gksM+ vkSj vfèkd equkQk dekus ds pDdj esa lkekftd ljksdkj]
lekt ds çfr vius nkf;Ro vkSj uSfrdrk dks rkd ij j[krs gq, [kqn ,d&nwljs dks VDdj ns jgs gSa]
xyr&lgh Bgjk, tk jgs gSa] ysfdu loky ;g gS fd yksdra= dk pkSFkk LrEHk ekuk tkus okys ehfM;k]
ftl ij iwjk ns'k dk tu leqnk; vka[k can dj ds Hkjkslk djrk Fkk] vkt mls gh vius lgh gksus vkSj
lPph [kcjsa fn[kkus dk çpkj D;ksa djuk iM+ jgk gS\

vkt ehfM;k dks ;g dgus @fn[kkus ;k ;wa dg ysa fd Lo;a dks lkfcr djus dh t+:jr D;ksa iM+ jgh
gS fd og fu"i{k vkSj lkQ gS] D;ksafd blfy, Hkh fd [kqn ehfM;k ?kjkuksa ds O;kolkf;d ykyp us mUgsa
ewy i=dkfjrk vkSj lekt ds çfr muds nkf;Roksa vkSj uSfrdrk ls brj yk dj [kM+k dj fn;k gS]
ysfdu vQlksl fd ge&vki mls viuh vka[kksa ls ns[k ugha ik jgs gSaA
,sls dbZ ekSds jgs gSa] tc ehfM;k dks c<+k&p<+k dj] fepZ&elkyk yxkdj xyr [kcjksa dks is'k djrs
gq, ns[kk x;k gSA ,sls esa ljdkj dh Hkh vke tuekul ds çfr ft+Eesnkjh curh gS fd og ,d csgrj
ekud rS;kj djs vkSj lkFk gh gj oxZ dks ehfM;k lk{kj cukus gsrq ,d flyscl rS;kj dj bls
ikBîØe esa 'kkfey djs] ftlls csgrj vkSj lgh lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku gks lds vkSj ,d LoLFk
lekt dk fuekZ.k gks ldsA

gkykafd] vkt reke QSDV psdj miyCèk gSa] ysfdu og lgh o xyr dk vkdyu djus gsrq i;kZIr ugha
gSaA fdlh lwpuk dh tkap&iM+rky ds fy, ,d csgrjhu rduhd ls brj ns'k esa yksxksa dks ehfM;k
lk{kj cukus dh rjQ igys dne mBk;k tkuk pkfg,A vkt fMftVykbts'ku ds nkSj esa yksxksa rd
igqapuk cgqr vklku gks x;k gS] ,sls esa ljdkjh Lrj ij v‚Qykbu vkSj v‚uykbu ekè;e ls vke
tuekul dks blds çfr tkx:d djus dk vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds lkFk gh Ldwyh
Lrj ij ehfM;k lk{kjrk c<+kus ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

ekStnw k gkykr dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr esa ehfM;k lk{kjrk dks ysdj ,d mfpr dne mBkus dh t+:jr gS
vkSj ehfM;k f'k{kk dks Hkh ,d u;k :i nsus dh t+:jr eglwl gksrh gSA vkt Hkh dkSu lh lwpuk lgh
gS vkSj dkSu lh xyr] bldk iw.kZ :i ls irk yxkuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA
ehfM;k lk{kjrk ds fy, f'k{kk vDlj ,d iwNrkN&vkèkkfjr 'kS{kf.kd e‚My dk mi;ksx djrh gS tks
yksxksa dks os tks ns[krs] lqurs vkSj i<+rs gSa] mlds ckjs esa ç'u iwNus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrh gSA ehfM;k
lk{kjrk ikjaifjd uks fçaV VsDLV ls vkxs c<+rh gS vkSj vfèkd ledkyhu lzksrksa dh tkap djus ds fy,
vkxs c<+rh gSA ehfM;k lk{kjrk ds dqN mnkgj.kksa esa Vsyhfotu] ohfM;ks xse] QksVksxzkQ vkSj v‚fM;ks
lans'k 'kkfey gSa] ysfdu bUgha rd lhfer ugha gSaA ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'k{kk yksxksa dks lans'kksa dk
vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, xzg.k'khy ehfM;k {kerk fodflr djus esa enn djus ds fy,
midj.k çnku djrh gS] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ehfM;k ds vius vuqHko dks O;kid cukus ds volj çnku djrh
gS] vkSj mUgsa vius Lo;a ds ehfM;k lans'k cukus esa jpukRed dkS'ky c<+kus ds fy, jpukRed ehfM;k
{kerk fodflr djus esa enn djrh gSA egRoiw.kZ fo'ys"k.kksa esa ys[kd] mís'; vkSj –f"Vdks.k dh igpku
djuk] fuekZ.k rduhdksa vkSj 'kSfy;ksa dh tkap djuk] ehfM;k çfrfufèkRo ds iSVuZ dh tkap djuk] vkSj
lekpkj vkSj lkoZtfud ekeyksa dh çksxzkfeax ¼vkSj buds dkj.k½ esa çpkj] lsl
a jf'ki vkSj iwokZxzg dk irk
yxkuk 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA ehfM;k lk{kjrk f'k{kk ;g irk yxk ldrh gS fd dSls lajpukRed
fo'ks"krk,a & tSls fd ehfM;k LokfeRo] ;k bldk foÙk iks"k.k e‚My & çLrqr tkudkjh dks çHkkfor
djrh gSaAvr% gesa ehfM;k lk{kjrk dks gekjh f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds ikBîØe esa tksM+uk gh gksxk A

ehfM;k dk cPpksa ds HkkoukRed fodkl ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA tc ohfM;ks ehfM;k dh ckr vkrh
gS] rks ekrk&firk nks phtksa ds ckjs esa lcls T;knk fpafrr gksrs gSa: lsDl vkSj fgalkA ;g ,d lnh ls Hkh
vfèkd le; ls 'kksèk dk fo"k; jgk gS
fiNys nks n'kdksa esa] lks'ky ehfM;k us nqfu;k Hkj esa bruk fodkl vkSj çflf) çkIr dh gS fd dbZ
'kksèkdrkZ vc bu lkekftd IysVQkeksZa vkSj leqnk; ij muds çHkkoksa ds ckjs esa vfèkd tkuus esa #fp
j[krs gSaA 'kksèkdrkZvksa us ik;k gS fd ;s lkekftd lkbVsa lekt esa gekjs ;qokvksa ds thou dks uSfrdrk]
O;ogkj vkSj ;gka rd fd f'k{kk ds fygkt ls Hkh dkQh gn rd çHkkfor djrh gSaA
Vsyhfotu ,d 'kfä'kkyh f'k{kd gks ldrk gSA Vsyhfotu esa ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa rjg ds
çHkko mRiUu djus dh {kerk gS] vkSj dbZ vè;;uksa us lekt ij Vsyhfotu ds çHkko dks ns[kk gS]
[kkldj cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa ijA ,d cPps dk fodklkRed Lrj ;g fuèkkZfjr djus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
dkjd gS fd ekè;e ds ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed çHkko gksx
a s ;k ughaA
vkt ds ;qokvksa ij lks'ky ehfM;k ds ldkjkRed çHkkoksa esa mUgsa nqfu;k Hkj esa gksus okyh
?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk 'kkfey gS vkSj ;g mUgsa usVodZ cukkus esa l{ke cukrk gS vkSj
'kkjhfjd cSBdksa ds fcuk vius lkFkh ;qokvksa vkSj nksLrksa ds lkFk tqM+k jgrk gSA ;g nksLrksa ds chp dh
[kkbZ dks ikVrk gS D;ksfa d vÝhdk esa ,d O;fä la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa vius nksLr ds lkFk ckrphr
dj ldrk gSA ;g cnys esa gkbZ Ldwy ;k d‚yst esa lgikfB;ksa ds chp lacèa kksa dks etcwr djus esa enn
djrk gS] tks Ldwy [kRe djus ds ckn nqfu;k Hkj ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa esa pys x,A blds vfrfjä] ;qok
vius is'ks] vius thou ds vU; vk;keksa ds chp foÜokl ds vkèkkj ij lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ esa ist
vkSj lewg cuk ldrs gSa vkSj blls vfèkd dusD'ku curs gSa vkSj muds lacafèkr fo"k;ksa ds fy, vfèkd
volj [kqyrs gSaA blls csjkstxkj ;qokvksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds vfèkd volj iSnk gks ldrs gSaA jkstkuk
gksus okys dbZ baVjO;w ls ;qokvksa dk dguk gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ muds thou dks lq[kn] dq'ky
vkSj vklku cukrs gSa vkSj mudh thou 'kSyh Hkh cu x, gSaA
ehfM;k lkekftd eap vU; yksxksa ds uke ;k jktuhfrd ;k èkkfeZd lewgksa tSls vU; fgrksa ds lewgksa dks
dyafdr djus ds mís'; ls xyr lwpukvksa vkSj lekpkjksa ds çlkj dks Hkh çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA ;g cnys
esa lacafèkr i{kksa ds chp yM+kbZ vkSj nq'euh dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj blls tutkfr;ksa ;k fofHkUu tkfr;ksa
vkSj tutkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds chp foHkktu gks ldrk gSA
;g O;fä dks iaFkksa vkSj çcq) yksxksa ds lewgksa esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, Hkh çsfjr dj ldrk gS] tks
cnys esa lekt esa yksxksa dh yxkrkj gR;kvksa dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS] fofHkUu 'kksèk vè;;uksa ls dbZ
egRoiw.kZ rF; lkeus vk, gSaA tSls
 Vsyhfotu 'kks vkSj fQYesa ns[kus ls ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa rjg ds çHkko iM+rs gSaA
 ;g cPps dks ,d dkYifud nqfu;k esa ,sls le; esa j[krk gS tc mUgsa okLrfod vkSj dkYifud
ds chp varj djus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA dkYifud dk;ZØe ns[kus esa cgqr vfèkd le; okLro
esa okLrfod fodkl dks jksd ldrk gSA
 lh[kus esa le; yxrk gSA gkykafd dqN dk;ZØe 'kSf{kd gksrs gSa] tks cPps Vhoh ns[kus ds fy,
i<+uk vkSj gkseodZ djuk NksM+ nsrs gSa] mudk Ldwy esa cqjk gky gSA
 cM+h la[;k esa fgald —R;ksa dks ns[kus dks fgald ço`fÙk;ksa esa o`f) ls tksM+k x;k gSA
 Vsyhfot+u foKkiu dbZ ckj vLokLF;dj Hkkstu fodYiksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj yacs le; rd
ns[kus ls cPps }kjk [kk, tkus okys Hkkstu dh ek=k c<+ tkrh gSA
 dbZ fd'kksj Vhoh vkSj fQYeksa dks ;kSu tkudkjh ds eq[; lzksr ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA tcfd Ldwyh
;kSu f'k{kk dk;ZØe lqjf{kr ;kSu lacèa k dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] orZeku ehfM;k 'kk;n gh dHkh ,slk
djrk gSA
 cPps vkSj ;qok gj lky yxHkx 300 vYdksgy foKkiu ns[krs gSaA bu foKkiuksa esa ls vfèkdka'k]
fQYeksa vkSj Vhoh 'kks ds –';ksa dks rks NksM+ ns]a 'kjkc dh [kir dks ldkjkRed :i ls n'kkZrk gSA
vR;fèkd 'kjkc ds lsou ds udkjkRed çHkkoksa ds çfr ;qok 'kk;n gh dHkh lkeus vkrs gSAa

ehfM;k ,Dlikstj ges'kk cqjk ugha gksrk gSA cM+s iSekus ij ehfM;k fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls ;qok O;ogkj
vkSj –f"Vdks.k ij ldkjkRed çHkko Mky ldrk gSA ysfdu ;kn j[ks]a ;g ml lkexzh dh xq.koÙkk ij
fuHkZj djrk gS ftls ns[k jgk gSA
  Qslcqd] fV~oVj vkSj baLVkxzke tSls lks'ky
ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ ;qokvksa dks nqfu;k Hkj esa leku #fp;ksa ds yksxksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus ds fy,
txg çnku djrs gSaA ;qok bl ckrphr dks viuh vkRe&vfHkO;fä ds fy, euksjatd vkSj
larks"ktud ikrs gSa] ftlls mudk vkRefoÜokl vkSj vkRe&lEeku c<+rk gSA
 v‚uykbu o`Ùkfp=] fQYesa] baVjusV ij çsj.kknk;d dgkfu;ka]
fçaV vkSj çlkj.k ehfM;k vkids ;qokvksas ds fy, çsj.kk dk lzksr gks ldrs gSaA
 dqN ;qok vkSj fd'kksj vareZq[kh gksrs
gSaA muds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k ,d Lora= okrkoj.k gS tgka os fcuk fdlh f>>d ds ckrphr
dj ldrs gSaA lks'ky usVofdZax mUgsa lkekftd dkS'ky fodflr djus esa enn djrh gS tks
çHkkoh lapkj ds fy, vko';d gSaA lacaèkksa dks fodflr djus vkSj cuk, j[kus ds fy, çHkkoh
lapkj vko';d gSA
 ;qok vkSj fd'kksj tks lelkef;d
ekeyksa vkSj lekpkjksa esa #fp ysrs gSa] mudh lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj ekuo fodkl ds eqíks]a
tSls xjhch] Xykscy okfeZax] vkfn esa #fp gksus dh vR;fèkd laHkkouk gSA ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ
ldkjkRed çHkko gS tks gks ldrk gS vius cPps ds O;fäRo vkSj #fp;ksa dks fuèkkZfjr djus esa
enn djsAa
 ehfM;k LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ds ckjs
esa tkudkjh çlkfjr djrk gSA ,d ;qok] tks bl rjg dh tkudkjh ij è;ku nsrk gS] mlds
fofHkUu LokLF; eqíksa tSls fd'kksj volkn] cpiu dk eksVkik] vkfn vkSj muds laHkkfor lekèkkuksa
ds ckjs esa tkx:d gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gSA blls mUgsa lwfpr vkSj LoLFk thou 'kSyh
fodYi cukus esa enn fey ldrh gSA

,sls dbZ rjhds gSa ftuls –'; ehfM;k vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx udkjkRed çHkko dk lzkrs cu
ldrk gSA ;gka dqN ifj–'; fn, x, gSa ftudk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 foLrkfjr LØhu le; [kjkc
'kS{kf.kd çn'kZu] uhan dh deh] de 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk vkSj vkeus&lkeus lkekftd laidZ ls
tqM+k gSA ;s lHkh dkjd LokLF; lacaèkh leL;kvksa ls tqM+s gSa] tSls eksVkik vkSj lexz fodkl ij
udkjkRed çHkkoA
  fd'kksj lqanjrk vkSj ldkjkRed 'kjhj
dh Nfo dh O;k[;k dSls djrs gSa] bl ij ehfM;k dk rst çHkko iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
ehfM;k vkerkSj ij ;g èkkj.kk cukrk gS fd iryh vkSj fu"i{k lqanj fo'ks"krk,a gSaA bl rjg ds
Hkzked lans'k cPps ds vkRelEeku ij udkjkRed çHkko Mky ldrs gSaA
 ehfM;k vDlj ,d o;Ld dks BaMk gksus ds fy, fpf=r
djrk gS ;fn os tad QwM [kkrs gSa] èkweziku djrs gSa] 'kjkc ihrs gSa] MªXl dk mi;ksx djrs gSa]
rst Mªkbo djrs gSa] vkfnA o;Ld thou dh bu lHkh çLrqfr;ksa dk ,d cPps ;k fd'kksj ij
çHkko iM+ ldrk gS] mUgsa vius ilanhnk vfHkusrkvksa dk vuqdj.k djukA
 dHkh&dHkh i{kikriw.kZ tkudkjh vkSj udyh lekpkj
QSykus ds fy, lkekftd IysVQkeksZa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fd'kksj çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh
ij foÜokl djuk 'kq: dj ldrs gSa] ftlls muds –f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj esa cnyko vk ldrk
gSA dbZ okLrfod thou ds ekeys çnf'kZr djrs gSa fd dSls v‚uykbu IysVQ+‚eZ dk mi;ksx
yksxksa ds ,d oxZ ds çfr ?k`.kkLin ;k i{kikriw.kZ joS;s dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS]
tks varr% Hk;kud ifj.kke nsrk gSA

Vsyhfotu ij] iq#"kksa dks vDlj rdZlaxr] prqj] xaHkhj] etcwr] –<+] mxz vkSj [kqys fnekx ds :i esa
fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd efgykvksa dks laons u'khy] HkkoukRed] vkd"kZd] [kq'k] xeZ] vkd"kZd]
'kkafriw.kZ] fu"i{k] fouez vkSj uez ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA - Vhoh çksxzkfeax esa efgyk ik=ksa ds
vkd"kZ.k vkSj mifLFkfr ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd enkZuk ik=ksa dh ,dtqVrk] fu"iknu vkSj dkS'ky
ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA Vsyhfotu ij iq#"kksa ds fy, fookg vkSj ifjokj egRoiw.kZ ugha gSaA ,d vè;;u
ds vuqlkj] yxHkx lHkh iq#"kksa ds fy, ;g crkus dk loky gh ugha Fkk fd D;k os 'kknh'kqnk gSa] gkykafd
dsoy 11% efgykvksa us ,slk fd;k ¼'kkfefy'kfoyh] 2019½A "yxHkx 66 çfr'kr Vhoh ik= iq#"k gSa] ,d
vuqikr tks 1950 ds n'kd ls yxkrkj cuk gqvk gSA ekuoh; lg;ksx esa] efgykvksa dks vDlj iq#"kksa ds
lkFk muds lacaèkksa }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok] Vsyhfotu 'kk;n gh dHkh Je cktkj
dh okLrfodrk dks n'kkZrk gS"A yxHkx 56 çfr'kr ds vfèkd lVhd vkadM+s dh rqyuk esa ehfM;k ij 75
çfr'kr efgykvksa dks dkedkth ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA Vsyhfotu ij vfèkdrj efgykvksa dks d‚fyax
esa dke djrs ns[kk tkrk gSA blds ckotwn] vfèkdka'k efgyk,a de osru okyh] fuEu&fLFkfr okys inksa
ij dk;Zjr gSaA la;qä jkT; esa] dsoy nl çfr'kr efgyk,a gj lky 50]000 M‚yj ls vfèkd dekrh gSaA
'kke ds 'kq#vkrh Vsyhfotu ij vfèkdka'k efgyk,a ;qok] vkd"kZd] detksj gksrh gSa] vkSj muds ckjs esa
,d vya—r vuqHko gksrk gSA buesa ls vfèkdka'k ik= 35 o"kZ ls de ;k 50 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q ds gSa(
fQj Hkh] eè;e vk;q oxZ dh efgyk,a fnypLi gksrh gSa ¼x‚MeSu ,V vyA 2020½A efgykvksa dks ges'kk
,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa j[kk tkrk gS tgka fn[kkos ls cqf) çHkkfor gksrh gS] vkSj muls vlgk; vkSj vukM+h
O;ogkj esa layXu gksus dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa nksxquh
laHkkouk gS fd os [kqn dks l{ke vkSj leL;kvksa dks laHkkyus ds fy, rS;kj gSaA Vsyhfotu ij] ;kSu
vfHkfoU;kl ds ckjs esa :f<+okfnrk cgqr vfèkd gS] efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ckj ;kSu
çn'kZudkfj;ksa ds :i esa çfrfufèkRo fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj iq#"kksa dks cPpksa dh t:jrksa dh ns[kHkky djrs
gq, v{ke ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA

çfrfufèkRo vkSj o‚;lvksoj] ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh 85% & 92 çfr'kr vkoktsa iq#"k
vkokt gSa] Vhoh foKkiu dk ,d vkSj igyw gS tks dkQh gn rd ,d enkZuk {ks= gSA tcfd dqN cPpksa
dh çksxzkfeax dh Øwj] lkjghu] ;k L=h&fojksèkh gksus ds fy, vkykspuk dh xbZ gS] vU; cPpksa dh
çksxzkfeax] tSls fd fry LVªhV] dh vDlj cPpksa dh jpukRed t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds ç;kl ds fy,
ljkguk dh tkrh gSA "eisV~l ds chp fdlh Hkh ifj–'; esa lsfDlTe ns[kk tk ldrk gS] D;ksfa d muesa
ls vfèkdka'k esa enkZuk uke ;k iq#"k vkoktsa gSaA ;gka rd fd fel fiXxh] tks ,d efgyk ik= gS] dks
,d iq#"k us vkokt nh gSA^^ ¼foyse vkSj VksVZtknk] 2021½A tsM
a j vksfj,aVs'ku :f<+okfnrk eq[; :i ls
fnu ds ukVdksa esa cgqr vke gS vkSj efgykvksa dks Hkh vkerkSj ij nq[kh O;fä;ksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k
tkrk gS tks Lo;a leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA Ldwy ds ckn] cPps vDlj bu 'kks dks
ns[krs gSa] tks efgykvksa dh :f<+;ksa dks fouez] vlac) vkSj vfoÜoluh; ekurs gSaA cPpksa dh ifj;kstukvksa
ds foKkiuksa esa ;qok iq#"kksa dks vfèkd ckj vkSj vfèkd ÅtkZoku ukSdfj;ksa esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS( ;qok
efgykvksa ds O;ogkj ds fuf"Ø; gksus dh laHkkouk dkQh vfèkd gksrh gSA çk;kstdksa us fn[kk;k gS fd
iq#"k e‚My dk mi;ksx djus ls efgyk e‚My dk mi;ksx djus dh rqyuk esa nksuksa fyaxksa ds cPpksa ds
fy, vfèkd vkbVe fcØh gksrh gSA ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd ;qok efgyk,a iq#"k&çèkku m|eksa vkSj
foKkiuksa dks dsoy blfy, ns[krh gSa D;ksafd os miyCèk gSaA

ehfM;k ds çHkko ls gh pkjnhokjh esa dSn fL=;ksa dk lalkj ds ckjs esa tkus dk Kku foLr`r gqvk
lkFk gh o iq#"kksa ds lkFk daèks ls daèkk feykdj ekl ehfM;k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa viuh lgHkkfxrk dj
ik jgh bl çdkj dh lgHkkfxrk ls lekt esa ifjorZu ykus esa lgk;d gS M‚ vuhrk ds vuqlkj
efgyk,a ikjaifjd ehfM;k esa ges'kk ls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk esa jgha ] blesa dBiqryh fuekZ.k ukVd yksd
laxhr rFkk dgkfu;ka eq[; jgh gSa budk fo"k; Hkh vfèkdrj efgyk dsfa ær rFkk mudh leL;k ls
lacafèkr jgk gS ikjaifjd yksd dyk,a tgka ,d vkSj etcwr efgyk O;fäRo dks is'k dj jgh gSa ogha
nwljh vksj efgykvksa dks LVhfj;ksVkbi Nfo dks ftlesa eka iRuh iq=h dh Hkwfedk esa utj vkrh gS dks
etcwrh çnku çnku djus dk dk;Z fd;k gS ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd vkèkqfud ehfM;k Hkh dkQh gn rd
blh Nfo dks çLrqr djus esa rFkk çdV djus esa yxk gqvk gS

ds vuqlkj ehfM;k fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr ,oa Nfo ds çLrqrhdj.k esa ldkjkRed rFkk udkjkRed
nksuksa gh Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrk gS ehfM;k f'k{kk rFkk lekthdj.k dk ,d l'kä midj.k gS ,d vksj
ehfM;k us tgka efgykvksa ds eqís dks çkFkfedrk ls mBk;k gS ogha nwljh vkSj blesa ,d udkjkRed L=h
Nfo dh çLrqfr dh gS ftldk mnkgj.k ge efgykvksa ds çfr c<+rh fgalk ftlesa iksukZsxzkQh rFkk L=h
'kjhj dk v'yhy çn'kZu 'kkfey gS ds :i esa ns[krs gSa foLr`r :i ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd
fL=;ksa ds çfr ehfM;k dk O;ogkj ladh.kZ jgk gS rFkk muds çLrqrhdj.k dk ,slk rjhdk jgk gS ftlus
mudh LVhfj;ksVkbi tsM
a j Hkwfedkvksa dh iqf"V gksrh jgh gS ftlesa efgykvksa dks iRuh ek ;kiq#"k dh
lsod ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS fo'ks"kdj foKkiuksa esa mnkgj.k ds :i esa ,d foKkiu esa efgyk
n¶rj esa dke djrh gqbZ Hkh ?kj esa D;k [kkuk cuk,xh bldh fpark djrh fn[kkbZ tkrh gS

lHkh lkaL—frd ekè;e pkgs oks fFk,Vj gks vkVZ vkfdZVsDpj gks ;s lekt ds uSfrd rFkk Loh—r <kaps
dh gh rLohj çLrqr djrs gSa bl çdkj ls ehfM;k tgka ,d rjQ lkekftd ewY;ksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gS
ogha nwljh rjQ o lkekftd ewY; dks pqukSrh nsus rFkk ubZ Nfo x<+us dk Hkh dk;Z djrk gS bl çdkj
,d f}ekxÊ çfØ;k gS ftlls lekt rFkk O;fä nksuksa gh çHkkfor gksrs gSa n'kZdksa ij lekt flusek dk
xgjk çHkko iM+rk gS eqacbZ fQYe baMLVªh iwjh nqfu;k esa lcls cM+h gS rFkk çR;sd o"kZ gtkjksa fQYesa
cukrh gS fL=;ksa dk fQYeksa esa [kwc fp=.k jgk gS ftlesa mUgsa vkn'kZ ikjaifjd ifo= rFkk fuLokFkZ Hkko
dh nsoh tSls Nfo esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk jgk gS mls nwljksa ds lq[k ds fy, lc dqN R;kx djus dks
rRij fn[kk;k tkrk gS ftlesa lekt Hkh mlls viuh bPNkvksa o vfèkdkjksa dks NksM+ nsus dh vis{kk
j[krk gS fQYeksa esa bl I;kj ds cnys mlls dksbZ buke ugha feyrk cfYd mls vkSj T;knk R;kxe;h
vkSj nq[kh g fn[kk;k tkrk gS fQYeksa esa dqN gh fQYeksa esa mls ,d Lora= O;fäRo dh rjg fn[kk;k
tkrk gS vfèkdrj rks mUgsa iRuh eka cgu ds LVhfj;ksVkbi ds ikjaifjd <kaps esa gh fpf=r fd;k tkrk gS
70 ds n'kd esa t;k cPpu] fLerk ikfVy vkSj 'kckuk vkt+eh tSls dykdkjksa ds diM+s mrkj fn, x,
Qhesy yhM ds fdjnkj ls XySej vkSj ,slh Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkbZa tks mruh gh egRoiw.kZ Fkha uk;d ds :i esaA
dqN ledkyhu fQYesa tSls pesyh ¼2003½] phuh dqeq ¼2007½] ik ¼2009½] bf'd;k ¼2010½] uks ou fdYM
tsfldk ¼2011½] MVÊ fiDpj ¼2011½] Dohu ¼2014½] eSjh d‚e ¼2014½ us vlkèkkj.k fo"k;ksa dks fpf=r
fd;k gS vkSj efgykvksa dks dgkuh ds dsæa ds :i esa fpf=r fd;kA bu fQYeksa us fØ,VlZ dks etcwj
dj fn;k gS efgykvksa }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZ fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa ij u, fljs ls fopkj djus vkSj vkRefujh{k.k
djus ds fy, VkbidkfLVax dh rjg ftls igys dk;e j[kk tk jgk FkkA
1990 rd vfèkdrj fQYeksa esa os lrh lkfo=h ozr esa fn[kkbZ tkrh jgh bruk eklwe esa vU; eqís Hkh
fn[kk, x, gSa ftuesa fookgmÙkj lacèa kksa esa viuh Q‚j xzkaVsM Nfo ij loky mBkrs fn[kkbZ xbZ Fkh
vfLrRo uked fQYe esa ukf;dk iq#"k ls lhèks loky iwNrs fn[kkbZ xbZ gS D;ksa iq#"k ls lacaèk j[krs gSa
rks mUgsa ekQ dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk fL=;ka ,slk djs rks mldh HkRlZuk dh tkrh gS blh Øe esa 21oha
'krkCnh esa efgykvksa dks vc vfèkd Lora= vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZj tks fn[kk;k tk jgk gS ftlls os ubZ ih<+h
ds fy, jksy e‚My dk dk;Z Hkh djsaxh blesa orZeku esa vkbZ dqN fQYesa Dohu badkj ihdw fQYe
mys[kuh; gS

Vsyhfotu ij fn[kk, tkus okys èkkjkokfgd lhfj;y ;|fi L=h vkèkkfjr gksrs gSa ijarq og Hkh lkekftd
:f<+;ksa ij gh pyrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ftlesa vfèkdrj efgyk,a ?kjsyw ifRu;k gksrh gSa rFkk os la;qä ifjokj
ds lkl cgw >xM+k lqy>krh utj vkrh gS blesa ,drk diwj funZsf'kr ikfjokfjd lhfj;y mYys[kuh; gS
fQYeksa ds foijhr Vsyhfotu esa fL=;ksa dks lsDl v‚CtsDV dh rjg is'k ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd mudks
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk lkSaih tkrh gS Vsyhfotu esa fL=;ksa }kjk fuHkkbZ tkus okyh Hkwfedkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,a ns[kh
tkrh gS vfèkdrj L=h pkgs og fookfgr gks ;k vfookfgr gks ?kjsyw ;k ?kj esa jgus okys gksrs gSa
dkedkth efgyk,a ges'kk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ekjh gksus ds dkj.k dk;Z djrh fn[kkbZ tkrh gS fL=;ksa ds fy,
fookg dks ,d csgn çk—frd rFkk vko';d fLFkfr dh rjg ns[kk tkrk gS iq#"kksa ds lkFk lacaèk esa os
efgyk,a vkn'kZ ds :i esa çLrqr dh tkrh tks iq#"k ij fuHkZj rFkk lg;ksxh gks rFkk tks Lora= fopkjksa
dh gks mUgsa okaNuh; ugha ekuk tkrk ,slh efgykvksa dks tks lekt vkSj ifjokj ds ikfjokfjd caèku rksM+
nh gS mudk lq[kn var ugha fn[kkrs vfèkdrj lhfj;y esa efgyk,a ?kj rd lhfer cPpksa dk ikyu
iks"k.k djus okyh ifj;ka gksrh gSa dqN gh ifr;ksa dks ifRu;ksa ds lkFk gkFk c<+krs ;k lg;ksx djrs fn[kk,
tkrk gS blfy, lkeku Fks bl èkkj.kk dh iqf"V gksrh gS fd efgyk,a ?kjsyw dkedkth mUgha dks fuHkkuh
pkfg, ;g lc lhfj;y tuekul ds O;ogkj rFkk vHkh—fr;ksa dk çHkko Mkyrs gSa rFkk tsM
a j vkèkkfjr
Hkwfedkvksa dks iq"V djrs gSa

fQYeksa rFkk Vsyhfotu ds ckn lcls T;knk çHkko Mkyus okys foKkiu gh gksrs gSa tgka efgykvksa dks
dkQh çpkj feyrk gS vfèkdrj foKkiuksa dk dsæa efgyk,a rFkk cPps gh gksrs gSa tks eq[;r% miHkksäk oxZ
gksrs gSa lHkh çdkj ds mRiknksa pkgs og iq#"k }kjk bLrseky ykbZ tkus okyh oLrq,a gks ;k Vªd Vk;j
v‚Vks ds gh foKkiu D;ksa uk gks L=h e‚MYl dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS dbZ rjg ds tsM
a j
foHksndkjh foKkiu ftuesa Qs;jusl Øhe ;k fdlh [kkl iq#"k b= ls [khaph pyh vk jgh yM+fd;ksa dks
lR; :i esa çnf'kZr fd, tkrs gSa ,sls foKkiu gksrs gSa ftuesa fpafrr eka gksrh gS ftlesa crk;k tkrk gS
fd dSls vius cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djsa ;k fQj vkd"kZd ;qok yM+fd;ka ftUgsa iq#"kksa dks dkcw j[kus ds
uqL[ks crk, tkrs gSa blesa yM+fd;ksa dks ,sls iq#"kksa dks fj>kus ds ç;kl djrs fn[kk;k tkrk gS tks [kkl
'kwfVax igurs gSa twrs crk,a rFkk [kkl çdkj dh xkfM+;ka LdwVj pykrs gSa rFkk fo'ks"k çdkj ds flxjsV
blds ihNs vkd"kZd yM+fd;ka fn[kkdj iq#"kksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gS pkgs csps
tk jgs çksMDV dk fdlh efgyk ls lacaèk gks vFkok ugha efgyk dh ySafxd igpku ij gh tksM+ fn;k
tkrk gS ftlls lekt esa mldh Nfo Hkwfedk rFkk fNUu&fHkUu gksrk gS

orZeku esa efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqís rFkk lekpkj çeq[krk ls çdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSa ijarq 'kq: esa ,slk ugha
Fkk fdlh luluh[kst okjnkr eMZj ;k ngst gR;k dks gh eq[; i`"B ij txg fey ikrh Fkh dqN
lekpkj i= efgyk i`"B Nkirs Fks ftuesa lkSan;Z lq>ko O;atu rFkk QS'ku gksrk Fkk dHkh&dHkh gh dqN
xaHkhj fo"k; oLrq Nirh Fkh efgykvksa dh if=dk,a Hkh vfèkdrj fjyht gksrh gSa rFkk lkekU; ,sls ewY;ksa
dks c<+kok nsrh gS ftlesa efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh lsok djus ds mi;ksx dh oLrq ds :i esa is'k fd;k
tkrk gS ftlesa ;k rks og fdpu esa [kkuk cukrh gksrh gS ;k ckYVh Hkj diM+s èkksrs ?kk;yksa dks ejge
yxkrs gks cPpksa dks [kkuk f[kykrs fn[krh gSa ftlls efgykvksa dh iÙkh ij vkfJr Nfo gh lkeus vkrh
gS uk fd ,slh efgyk fd tks fd Kkuh osnuk miktZu djus okyh gS bldk fojksèk djrs gSa blds
vfrfjä foKkiu L=h fojksèkh dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSa og dsoy lsDl flacy dh rjg mUgsa çLrqr djrs
gSa gkykafd vktdy foKkiu esa dSfj;j oqeu rFkk vkRefuHkZj efgyk dks Hkh fn[kk;k tkrk gS rFkk iq#"kksa
dks Hkh ?kjsyw ftEesnkfj;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh djrk cPpksa dh ftEesnkjh mBkrs fn[kk;k tkrk gS

vktdy baVjusV dk ç;ksx fnu çfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk gS gkykafd bldk udkjkRed ç;ksx efgykvksa
dh Nfo dks iksukZsxzkQh bR;kfn }kjk gkfu igqapk jgk gS dbZ yksx baVjusV ds }kjk efgyk VªSfQfdax ds
tSls —fr;ksa dks Hkh vatke nsrs gSa dbZ yksx baVjusV }kjk çkbosV tkudkjh çkIr djds efgykvksa dks
CySdesy djrs gSa lks'ky ehfM;k }kjk Hkh dbZ rjg ds vijkèk vatke fn, tk jgs gSa dbZ v‚uykbu
lfoZl fcuk tkudkjh ds futh lwpuk,a gkfly djrh gS ftlesa gkykafd iq#"k L=h nksuksa çHkkfor gksrs
ijarq efgykvksa ij bldk çHkko vfèkd udkjkRed gksrk gS

oftZu bZ twfy;k M‚usyh D;ksa eSaus fVIi.kh djrs gSa fd Hkys gh ehfM;k esa dkeqdrk dh çeq[k voèkkj.kk
L=h vkSj iq#"kksa ds ikjaifjd e‚Myksa ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk fo"ke ySafxdrk gS ehfM;k esa ;kSu fofoèk
laLdj.kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS tks n'kZd }kjk igpku dk ,d lzksr Hkh gks ldrk gS 1985 esa
fxykMZ uked ,d vesfjdh xSj ljdkjh ehfM;k fuxjkuh laxBu dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rks :lks Tosy xkset
s
vkSj y‚jsal us ehfM;k esa vU; ,ythchVh yksxksa ds leFkZu ls ehfM;k HksnHkko dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy,
dh Fkh y‚MZ uke xs ,aM ySlfc;u vyk;al vxsaLV MsfQus'ku ds fy, ,d laf{kIr 'kCn Fkk ysfdu ;g
mHk; fyaxh vkSj Vªkl
a tsM
a j yksxksa dh lekosf'kr ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gS tcfd eq[;èkkjk ds ehfM;k esa
Vªkl
a tsaMj vkSj xSj ck;ujh yksxksa dk çfrfufèkRo gky ds o"kksZa esa rsth ls c<+ jgk gS Vªkl
a vkSj xSj
ckbujh ik=ksa ds dbZ dkYifud ehfM;k çfrfufèk tsM
a j ys[kdksa }kjk cuk, ;k fufeZr fd, x, gSa buesa ls
dbZ fp=.k ,d dFkk dk ikyu djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa ftlds fy, çekf.kd :i esa vius vuqHkoksa dks
oSèk cukus dk ekus djus ds fy, çk:i esa çLrqr djus dh bPNk ds fy, ,d Dykl fp= dh
vko';drk gksrh gS Vªkl
a tsaMj ik=ksa ds dbZ eq[;èkkjk ds çfrfufèkRo dks lsM
a vfHkusrk }kjk fd;k x;k gS
tSls fd tc dh la[;k esa ekewyh Vªkl
a tsM
a j
Hkkjr esa Hkh bl fo"k; ij vc èkhjs&èkhjs rLohj lkQ gks jgh gS Vªkl
a tsM
a j vkSj ck;ujh ekeyksa dks
euksoSKkfud :i ls le>us dh t:jr gS cgqr lkjh txgksa ij vkt f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Vªkl
a tsM
a j
a tsaMj ds fy, ऍe ,Dl ftl rjg ls feLVj
V‚;ysV vyx ls cuk, x, gSa u, çkoèkku fd, x, gSa Vªkl

ds fy, ,evkj vkSj eSlst ds fy, ,e vkbZ ,l ,l ;k bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS blh rjg gekjs
bLrseky gksrk gS blh rjg ls Vªkl
a tsM
a j ds fy, ,e,Dl bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS bl fo"k; ij dbZ
yksx vkxs vk, gSa ehfM;k dh otg ls Hkh blesa dkQh cnyko vk;k gS

ehfM;k vkSj tsM

a j ds chp lacaèk vkSj ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ ds Hkhrj tsM
a j dk çfrfufèkRo dSls fd;k tkrk
gS] dks lanfHkZr djrk gS A bu IysVQkeksZa esa fQYe] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] foKkiu] lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj
ohfM;ks xse 'kkfey gSa] ysfdu bUgha rd lhfer ugha gSa A ehfM;k m|ksx vkSj çfrfufèkRo esa ySafxd
lekurk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj efgyk l'kfädj.k dks lq–<+ djus ds fy, igy vkSj lalkèku ekStwn gSa A
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;wusLdks us baVjus'kuy QsMjs'ku v‚Q tuZfyLV~l ds lg;ksx ls] ySafxd lekurk vkSj
efgyk l'kfädj.k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys ehfM;k ds fy, fyax&laons u'khy ladsrdksa dks foLr`r
fd;kAehfM;k ds lHkh :iksa esaAvr% fyax lekurk rc gkfly dh tkrh gS tc efgyk,a vkSj iq#"k lekt
ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd vfèkdkj vkSj fu.kZ; ysus lfgr leku vfèkdkjksa vkSj voljksa dk vkuan ysrs gSa]
vkSj tc fofHkUu O;ogkj] vkdka{kk,a vkSj efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa dh t+:jrsa leku :i ls ewY;oku vkSj
vuqdwy gksrh gSaA

xk¡o lhfer o fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd {ks= es lhfer la[;k es] lkekU;r;k ik¡p gtkj ls de]yksxks dh cgqr
dqN ,slh LFkk;h clkgV dks dgk tkrk gSA ftles yksxks dh thfodk dk çeq[k vkèkkj —f"k gksrh gSA
yksxks ds chp ?kfu"B çkFkfed lacaèk gksrs gS vkSj mudk thou ijEijkvksa ls cgqr vfèkd çHkkfor gksrk
gS rFkk tgk¡ ifjorZu de vkSj èkhek gksrk gSA
esfjy ,oa ,yMªht ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k leqnk; ds varxZr laLFkkvksa vkSj ,sls O;fä;ksa dk ladyu gksrk gS]
tks NksVs ls dsUæ ds pkjks vksj laxfBr gksrs gS rFkk lkekU; ç—frd fgrks es Hkkx ysrs gSA

lS.Mjlu ds vuqlkj ]" ,d xzkeh.k leqnk; og LFkkuh; {ks= gS] ftles ogka fuokl djus okys yksxks dh
lkekftd vUr% fØ;k vkSj mudh laLFkk;sa lfEefyr gS] ftues og [ksrks ds pkjks vksj fc[kjh >ksifM+;ksa
;k xzkeksa es jgrs gS vkSj tks mudh lkekU; xfrfofèk;ksa dk dsUæ gSA"

MkW- nslkbZ ]" xk¡o xzkE; lekt dh bdkbZ gSA ;g jax'kkyh ds lekt gS] tgk¡ xzke thou vius dks
çdV djrk gS vkSj dk;Z djrk gSA

ikfVy ds vuqlkj " xzkeh.k {ks= es lkekU; xzke LFkku ij lehiLFk x`gksa es djus okys ifjokjksa ds lewg
dks lkekU;r% xzke dh vfHkO;fä ds :i es le>k tk ldrk gSA"

flEl " xzke og uke gS] tks fd çphu —"kdks dh LFkkiuk dks lkèkkj.kr% n'kkZrk gSA"
dqN fo}ku xk¡o dks lkekftd thou dh vkRefuHkZj bdkbZ ds :i es ns[krs gS] fdUrq ;g fLFkfr
vktknh ds igys ;k fdlh gn rd vktknh ds le; rd FkhA

eSVdkQ us Hkkjrh; xk¡o dks ,d vkRelEiUu x.kjkT; ds :i es fpf=r fd;kA mudk dguk Fkk Hkkjr
es dbZ fons'kh vkØkark] 'kkld vk;s] dbZ x;s ysfdu xzke x.kjkT; ,oa iapk;r ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr us
viuh lkekftd o lkaL—frd ijEijkvksa dks cuk;s j[kkA djhc lk<+s ik¡p n'kd igys ,e-,u- Jhfuokl
us eSlwj ds jkeiqjk xk¡o dk vè;;u fd;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd xzke vkt Hkh vfèkdka'kr% vkRelEiUu
gSA os xzke dks ijLij fuHkZj lewgks dh vkRelEiUu bdkbZ ds :i es ns[krs gSA oSls vkerkSj ij
lekt'kkL=h vc xk¡o dks ,d vkRefuHkZj vkRelEiUu bdkbZ ds :i es Lohdkj ugh djrsA

lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa es ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k leqnk; yksxksa dk ,d LFkk;h lewg gksrk gSA bl
lewg ds lnL; ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx es fuokl djrs gSA ;s —f"k ds lkFk&lkFk i'kq&ikyu dk dk;Z Hkh
djrs gSA lkFk&lkFk jgus ds dkj.k bu yksxksa es 'ge dh Hkkouk' mRiUu gks tkrh gSA budh ,d fof'k"V
lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaL—frd O;oLFkk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bu O;oLFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij gh xzkeh.k
leqnk; dks vU; leqnk;ksa ls i`Fkd fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Jh ihd us dgk gS]" xzkeh.k leqnk; ijLij lacfa èkr ;k vlacafèkr O;fä;ksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gS] tks
,d ifjokj ds vkdkj ls cM+k gksrk gS vkSj ftlds varxZr vklikl cus edku ;k [ksr gksrs gS vkSj lkFk
gh lkFk ,sls vusd pjkxkg ;k csdkj tehu gksrh gS] ftl ij fd ogk¡ ds fuoklh vius i'kqvksa dks pjkrs
gSA ,d fuf'pr lhek rd ;g xk¡o ;k tehu gekjh gS] ;g Hkkouk Hkh ogk¡ ds yksxksa es Li"V :i ikbZ
tkrh gSA" blh fopkjèkkj ds vkèkkj ij Jh flEls dk dFku gS]" xk¡o uke dk ç;ksx lkekU;r% fdlkuksa
dh cfLr;ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA"
Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k leqnk; es os lc fo'ks"krk,a ik;h tkrh gS] ftuds vkèkkj ij fdlh leqnk; dks xzkeh.k
leqnk; dh laKk nh tk ldrh gSA

Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k leqnk; dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEu çdkj gS&&

1- —f"k eq[; O;olk;

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa es —f"k dks ,dek= O;olk; rks ugh dgk tk ldrk fdUrq ;g ogk¡ dk ,d çeq[k O;olk;
t:j gSA

2- èkeZ dk egRo
Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k leqnk; ds O;fä èkeZ ds çfr foÜokl j[kus okys gksrs gS]

3- tkrh;rk dk çHkko
xzkeh.k leqnk; es tkrh;rk dh Hkkouk vR;ar çcy gksrh gSA xzkeh.k lkekftd laxBu dk vkèkkj gh
tkrh;rk gSA tkfr ds vkèkkj ij gh xzkeksa es tkrh; iapk;rsa cuh gksrh gS vkSj iapk;rksa }kjk gh xzkeh.k
leqnk;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA tkfr&tfur NwvkNwr] ladh.kZrk rFkk vLi`';rk vkfn ckrsa lekt es
ik;h tkrh gSA
4- ç—fr ls ?kfu"B lacèa k

xzkeh.k leqnk; dk ç—fr ls vfr fudV dk vkSj ?kfu"B lacèa k gksrk gSA çk—frd ifjfLFkfr;ka gh xzkeh.k
turk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA blh dkj.k xzkeh.k turk çk—frd 'kfä dh mikluk djrh gSA

5- lkekftd xfr'khyrk

xzkeh.k leqnk; esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk vHkko gksrk gSA xfr'khyrk ls vfHkfØ;k gS ,d fLFkfr ;k
,d LFkku ls nwljh fLFkfr esa ;k nwljs LFkku ij vkuk tkukA

6- lkekftd var% fØ;k dh vfèkdrk

çkFkfed lacaèk ,oa lewg gksus ds dkj.k xzkeh.k turk vius lhfer {ks= esa caèkh jgrh gSA QyLo#i
cgkjh lkekftd var% fØ;k vfèkd ek=k esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA

7- HkkX;okfnrk

xzkeh.k leqnk; ds yksx nsoh nsorkvksa esa foÜokl j[krs gSa vkSj HkkX;oknh gksrs gSaA xzkeh.k leqnk; ds
yksxksa dk dguk gS fd lHkh vkifÙk;ka] foifÙk;ka] chekfj;ka ,oa leL;k,a dsoy mlh le; vkrh gSa tc
mudk HkkX; [kksVk gks ;k nsork ukjkt gksA bl fopkj ls ;qä gksus ds dkj.k xzkeh.k yksx vius 'kjhj
ij vk, d"Vksa dks tSfod çdksi le>dj lgu djrs gSa rFkk mudk mipkj cgqr gh de djrs gSaA
HkkX; Hkjksls gh d"V ls eqfä ikus dh çrh{kk djuk xzkeh.k leqnk; dh fo'ks"krk,a gSA xzkeh.k leqnk; esa
HkkX;okfnrk vfèkd çcy gksus dk eq[; dkj.k ;gka —f"k dk ç—fr ij fuHkZj gksuk gS ck<+] lw[kk bR;kfn
ls ;gka dk thou fu;af=r gksrk gSA

8- ,dkUrrk

xzkeh.k lekt dk <kapk bl çdkj dk gS fd ml ij fdlh vU; Hkkjh laL—fr dk çHkko ugha iM+rk
blfy, xzkeh.k thou esa ,dkarrk dk rRo çeq[k :i ls ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blh rRo ds dkj.k Hkkjr
xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dk ns'k gksus ds dkj.k foÜo ds vU; ns'kksa dh laL—fr ls vfèkd çHkkfor ugha gqvkA
xzkeh.k leqnk; esa lkaL—frd lkRehdj.k bR;kfn çfØ;k,a vfèkd çcy ugh gksrhA

9- lkeqnkf;d LoPNrk dk vHkko

xzkeh.k lekt esa dbZ ckj LoPNrk dk vHkko ut+j vkrk gS bldk eq[; dkj.k f'k{kk dk vHkko Hkh gSA

10- vijkèkksa dh deh

xzkeh.k lekt ds O;fä lknk thou O;rhr djrs gSa vkSj 'kq) fopkj j[krh gSA —f"k ls mRiUu [kk|Uu
gh mudh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gSA muesa HkkSfrdoknh fopkjèkkjk Hkh vfèkd çcy ugha gksrh
blfy, xzkeh.k lekt esa uxjh; lekt dh vis{kk vijkèkksa dh la[;k Hkh de gksrh gSA ijarq vkèkqfud
;qx esa Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt esa vusd xaHkhj leL;k,a mB [kM+h gqbZ gS rFkk bu leL;kvksa ls mRihfM+r
gksdj vusd xzkeh.k ;qod Hkh vijkèkksa dh vksj ço`Ùk gks jgs gSA

11- ijEijkvksa rFkk vkn'kksZa dk egRo

xzkeh.k lkekftd thou dk lkekftd fu;a=.k ijaijkvksa vkSj vkn'kksZa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA çkphu
ijaijkvksa rFkk vkn'kksZa dh ekU;rk xzkeh.k lekt dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA çkphu laL—fr dk LFkku xzkeh.k
leqnk; gh gS D;ksafd ogka ij oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa] vkS|ksfxdj.k if'pehdj.k rFkk uxjhdj.k bR;kfn
ckrksa dk vHkh Hkh iwjh rjg ls çHkko ugha iM+k gSA blfy, xzkeh.k leqnk; esa çkFkfed fu;a=.k vfèkd
çcy gksrk gSA

12- ikfjokfjdrk dh Hkkouk

xzkeh.k lekt esa ifjokj dh çfr"Bk dk fo'ks"k #i ls è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA ,slk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z ifjokj dk
lnL; ugha dj ldrk ftlls ifjokj dks dyad yxsA ifjokfjdrk dh Hkkouk xzkeh.k leqnk; dh eq[;
fo'ks"krk gSA
13- fuEu thou Lrj

xzkeh.k lekt esa y?kq m|ksxksa dk vHkko gksus ds dkj.k ;gka ds yksx fuèkZurk ,oa csdkjh ds f'kdkj gks
tkrs gSaA blfy, mudk thou Lrj fuEu jgrk gSA os yksx lkekftd mRloksa ,oa R;kSgkjksa ds volj ij
iSlk Hkh vfèkd [kpZ dj nsrs gSaA pkgs blds fy, mUgsa _.k gh D;ksa u ysuk iM+sA QyLo:i mudh
nfjærk lnSo mUgsa ?ksjs jgrh gSA blh ls budk lkekU; thou Lrj çk;% fuEu gh cuk jgrk gSA

13- la;qä ifjokj

;|fi m|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k ,dkadh ifjokj rFkk èku dk ewY; c<+ x;k gSA fdarq fQj Hkh xzkeh.k lekt
esa la;qä ifjokj dh O;oLFkk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ifjokj ds lnL; pkgs viuk Hkkstu vyx cuk,a
fdarq lkewfgd [ksrh O;oLFkk] iwtk ikB] m|ksx èkans vkt Hkh ,d lkFk ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

14- çkFkfed thou

xzkeh.k {ks= esa çR;sd O;fä ,d nwljs ds fudV lacaèkh gksrs gSa ;k ,d nwljs ds uke o LoHkko ls ifjfpr
gksrs gSaA xzkeh.k lekt ds O;fä ,d nwljs dh 'keZ djrh gSA blfy, ogka ds yksxksa ds lacaèkksa esa
çkFkfedrk ikbZ tkrh gSA lacaèkksa dh ;g çkFkfedrk xzkeh.k leqnk; esa tuer dk fuekZ.k djus lgk;d
gksrh gSA

15- fL=;ksa dh fuEu fLFkfr

vHkh Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k efgyk;sa vkfFkZd] lkekftd 'kS{kf.kd ,oa jktuSfrd {ks=ksa es iw.kZ :i ls fiNM+h
gqbZ gSA

16- lhfer tula[;k

xzkeh.k leqnk; dk eq[; O;olk; —f"k gSA bl dkj.k xkaoksa esa vU; O;fä ugha jgrs dsoy xzkeh.k
lekt esa mudh larkusa gh fuokl djrh gSA blfy, xkao dh tula[;k lhfer jgrh gSA blfy, xzkeh.k
leqnk; dks ,d lhfer tula[;k dk ekuo lewg dgk tkrk gSA

Hkkjr dk rkt xguk xzkeh.k lekt gSA gekjh 70 çfr'kr vkcknh 'kgj esa jgrh gS vkSj ckxokuh ;k
ikjaifjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu gSA gkykafd ehfM;k nwjLFk xkao dks Nwrk gS vkSj lwpuk dks tYn ls tYn
Hkstus ds fy, vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djus dk ç;kl djrk gS ysfdu xzkeh.k lekt dks f'kf{kr djus]
tkx:d djus vkSj fodflr djus ds fy, dqN leL;k,a gSaA dqN leL;kvksa dks foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS
tks lkr Hkkxksa esa xzkeh.k fodkl ls lacfa èkr gSa& yksx] —f"k] cqfu;knh <kapk] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj
laL—fr] usr`Ro vkSj ç'kklfud LrjA
ge xzkeh.k fodkl ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa dks Hkh bu Hkkxksa esa Hkh foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa %

 O;fäxr Lrj
 ikfjokfjd Lrj
 euksoSKkfud Lrj
 is'ksoj Lrj
 —f"k Lrj
 Hkkjrh; ekSle dk Lrj
 LFkkuh; {ks= Lrj
 lkekftd Lrj
 vkfFkZd Lrj
 jktuhfrd Lrj
 lkaL—frd Lrj
 usr`Ro Lrj
 ç'kklfud Lrj
 ehfM;k vkSj tu lapkj Lrj
 :fp dk Lrj

fçaV vkSj bysDVª‚fud ehfM;k fdlh Hkh ns'k esa nks rjg ds lekpkj ehfM;k gSaA ehfM;k dh egRoiw.kZ
lkekftd ftEesnkjh gSA ehfM;k Hkkjrh; çkarh; lekt ds iFk çn'kZd] funsZ'ku] f'k{kk vkSj çsj.kk ds :i
esa ,d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA ehfM;k vkSj lekt nksuksa vkd"kZd gSa ¼'kwyj vkSj Vªx
wa ] 2020½A ehfM;k
vke turk dks lVhd] fu"i{k] le; ij] ldkjkRed vkSj cqfu;knh tkudkjh çnku djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA blesa çkarh; n'kZdksa dks f'kf{kr djus ds fy, fofHkUu ;kstukvksa] :ijs[kkvksa vkSj
fof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çlkfjr djus dh {kerk gSA
/ofu euksjatu Hkh ehfM;k dk ,d nkf;Ro gSA oafpr] iM+kslh Hkk"kk ds miHkksäkvksa vkSj vf/kd
laons u'khy LFkkuksa ds fy,] ehfM;k dk dke vR;ar uktqd gS vkSj egRoiw.kZ ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ }kjk
xzkeh.k ifjpkjdksa dks ldkjkRed vkSj lqfo/kktud rF; çnku fd, tkus pkfg,A ehfM;k dks fofHkUu
çdkj dh ns'k fodkl ;kstukvks]a muds xarO;ksa vkSj lekt ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds lnL;ksa }kjk lkoZtfud
Hkkxhnkjh ds Lrj ds ckjs esa {ks=h; vkcknh ds chp tkx:drk c<+kuh pkfg, ¼dqekj vkSj ysfuu] 2021½A
mUgsa rkfdZd lekpkj fy[kuk pkfg, fd xzkeh.k bykdksa ds yksxksa dks çkarh; fodkl ;kstukvksa esa oknk
fd, x, ykHk D;ksa ugha fey jgs gSaA
xzkeh.k fodkl ifj;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ck/kkvksa]
HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] ojh;rk vkSj nkf;Ro dh mis{kk dks lkoZtfud çkf/kdj.k vkSj vke turk ds lkeus
mtkxj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A O;kolkf;d ;qx ds dk;ZØeksa dks ehfM;k esa fn[kk;k tkuk pkfg,A xzkeh.k
efgykvksa vkSj cky Jfedksa dh leL;kvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] oSKkfud :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls çlkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A çkarh; turk dks
foKku] gky dh çxfr] ubZ jpukvksa] çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij dkcw ikus ds mnkgj.k] xzkeh.k laifÙk]
n{krk lq/kkj dk;ZØe] fpfdRlk ns[kHkky ç'kklu] ifjokj fu;kstu ifj;kstukvksa] fu;eksa vkSj fn'kkfunsZ'kksa
¼?kj ij vkØked O;ogkj dks jksdus ds fy,] cankscLrh] iNrkos dks jksdus ds fy,½ ds ckjs esa tkx:d
fd;k tk ldrk gSA dU;k H:.k gR;k] cykRdkj] vkSj ekr`Ro ykHk vf/kfu;e] de ls de etnwjh
vf/kfu;e] led{k eqvkotk vf/kfu;e] ds fy, ehfM;k dks xzkeh.k {ks= ds lnL;ksa ds çoäk ds :i esa
Hkh bLrseky djuk pkfg,A ehfM;k dks ikBdksa vkSj fofHkUu lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds chp nksrjQk laokn
dh vuqefr nsuh pkfg,A xzkeh.k vkcknh dks c<+kus ds fy, çsj.kk ,d ljy rduhd gS] vkSj ehfM;k
blesa mR—"Vr gS ¼'kkok vkSj fpU;keqfjaMh] 2018½A
ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls ubZ —f"k rduhdksa vkSj rduhdksa dk çlkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ehfM;k
dks Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dks vius —f"k {ks= esa dM+h esgur djus vkSj vius fodkl dks vkxs c<+kus ds
fy, vR;k/kqfud rduhd dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA leqnk;ksa dh fLFkfr
esa lq/kkj ds fy, ehfM;k dks ,d fu;ksftr xzkeh.k nkSjs dh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A
 ”
vkt ds nkSj esa ge lHkh ^u‚yst lkslk;Vh* dk fgLlk gSa] ftlesa Kku ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks lekt ds
lHkh oxksZa rd iagqpkus dh egRoiw.kZ ft+Eesnkjh ehfM;k ij gSA

ehfM;k dk jksy vkèkqfud thou esa bruk t+~;knk gS fd nSfud fnup;kZ esa lqcg mBus ls ysdj jkr esa
lksus rd ge ehfM;k ds gh ekè;e ls nqfu;k dks thrs vkSj lqurs gSaA
blh Øe esa ehfM;k ds fofHkUu lks'ky IysVQ‚ElZ vke yksxksa ;k ;wa dgsa lewps tuekul dks ehfM;k ls
tksM+us esa dkQh gn rd dke;kc gks jgk gSA ,d rjQ tgka esuLVªhe ehfM;k }kjk [kcjksa vkSj lwpukvksa
dks yksxksa rd igqapk;k tk jgk gS] ogha Qslcqd] fV~oVj vkSj vU; lks'ky usVoDlZ us lkekU; yksxksa dh
igqap ehfM;k vkSj [kcjksa rd cgqr vklkuh ls dj nhA ysfdu loky ;g mBrk gS fd bu lc ds
ekè;eksa ls lwpukvksa vkSj Kku dk tks vknku çnku gks jgk gS oks lgh gS ;k fujkèkkj\ ehfM;k ds le{k
vkt ;g cM+h pqukSrh gSA

iksLVVªqFk ds bl nkSj esa tgka fdlh Hkh pht+ dks vafre lR; ekuk ugha tk jgk] ;s ç'u dfBu gS fd
lwpukvksa dh ck<+ esa D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr gSA D;ksafd ehfM;k dh dbZ lhekvksa esa lgh lwpukvksa
dks xyr lkfcr djuk ;k fdlh eqís ij Vªkfs yax ;k vfrO;aX;kRed :i ls pht+kas dks xyr lkfcr djuk
vke ckr gks pyh gSA

fdlh Hkh uSfrd lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ;g t+:jh gS fd mldk vkèkkj lgh Kku dh tM+ksa ls tqM+k
gksA ;fn vkt ge igys ls vfèkd ,d vleku lekt dh lPpkbZ esa th jgs gSa rks bldh ft+Eesnkjh
ckt+kj ds vykok ehfM;k ds Åij Hkh gSA
^ehfM;k lk{kjrk* bl ns'k ds fy, ,d u;h voèkkj.kk gS] ysfdu foÜo ds dbZ fgLlksa esa fo'ks"kdj
fodflr ns'kksa esa cgqr lkyksa ls bldks ysdj ç;ksx fd;s tk jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa ^ehfM;k lk{kjrk* ij
fdruk dke gqvk gS vkSj blds D;k ifj.kke fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSa] vHkh bl ij dqN Hkh dguk tYnckt+h
gksxhA ysfdu ;g t+:j ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ,ulhbZvkjVh ds vykok vU; laLFkkvksa] Ldwyksa ds vykok
cM+h la[;k esa vè;kidksa vkSj f'k{kk&'kksèk ls tqM+s yksx bldks ysdj dkQh xaHkhj gSaA
;g t+:jh gS fd ;g flQZ Ldwyh ;k lS)kafrd f'k{kk dk gh fgLlk cu dj gh uk jgsA ;g euq"; ds
mu lHkh O;ogkjxr vk;keksa ls Hkh lacafèkr gks ftlesa og vius vkSj nwljksa ds fy, ekU;rkvksa vkSj
lekurkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ehfM;k vkSj bUVjusV dk çHkko ,d vk;keh ugha gS cfYd og efLr"d
ij Lo;a vkSj lekt ls ysdj mldh lkekftd igpku] la?k"kZ] fgalk] Hkkouk,a vkSj vkl&ikl ds
i;kZoj.k ij ,d lkFk vkSj dHkh&dHkh ,d rjQk çHkko Hkh Mkyrh gSA

ehfM;k lk{kjrk ds eqís ij ckr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku ubZ fnYyh ds çksQl
s j vkuan çèkku
dk dguk gS fd vc ns'k esa ehfM;k lk{kjrk dh vko';drk gSA lekpkjksa dks vkykspukRed –f"V ls
i<+uk gksxkA lwpuk dk lp ugha mlds ihNs ds lR; dks le>uk gksxkA

ehfM;k vè;;u vkSj ehfM;k lk{kjrk ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djus okys ;g ekusx
a s fd bu nksuksa dk
mís'; ehfM;kdeÊ rS;kj djuk ugha gSA bldk mís'; mu yksxksa rd ehfM;k ds dke djus ds rjhdksa
dh tkudkfj;ka igqapkuk gS tks Hkys gh vius lans'k ogka ls çlkfjr djokus ds fy, ;k ogka ls çkIr
lans'kksa vkSj tkudkfj;ksa dk Qk;nk mBkus ds fy, ehfM;k ds miHkksäk gSaA

ehfM;k lk{kjrk dk egRo vkt igys ls dgha vfèkd blfy, Hkh gks x;k gS D;wafd ckt+kj vkSj
O;olkf;d çfrLièkkZ dh otg ls ehfM;k dk Lo:i cgqr cny pqdk gSA lkFk gh lkFk ekuo lekt esa
uo ehfM;k bruk ?kqy&fey pqdk gS fd mls blds rkSj rjhdksa ls okfdQ ugha djk;k x;k rks ;s mlh
ds fy, uqdlkunsg lkfcr gks ldrk gSA

 xzkeh.k fodkl esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djsAa

 Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k leqnk; dh ifjHkk"kk ]vFkZ ,oa fo'ks"krk,a crk,a
 cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa ij ehfM;k dk çHkko fo"k; ij vius fopkj fy[ks
 fofHkUu xzkeh.k eqnksa dh ppkZ djsa ,oa blds fy;s ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk r; djsAa
 yksd&ekè;e D;k gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sAblds fofHku :iksa ,oa muds dk;ksaZ dh ppkZ
djsAa
 ySafxd HksnHkko dks dSls lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ blds fy, ehfM;k dh D;k Hkwfedk gks
ldrh gS \
 dk vFkZ yksxksa dk vkfFkZd lqèkkj vkSj cM+k lekftd cnyko nksuksa gh gSA xzkeh.k
fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa yksxksa dk c<+h gqbZ Hkkxhnkjh] ;kstukvksa dk fodsUæhdj.k] Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks
csgrj rjhds ls ykxw djuk vkSj _.k dh vklku miyfCèk djokdj yksxksa ds thou dks csgrj
cukus dk y{; gksrk gSA
 xk¡o lhfer o fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd {ks= es lhfer la[;k es] lkekU;r;k ik¡p gtkj ls
de]yksxks dh cgqr dqN ,slh LFkk;h clkgV dks dgk tkrk gSA ftles yksxks dh thfodk dk
çeq[k vkèkkj —f"k gksrh gSA yksxks ds chp ?kfu"B çkFkfed lacaèk gksrs gS vkSj mudk thou
ijEijkvksa ls cgqr vfèkd çHkkfor gksrk gS rFkk tgk¡ ifjorZu de vkSj èkhek gksrk gSA
 dk vFkZ lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa es ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k leqnk; yksxksa dk
,d LFkk;h lewg gksrk gSA bl lewg ds lnL; ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx es fuokl djrs gSA ;s —f"k
ds lkFk&lkFk i'kq&ikyu dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSA lkFk&lkFk jgus ds dkj.k bu yksxksa es 'ge dh
Hkkouk' mRiUu gks tkrh gSA budh ,d fof'k"V lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaL—frd O;oLFkk
mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bu O;oLFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij gh xzkeh.k leqnk; dks vU; leqnk;ksa ls i`Fkd
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 &tulapkj ds tks ekè;e xzkeh.k ifjos'k ls tqM+h ijEijkvksa ls çkIr gksrs gSa] mUgsa
yksd&ekè;e dgk tkrk gSA yksd vFkkZr~ lkekU; xzkeh.k ifjos'k ;k fo'kky tulewg esa cqfu;knh
lqfoèkkvksa dk vHkko gksus ls ;k f'k{kk vkfn ls fiNM+k gksus ls lapkj ds ijEijkxr lkèku çpfyr
gksrs gSa] mUgsa yksd&ekè;e ;k tulapkj ds ijEijkxr ekè;e dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, de
i<+&
s fy[ks] fuEu Lrj dk thou thus okys yksxksa ds eè; esa dBiqryh ds [ksy ds ekè;e ls
lwpuk&lUns'k fn;s tkus dh ijEijk gSA blh çdkj dkoM+ ;k uqDdM+ ukVd ds ekè;e ls
xzkeh.k yksxksa dks f'k{kkçn lUns'k fn;k tkrk gS] ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dh lwpuk] vfèkdkjksa dh ckr
vkSj ernku vkfn dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA yksd&ekè;e ls turk dh ljy Hkk"kk esa viuh
ckr mu rd igq¡pkus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ;s yksd&ekè;e ijEijkxr tulapkj
ds ekè;e ekus tkrs
 -laL—r dh ^p*Z èkkrq esa ?k¥~ çR;; yxkus ls pkj* 'kCn curk gS vkSj ^lE* milxZ ds
;ksx ls ^lapkj* 'kCn curh gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gS—xfr] xeu] ;k=kA lapkj 'kCn ds fy,
 ySfVu Hkk"kk esa ^dE;qful* 'kCn dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] bldk vFkZ gksrk gS—fdlh oLrq ;k fo"k; dk
lcds fy, lk>k gksukA bl dE;qful 'kCn ls vaxzsth esa ^dE;qfuds'ku* 'kCn cukA bl çdkj
ftlds }kjk fdlh Hkko] fopkj ;k tkudkjh dks ge nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSa] ml çfØ;k dks
lapkj* dgrs gSaA
 -dks tsM
a j bDofyVh Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj bls fyax dks è;ku esa uk j[kds
voljksa vkSj lalkèkuksa rd leku igqap dh fLFkfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj
fu.kZ; ysus vkSj vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh lfgr( fcuk fdlh i{kikr ds lHkh fofHkUu vko';drkvks]a
vkdka{kkvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk ewY;kadu djuk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 ¼Media literacy½ ls vFkZ yksxksa dh ml {kerk ls gS tks mUgsa fofoèk çdkj
ds fefM;k ds fy;s lans'kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus] ewY;kadu djus rFkk l`tu djus ds ;ksX; cukrh
gSA

Shamilishvili, G., 2019. Psychological influence of modern mass media on formation of gender
stereotypes. Economics. Ecology. Socium, Godtman Kling, K., Margaryan, L. and Fuchs, M., 2020. (In)
equality in the outdoors: gender perspective on recreation and tourism media in the Swedish
mountains. Current Issues in Tourism,

Willem, C. and Tortajada, I., 2021. Gender, voice and online space: Expressions of feminism on social
media in Spain. Media and Communication

https://www.hmoob.in/wiki/Media_literacy

https://www.parentsalarm.com/content/WebDownloads/637376798718830695BCC06-
WOMENINMASSMEDIA.pdf

https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2021/06/media-literacy-is-an-important-component-for-building-an-
informed-citizenry-society-hindi-article/

https://www.hmoob.in/wiki/Media_and_gender

https://www.kailasheducation.com/2020/11/gramin-samuday-ki-visheshta.html
Schuler, P. and Truong, M., 2020. Connected Countryside: The Inhibiting Effect of Social Media on
Rural Social Movements. Comparative Politics,

Kumar, P. and Lenin, V., 2021. Constraints Faced by Traditional Folk Media Artists and Development
Functionaries for Rural Development in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Extension Education, Shava, H.
and Chinyamurindi, W.T., 2018. Determinants of social media usage among a sample of rural South
African youth. South African Journal of Information Management, .

Johnson, K. (2001). Media and social change: the modernizing influences of television in rural
India. Media, Culture & Society,

Mathur, P. (2006). Media, technology and rural development. Indian Media Studies Journal, .

Tyner, K. (2000). Literacy in a digital world: Teaching and Learning in the Age of Information. Mahwah,
N.J.: Erlbaum

Livingstone, S. (2004). Media literacy and the challenge of new information and communication
technologies. The communication review, Kubey, R. W. (Ed.). (1997). Media literacy in the information
age: current perspectives.

Hobbs, R. (Ed.). (2018). The Routledge Companion to Media Education, Copyright, and Fair Use. New
York, NY: Routledge.

Hertz, M. B. (2019). Digital and Media Literacy in the Age of the Internet: Practical Classroom
Applications. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Housand, B. C. (2018). Fighting fake news!: Teaching critical thinking and media literacy in a digital
age. Prufrock Press.

Silverblatt, A. (Ed.). (2013). The Praeger Handbook of Media Literacy [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO.

Pahad, A., & Jain, A. (2009). Influence of globalised media on youth's consumption
pattern. Interaction, 27(2), 27-34.

Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and
adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767.

Rule, B. G., & Ferguson, T. J. (1986). The effects of media violence on attitudes, emotions, and
cognitions. Journal of social issues, 42(3), 29-50.
Geen, R. G., & Thomas, S. L. (1986). The immediate effects of media violence on behavior. Journal of
social issues, 42(3), 7-27.

Kulandairaj, A. J. (2014). Impact of social media on the lifestyle of youth. International Journal of
Technical Research and Applications, 2(8), 22-28.

https://www.hmoob.in/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_gender_people
UNIT-3

11- çLrkouk
12- mns';
13- ehfM;k vkSj fgalk
14- ehfM;k vkSj c<+rs vijk/k
15- ehfM;k vkSj çtkra=
16- ehfM;k vkSj oSKkfud LoHkko dk fodkl
17- ehfM;k vkSj i;kZoj.k ds eqís
18- lkjka'k
19- vH;kl ç'u
20- çeq[k 'kCn
21- lUnHkZ,oa v/;;u lkexzh

ehfM;k us tgka turk dks fuHkhZdrkiwod

Z tkx:d djus] Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djus] lÙkk ij rkfdZd
fu;a=.k ,oa tufgr dk;ksaZ dh vfHko`f) esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS] ogha ykyp] Hk;] }s"k] Li/kkZ] nqHkkZouk ,oa
jktuSfrd dqpØ ds tky esa Qaldj viuh Hkwfedk dks dyafdr Hkh fd;k gSA O;fäxr ;k laLFkkxr
fufgr LokFkksaZ ds fy;s ;syks tuZfyTe dks viukuk] CySdesy }kjk nwljksa dk 'kks"k.k djuk] pViVh [kcjksa
dks roTtks nsuk vkSj [kcjksa dks rksM+&ejksM+dj is'k djuk] naxs HkM+dkus okyh [kcjsa çdkf'kr djuk]
?kVukvksa ,oa dFkuksa dks f}vFkhZ :i çnku djuk] Hk; ;k ykyp esa lÙkk:<+ ny dk i{k ysuk]
vuko';d :i ls fdlh dh ç'kalk vkSj fdlh nwljs dh vkykspuk djuk tSls vusd vuqfpr dk;Z
vktdy ehfM;k }kjk fd;s tk jgs gSaA laons u'khy eqíksa dks c<+k&p<+kdj is'k djuk] uSfrdrk] lkekftd
fodkl ls lacaf/kr [kcjksa dks utjvankt djuk vktdy ehfM;k dk ,d lkekU; y{k.k gks x;k gSA
ehfM;k ds bl O;ogkj ls lekt esa vO;oLFkk vkSj vlarqyu dh fLFkfr curh utj vkrh gSASbu lcdks
ns[krs gq, ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ,oa lkekftd <kaps ds vusd rRoksa ls blds laca/k ij ppkZ djuk vkt
vko';d gks x;k gSA bUgha esa ls dqN çeq[k eqís tSls ehfM;k vkSj fgalk]ehfM;k vkSj c<+rs vijk/k]ehfM;k
vkSj çtkra=]ehfM;k vkSj oSKkfud LoHkko dk fodkl] ehfM;k vkSj i;kZoj.k ij bl bdkbZ esa ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA

bl bdkbZ dks i<us ds ckn vki

5- ehfM;k o~ lekt ds fofHkUu lac/a kksa dk o.kZu dj ldsx
a s
6- ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsx
a s
7- fefM;k ds çHkkoksa dh ppkZ dj ldsx
a s
8- oa SKkfud LoHkko ds fodkl esa ehfM;k mi;ksxksa ds ckjs esa crk ldsx
a s
9- i;kZoj.k ds ofHkUu eqís o~ buds fy; ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dj ldsx
a s

vijk/k dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA ns[kk tk, rks gj lekt'kkL=h us vijk/k dks vius&vius utfj;s ls
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS vkSj vijk/k dks ,d lkekftd laca/k esa cka/k fn;k gSA ftlesa mlds fu;e vkSj dkuwu
dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa vijk/k dbZ #iksa esa O;kIr gSA
blh rjg fgalk Hkh yM+kbZ&>xM+k] cykRdkj ;k gR;k tSls vijk/k ds pje :i gSaA fgalk ds dbZ dkj.k
gSa] ftuesa fujk'kk] fgald ehfM;k dk laidZ] ?kj ;k iM+ksl esa fgalk vkSj vU; yksxksa ds dk;ksZa dks
'k=qrkiw.kZ <ax ls ns[kus dh Hkh ço`fÙk 'kkfey gS vkSj vijk/k ds fy, bu lcds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh;
lekt dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ifjfLFkr;ka mÙkjnk;h gSa] tSls&xjhch] vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu]
fo"kerk] lkekftd O;oLFkk] fuj{kjrk] vKkurk vkfn ftuls foo'k gksdj yksx vkijkf/kd ço`fÙk dk
jkLrk pqurs gSaA ,d vksj vijk/k txr vkdf"kZr djrk gS vkSj nqljk vijk/k tks ?k`.kk] }s"k] jktæksg]
vyxkookn] etgch mUekn vkfn ls çsfjr gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k vijkf/kd ,oa fgald xfrfof/k;ka
c<+rh gSaA
blh dM+h esa vxj ge ckr djsa vijk/k] fgalk o ehfM;k ds laca/k dh rks ehfM;k dk uke vkrs gh gekjs
lkeus v[kckj vkSj Vhoh pSuy vkrs gSaSA ;g dkQh gn rd lp Hkh gS fd ehfM;k] i=dkfjrk
¼i=dkfjrk vk/kqfud lH;rk dk ,d çeq[k O;olk; gS ftlesa lekpkjksa dk ,d=hdj.k] fy[kuk]
tkudkjh ,df=r djds igqapkuk] lEikfnr djuk vkSj çLrqrhdj.k vkfn lfEefyr gSaA½ dk vfHkçk; cu
x;k tcfd ;g ,d lekpkj ,d=hdj.k o çLrqfr rduhd gS vkSj bls çlkfjr djus okyh rduhd dks
ek/;e ;k ehfM;k dgrs gS ftlesa fdlh lapkj pSuy ds tfj;s lekpkj] euksjatu] f'k{kk] MsVk ;k çpkj
lans'k çlkfjr gksrs gSaA ehfM;k esa czkWMdkfLVax vkSj usjksdkfLVax çlkj.k ds ek/;e 'kkfey gSaSA ehfM;k]
ek/;e dk cgqopu gS vkSj ;g ,d ek/;e ;k vusd ek/;e ds fy; ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS
tSls lekpkj i=] if=dk,a] Vhoh] jsfM;ks] gksfMaZx] Mk;jsDV esy] VsyhQksu] QSDl vkSj baVjusV] fdrkcs]a
if=dk,a] flusek]xzkfQd],uhes'ku] eksckby ,Ii ]gksyksxzkQh vkfn vusdksa lalk/ku gSaSA
;gka loky mBrk gS fd D;k ;g ehfM;k fofHkUu ek/;e vijk/k dks c<+kok nsrs gSa\
D;k ;g vius miHkksäkvksa dks vijk/k ds çfr vkdf"kZr djrs gSa\
D;k ;g fofHkUu ek/;e vijk/k dk i{k ysrs gSa ;k mls c<+k&p<+k dj çLrqr djrs gSa\
D;k;g ;g fofHkUu ek/;e vijk/k ds çfr lekt dks lpsr djrs gSa\
dSls ehfM;k esa fn[kkbZ x;h fgalk ekuoh; O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrh gS \
fofHkUu ehfM;k esa vijkf/kd o fgald fo"k;&oLrq dk çfr'kr fdruk gS\
D;k fgald fQYesa ns[kuk [krjukd gS\
n'kZd vc Hkh ,slh fQYeksa dh vksj D;ksa vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa tks fgalk ds xzkfQd —R;ksa dks n'kkZrh gSa\
,sls cgqr lkjs ç'u tsgu esa mBrs gSa tc Hkh ehfM;k vkSj fgalk o vijk/k fo"k; ij fparu gksrk gSA
,d i{k bl vksj b'kkjk djrk gS fd bu ek/;eksa ls [kklrkSj ij Vsyhfotu] baVjusV o flusek ds pyrs
vijk/k dks c<+kok feyrk gSAgky ds ,d v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd yksxksa esa fgalk ds –';ksa ds lkFk
fQYesa ns[kus dh vf/kd laHkkouk gS] vxj mUgsa yxrk gS fd okLrfod thou ds fgald igyqvksa dk
lkeuk djus esa blls mUgsa dksbZ lek/kku feysxkA mUgksaus fQYe ds çfr viuh /kkj.kkvksa dks Hkh bafxr
fd;k fd dSls ;s mUgsa lkFkZd] fopkj'khy vkSj jgL;iw.kZ yxrh gSA,d vU; 'kks/k ds vuqlkj vf/kdrj
fQYesa o Vhoh ds dk;ZØe vkijkf/kd o fgald fo"k;&oLrq fy;s gksrs gSaA fgald fQYeksa ;k ohfM;ks xsEl
ds laidZ esa vkus ls cPps vf/kd vkØked gks tkrs gSaA gkykafd fo'ks"kK bl ckr ls lger gSa] fd dksbZ
Hkh ,dy dkjd ,d vfgald O;fä ds vkØked gksus dk dkj.k ugha cu ldrk gSA dqN v/;;uksa
¼gkykafd lHkh ugha½ dk lq>ko gS fd vR;f/kd fgald fo"k;&oLrq dk çn'kZu] fgald O;ogkj ds fy,
,d cM+k dkjd gks ldrk gSA
Lkepkji=ksa ds ckjs esa dqN 'kks/k dgrs gaSfd jk"Vªh; lkepkj i=ksa dh ctk; LFkkfu; i= vf/kd
vijkf/kd o fglad lwpukvksa dh fjiksfVaZx djrs gSaA
FkksM+k vkSj igys tk,a rks iqjkus eqæ.k ek/;e tSls ukWoYs lvkSj fdrkcksa dh fo"k;&oLrq esa vijk/k dks [kwc
elkysnkj <ax ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk Fkk]tks ikBd dks çfjr djrha Fkha A
dqN 'kks/k esa ik;k x;k fd Vsyhfotu] bUVjusV o lusek ls vijkf/k;ksa us vijk/k djus dh rduhd
gkfly dhA
dqN fo}kuksa dk ;s Hkh ekuuk gS dh Hkkjr esa nwjn'kZu dk ,dkf/kdkj lekIr gksuk vkSj Vsyhfotu dh
nqfu;k esa futh pkSuyksa dk vkxeu rFkk oS'ohdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k us rjDdh ds lkFk gj
pSuy dks vius equkQs dekus dk ,d jkLrk [kksy fn;kA blds lkFk&lkFk vf/kd ls vf/kd Vh-vkj-ih-
ds fy, vkijkf/kd dk;ZØeksa dk cksyckyk gksus yxkA lekpkj pSuyksa ij gq, dbZ 'kks/k Hkh;s n'kkZrs
gSafdfo"k;&oLrq o çLrqfrdj.k esa vkØked]Hkzked] dkYifud fo"k;&oLrq dk ç;ksx n'kZdksa dks Hkzfer
djrk gS vkSj os mls gh lR; eku ysrs gSa tks fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
vc nwljs i{k ds er dh ckr dh tk, rks fofHkUu ek/;e]vyx&vyx rjg dh fo"k;&oLrq çLrqr djrs
gSa tks lekt ds vyx&vyx igyqvksa dks ns[k o lqudj rS;kj dh tkrh gSS dbZ 'kks/k Hkh bl ckr dh
lgefr trkrs gSa fd gtkjksa esa ls pan yksxksa ds çHkkfor gksus ls bu ek/;eksa ij ge vkjksi ugha yxk
ldrsA fgalk vkSj vijk/k dk ;g iwjk ekeyk euksoSKkfud ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij T;knk vk/kkfjr gS] ftl ij
ges'kk ls gh fparu&euu gksrk jgk gSAD;ksafd ehfM;k ;kuh fofHkUu rjg ds ek/;e lekt esa viuh vge
Hkwfedk j[krs gSa vkSj vijk/k ds izfr tkx:drk vkSj jksdFkke ls lacaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa o lwpukvksa dks
turkrd igqapkus eas ehfM;k dh vge Hkwfedk gS vr% bl ij dqN loky mBus Hkh ykteh gaSA
tSlk fd dbZ fo}kuksa }kjk dgk x;k gS fd ehfM;k nks/kkjh ryokj gS ;kuh ldkjkRed o udkjkRed
nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ka blds lkFk cuh jgrh gSaA;g blls r; gksrk gS fd ehfM;k dk bLrseky dkSu vkSj
dSls djrk gS\ felky ds rkSj ij fo'o esa dbZ ,sls eqís gSa ftuesa ehfM;k dk bLrseky Mj QSykus ds
fy, fd;k x;k bls uSfrd ng'kr]uSfrd vkradokn ;k eksjy iSfud Hkh dgk x;kA dqN ,slk gh ge
dksjksukok;jl ds çfr ehfM;k ds utfj, dks eglwl dj ldrs gSaA ftlesa dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS fd Hk;
iSnk djds ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks dkcw fd;k tk,A gkykafd blesa dqN uqdlku Hkh gksxkA bl Hk; ds ekgkSy
ls dbZ 'kfä;ka viuk fgr Hkh lk/k ysx
a h ijarq ehfM;k dh –f"V ls ,slk Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gS ds
ehfM;k us ;g dke vPNh fu;r ds rgr fd;k D;ksafd ehfM;k dk ewy tufgr gS vkSj ehfM;k dk
vfLrRo lekt fgr ij vk/kkfjr gSA
'kks/k crkrs gaSfd ehfM;k ¼Vh-oh]jsfM;ks] flusek] bUVjusV½ us vusd vijkf/kd ,oa fgald xfrfof/k;ksa dks
jksdus esa iqfyl o U;k;ky; dh [kwc enn dh gSA vusd vulqy>s ekeyks dksa lqy>kus esa ehfM;k us
vge Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA vesfjdu ^eksLV okaVsM* dk;ZØe dh rtZ ij lqgso bfy;klh us ^bafM;kt eksLV
okaVsM* dk;ZØe dks pfpZr dj fn;k vkSj bl dk;ZØe us vusd vijk/kh idM+okus esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA bu dk;ZØeksa dks miyfC/k ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk tkylkth] Bxh]
csbZekuh] /kks[ksckth dh fgald o vijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ls lekt dk gj O;fä tkx:d gqvk gSA
vc vxj ge udkjkRed i{kksa dh ;k mu ckrksa ij /;ku nsa tks dgha uk dgha ehfM;k ds og Nfo is'k
djrs gSaA ftlesa ehfM;k FkksM+k lk eq[kj gksdj viuh euekuh o dekbZ ds pyrs vuSfrd dke dj jgk
gS ;k fdlh ds fy, bLrseky gks jgk gS rks gesa ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd ,slk D;ksa gks jgk gS \ bls
ge ehfM;k dh fMisM
a salh ds fl)kar dks i<+dj le> ldrs gSaA lSaMªk c‚yjksDp vkSj esfYou MsQysj us
1976 esa fMisM
a salh fl)kar dk çLrko j[kkA bl fl)kar dks lkbdks ,ukfyfVDl vkSj lks'ky flLVe
fl)kar] O;ofLFkr vkSj vkdfLed –f"Vdks.k vkSj mi;ksx vkSj larqf"V ds fl)kar ls vk/kkj rRoksa tSls
dbZ –f"Vdks.kksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS ysfdu çHkkoksa ij de /;ku dsfa ær fd;k x;k gSA blds
lkFk&lkFk ehfM;k ,tsM
a k lsfVax F;ksjh]cqyVs F;ksjh] gkbiksMfeZd lqbZ e‚My dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k djds dkQh
phtsa le>h tk ldrh gSaA dqN fo}ku ekurs gSa fd lekt esa vxj vijk/k ugha gksrk rks vijk/k [kcjksa
ds dk;ZØeksa dk fuekZ.k pkSuyksa }kjk ugha fd;k tkrkA
pkgs ckr v[kckjksa dh gks] Vh-oh pSuyksa dh gks ;k vU; ek/;eksa dh gksA dgk tkrk gS oä ds vuqlkj
ftl rjg dh gok gksrh gS bu ek/;eksa dh fo"k;&oLrq esa Hkh oSlh gh ygj utj vkus yxrh gSA ijarq
bUgha esa vius okLrfod ewy dks uk NksM+us okys Hkh ehfM;k gSa tks rF;kRed] lathnk] laons ukRed vkSj
lekt ds fgr dks /;ku esa j[kdj fo"k;&oLrq rS;kj djrs gSaA
fç;n'kZu vius^fQYeh fgalk dk cnyrk psgjk* ys[k ds gokys ls dgrs gSa fd1975 esa jes'k flIih }kjk
cukbZ xbZ 'kksys ij lokZf/kd fgald fQYe gksus dk bYtke yxk FkkA fQYe esa xksfy;ka pyrh gSa] iwjs
ifjokj dk xCcj lQk;k djrk gS] Bkdqj ds gkFk dkVuk] clarh dks dkap ij uaxs ikao upk;k tkrk gSA
bu lc ds ckotwn ;g lc ,sls –'; ugha Fks tks vkt dh vpfpZr xqtj tkus okyh gj nwljh fQYe esa
gqvk djrs gSaA 'kksys esa fdlh dks ftank ugha tyk;k x;k] fdlh ds uk[kwu ugha m[kkM+s x,] fdlh dks
mYVk yVdk dj tyrh flxjsV ls ugha tyk;k x;k]fdlh efgyk ds lkFk cykRdkj dh dksf'k'k ugha
gqbZ ]xCcj flag gsek ekfyuh dks dkap ij uaxs iko ukpus ds fy, etcwj djrk gS ysfdu 'kk;n ,d iy
ds fy, Hkh mlds fnekx esa ;g ckr ugha vkrh fd bl fujhg vkSj vdsyh iM+ xbZ L=h ds lkFk
cykRdkj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd vkt ekj&/kkM+] vijk/k vkSj çfr'kks/k dks dsæa esa j[kdj cukbZ
xbZ yxHkx lHkh fQYeksa esa ;g–'; vke gSaA
1975 dh 'kksys esa ;g –'; blfy, ugha jgk gksxk D;ksafd jes'k flIih dks ,glkl gksxk fd Hkkjrh;
n'kZd bruh Øwjrk ugha ipk ldrkA yksdfç; flusek dk yksdfç; rdZ tks [kklrkSj ls fQYe esa lsDl
vkSj fgalk ds lanHkZ esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS og ;s gS fd n'kZd tks pkgrs gSa ge ogh fn[kkrs gSaA
;s okD; bl ckr dh vksj b'kkjk djrk gS fd vkt dk n'kZd T;knk Øwj vkSjfgald eukso`fr dk gks
pqdk gSA mls Øwjrk ds T;knk ls T;knk –'; vkuan nsrs gSaA
,d lsfeukj esa xqytkj us dgk Fkk fd ewy fgalk og ugha gS tks cSdxzkmaM E;wftd ds lkFk insZ ij
fn[kkbZ tkrh gS cfYd ewy fgalk og gksrh gS ftlls vki viusthou esa dksbZ csgn lqulku xyh ikj
djrs gq, eglwl djrs gSa fd vki ij dgha ls geyk gks ldrk gSA blls ,slk yxrk gS fd xqytkj
fQYeh fgalk dks bruk [krjukd ugha ekursftruk fd okLrfod fgalk dks] tks lekt esa iljh gSAD;ksfa d
fQYe m|ksx lekt ls lacfa /kr gS blfy, mlls mEehn dh tkrh gS fd tks Hkh fo"k;&oLrq bl ek/;e
}kjk çLrqr dh tk,xh og lgh gksxhA
U;wt pSuYl esa fn[kk, tkus okys cgqr lkjs fotqvy dk lac/a k ml [kcj ;k tkudkjh ls ugha gksrk gS
mudk bLrseky dsoy [kcjdks vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, gksrk gSArduhdh –f"V ls ge bls ,fMVj dh
dke;kch dg ldrs gSa ysfdu n'kZdksa dh –f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks vf/kdrj yksx mls gh lR; eku cSBrs
gSa tks fn[kk;k tkrk gSAvr% ;gka ij –';ksa] Qkby fp=ks]a /Okfu]lkmaM bQsDV~l dk lgh p;u vR;ar
vko';d cu tkrk gS A
bl ekeys esa vHkh rd jsfM;ks ,oa eqæ.k dqN gn rdviuh xfjek cuk, gq, utj vkrs gSaA fMftVy
gksus ds pyrs cs'kd ge lks'ky ehfM;k dh rjQ rst vkSj tYnh tkudkjh gkfly djus dh gksM+ esa
'kkfey gSa ysfdu fQj Òh ,slk yxrk gS dh ?kj esa v[kckj dkgksuk vR;ar vko';d gSA vr% v[kckj
viuh fo"k;&oLrq o çLrqfrdj.k esa dqN cnyko dj fQj ls viuk opZLo dk;e dj ldrk gSA
;g reke ppkZ,a ;gka vkdj :d tkrh gSa fd vijkf/kd o fgald [kcjksa dhfo"k;&oLrqq ds çlkj.k ls
lekt esa fdruk ldkjkRed vkSj fdruk udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA blds fy, fujarj 'kks/k dh
vko';drk gS D;ksafd lekt ftruk vPNkbZ dks Lohdkj djrk gS mruh gh rhoz xfr ls cqjkbZ;ksa dks Òh
Lohdkj dj ysrk gSA ;wa dgk tk, dh tc ls vijkf/kd dk;ZØeksa dh ck<+&lh vkbZ gS rc ls lekt esa
vijk/k c<+s vkSj fgalk esa c<ksrjh gqbZ gSu fd deh vkbZA ehfM;k dks Hkh bldh ftEesokjh ysuh gh
iM+sxhA ehfM;k dks xsVdhfiax ds fl)kar dks ldkjkRed <ax ls ykxw djus dks t:jr gS]ftlesa fu.kZ;
ysus okys og yksx uk gksa tks ehfM;k ekfyd ds rkSj ij tkus tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s vius <ax ls vius
LokFkZ iwjk djus ds fy;s fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA mudh txg eq[; inksa ij cSBs vf/kdkjh vkSj /kjkry ij dke
djus okys deZpkjh ;k dykdkj vkfn gksaA lkFk gh lekt dks Hkh ehfM;k lk{kj gksuk gksxkA
oä jgrs lHkh dks laHkyus dh t:jr gS ;k equkQs vkSj Vh-vkj-ih- dh gksM+ esa lekt esa vijk/k vkSj
fgalk dks c<+kok nsus dh\ ;g ehfM;k vkSj lekt HkyhHkafr lksp ldrs gSaA
 Z
o.kZukRed vFkZ esa ljdkj ds :i esa yksdra= ds ckjs esa tkuus dks feyrk gSA yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa lHkh
yksx 'kklu ugha djrs gSa cfYd cgqer ls vius pqus gq, çfrfuf/k;ksa dks lHkh yksxksa dh vksj ls fu.kZ;
ysus dh vuqefr gSA D;ksafd vk/kqfud yksdra=ksa esa bruh cM+h la[;k esa yksx 'kkfey gSa fd muds fy,
,d lkFk cSBuk vkSj lkewfgd fu.kZ; ysuk vlaHko gSA ;gka rd fd vxj og djukpkgsa rks Hkh vke
ukxfjd ds ikl lHkh fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, le;] bPNk ;k dkS'ky ugha gSA
yksdra= ,d fl)kar ds :i esa ljdkj ls ijs tk ldrk gS vkSj bls thou ds fdlh Hkh {ks= esa ykxw
fd;k tk ldrk gSA yksdra= 'kCn dk mi;ksx dsoy fdlh ekStwnk ljdkj dk o.kZu djus ds fy, ugha
cfYd ,d vkn'kZ ekud LFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftls lHkh yksdra=ksa dk y{; gksuk
pkfg,A
gkykafd vxj yksdra= ds vkn'kksZa ij fopkj fd;k tk, rks nqfu;k dk dksbZ Hkh ns'k lgh <ax ls
yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh ugha gSA fQj Hkh ,d vkn'kZ ds :i esa yksdra= dh le> gksus ls ;g le>k tk,xk
fd yksdra= dks egRo D;ksa nsuk pkfg,A ;g yksxksa dks ekStwnk yksdra= dk U;k; djus vkSj mudh
detksfj;ksa dh igpku djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA ;g ,d U;wure yksdra= vkSj ,d vPNs yksdra= ds
chp varj djus esa Hkh enn djrk gSA vkt dh nqfu;k esa yksdra= dk lcls vke :i esa yksxksa ds pqus
gq, çfrfuf/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls 'kklu fd;k tk jgk gSA gkykafd ,d NksVs leqnk; ds fy, yksdrkaf=d
fu.kZ; ysus ds vU; rjhds gks ldrs gSa] lHkh yksx ,d lkFk cSBdj lh/ks fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSaA tSls xzke
lHkk ,d xkao esa dke djrh gSA

yksdra= turk dk] turk ds }kjkvkSj turkds fy, dh uhfr ij pyrk gSA yksdra= esa turk }kjk pqus
x, çfrfuf/k dkuwu vkSj ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dh :ijs[kk cukrs gSaA çfrfuf/k;ksa dks pquus ds fy, pquko
gksrs gSaA
lHkh o;Ld ukxfjdksa dks pquko esa Hkkx ysus vkSj oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj gSA pquko Lora= vkSj fu"i{k
rFkk fu;fer varjky ij gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk vkSj jkT; fo/kkulHkkvksa ds pquko ds fy, lHkh
o;Ld ukxfjdksa dks oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj gS vkSj 25 o"kZ dh vk;q ds ukxfjdksa dks pquko yM+us dh
vuqefr gSA
yksdra= dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g ukxfjdksa dks 'kh"kZ ukxfjd Lora=rk çnku djrk gSA
os vfHkO;fä] vkSj tkudkjh dh Lora=rk dk vkuan ysrs gSaA ukxfjdksa dks ,lksfl,'ku cukus] tqM+us ;k
NksM+us dk vf/kdkj gS] blesa jktuhfrd ikVhZ cukus dk vf/kdkj Òh 'kkfey gSA

yksdra= dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g dkuwu dk 'kklu lqfuf'pr djrk gSA dkuwu loksZPp gS
vkSj lHkh ukxfjd dkuwu dh utj esa leku gSa] dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ls Åij ugha gSA

U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk yksdra= dh ,d vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk gSA U;k;ikfydk dks dk;Zikfydk ;k

fo/kkf;dk ds fdlh Hkh fu;a=.k ls eqä gksuk pkfg,A U;k;k/kh'kksa dks bZekunkj gksuk pkfg, vkSj fu"i{k
:i ls U;k; çnku djuk pkfg,A

yksdra= dh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk jkT; esa laxfBr foi{kh ny ;k nyksa dh mifLFkfr gSA cgqer
okyh ikVhZ ljdkj cukrh gS vkSj vYier okyh ikVhZ foi{kcurh gSA
foi{kh ikVhZ ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dke ij utj j[krh gSA ljdkj dh xyr uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk
djds ;g ljdkj dks yksxksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, dkuwu vkSj uhfr;ka cukus ds fy, etcwj djrk gSA ;g
ljdkj dks rkuk'kkg gksus ls jksdrk gSA

yksdra= ernku djus okys yksxksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ernku yksxksa dks lwfpr djus ij fuHkZj djrk gS
vkSj yksxksa dks lwfpr j[kus ds fy, çsl o ehfM;k gSA jktuhfr ds lanHkZ esa ehfM;k dk eq[; dk;Z
lwpuk çnku djuk gS rkfd yksx fu.kZ; ys ldsa vkSj jktuhfr esa 'kkfey gks ldsAa
jktuhfr dk ehfM;k ds çfr >qdko bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd jktuhfr o yksdra= ds fy,
vko';d lwpukvksa o tkudkfj;ksa ds fy, tks iSlk vkSj le; ckgj tkdj 'kks/k djus o tkudkjh bdëk
esa [kpZ gksrk gS ehfM;k bl ykxr dks de djrk gSA ehfM;k ra= ls lc tkudkfj;ka vklkuh ls miyC/k
gks tkrh gSaA 'kk;n blfy, Hkh gekjs lafo/kku ds 'kq#vkrh fnuksa ls gh ehfM;k esa eqä çsl dks lajf{kr
fd;k x;k gSA
ehfM;k ds jktuSfrd egRo dks fo}kuksa tSls dqd 1998] ektksysuh vkSj 'kqYt 1999 }kjk Hkh Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gSAmUgksua s ehfM;k dks ,d jktuSfrd laLFkku dgk gS tks dbZ vU; laLFkkuksa ds lkFk jktuhfr
esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
ehfM;k vkSj yksdra= dk fo"k; yacs le; ls pys vk jgs dbZ feFkdksa] :f<+;ksa vkSj fooknksa ls O;kIr gSA
ykbdV‚dfoys dh rjg yxHkx jktusrk ekurs gSa fd ehfM;k jktuhfr dks dkQh çHkkfor djrk gSA
blfy, os ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ehfM;k dks fu;af=r djus dh vko';drk eglwl djrs gSa fd
blds }kjk çkIr tkudkjh muds jktuhfrd HkkX; dks ykHk igqapkrh gS ;k ughaA gkykafd iwoZ esa dbZ,sls
Hkh mngkj.k gS ftuesa ;g rdZ iwjh rjg foQy gqvk gSA
ehfM;k dk lcls iqjkuk :i fçaV gS ftldk vFkZ gS v[kckjsa vkSj if=dk,aA fçaV vc yksxksa ds fy,
tkudkjh dk çeq[k lzkrs ugha jgk gS cfYd ;g mu fnuksa gqvk djrk Fkk tc dqN cM+s 'kgjksa esa lqcg
vkSj nksigj ds laLdj.k gksrs FksA vHkh Hkh vf/kdka'k vU; lekpkj ehfM;k laxBu viuh [kcj ds fy,
fçaV ij fuHkZj gSaA fçaV ehfM;k Hkh vf/kd fooj.k vkSj O;kid lekpkjksa dh is'kd'k djrs gSaA
fçaV ehfM;k dk ,d igyw ftls vDlj vuns[kk dj fn;k tkrk gS og gS fd ;g vHkh Hkh f'kf{kr
dqyhuksa ds fy, lekpkj dk eq[; lzkrs gS vkSj ;s ,sls yksx gSa ftudh jk; jktuhfr esa uhfr;ksa dks cukus
esa cgqr ek;us j[krh gSA
lwph esa nwljk LFkku jktuSfrd tkudkjh ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ çlkj.k ehfM;k dk vkrk gSA
Vsyhfotu vHkh Hkh ehfM;k ds fdlh Hkh vU; :i ls vf/kd yksxksa rd igqaprk gSA jsfM;ks Hkh fofo/k tu
Jksrkvksa rd igqapus dk de egRoiw.kZ ek/;e ugha gSA jsfM;ks dk jktuSfrd ;ksxnku esa lQy mngkj.k
1920 esa vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr ds pquko esa bldk ç;ksx rFkk Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa gfjr Økafr] 'osr Økafr
o eu dh ckr ds çlkj.k ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA
jktuhfr esa rhljh çeq[k ehfM;k 'kfä baVjusV gSA ,d u, lzksr ds :i esa baVjusV dk çkFkfed ykHk
;g gS fd ;s cgqr tYnh viMsV gks ldrk gSA ;g czsfdax U;wt ds fy, cgqr vPNk gSA gkykafd ,d
rdZ ;g Òh gS fd ;g lekpkj laxBuksa dks vf/kd fjiksfVaZx djus dh vksj /kdsyrk gSA osc ds 'kq#vkrh
fnuksa esa baVjusV lekpkj T;knkrj fçaV v[kckjksa ds flQZ v‚uykbu laLdj.k FksA ysfdu vc og ifj–
'; cgqr cny x;k gSA igys jktuhfr ds ckjs esa Cy‚x vk, vkSj fQj jktuhfr dks lefiZr
osclkbVsAa lks'ky ehfM;k dh o`f) us jktusrkvksa] vfHk;kuksa vkSj ikfVZ;ksa dks turk rd viuh tkudkjh
igqapkus ds fy, u, jkLrs çnku fd,A ;g dguk xyr ugh gksxk fd fo'o ds lcls cM+s yksdrkfU=d
jk"Vª Hkkjr esa 2014 ds pquko vkSj fo'o ds lcls 'kfä'kkyh jk"Vª vesfjdk esa 2016 ds pqukoksa esa lks'ky
ehfM;k dh vge Hkwfedk FkhA orZeku le; esa yxHkx gj mEehnokj ds ikl de ls de ,d fV~oVj
çksQkby] ,d Qslcqd ist vkSj ,d lks'ky ehfM;k mifLFkfr cuk, j[kus ds fy, lefiZr deZpkjh gSaA
;g ,d mEehnokj ;k mudh uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa cgqr lkjh tkudkjh ds fy, vkSj ehfM;k ds fodkl ds
fy; vPNk gks ldrk gS ysfdu blesa fu"i{krk dk vkHkko cuk jg ldrk gSA
buds lkFk&lkFk ehfM;k ds vU; ek/;e tSls foKkiu]fQYesa] o`Ùkkfp= vkfn yksdrkfU=d vkSj jktuSfrd
fo"k; ij fo"k;&oLrq çLrqr djrs gSa tks lekt esa lkspus] le>us vkSj jk; cukus esa dkjxj fl) gksrh
gSA

çlkj.k vkSj fçaV i=dkfjrk ds ckjs esa ,d xaHkhj f'kdk;r ;g gS fd D;ksfa d os eq[; :i ls foKkiu
}kjk foÙkiksf"kr gSa vkSj blh dkj.k ;s dbZ eqíksa dks doj ugha djrsA
ehfM;k dks çHkkfor djus okyk igyk dkjd i=dkj gSA i=dkj] ekfydksa vkSj çdk'kdksa ls Hkh vf/kd
egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd muds ikl lekpkjksa dks fjiksVZ djus vkSj O;k[;k djus dh 'kfä gSA
jktuSfrd lekpkj ds lzksr ds :i esa fopkj djus okyk vxyk dkjd Lo;a jktuhfrK gSaA jktusrk [kqn
ds fy, ldkjkRed ehfM;k cukus ds fy, cgqr dqN djrs gSaA os i=dkjksa ds lkFk fj'rs cukrs gSa D;ksafd
vxj dksbZ i=dkj vkidks ilan djrk gS rks os vkids ckjs esa dqN vPNk fy[k ldrs gSa ;k de ls de
dqN de cksyus dh laHkkouk gks tkrh gSA ,d i=dkj xksiuh; tkudkjh dk [kqyklk dj ldrk gS
blfy, jktusrk lekpkj laxBuksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks etcwr djus vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
i=dkj dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh dgkuh dks ml rjg ls crk;k tk, tSlk os pkgrs gSaA
ehfM;k dks çHkkfor djus okyk rhljk dkjd gS lekpkj ds miHkksäkA ;s blfy, ek;us j[krs gSa D;ksafd
lekpkj ds fuekZrk pkgrs gSa fd miHkksäk mls i<+as vkSj ns[ksa blfy, os ,slh [kcjsa cukrs gSa ftUgsa
miHkksäk i<+uk vkSj ns[kuk pkgsaA bldk eryc gS fd ;g [kcj mu yksxksa ds lewgksa ds vuq:i gksxh
tks bldk miHkksx djus dh laHkkouk j[krs gSaA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSafd Hkkjr tSls yksdrkaf=d ns'k esa tkx:drk vkSj ukxfjdksa dks çcq) cukus esa
ehfM;k ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA Hkkjrh; ehfM;k vusdksa Toyar eqíksa ds ckjs esa yksxksa dh jk;
cukus]?kksVkyksa dks mtkxj djus vkSj yksxksa dk fo'okl cukus esa lQy jgk gSA ehfM;k ;s Hkh lqfuf'pr
djrk gS fd jktuSfrd ny vU; nyksa vkSj 'kfä'kkyh lewgksa dks viuh lhek ls ckgj u tkus nsAa
ehfM;k }kjk fn[kk, tkus okys lk{kkRdkj]Hkk"k.k vkSj ppkZ n'kZdksa dks fofHkUu jktuSfrd nyksa dh jk;]
fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh ç[;kr gfLr;ksa vkSj vke turk dh vk'kkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ls voxr djkrs gSaA ;g
tkudkfj;ka ukxfjdksa dks ljdkj dh dk;Z ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds ckjs esa jk; cukus esa enn djrh
gS fd buesa ljdkj lQy jgh ;k foQyA
LoLFk yksdra= dks vkdkj nsus esa ehfM;k egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g yksdra= dh jh<+ gSA ehfM;k
gesa nqfu;k Hkj esa gks jgh fofHkUu lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa ls voxr djkrk gSA ;g
,d niZ.k dh rjg gS tks gesa thou ds dVq lp vkSj dBksj okLrfodrkvksa dks fn[kkus dk ç;kl djrk
gSA bl çdkj ehfM;k ds fy, ;g lqfuf'pr djuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS fd pSuyksa }kjk tks lwpuk,a
çlkfjr dh tk jgh gSa muesa Vh-vkj-ih c<+kus ds fy, i{kikr ;k NsM+NkM+ ugha gksuh pkfg, ,oa ehfM;k
dh Nfo ij tks ç'u mBsa mudk tokc ehfM;k vius ewy ;kfu lR;rk o fu"i{krk ds lkFk nsA

oSKkfud LoHkko thou ,d rjhdk gS tks ,d ,slh fof/k dk mi;ksx djrk gS ftlesa HkkSfrd okLrfodrk
dk voyksdu djuk] ç'u djuk] ijh{k.k djuk] ifjdYiuk djuk] fo'ys"k.k djuk] laokn djuk vkSj
rdZ dk mi;ksx djuk 'kkfey gSA tokgjyky usg: viuh fdrkc ^Hkkjr dh[kkst* esa bl 'kCn dk
mi;ksx djus vkSj bldh odkyr djus okys igys O;fä;ksa esa ls ,d FksA muds vuqlkj oSKkfud
LoHkko vko';d gS] u dsoy foKku ds vuqç;ksx ds fy, cfYd thou ds fy, vkSj bldh dbZ
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, ÒhA ppkZ] rdZ vkSj fo'ys"k.k blds egRoiw.kZ vax gSa rFkk fu"i{krk]
lekurk vkSj yksdra= ds rRo blesa fufgr gSaA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh /kkjk 51&,¼,p½ ds eqrkfcd oSKkfud ço`fÙk] ekuork vkSj loky o lq/kkj dh
Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk gj ukxfjd dk nkf;Ro gSA
oSKkfud LoHkko okLro esa va/kfo'okl ls iw.kZ budkj djuk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk fdlh Hkh fu"d"kZ rd
igqapus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, lcwrks]a dkj.kksa vkSj rdksaZ dk lgkjk ysuk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa
va/kfo'okl vkSj vkLFkkvksa ds vf/kd çpyu ds dkj.k oSKkfud LoHkko dh deh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
vc loky ;g gS fd blds fy, dkSu ftEesnkj gS\ D;k vke turk blds fy, ftEesnkj gS ;k gekjs
ns'k ds oSKkfud] f'k{kd] usrk ;k dqN /keZxq#\ blesa oSKkfudksa dh fdruh Hkwfedk gS vkSj vU; vke
turk fd fdruh\ bl ij ppkZ djus ds lkFk&lkFk ekStnw k ifjfLFkfr dks le>uk vR;ar t:jh gSA
oSKkfud ço`fr dh vo/kkj.kk ds nks vge igyw gSa&
1- lekt dY;k.k ds laiw.kZ fodkl esa foKku dk egRoA
2- vk/kqfud lkekftd ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, lkekftd çfØ;k ds rkSj ij foKku dk vH;klA
oSKkfud ço`fÙk j[kuk ç;ksx'kkyk esa foKku laca/kh ç;ksx djus tSlk ugha gSA gkykafd ç;ksx'kkyk esa gksus
okys ç;ksx Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj bu ij /;ku lhfer djus ls vPNk 'kks/k gks ldrk gS ysfdu
foKku vkSj lekt esa oSKkfud i)fr ds lkj dks ugha le>k tk ldrkA

bl ckr ij cgqr de lansg gS fd oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh fodkl esa yksxksa ds thou esa lq/kkj dh
vlk/kkj.k {kerk gS tSls fd thou çR;k'kk c<+kuk vkSj gekjh viuh gh HkkSfrd nqfu;k dks le>us esa
enn ds fy, czãkaM ls tqM+s lokyksa ds tokc nsuk rkfd mudk ekuo tkfr ds Qk;ns ds fy, vf/kdre
bLrseky fd;k tk ldsA foKku us lekt ds fodkl ds fy, Hkjiwj laHkkoukvksa ds njokts [kksys gSaA
ekuo tkfr dks eqf'dyksa ls Hkjh vkSj va/ksjh ftanxh ls fudkyus esa foKku dh tcjnLr {kerk dks udkjk
ugha tk ldrk gSA ogha ,d lekt ds fy, rduhd vkSj e'khujh ds fodkl ds lkFk viuh mRiknd
{kerkvksa dks c<+kus vkSj fLFkjrk cuk, j[kus ds fy, vk/kqfud dkuwuksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds lkFk pyuk t:jh
gSA
,d rduhdh :i ls fodflr lekt iqjkus lkekftd laca/kksa esa yksxksa dks cka/kus okys iqjkru dkuwuksa ds
lkFk ugha py ldrkA ,sls esa tks lekt vHkh iwjh rjg ls ugha cnyk gS mldh mRiknd {kerkvksa ds
fodkl ij yxkrkj [krjk cuk jgrk gSA
dbZ nk'kZfud erHksnksa vkSj –f"Vdks.kksa ds ckotwn oSKkfud i)fr lkekftd ifjorZu dks cy nsrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, /kkfeZd xzaFkksa esa lefFkZr ySafxd vkSj tkrh; HksnHkko dks cnyrs lekt esa fojks/k dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj loky mBkuk lkekftd foosd dk egRoiw.kZ igyw cu tkrk gSA blfy,
oSKkfud ço`fÙk dh vo/kkj.kk ekuork] lekurk] vf/kdkj vkSj U;k; dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkvksa ls tqM+h
gqbZ gSA

oSKkfud LoHkko ijLij fojks/kh fopkjksa vkSj fopkjksa ds fy, yksxksa esa lfg".kqrk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
çxfr'khy fopkjksa vkSj fopkj vkSj dkjZokbZ esa lekt dh lkekU; mUufr egRoiw.kZ eqíksa ij jpukRed
cgl dk ifj.kke gSA foKku ds lkFk /kkfeZd ,oa ikSjkf.kd fopkjksa dks c<+kok nsus ds okys mnkgj.k
oSKkfud LoHkko dh deh dks çnf'kZr djrs gSaA foKku dh lkoZtfud le> vk/kqfud foKku vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh ds ykHkksa dks yksxksa rd igqapkus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ tfj;k gSA foKku dh lkoZtfud vkSj
jktuhfrd le> [kqys fnekx ds lkFk lcwr vkSj cgl ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg,A oSKkfud Kku o
LoHkko dks ehfM;k o vU; dkjxj laLFkkvksa dk mi;ksx djds lekt ds lHkh oxksZa esa O;ofLFkr :i ls
c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gSA
2010&20 foKku çkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkj ds rkyesy ds fy, ^uokpkj dk n'kd* gSA ljdkj us ÅtkZ]
i;kZoj.k] [kk|] iks"k.k] ty] LoPNrk] vkokl] lLrh LokLF; ns[kHkky] dkS'ky fuekZ.k vkSj csjkstxkjh dh
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, u, ra= vkSj e‚My [kkstus ds fy, jk"Vªh; uokpkj ifj"kn dh
LFkkiuk dh gSA lekos'kh fodkl dk rkRi;Z vf/kdre yksxksa rd lek/kku dh miyC/krk vkSj lkeFkZ; ls
gSA ,sls lHkh ç;klksa ds fy, oSKkfud LoHkko dks c<+kok nsuk ekSfyd gS vkSj ehfM;k dks blds
çpkj&çlkj dh ftEesnkjh ysuh gksxhA
oSKkfud ço`fÙk dks c<+kok nsuk fdlh Hkh ns'k dk çeq[k nkf;Ro gSA blds fy, fofHkUu ekspksaZ ij dke
djus dh t:jr gSA blesa lcls igys ljdkjh QaM ls çkFkfed vkSj mPp f'k{kk dk foLrkj djuk gS
ftlls lHkh oxksZa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk fey ldsA ehfM;k }kjkÒh fofHkUu dk;Zde bl ij dsfUær
gksuspkfg,aA
blesa foKku vkSj lkekftd foKku dh f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk rduhdh çf'kf{k.k ij /;ku dsfa ær djuk Hkh
'kkfey gS ftlls çk—frd] HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd nqfu;k dh vkykspukRed le> dks c<+kok fey ldsA
blesa ehfM;k ds fofHkUu çdkj enn dj ldrs gSaA
ns'k esa ehfM;k }kjk ,sls dk;ZØe pyk, tkus pkfg,a ftuls yksxksa esa loky mBkus dh {kerk vkSj
vykspukRed foosd iSnk gks ldsA
blesa yksxksa dks ;kSu LokLF; dh f'k{kk nsus okys o tkfr vkSj /keZ ls ckgj 'kknh dks c<+kok nsus okys
dk;ZØe 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSaA
lkFk gh ,sls lkoZtfud dk;ZØeksa dks çksRlkgu nsa tks lekurk vkSj HkkbZpkjs ds vk/kqfud ewY;ksa dks c<+kok
nsrs gksa vkSj vk/kqfud] yksdrkaf=d vkSj lekos'kh lkaL—frd ekgkSy ds fodkl dks laHko cukrs gksAa
foKku dh yksdfç;rk] oSKkfud Kku ds çlkj vkSj oSKkfud LoHkko ds çlkj ds fy, 1982 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj ds foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx ds }kjk 'kq: fd;s x, us'kuy dkmafly Q‚j lkbal ,aM
VsDuksy‚th dE;qfuds'ku (NCSTC) dk;ZØe dks vkSj etcwrh nsus dh t#jr gS ftlesa ehfM;k dk
lkFk vge lkfcr gksxkA
foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh lapkj esa çf'k{k.k] tkx:drk dk;ZØe] oSKkfud Kku dk çlkj] iqjLdkj
çksRlkgu] oSKkfud vuqla/kku dks c<+kok nsus vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, fo'ks"k /;ku nsrs gq, varjkZ"Vªh;
lg;ksx fodflr djus lfgr vkmVjhp xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlds fy;s fofHkUu
ehfM;k dk bLrseky dkjxj lkfcr gksxkA

lkekU; vFkksaZ esa i;kZoj.k 'kCn dk fuekZ.k nks 'kCnksa ifj vkSj vkoj.k ls feydj cuk gS] ftlesa ifj dk
eryc gS gekjs vklikl vFkkZr tks gekjs pkjksa vksj gS vkSj vkoj.k tks gesa pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjs gq, gSA
i;kZoj.k dks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa bdkslfQ;j
¼Ecosphere&ifje.My]Habitat&thoe.My]Geosphere& Òwe.MytSlh 'kCnkoyh ls Hkh tkuk tkrk
gSA
;g gekjs thou dks çHkkfor djus okys lHkh tSfod vkSj vtSfod rRoks]a rF;ks]a çfØ;kvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa
ls feydj cuh bdkbZ gSA i;kZoj.k ds tSfod la?kVdksa esa lw{e thok.kq ls ysdj dhM+s&edksM]+s lHkh
tho&tarq vkSj isM+&ikS/kksa ds vykok muls tqM+h lkjh tSo fØ;k,a vkSj çfØ;k,a Hkh 'kkfey gSaA tcfd
i;kZoj.k ds vtSfod la?kVdksa esa futhZo rRo vkSj muls tqM+h çfØ;k,a vkrh gSa] tSls& ioZr] pêkus]a unh]
gok vkSj tyok;q ds rRo bR;kfnA
i;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa vksj O;kIr gS vkSj gekjs thou dh çR;sd ?kVuk blh ij fuHkZj djrh vkSj laikfnr
gksrh gSaA euq";ksa }kjk dh tkus okyh leLr fØ;k,a i;kZoj.k dks çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k :i ls çHkkfor
djrh gSaA bl çdkj fdlh tho vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp dk laca/k Hkh gksrk gS tks fd vU;ksU;kfJr gSA
ekuo gLr{ksi ds vk/kkj ij i;kZoj.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS] ftlesa igyk gS çk—frd ;k
uSlfxZd i;kZoj.k vkSj nwljk gS ekuo fufeZr i;kZoj.kA ;g foHkktu çk—frd çfØ;kvksa vkSj n'kkvksa esa
ekuo gLr{ksi dh ek=k dh vf/kdrk vkSj U;wurk ds vuqlkj gSA
i;kZoj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1- tSfod ,oa vtSfod rÙoksa ds ;ksx dks i;kZoj.k dgrs gSaA
2- tSfod fofo/krk ¼Biodiversity½] çk—frd okl rFkk ÅtkZ ¼Energy½ fdlh i;kZoj.k ds eq[;
rÙo gksrs gSabuesa le; rFkk LFkku ds lkFk ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA
3- i;kZoj.k tSfod ,oa vtSfod inkFkksaZ ds dk;kZRed ¼Functional½ laca/k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
4- i;kZoj.k dh dk;kZRedrk ¼Functioning½ ÅtkZ lapkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
 5- i;kZoj.k vius tSfod inkFkksaZ ¼Organic Matter½ dk mRiknu djrk gS tks fd fofHkUu LFkkuksa
ij vyx&vyx gksrk gSA
6- i;kZoj.k lkekU;r ifjfLFkfr dk lUrqyu LFkkfir djus dh vksj vxzlj jgrk gSA
7- i;kZoj.k ,d cUn rU= gSA blds vUrxZr çk—frd i;kZoj.k rU= Lor% fu;U=d fØ;kfof/k
ftls gksfe;ksLVsfVd fØ;kfof/k ¼Homeostatic Mechanism½ dgrs gSa] ds }kjk fu;fU=r gksrk
gSA

ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa esa o`f)] 'kgjhdj.k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkfn ls okrkoj.k rsth ls u"V gksrk vk;k gSA
blus xaHkhj :i ls thou ds j{kk ra= dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA fo'o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fodkl dh
folaxfr;ka gekjs lkekU; oSf'od i;kZoj.k ds fy;s xaHkhj leL;k cu xbZ gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ge i;kZoj.k
ds tfVy eqís] tks /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSa mudk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA

1- xzhu gkml çHkko ¼gfjr xzg çHkko½ rFkk oSf'od Å"e.k ¼Xykscy okfeaZx½
2- tSo fofo/krk dk uqdlku
3- e#LFkyhdj.k
4- vkstksu ijr dkgzkl
5- vEyh; o"kkZ
6- rsy fjlko
7- [krjukd vif'k"Vksa dk fuiVku
vkt i;kZoj.k dh lkjh leL;k,a bUgha ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh utj vkrh gSaA blds fy;s fo'o Lrj ij
i;kZoj.k ds çfr oSf'od Lrj ij jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd tkx`fr ykus ds fy, la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk
}kjk fo'o i;kZoj.k lEesyu dj fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 'kq#vkr dh xbZA QyLo:i 5 twu 1973 dks
igyk fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol euk;k x;kA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986 esa i;kZoj.k dks ikfjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd i;kZoj.k esa ,d
vksj ikuh] ok;q rFkk Hkwfe vkSj muds e/; var%lac/a k fo|eku gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ekuoh; çk.kh] vU;
thfor çk.kh] ikS/ks] lw{e thok.kq ,oa lEifÙk lfEefyr gSaA Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k ds çfr
tkx#drk 321 vkSj 300 bZlk iwoZ ds e/; ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, dkSfVY; us
vFkZ'kkL= esa o.kZu fd;k FkkA
oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj okrkoj.k esa ekStwn xzhugkml xSlsa ykSVus okyh vfrfjä m"ek dks lks[k jgh gSa
ftlls /kjrh dh lrg dk rkieku c< jgk gSA ,slh vk'kadk gS fd 21oha lnh ds chrrs&chrrs i`Foh ds
vkSlr rkieku esa 1-1 ls 6-4 fMxzh lsVa hxzsM rd dh c<ksrjh gks tk,xhA Hkkjr esa caxky dh [kkM+h ds
vklikl ;g o`f) 2 fMxzh lsVa hxzsM rd gksxh] tcfd fgeky;h {ks=ksa esa ikjk 4 fMxzh rd p< tk,xkA
lw[kk] vfro`f"V] pØokr vkSj leqæh gypyksa dks oSKkfud rkieku o`f) dk urhtk crkrs gSaA
oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj rkieku o`f) ds dkj.k leqæ Lrj esa tks o`f) gksxh og nqfu;k ds rVh; bykdksa esa
dgj cjik nsxhA ,f'k;k egk}hi blfy, lokZf/kd çHkkfor gksxk D;ksafd bl egk}hi esa rVh; bykdksa esa
jgus okys yksxksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd gSA phu] Hkkjr] ckaXykns'k] fo;ruke] baMksusf'k;k vkSj tkiku esa
lokZf/kd tu&/ku dh gkfu gksxhA rVh; {ks=ksa lfgr fofHkUu {ks=ksa ij tyok;q ifjorZu ds çHkkoksa ij
i;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=ky; }kjk djk, x, ,d v/;;u ds vuqlkj leqæ&Lrj esa ,d ehVj o`f) ls Hkkjr
ds 5764 oxZ fdyksehVj rVh; {ks= ds Mwcus dh laHkkouk gS ftlls vuqekur% 7-1 fefy;u yksx
foLFkkfir gksaxsA
Xykscy okfeaZx ds c<rs [krjs ls fuiVus ds fy, cSad‚d esa 120 ns'kksa dh cSBd gqbZA baVjxouZeVsa y iSuy
v‚u DykbesV psat ¼vkbZihlhlh½ dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj vxj nqfu;k dh dqy vkenuh dk rhu çfr'kr
fgLlk Hkh Xykscy okfeaZx ls fuiVus ij [kpZ fd;k tk, rks 2030 rd rkieku o`f) dks nks fMxzh
lsfYl;l rd lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl /kjrh ij vc rd u tkus fdruh gh lH;rk,a mfnr vkSj u"V gqbZa bldk iwjk C;kSjk Hkh vHkh rd
euq"; ugha <w<a ik;k gSA ge mu lH;rkvksa dks <w<a rs&<w<a rs Lo;a Hkh mlh jkLrs ij py jgs gSaA i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k çca/ku] i;kZoj.kh; tkx#drk] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk esa O;kid psruk ykus esa ehfM;k Hkh
mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA vkt ?kjksa esa bLrseky gksus okys V‚;ysV Dyhuj] jlksbZ esa bLrseky
gksus okys inkFkZ rFkk ckFk:e esa ugkus laca/kh o lkSan;Z lac/a kh vusdksa dsfedy ;qä inkFkZ vkf[kj tkrs
dgka gSa\ ;s i;kZoj.k ds fy, fdruk cM+k [krjk gS] bldh rjQ ls euq"; ,dne vutku utj vkrk
gSA igys vkneh çk—frd oLrqvksa dk bLrseky djrk Fkk tks çd`fr dks gkfu ugha igqapkrs Fks blfy,
vkt tkx:drk dh t#jr gSA i;kZoj.kh; uhfr;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k vkSj fu;kstu esa tulkekU; dh
lgHkkfxrk rHkh çHkkoh gks ldrh gS tc mUgsa i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa dh i;kZIr lwpuk ,oa tkudkjh
le;&le; ij nh tk,A ehfM;k ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os oSf'od] {ks=h; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij
lEiUu gksus okyh i;kZoj.kh; ?kVukvksa] lekpkjksa vkSj lwpukvksa dks tulkekU; rd bl <ax ls igqapk,a
fd os rF;ksa dk lgh fo'ys"k.k dj viuh jk; cuk ldsaA ehfM;k dk y{; i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds
fujkdj.k ds mís'; ls O;fä dks le>] foosd] O;kogkfjd&Kku] dkS'ky çnku djuk gksuk pkfg,A
O;fä] lekt,oa jk"Vª esa i;kZoj.k ds çfr u dsoy tkx#drk] psruk ,oa #fp tkx`r djuk gksuk pkfg,
cfYd i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds çfr çsfjr djuk Hkh gksuk pkfg,A
fçaV ehfM;k ¼eqfær ek/;e½ i;kZoj.kh; tulapkj dk ,d l'kä vkSj O;kid ek/;e gSA Hkkjr esa 19
çeq[k Hkk"kkvksa lfgr 100 ls vf/kd Hkk"kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa esa lekpkji=&if=dk,a çdkf'kr gks jgh gSaA ;g
ek/;e yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds vuq:i lokZf/kd thoUr ek/;e gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa budh Hkwfedk
egRoiw.kZ gks ldrh gSa c'krsZ fd ehfM;kdehZ mís';ijd –f"Vdks.k viuk,aA bl ek/;e ds }kjk
i;kZoj.kh; lwpuk çlkj.k] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k] i;kZoj.kh; lekpkjks]a
dk;ZØeks]a ys[kksa] Qhpjksa] lk{kkRdkjksa dk çdk'ku tuer fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrh gSaA iksLVjksa
vkSj fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] gekjk i;kZoj.k] i;kZoj.k cpkvks] i;kZoj.k ds çfr çse] isM+
yxkvks] i;kZoj.k vkSj çnw"k.k vkfn ls lacfa /kr laf{kIr fdUrq çHkko'kkyh lans'kksa dks tulkekU; ds e/;
lEçsf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
jsfM;ks ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk lwpuk vkSj euksjatu lEçsf"kr gksrk gSA bl ek/;e ls lkekU; tu rd
i;kZoj.k] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk] oU; tho lqj{kk ,oa laj{k.k vkSj isM+ yxkvks
vkfn vfHk;ku dk;ZØeksa ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh vklkuh ls Hksth tk ldrh gSaA Hkkjr esa eqEcbZ esa jsfM;ks
Dyc }kjk twu 1923 esa çFke ckj çlkj.k gqvk FkkA vkdk'kok.kh ls fofo/k çdkj ds çlkj.k fd, tkrs
gSa ftuesa lwpuk] f'k{kk] euksjatu ,oa O;kikfjd foKkiu vkfn eq[; gSaA gfjr Økafr dks vkxs c<kus esa
jsfM;ks çlkj.kksa us egRow.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k laca/kh jk"Vªh; uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeks]a
çnw"k.k fuokj.k ds mik;ksa] —f"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl] lrr fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.kh; tkx#drk ,oa
f'k{kk dk;Z vkfn ls lacaf/kr lans'kksa dks tu&tu rd igqapkus esa jsfM;ks dh viuh l'kä Hkwfedk gSA
nwjn'kZu dk Hkkjr esa 15 flrEcj 1959 dks 'kS{kf.kd mís';;ksa ds lkFk vkjaHk gqvkA nwjn'kZu turk ds
cgqr djhc gSA i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks de djus esa bldh Hkwfedk dkQh gn rd lgk;d gks ldrh
gSA dpjs ,oa vif'k"V dk çca/ku] çnw"k.k fu;a=.k] lkekftd okfudh] oU; thou laj{k.k] —f"k fodkl]
ty vkSj Hkwfe ds laj{k.k rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds dkuwuksa dk nwjn'kZu ,oa vU; Vsyhfotu pSuyksa ds
ek/;e ls çlkj.k }kjk bl ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ tk ldrh gSA
Xykscy okfeaZx vkt ,d pqukSrh ds :i esa euq"; ds lEeq[k [kM+h gSA bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj djrs gq,
ehfM;k vketu esa tkx#rk iSnk djus dk ç;kl dj jgk gSA ehfM;k us fgUnqvksa ds ,d ifo= /kke
JhcæhukFk eafnj LFky dk dojst Vh-oh pSuyksa ij fn[kkdj rFkk lekpkji=ksa esa fjiksVZ çdkf'kr djds
bl fn'kk esa ,d igy dh gSA blesa fn[kk;k vkSj crk;k x;k gS fd ;fn i;kZoj.k ds çfr ge le;
jgrs ugha psrs rks gks ldrk gS fd JhcæhukFk /kke viuk vfLrRo gh [kks nsA
fQYe txr dh Hkwfedk Òh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa egRoiw.kZgSA fQYe m|ksxksa dk bfrgkl 100 o"kZ iqjkuk gSA
fQYesa tulkekU; dks f'k{kk] lwpuk vkSj euksjatu çnku djus dk ,d vPNk ek/;e gSaA fQYe vkSj
pyfp= ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k] i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k] gekjs i;kZoj.k] ou ,oa oU; tho laj{k.k vkfn dh
tkudkjh vklkuh ls nh tk ldrh gSA i;kZoj.k ij M‚D;weVsa ªh ,oa Qhpj fQYesa Hkh cukbZ tkrh gSaA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k] oU; tho laj{k.k vkfn fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/kr vf/kd ls vf/kd fQYeksa ds
fuekZ.k dh vko';drk gS rkfd tulkekU; dks lkFkZd tkudkjh ,oa Kku çnku fd;k tk ldsA
Hkkjr esa baVjusV dk tUe 15 vxLr] 1995 esa gqvk FkkA rc ls ysdj mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh la[;k esa fujarj
o`f) gks jgh gSA i;kZoj.k çca/ku ds {ks= esa baVjusV dk mi;ksx fo'oO;kih rF;kRed tkudkjh çnku
djus dh –f"V ls mi;ksxh gSA i;kZoj.k ds fofo/k i{kksa dh tkudkjh ,oa vkadM+s bUVjusV ij vklkuh ls
çkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA i;kZoj.kh; vuqla/kku] fu;kstu vkSj çca/ku esa blls çkIr tkudkjh vR;ar
mi;ksxh fl) gksxhA
lwpuk ,oa çkS|ksfxdh dk ,d u;k {ks= eYVhehfM;k gSA blesa ys[ku lkexzh] /ofu] ohfM;ks]f}vk;keh ;k
f=vk;keh xzkfQDl vkSj ,uhes'ku 'kkfey gSaA bldk mís'; yksxksa dks ,d fu;af=r <ax ls tkudkjh]
f'k{kk vkSj euksjatu çnku djuk gSA blds ek/;e ls tSo fofo/krk ,oa oU; thou ij tkudkjh
euksjatd ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kkçn Hkh cu tkrh gSA blds ek/;e ls ;g ykHk gksrk gS fd ;fn okLrfod
–';ksa ij fQYe cukbZ tk, rks ykxr dbZ xquk vkrh gS tcfd eYVhehfM;k ls ;g dk;Z lLrs esa ,oa
ljyrk ls lEiUu gks tkrk gSA
ijEijkxr ek/;e ;k yksd ek/;eksa dh tM+as xzkeh.k ,oa vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa xgjh iSBh gSaA buds ek/;e ls
u dsoy xzkeh.k tu thou dh lkekftd&lkaL—frd vfHkO;fä gksrh gS cfYd ;s ek/;e i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k vkSj i;kZoj.kh; psruk ds çlkj esa Hkh lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA yksdxhr] yksd laxhr] yksd u`R;]
ukSVadh o dBiqryh vkfn yksd ek/;e ds lk/ku gSaA ;s ek/;e Jksrkvksa ls lh/kk lEidZ cukrs gSa vr%
buds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.kh; lwpuk vkSj lans'k çHkkoh <ax ls lEçsf"kr gks tkrs gSaA budk mi;ksx uxjksa
dh vis{kk xkaoksa esa vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;s ijEijkxr ek/;e mudh yksdlkaL—frd
vfHkO;fä ds l'kä ek/;e gksrs gSaA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds çfr le;&le; ij fd, x, ç;klksa ds QyLo:i fiNys o"kksaZ esa Hkkjr esa dbZ
i;kZoj.kh; vkanksyuksa dk tUe gqvkA ehfM;k us bu vkanksyuksa dks O;kid LFkku fn;k vkSj buds mís';ksa
ls turk dks voxr djk;kA ;s vkanksyu gSa fpidks vkanksyu] ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu] fVgjh cka/k fojks/kh
vkanksyu] ewd ?kkVh] Hkksiky xSl =klnh] fo".kq ç;kx cka/k] fpfydk vkanksyu] ikuh cpkvks vkanksyu vkSj
fnYyh dk ok;q çnw"k.k fu;a=.k vkfnA
ehfM;k dks ;g ckr /;ku esa j[kuh gksxh fd os viuh ckr lekt ds fdl oxZ dks fdl ek/;e ds
tfj, igqapk jgs gSaA mUgsa tgka i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, cuk, x, fu;eksa dh vogsyuk djus okyh
?kVukvksa dks lkeus ykuk gksxk ogha tks laLFkk,a i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, vPNk dke dj jgh gSa muds
dk;ksaZ dks Hkh tur ds lkeus ykuk gksxkA ;g fufoZokn lR; gS fd dkuwu] mins'k vkSj ncko dh rqyuk
esa ehfM;k i;kZoj.k laca/kh tupsruk txkus dh –f"V ls dkQh dkjxj fl) gks ldrk gSA
bl rjg i;kZoj.k dk ladV ,d lkekftd ladV gS tks lkekftd lajpuk esa gksus okys cnyko ds
QyLo:i fofHkUu :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA blds dkj.kksa esa u flQZ lkekftd cfYd jktuSfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd dkj.k Hkh fufgr gSaA ;|fi oSf'od Lo:i esa ;g ladV lkekftd ls vf/kd jktuSfrd] oxhZ;
eqík o vkfFkZd :i esa gh çdV gksrk gS] ftlesa fodflr ns'k] fodkl'khy ns'k vkSj rhljh nqfu;k ds
ns'kksa ds chp çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds nksgu] 'kks"k.kvkSj çnw"k.k dks ysdj cgl tkjh gSA
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k flQZ ukjk u jg tk, blds fy, bls gesa ekl ehfM;k esa eqís ds :i esa ykuk gksxkA
D;k t:jh gS fd lc txg esVªks gksuh gh pkfg,\D;k t:jh gS fd gj txg —f"k esa vk/kqfudrk ds
pyrs vf/kd iSnkokj djus ds fy, dsfedy dk bLrseky gks\ D;k t:jh gS fd lapkj ds fy, gj
txg lHkh lk/ku miyC/k gksa gh\D;k t:jh gS fd ge vius ?kjksa esa lkjh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dh iwfrZ
djs\a D;k bUgsa dqN lhfer ugha fd;k tk ldrk\ i`Foh ij ;fn jgus yk;d fLFkfr;ka gh ugha jg tk;saxh
rks ge dgka gksxsa vkSj gekjh vkus okyh ih<+h dgka gksxh gesa blds ckjs esa Hkh fopkj djuk pkfg,A

ehfM;k dh cgqvk;keh Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd ehfM;k vkt fouk'kd ,oa fgrS"kh
nksuksa Hkwfedkvksa esa lkeus vk;k gSA vc le; vk x;k gS fd ehfM;k viuh 'kfä dk lnqi;ksx tufgr esa
djs vkSj lekt dk ekxn'kZu djs rkfd ehfM;k ij mBus okyh ykaNu dh vkokt]ljkguk dh vkokt esa
cny ldsA vkSj ehfM;k ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks Hkh viuh ftEesnkjh ds rgr ehfM;k dks loaf/kZr djuk
pkfg, rkfd le; vkus ij ehfM;k etcwrh ds lkFk lektfgr esa viuk dk;Z djsAa
 fgalk o vijk/k jksdus esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk o.kZu djsAa
 ehfM;k dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr ij ,d ys[k fy[ksaA
 Hkkjr dks csgrj yksdrkaf=d jk"Vª cukus esa ehfM;k dSls mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS\
 D;k Vsyhfotu pSuy ukxfjdksa esa oSKkfud LoHkko ds fodkl esa lgh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSa\ fo"k;
ij
,d vkykspukRed ys[k fy[ksaA
 fofHkUu i;kZoj.k lac/kh eqnksa dh ppkZ djsa ,oa blds fy;s ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk r; djsAa
 ehfM;k ds fofHku :iksa ,oa muds dk;ksaZ dh ppkZ djsAa

 oSdfYid ehfM;k &oSdfYid ehfM;k xSj eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k Q‚eZ ¼tSls ipsZ ;k fHkfÙkfp=½ tks
iwjd vkSj dHkh&dHkh ikjaifjd ehfM;k :iksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, mRiUu gksrs gSaA
 ekuo foKku& ekuo tkfr ds lHkh –f"Vdks.kksa dk v/;;u ¼fodkl]laL—fr] vkfn½AmUuhloha
lnh esa bjksfDol dh laL—fr;ksa ij 'kks/k djus okys yqbZl gsujh e‚xZu dks vuq'kklu dk mÙkj
vesfjdh laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gS; ;wjksi esa] fczfV'k fo}ku ,MoMZ ch Vkbyj dks bldh uhao dk
Js; fn;k tkrk gSA1970 ds n'kd esa] u`oa'kfoKku tSls ekuo'kkL=h; rjhdksa ¼O;ofLFkr voyksdu
ds ek/;e ls dqN lkaL—frd ?kVuk dk v/;;u½ dks ehfM;k 'kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk mu rjhdksa ls
var–Zf"V çkIr djus ds fy, viuk;k x;k Fkk] ftuesa ekl ehfM;k vkSj tu lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
}kjk laL—fr ds ikjaifjd :iksa dks cny fn;k x;k FkkA
 vjLrw &¼384–322 b-c-e-½ xzhd nk'kZfud] IysVks ds ,d Nk= Fks]ftuds fopkj rkfdZd lksp vkSj
okLrfodrk dh ç—fr ls vk/kqfud if'peh n'kZu vkSj oSKkfud i)fr çHkkfor gSaAvjLrw dh
dSFkkflZl dh /kkj.kk Hkh ehfM;k n'kZdksa ds v/;;u esa ç;ksx gksrh gSA
 –f"Vdks.k ifjorZu fl)kar& ehfM;k v/;;u esa] ,d ,slk fl)kar ftldk mís'; ;g crkuk gS
fd ehfM;k ds çn'kZu ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dk –f"Vdks.k dSls curk gS vkSj / ;k cny x;k gS
 Blumler, Jay G.¼1924&½] mi;ksx vkSj larqf"V fl)kar ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,dA mudh çeq[k
jpukvksa esa Vsyhfotu bu i‚fyfVDl ¼D-McQuail; 1968 ds lkFk½ vkSj n mlkst v‚Q ekl
dE;qfuds'ku ¼laiknd ds :i esa] bZA dkV~t ds lkFk; 1974½ gSaA
 vfHk;ku i=dkfjrk&i=dkfjrk tks ?kVukvks]a eqíksa vkfn ls lacaf/kr gS] tks ,d jktuhfrd
vfHk;ku ds nkSjku lkeus vkrh gSa foLrkj ls] fdlh Hkh çdkj dh i=dkfjrk tks fdlh dkj.k dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"k –f"Vdks.k ls ,d dgkuh dh fjiksVZ djrh gSaA
 p‚ELdh] uksvke &¼1928&½ vesfjdh Hkk"kkfon~ vkSj lkekftd vkykspd] varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij
Hkk"kkbZ fo'ys"k.k ds vius rjhdksa vkSj ehfM;k esa lÙkk lajpukvksa ij muds dke vkSj oS'ohdj.k
ds [krjksa ds fy, çfl) gSaA
 ukxfjd i=dkfjrk&ftls flfodtuZfyTe Hkh dgk tkrk gS]lkeqnkf;d eqíksa esa ikBdksa vkSj
i=dkjksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ij dsfa ær vH;kl] v[kckjksa dks ppkZ vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, ,d eap
cukrk gSA
 vuqHkwfr&rdZ] vartZ~¥ku] ;k /kkj.kk] ;k buesa ls ,d la;kstu ds vk/kkj ij fdlh dks tkuukA
 Ýk;M] flxeaM ¼1856&1939½v‚fLVª;kbZ U;wjksy‚ftLV vkSj euksfo'ys"k.k ds laLFkkidA Ýk;M us
nkok fd;k Fkk fd ekuo O;ogkj vpsru }kjk funsZf'kr Fkk & ekul dk og fgLlk ftlesa
bPNk,a] ;kns]a Hk; vkfn gksrs gSa] tks LoIu] çrhd] flaMªEs l vkSj bl rjg ls [kqn dks çdV djrs
gSaA Ýk;M us vgadkj] lqijjsxks vkSj vksfMil d‚EIysDl tSls 'kCnksa dks nwljksa ds chp is'k fd;k]
ftudk ehfM;k v/;;u esa O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
 fodkl fl)kar &fodkl fl)kar dk fopkj ;s gS fd ehfM;k flLVe vkSj ljdkjksa ;g
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d lkFk dke djuk pkfg, fd ,d ns'k csgrj cusxk ] ,oe vU;
ns'kksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh dks c<+kok nsxkA

 Dijk, Jan .A.G.M. van¼1952&½fo}ku ftuds dk;Z laL—fr;ksa vkSj lektksa ij ubZ ehfM;k
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds çHkko ij gksrs gSa] mUgsa vDlj ehfM;k lkfgR; esa m)`r fd;k tkrk gSA mudh
lcls çHkko'kkyh —fr;ksa esa n usVodZ lkslkbVh ¼1999½ vkSj fMftVy MseksØslh ¼2000½ gSaA
 xsVdhilZ &ehfM;k v/;;u esa ] os yksx gksrs gS tks fu.kZ; ysrs gSa] ehfM;k esa D;k fn[kkbZ nsxk
vkSj fo'ks"k D;k u;k gS D;k iqjkuk
 foKku i=dkfjrk&foKku i=dkjksa dks foLr`r] rduhdh vkSj dHkh dHkh 'kCntky ls yM+h
tkudjh dks fnypLi fjiksVZ esa cnydj lekpkj ehfM;k ds miHkksxrkvksa dh le> ds vk/kkj
ij çLrqr djuk gksrk gSAoSKkfud i=dkjksa dks ;g fu'p; djuk gksxk fd fdl oSKkfud
 ?kVukØe esa foLr`r lqpuk dh ;ksX;rk gSA lkFk gh oSKkfud leqnk; ds Hkhrj gksus okys fooknksa
dks fcuk i{kikr fd;s vkSj rF;ksa ds lkFk is'k djuk pkfg,
 xksatks i=dkfjrk &1971 esa] vesfjdh i=dkj gaVj Fk‚Eilu ,d eksVjlkbfdy nkSM+ dks doj
dj jgs FksA mudk ys[k fjiksfVaZx dh ,d ubZ O;fäxr 'kSyh esa fy[kk x;k Fkk] tgk¡ mUgksaus [kqn
dks dgkuh dk fgLlk cuk;kA mUgksaus rhljs O;fä dk mi;ksx djus ls ijgst fd;k vkSj igys
O;fä esa dgkfu;ksa ls laidZ fd;kA bl 'kSyh dks xksatks i=dkfjrk ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA
 gkbiksMfeZd lqbZ fl)kar&ehfM;k v/;;u esa gkbiksMfeZd lqbZ fl)kar&,d fl)kar gS fd ekl
ehfM;k lh/ks O;ogkj dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSAF;ksjh dk nkok gS fd ehfM;k lh/ks mlh rjg ds
çHkko ds lkFk fnekx dks çHkkfor djus esa l{ke gS tks 'kjhj ij ,d gkbiksMfeZd lqbZ dk çHkko
gksrk gSA
 lwpuk vf/kHkkj (Information overload) & og vfrfjä tkudkjh gS tks lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh
us iSnk dh gS] tks fd yksxksa dks le>nkjh ls ;k O;kogkfjd :i ls mi;ksx djus ds fy, cgqr
vf/kd gS vkSj ftldk lkekftd ç.kkfy;ksa ij gkfudkjd çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
 eSdczkbM deh'ku deh'ku&odkl'khy ns'kksa ij if'peh çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ehfM;k ds çHkko dk
vkdyu djus ds fy, 1978 esa ;wusLdks }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
 ekl dE;qfuds'ku F;ksjh& dk eryc fdlh Hkh fl)kar ls gS ftldk mís'; lkaL—frd vkSj
lkekftd ?kVukvksa dks cM+s iSekus ij lapkj vkSj cM+s iSekus ij ehfM;k flLVe ds lkFk feykdj
O;k[;k ;k Hkfo";ok.kh djuk gSA
 Denis McQuail (1938)&çfl) ehfM;k fo'ys"kd ftUgksaus cM+s iSekus ij ehfM;k ds fl)karksa
vkSj mi;ksx vkSj larqf"V e‚My ij cM+s iSekus ij fy[kk gSA mudh iqLrdksa esa dE;qfuds'ku
e‚MYl Q‚j n LVMh v‚Q ekl dE;qfuds'ku ¼1981½ vkSj gSaekl dE;qfuds'ku F;ksjh ¼1983½
mUgksaus dbZ lS)kafrd e‚My çLrkfor fd,] ftuesa ehfM;k e‚My ¼ehfM;k dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ls
lacaf/kr½ vkSj n'kZdksa ds fo[kaMu ds ckjs esa tokcnsgh 'kkfey gS ¼Vsyhfotu n'kZdksa ds chp
O;kid ilan ds ifj.kkeLo:i½A
 ehfM;k lk{kjrk &ftls ehfM;klh Hkh dgk tkrk gS]ehfM;k dSls dke djrk gS vkSj os n'kZdksa dks
dSls çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa] bldh xgu tkudkjhgSa
 cgqlaL—frokn&1 lekt'kkL=h; n'kZu tks lkaL—frd fofo/krk dks c<+kok nsrk gS] la;qä jkT;
vesfjdk esa dbZ f'k{kdksa }kjk lefFkZr gS] tks fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa dks le>us vkSj mudh ljkguk
djus ds mís'; ls f'k{k.k djrs gSaA2 lekt tks vius Hkhrj vU; lkaL—frd ç.kkfy;ksa dks
,dh—r djrk gSA

 Media and Democracy: A Plural Approach- Nelson Rosário deSouza ,Routledge 2012
 Crime, Justice and the Media- Ian Marsh, Gaynor Melville, Routledge 2019
 Drone Journalism: Bird’s eye view of storytelling-Abid Ali ,Bharat ,SankalpPub.,
2019

 Mass Communication Theory-DenisMcQuail,Sage Publications, 2010.

 Principles of electronic media- William R. Davie and James R. Upshaw,2006

 Politics in IndiaRajni Kothari Orient BlackSwan2012

 Hkkjr dh [kkst &tokgjyky usg: ]v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl]1946

 Hkkjr esa ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh &'kksfHkrk tSu jkor ifCyds'ku 1996

 Vsyhfotu vkSj vijk/k i=dkfjrk&ofrZdk uUnk]jktdey çdk'ku 2010

 ehfM;k vkSj ge&jktgal us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml 2016
 fgUnh lekpkj i=ksa esa çdkf'kr vijk/k lekpkj & eksgEen Qfj;kn ]fØ,fVo LVkj] 2015
 u;s nkSj dk u;k flusek&fç;n'kZu]ok.kh çdk'ku 2015
 ekuo vkSj laL—fr&;qfyvku czkes ys;]jkseku iksnksYuh ]vuqokn ;ksxsæa ukxiky ]xkxhZ çdk'ku 2020
 ehfM;k ys[ku % l`tukRed ,oa tulapkj ys[ku fof/k;ka&vkfcn vyh]lanhi dqekj]fueZ y ifCyds'ku
2017
 Indian Science Transforming India -Adita Joshi, Dinesh C Sharma, Kavita Tiwari and
Nissy Nevil Edited by: L S Shashidhara Published by: The Indian National Science
Academy, April 2018 http://www.insaindia.res.in
 —f"k foLrkj i)fr ,oa tulapkj ek/;e&vkfcn vyh]jes'k] fueZy ifCyds'ku2017
 vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke ,oa çkS|ksfxdh dk bLrseky] fu'kkar flag] iqfyl vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl C;wjks
x`g ea=ky; 2009 https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/4376955572-
apradhon-ki-roktham.pdf
 https://unacademy.com/lesson/apraadh-kii-pribhaassaa/JWERJE44
 Media Culture- Bob franklin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN4FgBXoVg8
 fgUnh Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds ckjs esa n'kZdksa dh jk;] vkfcn
vyh]lqj's k]IJRTS Journal of Research
 lkekftd foKkiuksa dk vke turk ij çHkko % ,d v/;;u] vkfcn vyh] lksue]laLdkj psruk
varjk"Vªh; 'kks/k if=dk Vol&10&11 ¼2015½
 Influence of Social Media in Developing Social Anxiety: A Study
ofKurukshetraUniversity. Abid Ali,Bharat(2020). PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology
of Egypt / Egyptology, 17(12), 1585–1592.
https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/7167
 UNIT-IV

22- çLrkouk
23- mns';
24- ehfM;k vkSj tokcnsgh
25- ehfM;k vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl
26- ehfM;k vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k
27- yksdfç; laL—fr vkSj ehfM;k
28- lkjka'k
29- vH;kl ç'u
30- çeq[k 'kCn
31- lUnHkZ ,oa v/;;u lkexzh

tSls dh geus fiNys vè;k; esa tkuk dh yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk
ds fØ;kdykiksa ij utj j[kus ds fy;s ehfM;k dks pkSFks LraHk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA 18oha 'krkCnh
ds ckn ls [kkldj vesfjdh Lora=rk vkanksyu vkSj Ýkalhlh Økafr ds le; ls turk rd igqapus vkSj
mls tkx:d dj l{ke cukus esa ehfM;k us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ehfM;k dh ldkjkRed Hkwfedk
fdlh Hkh O;fä] laLFkk] lewg vkSj ns'k dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaL—frd ,oa jktuSfrd :i ls le`)
cuk ldrh gSA
orZeku le; esa ehfM;k dh mi;ksfxrk] egÙo ,oa Hkwfedk fujarj c<+rh tk jgh gSA dksbZ Hkh lekt]
ljdkj] oxZ] laLFkk] lewg ;k O;fä ehfM;k dh mis{kk dj vkxs ugha c<+ ldrkA
vrehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ,oa lkekftd <kaps ds vusd rRoksa ls blds lac/a k ij ppkZ djrs gq, geus fiNys
vè;k; esa çeq[k eqís tSls ehfM;k vkSj fgalk] ehfM;k vkSj c<+rs vijk/k] ehfM;k vkSj çtkra=] ehfM;k
vkSj oSKkfud LoHkko dk fodkl] ehfM;k vkSj i;kZoj.k ij bl bdkbZ esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl vè;k;
esa ge ehfM;k vkSjtokcnsgh] ehfM;k vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl]ehfM;k vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k]yksdfç; laL—fr vkSj
ehfM;kfo"k; ij ckr djsx
a s
bl bdkbZ dks i<us ds ckn vki
10- jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa crk ldsx
a As
11- ehfM;k laca/kksa dk o.kZu dj ldsx
a As
12- ehfM;k dk vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k dj ldsx
a As
13- fefM;k ds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh ppkZ dj ldsx
a As
14- yksdlaL—fr o~ vkfFkZd fodkl esa ehfM;k dh mi;ksfxrk dh ppkZ dj ldsx
a As

tc ppkZ lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh gks rks dkSu lk dk;Z mfpr gS\ D;k O;kolkf;d laxBu dk
lapkyu dsoy Lokfe;ksa ds vk'kkuqdwy vfèkdre ykHk dekus ds fy, fd;k tk, vFkok mu yksxksa ds
fgrkFkZ fd;k tk, tks lekt esa xzkgd] deZpkjh] vkiwfrZdÙkkZ]ljdkj vkSj leqnk; ds :i esa jgrs gSa\
njvly lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk iz'u gh uSfrdrk dk gS D;ksafd blesa O;olk; ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ds
lacaèk esa mfpr rFkk vuqfpr dk loky mBrk gSA lkekftd nkf;Ro esa LoSfPNdrk fufgr gSA cgqr yacs
le; ls ;g okn&fookn dk fo"k; jgk gS fd O;olk; dk lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro gksuk pkfg, vFkok
ughaA dqN yksx fuf'pr :i ls ;g ekurs gSa fd ,d QeZ dsoy vius Lokeh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gSA
nwljh vksj dqN yksx tks blls fHkUu fopkjèkkjk okys gSa] ekurs gSa fd O;olk;ksa dks lekt ds mu oxks±
ds izfr Hkh mÙkjnk;h gksuk pkfg, tks muds fu.kZ;ksa ,oa fØ;kdykiksa ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA dhFk Msfol ds
vuqlkj ß lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro] fu.kZ; ysus okyksa dk nkf;Ro gS fd oks vius fgr ds lkFk&lkFk ,sls
fu.kZ; ysa tks lexz :Ik ls lekt dY;k.k ds lkFk&lkFk lekftd lqj{kk dks lqfufpr djsAa

ehfM;k ,aolekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro

fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa ehfM;k dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ,d yksdrkaf=d ç.kkyh esa tu
Hkkxhnkjh ,d egROkiw.kZ vk;ke gksrh gS] tks O;oLFkk dks vf/kdre {kerk ls pykus ds fy, vR;ko';d
gksrh gSA O;kid turk dh Hkkxhnkjh rc rd laHko ugha gS tc rd yksxksa dks fofHkUu eqn~nksa ds ckjs esa
lwpuk miyC/k u gksA ,sfrgkfld :i ls ehfM;k dk fodkl yksxksa dks lwfpr] f'kf{kr vkSj euksjatu
djus ds fy, gqvk gSA ehfM;k vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls yksxksa ds thou dks çHkkfor djrk gSA [kqyh
vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa OkS’k ohdj.k ds bl nkSj esa xykdkV izfr;ksfxrk rFkk O;klkf;dj.k dh rst j¶rkj us
ehfM;k dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dks tfVy dj fn;k gSA ,sls esa ehfM;k dks viuk vkpj.k turk ds
fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, muds vuq:i gh j[kuk pkfg, A lwpuk esa fofo/krk] vkSj lwpuk dh xq.koÙkk
,oa laL—fr dks turk ds fy, QSykuk tufgr ds fy, ;s dqN egRoiw.kZ vk;ke ftudks ehfM;k dks
vo'; /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
dhFk Msfol ds vuqlkj ehfM;k ftEesnkjh dk laca/k Þge fdu lkekftd t:jrksa dh vis{kk ehfM;k vkSj
i=dkjksa ls djrs gSaÞ ls gSA tokcnsgh bl loky dk tokc iznku djrh gS fd lekt ehfM;k vkSj
i=dkjksa dks mudh ftEesnkjh dks iwjk djus ds fy, dSls ns[krk gS

nÙk ¼2011½ us vius “kks/k i= ftldk fo’k; *lks’ky fjLikaflfcfyVh vkWQ ehfM;k ,aM bafM;u Mseksdzslh*
gS ds vUrxZr crk;k gS fd orZeku esa ehfM;k vius nkf;Roksa ls HkVd dj dk;Z dj jgk gSA blfy,
ehfM;k vkykspuk dk f’kdkj gksrk tk jgk gSA yksdra= O;oLFkk esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dks izeq[krk ds
lkFk mHkkjk x;k gSA vius oSf’od fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; ehfM;k laxBuksa us vius ia[k
QSykus 'kq: dj fn, gSaA orZeku esa ehfM;k vius vyx&vyx :iksa esa lekt dks izHkkfor dj jgk gSA
fizUV ehfM;k] bySDVªkfs ud ehfM;k vkSj U;w ehfM;k vkfn ftl rjg ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA mlls Hkfo"; esa
dqN [krjs ut+j vk jgs gSaA tSls& rF;ksa dks rksM+&ejksM+ dj izLrqr djuk vkfnA Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa
ehfM;k dks pkS/kk LraHk ekuk x;k gSA blfy, yksdra= esa ehfM;k dk xgjk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
ehfM;k dks vke turk ds izfr Hkh tokcnsg gksuk pkfg, uhjsu ¼1995½ us vius v/;;u esa ehfM;k ds
lkekftd nkf;Ro dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA bl v/;;u esa loZizFke dUtZosfVo ekWMy ds ckjs esa
crk;k x;k gS fd dSls foKkiu fgr ehfM;k ds lkoZtfud fgrksa ij Hkkjh iM jgs gSaA lapkfjr o
lqO;ofLFkr lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lekpkj laoknkrkvksa o laLFkkvksa dks ykHk ds mn~ns’;ksa
ls dke u djds lekpkjksa o fopkjksa dks lekt fgr esa izlkfjr djuk pkfg,A lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds
fy, ehfM;k dksmÙkjnk;h ekuk x;k gSA ;gyksxksa dh laLd`fr] lksp vkSj O;fDrxr fu.kZ; {kerk dks Hkh
izHkkfor djrk gS ]otsEIlu ¼2014½ us ehfM;k dfeZ;kssa dh dk;Z’kSyh o Kku esa lq/kkj djus ls ehfM;k ds
lkekftd mRrjnkf;Roksa dks izHkkoiw.kZ rjhdkas ls Qfyr djus dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA blds fy, ehfM;k
esa dk;Zjr yksxksa dks vPNk izf’k{k.k nsus ij tksj fn;k gSA izR;sd lekpkj i= ds laiknd dks Loa=rk
iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A ehfM;k daifu;ksa dks vius ek/;e esa fu;fer cnyko djus pkfg,A eqfnzr
lkexzh lacfa /kr lHkh f’kdk;rksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ysuk pkfg,A ehfM;k {ks= essa dk;Zjr yksxksa ds ikjn’khZ
Hkfo"; ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A U;wt:e esa dk;Zjr dfeZ;ksa ds dk;Z esa dqN u;kiu o
:fpdj gksuk pkfg,A 'kks/kkFkhZ us ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa o turk ds chp fo’okl ds Lrj c<+kus ij tksj fn;k
gSAjfo ¼2012½ us ehfM;k fo'ks"kdj Vsyhfotu ds lanHkZ esa lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fo’ys"k.kkRed
v/;;u fd;kA crk;k fd lapkj vkd"kZ.k vkSj vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus dh ,d dyk gSA
izR;sd lekt lapkj ls tqMk gqvk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh lekt lapkj ds fcuk ugha jg ldrkA blfy, lekt
vkSj lapkj ,d flDds ds nks igyw dh rjg gSaA ehfM;k dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh lqfuf’pr djus ds fy,
,d vf/kdkfjd vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,] ftldk eq[; dk;Z i=dkjksa dh leL;kvksa dk
lek/kku djuk gksA blds vfrfjDr ys[kd us ehfM;k f’k{kk ds fy, Hkh ,d O;kid ikWfylh cukus dh
vko’k ;drk tkfgj dh gSA
lh,lvkj Qksje ¼2008½ us ^ehfM;k dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh* ds ckjs esa ikBdksa dh jk; tkuus ds
fy, ,d vkWuykbu losZ{k.k fd;kA losZ{k.k dk lapkyu yanu fLFkr dkWjiksjsV jsLikaflfcfyVh dalyVsl
a h
^,dksuk* n~okjk fd;k x;kA losZ{k.k dk mn~ns’k ; mu eqn~nksa dks mtkxj djuk Fkk tks u dsoy orZeku
le; ds lanHkZ esa izklafxd Fks cfYd lekt ds fy, Hkh ftudk fo’ks"k egÙo FkkA losZ esa mÙkjnkrkvksa us
lq>k;k fd ehfM;k dks tyok;q ifjorZu] tokcnsg foKkiu] deZpkfj;ksa dh fofo/krk vkSj lapkj ds izHkko
ds ckjs esa tkx#drk tSls fo"k;ksa ij vfHk;ku pykus pkfg,A
gfuax ¼1978½ us ^jksy ,.M fjLiksfUlfcfyVh vkWQ n ehfM;k LisfLyLV bu n psat izksll
s %
vkWijsfVax fofnu U;w LVS.MZM~l~*'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr 'kksèk fd;k gSA 'kksèk esa ik;k fd is’ksoj oSPkkfjd ,oa
fl)kafrd laLFkkvksa }kjk n`’k;&JO; ek/;e i=dkfjrk ds fy, fo'ks"k lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks
izfrikfnr djus ds fy, u, fl)karksa dh vko’;drk gSA Hkys gh Vhoh pSuyksa dk izca/ku desfV;ksa dh
egRoiw.kZ ,oa izfrfdz;kRed Nfo dk O;ogkfjd i=dkfjrk ls NsM+NkM+ ds vkjksi ds dkj.k tfVy vkjksiksa
dk lkeuk is’ksoj i=dkjksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA Lkkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro fl)kar dk tUe QzsM lkbZcVZ]
fFk;ksMksj ihVjlu vkSj foycj JSe rhu fo}kuksa dh nsu gSA mudh iqLrd izSl ds pkj fl)kar esa mUgksausa
pkj O;ogkfjd ekin.M LFkkfir fd, gSaA is’ksoj i=dkjkas ds fy, ftuesa ls ,d ekin.M lkekftd
mRrjnkf;Ro ds uke ls 1970 ds n’kd ls izpkfjr gSA 'kkhr;q) ds nkSjku vesfjdk esa O;ogkfjd rkSj ij
iz;ksx esa ykus ds fy, QzsM lkbZcVZ vkSj muds lkfFk;ksaus dbZa 'kksèk fd,A lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro fl)kar
ns’k laizHkqrk] ehfM;k ln~Hkkouk] lekt] laLd`fr] ehfM;k dkuwu ,oa uhfr’kkL= lfgr ,d
jktuhfrd&lkekftd eqn~nk cukdj jg x;k gSA ehfM;k O;ogkfjdrk dk ;g vkn’kZokn fl)kar
fodflr ns’k esa laarqfyr rkSj ij /khjs&/khjs iuirk x;k vkSj fodflr ns’kksa esa “Media

Conglomerates’ dh ifjfLFkfr ls lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fc[kjrs ut+j vk,A

lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fl)kar
izsl dh Lora=rk ds laca/k esa xfBr gfpUl deh”ku ¼1947½ dh fjiksVZ Hkh izsl dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh
ij izdk’k Mkyrh gSA deh’ku dh fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd fdl rjg izsl dks iwjh Lora=rk feyus ij blus
O;olk; dk :i ys fy;k vkSj lkekftd ljksdkj ihNs NwV x,A izlkj la[;k ds lkFk ehfM;k viuh
Hkwfedk dk bZekunkjh ls budk fuoZgu djs rHkh ;g ,d csgrj lekt ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku ns ldrk
gSA gfpUl deh’ku dh fjiksVZ esa eq[; :i ls izsl dh tks ikap ftEesnkfj;ka r; dh xbZ gSa muesa
?kVukvksa dk lPpk ,oa cks/kxE; fooj.k nsuk] izsl dks vkykspuk ,oa fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku dk ek/;e
cuuk] lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZ ds ckjs esa lgh vkSj mfpr tkudkjh nsuk] lekt dh ekU;rkvksa vkSj mlds
y{;ksa dks izLrqr djuk vkSj ikBdksa dks ckSf)d ,oa rdZlaxr [kqjkd iznku djuk “kkfey gSA

lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk vkSipkfjd fl)kar gfpUl deh’ku dh fjiksVZ ds yxHkx ,d n’kd ckn 1956
esa vk;kA lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fl)kar ds tud QzsM lkbcVZ] fFk;ksMj ihVjlu rFkk foYcj JSe us
gfpUl deh’ku dh flQkfj’kksa dks gh bl fl)kar dk vk/kkj cuk;kA ;g fl)kar gfpUl fjiksVZ ¼, Ýh
,aM fjLi‚fUlcy çsl] , tujy fjiksVZ v‚u ekl dE;qfuds'ku] U;wtisilZ] jsfM;ks] eks'ku eSxthUl ,aM
cqDl½ ls fy;k x;k gSA gfpUl deh'ku v‚u n QzhMe v‚Q n çsl dh LFkkiuk vkSj foÙk iks"k.k Vkbe
if=dk ds laLFkkid gsujh ywbZl }kjk fd;k FkkA vk;ksx ds v/;{k j‚cVZ gfpal ds us r`Ro esa ;g fjiksVZ
ml le; f'kdkxks fo'ofo|ky; dh pkalyj Fkh] vkSj mUgsa ckjg vU; yksxksa }kjk lgk;rk çnku dh xbZ
Fkh tks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fo'ks"kK FksA fjiksVZ nks [kaMksa esa fn[kkbZ nh] igyk lekpkj i=ksa ij] nwljk ehfM;k
ijA
gfpUl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa ik;k fd ehfM;k dh Lora=rk dk cktkj dk –f"Vdks.k lk/kughu yksxksa
dh lwpukRed vkSj lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk ugha dj jgk gS] cfYd blus ,dy oxZ dh 'kfä esa o`f)
dh FkhA fofo/k fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fä cgqr de Fkh] jsfM;ks] fQYe vkSj Vsyhfotu ds mn~Hko ls Hkh
lkoZtfud fu;a=.k vkSj tokcnsgh ds dqN lk/ku vko’k ;d gks x, FksA
çsl dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk igyk vkSipkfjd fl)kar lkbZcVZ] ihVjlu vkSj JSe }kjk 1956 esa
yxHkx ,d n'kd ckn fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA ys[kd gfpUl vk;ksx dh igy ls Li"V :i ls çsfjr
FksA ehfM;k lkekftd ftEesnkjh dh vo/kkj.kk dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij ehfM;k lkexzh ds lkFk&lkFk
lekt esa blds dk;Z ds laca/k esa fd;k tkrk gSA ehfM;k dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk ,dek=] lqlaxr
fl)kar ekStnw ugha gSA bl fl)kar dk viuk çeq[k vk/kkj gS fd Lora=rk lgorhZ nkf;Roksa dk ogu
djrh gSA çsl dk nkf;Ro gS fd og turk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] çsl dks ljdkj
vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa dh vkykspuk djus dk vf/kdkj gSA turk dks lgh rjhds ls crkdj vkSj lekt ds
fgrksa vkSj t:jrksa dk tokc nsdj yksdra= dks lajf{kr djus dh Hkh ftEesnkjh gSaA
lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds fl)kar esa dbZ çdkj ds vuqç;ksx gSa] D;ksfa d blesa dbZ çdkj ds futh fçaV
ehfM;k vkSj çlkj.k ds lkoZtfud laLFkku 'kkfey gSa] tks lekt ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj dh yksdrkaf=d
çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls tokcnsg gSaA fl)kar us bl çdkj lekt ds çfr nkf;Ro ds lkFk Lora=rk dk
lkeatL; LFkkfir fd;k gSA ;g fl)kar bl ckr ij t+ksj nsrk gS fd çsl dh Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,]
ysfdu vkRe fu;eu dh Hkh vko';drk gSA ehfM;k dks vkpkj lafgrk vkSj uSfrdrk dk ikyu djuk
pkfg, vkSj vxj dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkoZtfud fgr esa ck/kk mRiUu gksrh gS] rks ljdkj dh Hkwfedk gks
ldrh gSA bl fl)kar dk ekuuk gS fd ehfM;k dks vius ikl ekStnw 'kfä dks le>uk pkfg,] lekt
ds çfr dqN lkekftd ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg,A njvly] ;g fl)kar Lora=rkoknh fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr
gSA

1- ehfM;k dks lekt ds fy, dqN nkf;Roksa dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vkSj mUgsa iwjk djuk pkfg,A
2- bu nkf;Roksa dks eq[; :i ls vukSipkfjdrk] lPpkbZ] lVhdrk] fu"i{krk vkSj larqyu ds mPp
;k O;kolkf;d ekudksa dks fu/kkZfjr djds iwjk fd;k tkuk gSA
3- bu nkf;Roksa dks Lohdkj djus vkSj ykxw djus esa] ehfM;k dks dkuwu vkSj LFkkfir laLFkkuksa ds
<kaps ds Hkhrj Lo&fofu;eu gksuk pkfg,A
4- ehfM;k dks vijk/k] fgalk ;k ukxfjd fodkj ds dkj.k ;k vYila[;d lewgksa dks vijk/k nsus ls
cpuk pkfg,A
5- lexz :i ls ehfM;k dks cgqyrkoknh gksuk pkfg, vkSj muds lekt dh fofo/krk dks çfrfcafcr
djuk pkfg,] fofHkUu –f"Vdks.kksa vkSj tokc ds vf/kdkjksa rd igqap çnku djuk pkfg,A
6- lekt vkSj turk] igys ukfer fl)kar dk ikyu djrs gSa] mUgsa çn'kZu ds mPp ekudksa dh
vis{kk djus dk vf/kdkj gS vkSj gLr{ksi dks lkoZtfud ;k vPNs dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy,
mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
 7- i=dkjksa vkSj ehfM;k is'ksojksa dks lekt ds lkFk&lkFk fu;ksäkvksa vkSj cktkj ds çfr Hkh
tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,A

bl ijdkj ehfM;k esa ges’kk ls gh lekt dks izHkkfor djus dh {kerk jgh gSA ,d i=dkj lekt dh
lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[krk gSA vkt lekt esa i=dkfjrk dk egRo cgqr c<+ x;k gS blfy,
i=dkfjrk ds lekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh c<+ x, gSa i=dkfjrk dk mn~ns’; lPpkbZ dks lkeus ykuk gSA
,d i=dkj ls vk’kk dh tkrh gS fd og cgqtu fgrk; dh Hkkouk dks fl) djsxkA egkRek xka/kh ds
vuqlkj i=dkfjrk ds rhu izeq[k mn~ns’; gSA igyk turk ds fopkjksa vkSj bPNkvksa dks le>uk vkSj mUgsa
O;Dr djuk] nwljk turk esa okaNuh; Hkkouk,a tkx`r djuk vkSj rhljk mn~ns’; lkoZtfud nks"kksa dks
u"V djukA egkRek xka/kh }kjk crk, x, i=dkfjrk ds rhu mn~ns’;ksa ij xkSj fd;k tk, rks irk pyrk
gS fd i=dkfjrk dk ogh dk;Z gS tks ,d lekt lq/kkjd dk gksrk gSA i=dkj dk dk;Z dsoy
tkudkfj;ka nsuk ugha gksrk vfirq og ?kVuk dh vPNkbZ;ka o cqjkbZ;ka Hkh crkrk gS vFkkZr lekt esa
i=dkj dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

orZeku le; esa ,d ckr rks Li’V gS fd ehfM;k dksbZ vkanksyu ugha vfirq ,d O;olk; gS vkSj tc ge
ehfM;k dks ,d O;olk; ds :i esa Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa rks ewY;ghurk dks mlls vyx djds ugha ns[kk
tk ldrkA Hkkjr esa ehfM;k ds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ;gk¡ ds lekftd vkfFkZd ifjIkzs{; esa ij[kuk
gksxkA çfrLi/kkZ ds bl nkSj esa ehfM;k ds lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj uSfrdrk dks ,d ekud Lrj ij
j[kus ds fy, oS/kkfud ,oa ç'kklfud fu;eu ç.kkyh ds vykok Lo&fu;eu Hkh ,d vljnkj vkSj
egRoiw.kZ vk;ke lkfcr gks ldrk gSA

ehfM;k ,ao vkÆFkd fodkl

ns'kksa jkT;ksa ] ]{ks=ksa ;k O;fävksa dh vkÆFkd le`f) ds o`f) dks vkÆFkd fodkl dgrs gSaAuhfr fuekZ.k dh
–f"V ls vkÆFkd fodkl mu lHkh ç;Ruksa dks dgrs gSa ftudk y{; fdlh tuleqnk; dh vkÆFkd fLFkfr
o thou Lrj ds lqèkkj ds fy, viuk,a tkrs gSaA vkÆFkd fodkl dks le>us ls igys ges vFkZO;oLFkk]
vFkZ'kkL= dks tkuuk gksxk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk
fdlh jk"Vª }kjk vius ukxfjdksa dh lkekftd&vkÆFkd fLFkfr ¼Socio&economic Conditions½ esa

lqèkkj djus ds mís'; ls miyCèk lalkèkuksa ¼Available Resources½ dk leqfpr fu;kstu

¼Appropriate Planning½djrs gq, vFkZ ¼Money½dks dsæ

a esa j[kdj cukà xà O;oLFkk gh vFkZO;oLFkk
dgykrh gSA okLro esa ^vFkZO;oLFkk* 'kCn vèkwjk gh jgsxk tc rd fd blds vkxs fdlh ns'k ;k fdlh
{ks= fo'ks"k dk uke u tksM+k tk,] tSls& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] phuh
vFkZO;oLFkk] vesfjdh vFkZO;oLFkk] fodkl'khy foÜo dh vFkZO;oLFkk bR;kfnA vFkZO;oLFkk fdlh ns'k ;k
{ks= fo'ks"k esa vFkZ'kkL= ¼Economics½ dk xfr'khy ¼Dynamic½ fp= gS tks fdlh fo'ks"k vofèk rd gh
lhfer gksrk gSA ;fn ge dgrs gSa&^le lkef;d Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk* rks bldk rkRi;Z gksrk gS&
orZeku le; esa Hkkjr dh lHkh vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa dk o.kZuA
vFkZ'kkL= %
vFkZ'kkL= og fo"k; gS] ftlds rgr ;g vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd O;fä] lekt vkSj ljdkj fdl
çdkj vius lhfer lalkèkuksa ds }kjk viuh vlhfer vko';drkvksa dh iwÆr djrs gSaA bl çdkj
vFkZ'kkL= ,d O;kid fo"k; gS] tks mRiknu] miHkksx] cpr] fofu;ksx] eqækLiQhfr] jk"Vªh; vk;] çfr
O;fä vk;] ekSfæd uhfr] jktdks"kh; uhfr] jkstxkj ds volj] thou dh xq.koÙkk vkfn ls lacafèkr
fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA vFkZ'kkL= ekuo dh vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa dk vè;;u djrk gS] vFkkZr~
vFkZ'kkL= ,d foKku gS] tks mís';ksa vkSj oSdfYid mi;ksx okys lhfer lkèkuksa ls lacafèkr ekuo O;ogkj
dk vè;;u djrk gSA;~
lkekU; 'kCnksa esa] vFkZ'kkL= og fo"k; gS] ftlds varxZr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu] forj.k ,oa
miHkksx dh çfØ;k dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSAçflèk ¼ vFkZ'kkL=h ,Me fLeFk us 1776 esa çdkf'kr viuh
iqLrd ^n osYFk v‚iQ us'kal* ¼The Wealth of Nations½ esa vFkZ'kkL= dks ^èku dk foKku* dgk gSA
vFkZ'kkL= ds ckjs esa mu fo}kuksa us Hkh fy[kk gS] tks ewyr vFkZ'kkL=h ugÈ FksA ç[;kr ukVddkj vkSj
O;aX;dkj cukZMZ 'kk us fy[kk gS&vFkZ'kkL= thou ls vfèkdre ikus dh dyk gSA

vkÆFkd fodkl
vkÆFkd fodkl ls vk'k; ml çfØ;k ls gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds leLr mRiknu lkèkuksa dk
dq'kyrkiwoZd nksgu gksrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj çfr O;fä vk; esa fujarj ,oa nh?kZdkfyd
o`f) gksrh gS rFkk thou Lrj ,oa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad esa lqèkkj dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA vkÆFkd
fodkl esa xSj&vkÆFkd pj dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
tkrk gS] tSls& f'k{kk ,oa lk{kjrk nj] iks"k.k Lrj] LokLF; lsok,¡] thou çR;k'kk rFkk ySafxd fodkl
vkfnA la;qä jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj] fodkl ekuoh; ç;Ru dk ifj.kke gS] vkÆFkd fodkl
,d lrr~ çfØ;k gS] ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; esa fujarj o`f) gksrh jgrh gSA** vkÆFkd fodkl esa —f"k dh
vis{kk m|ksxksa] fofuekZ.k] lsok ,oa cSaÇdx vkfn {ks=ksa dk ldy jk"Vªh; vk; esa fgLlk lokZfèkd gksrk gSA
veR;Z lsu us vkÆFkd fodkl dks vfèkdkfjrk rFkk
{kerk ds foLrkj ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k Fkk] tcfd egcwc&my&gd us vkÆFkd fodkl dks xjhch ds
fo#) yM+kà ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k FkkA
vr% vkÆFkd fodkl ,d çfØ;k gS] ftlesa mRiknu ds fofHkUu lkèku tSls& iwt
a h] Je]
rduhd vkfn ,d&nwljs ij ,slk vuqdwy çHkko Mkyrs gSa ftlls vk; esa o`f) ds dkj.k Ø; 'kfä Hkh
c<+rh gSA vkÆFkd lao`f) dks çk;% ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼GDP½ ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½ ,oa çfr
O;fä vk; esa fujarj o`f) ds :i esa le>k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% vkÆFkd lao`f) mRiknu dh o`f) ls
lacafèkr gS ftlesa ifjek.kkRed ifjorZu gksrk gS tks fd Je 'kfä] miHkksx] iwt
a h vkSj O;kikj ds foLrkj
ds lkFk gksrk gSA vkÆFkd lao`f) gksus ij vkÆFkd fodkl gks] ;g vko';d ugÈ gS] Çdrq vkÆFkd fodkl
gksus ij fuf'pr :i ls vkÆFkd lao`f) gksrh gSA
o"kZ 1970 ls 1980 ds chp vkÆFkd fodkl vkSj vkÆFkd lao`f) dks ,d gh ekuk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu orZeku
le; esa vkÆFkd lao`f) dks vkÆFkd fodkl dk ,d Hkkx ekuk tkrk gSA vkÆFkd lao`f) dk lokZfèkd
mi;qä ekid çfr O;fä okLrfod vk; gksrk gSA

fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa gks jgh vkÆFkd fØ;k,¡ nh?kZdky esa nks çdkj ds ifjorZuksa dks tUe nsrh gSa&
vkÆFkd lao`f) vkÆFkd fodklA
vkÆFkd lao`f) % lexz pjks]a tSls& jk"Vªh; vk;] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] çfr O;fä vk; esa ifjorZu] ftUgsa
ekik tk ldrk gS] ,sls ifjorZuksa dks ^vkÆFkd lao`f) dgrs gSaA

vkÆFkd fodkl% bu ifjorZuksa ds lkFk tc ge vFkZO;oLFkk esa xq.kkRed ifjorZuksa o ekuoh; ljksdkjksa
tSls dkjdksa dks Hkh lfEefyr dj ysrs gSa rks bls ge ^ vkÆFkd fodkl* dgrs gSaA vkÆFkd lao`f) dks
vkÆFkd fodkl ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA vkÆFkd fodkl dh èkkj.kk vkÆFkd lao`f)
dh èkkj.kk ls vfèkd O;kid gSA
lrr~ fodkl
lrr~ fodkl dh ladYiuk ds varxZr ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vkÆFkd lao`f) vdsys i;kZIr ugÈ gSA fdlh
dk;Z ds vkÆFkd] lkekftd ,oa i;kZoj.kh; vk;ke varl±cafèkr gSaA ,d le; esa bu rhuksa esa ls dsoy
,d ij fopkj djus ls fu.kZ; esa =qfV gks ldrh gS rFkk fVdkÅ ifj.kke çkIr ugÈ gks ikrk gSA
,sfrgkfld :i ls dsoy ykHk ij è;ku dsfa ær djus ls lkekftd ,oa i;kZoj.kh; gkfu gksrh gS] tks
nh?kZdky esa lekt dks uqdlku igq¡pkrh gS] ysfdu i;kZoj.k dh
ns[kHkky ,oa yksxksa dks lsok,¡ miyCèk djkus ds fy;s dqN ek=k esa vkÆFkd lalkèku vo'; pkfg;sA
^lrr~ fodkl* 'kCn dk ç;ksx 1980 ds n'kd ds var esa ^gekjk lk>k * ¼Our Common Future½

uked fjiksVZ] ftls ^n czaVySaM ¼The Brundtland Report½ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ds vkus ds
ckn O;kid :i ls fd;k tkus yxkA la;qä jk"Vª }kjk xfBr vk;ksx us fodkl ds fy;s ifjorZu gsrq
oSfÜod çk:i dk çLrko is'k fd;kA czaVySaM fjiksVZ us gekjs jgu&lgu ,oa 'kklu esa iquÆopkj dh
vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA ekuork ds y{;ksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa dks çkIr djus ds fy;s iqjkuh leL;kvksa
ij u, rjhds ls fopkj djus rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ,oa leUo; ij cy fn;kA bl vk;ksx dk
vkSipkfjd uke ^i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ij foÜo vk;ksx* ¼The World Commission on

Environment and Development½ FkkA blus ekuo i;kZoj.k ,oa çk—frd lalkèkuksa ds {k; ;k

[kjkc gksrh fLFkfr rFkk lkekftd&vkÆFkd fodkl ds fy;s ml {k; ds ifj.kke dh vksj è;ku vk—"V
fd;k FkkA vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk djrs le; la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk us fof'k"V :i ls nks fopkjksa dh vksj
è;ku vk—"V fd;k Fkk&
1 i;kZoj.k] vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk yksxksa dh Hkykà vR;fèkd varl±cafèkr gSaA
2 lrr~ fodkl ds fy;s oSfÜod Lrj ij lg;ksx vko';d gSA
rks ge dg ldrs gS dh vFkZ'kkL= esa eksVs rkSj ij mRiknu] —f"k]lsok {ks=] miHkksx ls tqM+s elyksa ij
Çpru fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj tc blds lkFk ehfM;k tqM+rk gS rks lkeus vkrh gS vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk
ftls ;wa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk ls vk'k; i=dkfjrk ds ml fgLls ls gS]
ftlds rgr reke vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa dh tkudkfj;ka] fopkj ikBdks]a n'kZdksa] Jksrkvksa rd igqapk;h
tkrh gSaA
ehfM;k vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl
çks- lat; fnosnh }kjk fy[ks ys[k oSÜohdj.k ds bl nkSj esa ek;k vc egkxfBuh ugÈ jghA crk;k x;k
gS Þdh iwt
a h] cktkj] O;olk;] 'ks;j ekdsZV ls ysdj dkjiksjsV dh foLrkj ikrh nqfu;k vc ehfM;k esa
cM+h txg ?ksj jgh gSA fgUnh ds v[kckj vkSj U;wt pSuy Hkh bu phtksa dh vgfe;r le> jgs gSaA
nqfu;k ds ,d cM+s cktkj dks thrus dh tax esa vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk ,d lkèku cuh gSA blls tgka
cktkj esa mRlkg gS ogÈ mlds miHkksäk oxZ esa Hkh psruk dh lapkj gqvk gSß

Hkkjr esa vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk dk vkjaHk fczfV'k eSusÇtx ,tsfa l;ksa dh çsj.kk ls gh gqvk gSA ns'k esa igyh
vkÆFkd lanHkks± dh if=dk ^dSfiVy* uke ls 1886 esa dksydkrk ls fudyhA blds ckn yxHkx 50 o"kks±
ds varjky esa eqacà rsth ls vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa dk dsUæ cukA bl nkSj esa eqacà ls fudys ^dkelZ*
lkIrkfgd us viuh [kkl igpku cukÃA bl if=dk dk 1910 esa çdk'ku dksydkrk ls Hkh çkjaHk gqvkA
1928 esa dksydkrk ls ^bafM;u Qkbusl
a * dk çdk'ku çkjaHk gqvkA fnYyh ls 1943 esa bLVuZ bdkukfeDl
vkSj Qkbusfa l;y ,Dlçsl dk çdk'ku gqvkA vktknh ds ckn Hkh xqtjkrh Hkk"kk dks NksM+dj Çgnh lfgr
vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa dksà cgqr egRoiw.kZ ç;kl ugÈ gq,A xqtjkrh esa
^O;kikj* dk çdk'ku 1949 esa ekfld if=dk ds :i esa çkjaHk gqvkA vkt ;g i= çknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa Nius
ds ckotwn ns'k ds vkÆFkd txr dh lexz xfrfofèk;ksa dk vkbuk cuk gqvk gSA fQygky bldk
laLdj.k fgUnh esa Hkh lkIrkfgd ds :i esa çdkf'kr gks jgk gSA blds lkFk gh lHkh çeq[k pSuyksa esa
vfuok;Zr% fctusl dh [kcjsa rFkk dk;ZØe çLrqr fd, tk jgs gSaA bruk gh ugÈ yxHkx ntZu Hkj
fctusl pSuyksa dh 'kq:vkr dks Hkh ,d uà utj ls ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A th fctusl] lh,uchlh
vkokt] ,uMhVhoh çkfQV vkfnA
blls O;kikjh oxZ esa gh ugÈ lekt thou esa vkÆFkd eqíksa ij tkx:drk c<+h gSA [kkldj 'ks;j ekdsZV
rFkk fuos'k lacaèkh tkudkfj;ksa dks ysdj yksxksa esa ,d [kkl mRlqdrk jgrh gSA tks vkÆFkd fodkl ds
t#jh gS ,oe vkÆFkd fodkl esa ehfM;k dh egÙkk dks n'kkZrk gS

,sls esa ehfM;k dh ftEesnkjh cgqr c<+ tkrh gS] ehfM;k dks u flQZ O;kikfjd utfj, dks is'k
djuk gS] cfYd fo'kky miHkksäk oxZ esa Hkh psruk txkuh gSA muds lkeus cktkj ds lanHkks± dh lwpuk,a
lgh :i esa çLrqr djus dh pqukSrh gSA rkfd miHkksäk vkSj O;kikjh oxZ reke çyksHkuksa vkSj vkd"kZ.kksa ds
chp lgh pquko dj ldsA vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk dk ,d fljk lÙkk] ç'kklu vkSj mRiknd ls tqM+k gS rks
nwljk foØsrk vkSj xzkgd lsA ,sls esa vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk dh ftEesnkjh rFkk nk;jk cgqr c<+ x;k gSA
fgUnh {ks= esa ,d LoLFk vkS|ksfxd okrkoj.k] O;kolkf;d foe'kZ] vkSj miHkksäk tkx`fr dk ekgkSy cus
rHkh mldh lkFkZdrk gSA fgUnh Kku foKku ds gj vuq'kklu ds lkFk O;kikj] okf.kT; vkSj dkjiksZjsV dh
Hkh Hkk"kk cusA ;g pqukSrh vkÆFkd {ks= ds i=dkjksa vkSj Çprdksa dks Lohdkjuh gksxhA blls Hkh Hkk"kk;h
vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk dks eku&lEeku vkSj O;kid ikBdh; leFkZu feysxkA vkSj ns'k ds vkÆFkd fodkl
esa ehfM;k dk lkFkZd ;ksxnku gksxk
vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk csgrj çn'kZu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr oSclkbVksa] laLFkkuksa dh oSclkbVksa dks yxkrkj
ns[kuk cgqr t#jh gS] buesa dqN ds Çgnh laLdj.k Hkh miyCèk gSa&
&fjtoZ cSad
&lsch& flD;ksfjVh ,aM ,Dlpsat cksMZ vkQ bafM;k&'ks;j cktkj dh fu;ked laLFkk
&us'kuy LVkd ,Dlpsat
&eqacà LVkd ,Dlpsat
&foÙk ea=ky;
&ECONOMIC TIMES] nSfud v[kckj

&BUSINESS STANDARD ] nSfud vkÆFkd v[kckj

&FINANCIAL EXPRESS] nSfud vkÆFkd v[kckj

&MINT]nSfud vkÆFkd v[kckj

&HINDU BUSINESS LINE] nSfud vkÆFkd v[kckj

&CAPITAL MARKET] eSxthu

&BUSINESS TODAY] eSxthu

&WWW-MONEYCONTROL-COM oSclkbV

Vhoh pSuy&
lh,uchlh Vhoh 18] baxfy'k vkÆFkd pSuy
lh,uchlh vkokt] Çgnh vkÆFkd pSuy
th fctusl] Çgnh vkÆFkd pSuy
CywecxZ] baxfy'k vkÆFkd pSuy
ÃVh ukÅ] baxfy'k vkÆFkd pSuy
jk"Vª fuekZ.k o~ ehfM;k
tks Hkjk ugÈ gS Hkkoksa ls cgrh ftlesa jlèkkj ugÈA
og ân; ugÈ og iRFkj gS ftlesa Lons'k dk I;kj ugÈAAß
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dh ;g iafä;ka i<+dj fdl O;fä ds eu esa ,d vthc lh gypy mRiUu ugÈ gksxh
vkSj ns'k ds fy, ns'k dh mUufr ds fy, eu esa dqN dj xqtjus dh bPNk tkx`r ugÈ gksrh blh ds
rgr gekjs ns'k Hkkjr esa ftlds flj ij fgeky; :ih eqdqV gS tks unh vkSj çk—frd lainkvksa ds
cnkSyr gekjs ns'k dh mUufr esa vxzlj gSA
ns'k dh mUufr gekjh mUufr% gekjk
Hkkjr ns'k dh mUufr ge ij gh fuHkZj djrh gS gesa gekjs ns'k dh mUufr ij egRo nsrs gq, lcls
igys gekjs D;k drZO; gS ;g le>uk t:jh ,d O;fä mUufr mlds jk"Vª mldh Lo;a dh mUufr gS
blds fy, lcls igys rks gekjs D;k drZO; gS ;s le>uk gksxk vkÆFkd fodkl esa o`f)] vuq'kklu
]vPNh f'k{kk] gekjs ns'k dh xjhch dks feVkus ]lHkh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd eqíksa dks feVkuk t:jh gS
lHkh ds vknj dh Hkkouk j[kdj oksV Mkyus tkuk lHkh og dk;Z tks ns'k dh mUufr esa ckèkk igqapkrs gSa
mUgsa [kRe djuk og ckèkk,a [kRe gksxh rHkh ns'k vkSj gekjh mUufr laHko gSA
jk"Vª fuekZ.k dks tkuus ds fy, gesa igys jk"Vª D;k gksrk gS jk"Vª fuekZ.k D;k gksrk gS jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds
fy, fdl rjg dh 'kfä;ksa dh t:jr gksrh gS og blesa ehfM;k fdl rjg ls viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS
bu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa

jk"Vª

fofdihfM;k bafXy'k ds vuqlkj jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk dk fgUnh vuqokn% ,d jk"Vª yksxksa dk ,d fLFkj
leqnk; gS] tks ,d lkekU; Hkk"kk] {ks=] bfrgkl] tkrh;rk ;k ,d lkekU; laL—fr esa çdV euksoSKkfud
rkus&ckus ds vkèkkj ij curk gSA ,d vU; çfl) ifjHkk"kk fdlh ns'k ;k {ks= esa jg jgk ,d cM+k
tuleqnk;] ftuds iwoZt] Hkk"kk] laL—fr ;k bfrgkl gksa-
ns'k vkSj jk"Vª
1 -fMD'kujh esa fn, x, 'kkfCnd vFkZ ds eqrkfcd ns'k ,d foLr`r {ks= esa jgus okys ,sls yksxksa dk lewg
gS tks vkil esa ,d [kkl bfrgkl] laL—fr ;k Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls tqMs jgrs gSaA ogÈ jk"Vª dh viuh
ljdkj gksrh gS vkSj ,d fuf'pr {ks= gksrk gSA
2 -ns'k og bykdk gS ftls ,d vyx txg ekuk tk ldrk gSA blds myV us'ku ,d ,slk {ks= gksrk
gS tgka¡ jgus okys yksx vkil esa tqM+s Hkh jgrs gSa ijarq mud chp dà rjg dh fofoèkrk gksrh gS ogÈ
dà lekurk,a Hkh gksrh gSaA ;s yksx ,d [kkl {ks= esa jgrs gSaA
3-ns'k ,d [kkl {ks= gksrk gS tgka¡ yksxksa ds lewg ,d d‚eu ljdkj ds vèkhu jgrs gSaA ogÈ jk"Vª esa
jgus okys yksx ,d [kkl laL—fr vkSj ijaijkvksa dks Q‚yks djrs gSaAvkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr
4-ns'k Hkw Hkkx ls curk gS ftls uD'ks ls Hkh O;ä fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd jk"Vª HkkoukRed ,oe lkaL—
frd ,dkRedrk ls curk gSAla?k ds f}rh; ljla?kpkyd xq:th ds vuqlkj] Þjk"Vª lkaL—frd ÃdkÃ
gksrh gSA tc fdlh tulewg dh ,sfrgkfld] èkkÆed] lkaL—frd ijEijk,a ,d gks]a rc rd og ^jk"Vª*
dgykrk gSAß ogÈ vUR;ksn; ds ç.ksrk iafMr nhun;ky mikè;k; us dgk gS] Þtc ,d ekuo&leqnk; ds
le{k ,d fe'ku] fopkj ;k vkn'kZ jgrk gS vkSj og leqnk; fdlh Hkwfe fo'ks"k dks ekr`Hkko ls ns[krk gS
rks og ^jk"Vª* dgykrk gSAß nhun;kyth us ;g Hkh dgk fd] Þ^jk"Vª* ,d LFkk;h lR; gSA jk"Vª dh
vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, ^jkT;* iSnk gksrk gSAß
bl rjg lkeku bfrgklcksèk] leku lkaL—frd thou] lkeku fopkjèkkjk] ijLij eS=hHkko vkSj fdlh
mnkÙk è;s; ds fy, vius çk.kksa dk mRlxZ dj nsusokys yksxksa dk lewg ftl LFkku ij gks] ftl ns'k esa
gks og ^jk"Vª* gh dgyk;sxkA ogÈ Lokeh foosdkuUnth us jk"Vª ds è;s; ds lEcUèk esa dgk gS] ÞçR;sd
jk"Vª dk y{; foèkkrk }kjk fuèkkZfjr gSA çR;sd jk"Vª ds ikl lalkj dks nsus ds fy, dksà u dksà lans'k
gSA çR;sd jk"Vª dks fdlh fo'ks"k ladYi dh iwÆr djuh gSAß Lokehth us vkxs dgk] ÞO;fä dks eqfäekxZ
ij c<+us ds fy, iw.kZ vkè;kfRed Lora=rk] ;gh gS gekjk jk"Vªh; mís';A
ukscy
s iqjLdkj fotsrk vkSj ç[;kr vFkZ'kkL=h veR;Z lsu us ,d csgn fopkjksÙkstd iqLrd fy[kh gS] ^n
vkjxqeaVs sfVo bafM;u*A veR;Z lsu us bl fdrkc esa VSxksj ls lacafèkr ,d vè;k; ^VSxksj vkSj mudk
Hkkjr* esa VSxksj ds jk"Vªh;rk vkSj ns'kHkfä ls tqM+h ckrsa vkSj muds fopkj crk, gSa-
1917 esa fn, x, ,d Hkk"k.k esa VSxksj us dgk Fkk] Þjk"Vªokn dk jktuhfrd vkSj vkÆFkd laxBukRed
vkèkkj mRiknu esa c<+ksrjh vkSj ekuoh; Je dh cpr dj vfèkd laiUurk gkfly djus dk ç;kl gSA
jk"Vªokn dh èkkj.kk ewyr% jk"Vª dh le`f) vkSj jktuhfrd 'kfä esa c<+ksrjh djus esa bLrseky dh xà gSA
'kfä dh c<+ksrjh dh bl ladYiuk us ns'kksa esa ikjLifjd }s"k] ?k`.kk vkSj Hk; dk okrkoj.k cukdj ekuo
thou dks vfLFkj vkSj vlqjf{kr cuk fn;k gSA ;g lhèks&lhèks thou ls f[kyokM+ gS] D;ksafd jk"Vªokn dh
bl 'kfä dk ç;ksx ckgjh lacaèkksa ds lkFk gh jk"Vª dh vkarfjd fLFkfr dks fu;af=r djus esa Hkh gksrk gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa lekt ij fu;a=.k c<+uk LokHkkfod gSA ,sls esa lekt vkSj O;fä ds futh thou ij jk"Vª
Nk tkrk gS vkSj ,d Hk;kog fu;a=.kdkjh Lo:i gkfly dj ysrk gSA nqcZy vkSj vlaxfBr iM+kslh
jkT;ksa ij vfèkdkj djus dh dksf'k'k jk"Vªokn dk gh LokHkkfod çfrQy gSA blls iSnk gqvk lkezkT;okn
varr% ekuork dk lagkjd curk gSAß

dqy feykdj vxj ns[kk tk;s rks vxj ge ewy esa tk;s rks jk"Vª o ns'k dh ifjHkk"kk dks ysdj vusd
okn &fookn ]vyx vyx er esa tfVyrk ut+j vkrh gS vkSj vxj vketu ds utfj;s ls
ns[ks rks nksuksa dk eryc ,d gh ut+j vkrk gS ftlds çfr ç¸rsd tu ds eu esa vFkkg çse o~ lEeku
gS- tc Hkh jk"Vª o ns'k dh ckr gksrh gS rks vuk;kl gh ekul iVy ij Hkkjr dh]olqèkso dqVqEcde
]vusdrk esa ,drk ] vfrfFk nsoks Hko ]ns'kds y;s ej feVus okys cfynkfu;ksa dh LoÆ.ke Nfo mHkjrh gS
vkSj ;gh otg gS dh vkt Hkh Hkkjr foÜo 'kfä cuus dh vksj vxzlj gS o~ viuh ijaijk dk;e fd,
gq, *bd+cky dh iafä;k ;gk lVhd ut+j vkrh ds ;wuku vks felz vks :ek lc feV x, tgk¡ ls ]vc
rd exj gS ckd+h uke&vks&fu'kk¡ gekjk dqN ckr gS fd gLrh feVrh ugÈ gekjh ]lfn;ksa jgk gS nq'eu
nkSj&,&t+ek¡ gekjk

jk"Vª fuekZ.k ]ifjHkk"kk vkSj vFkZ

jk"Vª fuekZ.k ;s 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ls fey dj cuk gS jk"Vª o fuekZ.kA jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vFkZ ,d ,sls ns'k dk
fuekZ.k djuk gS tks ,d xSj&dk;Z'khy ns'k ls dk;Z djrk gS & ;k rks D;ksafd iqjkuk ;q) esa u"V gks
x;k gS] vyx gks x;k gS] ;k okLro esa Bhd ls dke ugÈ fd;k gS] tSlk fd bjkd esa gqvk Øe'k%
lksfo;r la?k vkSj vQxkfuLrkuA
vFkZ'kkL=h dh 'kCnkoyh ds vuqlkj] ,d ,sls ns'k dk fuekZ.k tks dke ugÈ djrk gS & D;ksfa d iqjkuk
vkns'k èoLr gks x;k gS ¼tSlk fd iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa Fkk½] ;k ;q) ¼bjkd½ }kjk u"V dj fn;k x;k Fkk]
;k okLro esa igys LFkku ij ¼vQxkfuLrku½ dHkh dke ugÈ fd;k FkkAÞ Þ,d vlQy ns'k dks cnyus
ds fy, dkuwu ds 'kklu ds ekè;e ls O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk vkSj oSèk ljdkj vkSj vU; çHkkoh
lkekftd laLFkkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,d foÜoluh; eqæk vkSj ,d dkedkth cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk cukuk
'kkfey gks ldrk gSAÞ
jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk mís';
jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk y{; ns'k ds Hkhrj yksxksa dks ,dtqV djuk gS rkfd ;g yacs le; rd jktuhfrd :i
ls O;ogk;Z vkSj fLFkj cuk jgsA
jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ,d cgqr gh dfBu vkSj tksf[ke Hkjk miØe gS] [kkldj mu ns'kksa esa tgka vkcknh ds
Hkhrj xgjs èkkÆed] tkrh; vkSj@;k jktuhfrd foHkktu gSaA dqN yksx dgrs gSa fd ;g dk;Z yxHkx
vlaHko gS ;fn og ns'k okLro esa dHkh Hkh çHkkoh <ax ls dk;Z ugÈ djrk gSA
;fn ns'k ;k {ks= esa ,d vPNk dkS'ky vkèkkj gS vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls dk;Z djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS] rks jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa lQyrk dh ,d vPNh laHkkouk gS] tSlk fd f}rh; foÜo ;q) ds ckn
ek'kZy ;kstuk ds lkFk gqvk FkkA gkykafd] ,slh vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh lQyrk dh dksà xkjaVh ugÈ
gSA
jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu :i
lkekftd ln~Hkko dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl dks xfr nsus ds fy, çeq[k cqfu;knh <kaps ds
fodkl ;k çpkj lfgr jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dà :i ys ldrk gSA blesa jk"Vªh; lkexzh dk fuekZ.k Hkh 'kkfey
gks ldrk gS] tSls fd jk"Vªh; fnol] jk"Vªh; ,;jykbal] jk"Vªxku] >aMs] jk"Vªh; LVsfM;e] jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk,¡]
jk"Vªh; [ksy Vhesa] lkFk gh lkFk jk"Vªh; uk;d vkSj feFkdA
,d xgjs vkSj vfèkd lw{e Lrj ij] jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa fofHkUu tkrh; lewgksa dks ,d jk"Vªh; bdkà esa
cukuk 'kkfey gSA ;g mu ns'kksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gS tks mifuos'k Fks & vkSifuosf'kd
'kfä;k¡ vkerkSj ij bl {ks= ds lkekftd] tkrh;] èkkÆed vkSj lkaL—frd fodkl dks foHkkftr] 'kklu
vkSj nck nsx
a h
jk"Vª fuekZ.k cuke jkT; fuekZ.k&
tcfd jkT;&fuekZ.k vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k 'kCnksa ds leku vFkZ gSa] os leku ugÈ gSaA
jkT;&Hkou% jkT; ds cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj laLFkkuksa dks lanÆHkr djrk gSA ;q) ds ckn] ns'k dh lM+dks]a
jsyos] gokà vìks]a ty ç.kkfy;ksa vkfn dks fQj ls cukus dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
jk"Vª fuekZ.k% yksxksa dh jk"Vªh; igpku dh Hkkouk dks n'kkZrk gSA
rduhdh :i ls dgsa rks] jkT;&fuekZ.k HkkSfrd phtksa dks lanÆHkr djrk gS tcfd jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vewrZ
phtksa dks lanÆHkr djrk gSA gkyk¡fd] fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa nks 'kCnksa dk ,d gh vFkZ ds lkFk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA bl fofues; mi;ksx ds vkfèkdkfjd gksus esa cgqr le; ugÈ yxsxkA
jk"Vªh; 'kfä
jk"Vªh; 'kfä dks eq[; :i ls rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&çk—frd] lkekftd vkSj çR;;kRed A
çk—frd rÙoksa esa HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡]çk—frd lkèku vkSj tula[;k vkrs gSaA lkekftd rRoksa esa vkÆFkd
fodkl] jktuhfrd <k¡pk vkSj jk"Vªh; eukscy vkrs gSaA çR;;kRed rÙoksa esa usr`Ro oxZ ds vkn'kZ]cqf)
vkSj nwjnÆ'krk vkrs gSaA & la{ksi esa] jk"Vªh; 'kfä ds çeq[k fu.kkZ;d@fuèkkZjd rÙo fuEufyf[kr gSa
¼1½ HkkSxksfyd rRo &
¼2½ çk—frd lalkèku&
¼3½ tula[;k &
¼4½ rduhd & ¼i½ vkS|ksfxd rduhd ¼ii½ lapkj rduhd ¼iii½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr
¼5½ lSU; 'kfä &
¼6½ jk"Vªh; eukscy &
¼7½ jk"Vªh; uSfrdrk &
¼8½ vkÆFkd ç.kkyh &
¼9½ jktuhfrd ç.kkyh &
¼10½ lkekftd ç.kkyh &
¼11½ fopkjèkkjk,¡&
¼12½ usr`Ro&
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd jk"Vªh; 'kfä ds fuekZ.k esa lHkh rÙo egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA ;s rÙo
ijLij lEc) gksrs gSa rFkk ,d&nwljs dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k o~ lekt

O;fä ls lekt vkSj lekt ls jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ,d ftEesnkj O;fä ds fy, lekt vkSj jk"Vª
ds çfr Hkh ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA vxj bldk fuokZg ugÈ fd;k tk, rks mUur] lqlaL—r ,oa vkn'kZ lekt
;k ns'k dh dYiuk laHko ugÈ gSA ,d vPNs lekt dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, ges vius ikfjokfjd
nkf;Roksa ds lkFk ns'k vkSj lekt ds çfr nkf;Roksa dks fuokZg Hkh iwjh Ãekunkjh ls djuk pkfg,A ,d
lekt] leqnk; ;k ns'k ds ukxfjd gksus ds ukrs dqN nkf;Roksa dk ikyu O;fäxr :i ls djuh pkfg,A
;s Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa ds fy, vko';d gS fd oks okLrfod vFkksZ esa vkRefuHkZj cusAa ;s ns'k ds fodkl ds
fy, cgqr vko';d gS] ;g rHkh laHko gks ldrk gS] tc ns'k esa vuq'kkflr] le; ds ikcan] drZO;ijk;.k
vkSj Ãekunkj ukxfjd gksAa blds ds lkFk lkFk jk"Vª 'kfä dks lq–<+ gksuk pkfg,
jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d ns'k esa ehfM;k tuer dks cukus] <kyus vkSj çfrÇcfcr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA yksxksa dks tkx:d vkSj f'kf{kr djus esa ehfM;k cgqr egRoiw.kZ vkSj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA ehfM;k eqíksa dh odkyr djds vkSj yksxksa dks Kku] dkS'ky vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks LFkkukarfjr djds
lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA ehfM;k fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy nksuksa ns'kksa esa ifjorZu
ds fy, ,d 'kfä'kkyh 'kfä gks ldrh gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] xjhc leFkZd fodkl ,tsM
a k dks vkxs
c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk miHkksäk cktkjksa dks mÙksftr djds vkÆFkd fodkl dk leFkZu djus esa bldh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA tgka ;g o‚pM‚x] xsVdhij vkSj ,tsM
a k&lsVj dh Hkwfedkvksa dks çHkkoh
<ax ls iwjk djus esa l{ke gS] ;g lkekftd eqíksa ds ckjs esa ukxfjd tkx:drk c<+kdj] ukxfjdksa dks
viuh ljdkjksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjkus] Hkz"Vkpkj ij vadq'k yxkus vkSj cgl ds fy, ,d ukxfjd eap
cukdj 'kklu esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA ;g gkf'k, ij vkSj cfg"—r lewgksa dh vkokt+ dks Hkh c<+k
ldrk gS gky ds 'kksèk ls irk pyk gS fd ehfM;k ¼fo'ks"kdj jsfM;ks½ vÝhdk esa ;qok] xzkeh.k vkSj
xSj&lk{kj tulkaf[;dh; lewgksa dh c<+rh vkcknh dh lsok dj jgk gS ¼chchlh] 2006½A

jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dstulapkj ekè;e ds :i esalekpkj i=ksa dh Hkwfedk dh ckr djsa rks ,d
lekpkj i= dk ,d mís'; yksdfç; Hkkouk dks le>uk vkSj mls vfHkO;fä nsuk gS( nwljk yksxksa esa dqN
okaNuh; Hkkoukvksa dks txkuk gS( rhljk gS fuMj gksdj yksdfç; nks"kksa dks mtkxj djuk ¼egkRek xkaèkh]
gfjtu] eà 25] 1946½A
lekpkj i= ,sls rF; vkSj fo'ys"k.k çnku djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa tks lwfpr ukxfjdksa dks ,d tfVy]
lwpuk&lar`Ir lekt esa çHkkoh vkSj ftEesnkj fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
,d fodkl'khy ns'k esa ,d lekpkj i= dks jktuhfr vkSj XySej ls xzLr gksus ds ctk; ml ns'k ds
lkeus vkus okyh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij viuk è;ku ckj&ckj yxkuk pkfg,A gkykafd] lekpkj i=ksa ds
Hkfo"; dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,] bu Hkwfedkvksa dks Li"V djuk] mUgsa vkxs c<+kuk vkSj mudk leFkZu
djus ds rjhds [kkstuk vko';d gSA ;g ,d xaHkhj pqukSrh gS ftldk lkeuk vkus okys o"kks± esa lekpkj
i= m|ksx dks djuk gksxkA
ekStnw k nkSj esa lekpkj ekè;e dh oSpkfjd èkkjk,a Li"V fn[kkà ns jgh gS ns'k ds bfrgkl esa ;g igyh
ckj gS tc vke lekt ;g ckr dj jgk gS fd Qyk pSuy v[kckj Qyk ikVÊ dk gS Qyk fopkjèkkjk
dk lekpkj ekè;e dks ysdj vketu esa bl çdkj dh ppkZ djuk i=dkfjrk dh foÜoluh;rk ds fy,
Bhd ugÈ gS lekpkj ekè;eksa dks uk rks fopkjèkkjk ds çfr vaèkHkä gksuk pkfg, ugÈ vaèk fojksèkh gkykafd
;g bhi loZekU; rdZ gS fd rVLFkrk flQZflèkkar gh gS fu"i{k jguk laHko ugÈ gS Çgnh ds igys
lekpkj i= mnUr ekrZ.M dk è;s; okD; Fkk ÇgnqLrkfu;ksa ds fgr ds gsrq vFkkrZ ns'kokfl;ksa dk fgr
lkèku okLro esa ;gh i=dkfjrk dk jk"Vªh; Lo:i gS jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ;gh gS fd ns'kokfl;ksa ds fgr
dk è;ku j[kk tk, blds lkFk&lkFk vU; Lo:i tSls fdrkcsa if=dk,a jk"Vª fuekZ.k eRoiw.kZ gS

blh rjg jsfM;ks viuh fo'ks"k fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;eksa ds chp ,d vkd"kZd
ekè;e gSA vfèkd XySejl ehfM;k ds mHkjus ds ckotwn ;g mruk gh çklafxd vkSj 'kfä'kkyh cuk gqvk
gS ftruk fd 'kq#vkrh o"kks± esa FkkA
Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa çsl ds foijhr] jsfM;ks ,d fuj{kj vkcknh rd igqaprk gSA Vsyhfotu ;k fQYe
dh rqyuk es]a jsfM;ks vis{kk—r lLrk vkSj iksVsZcy gS] blfy, jsfM;ks çlkj.k çR;sd leqnk; ds fy,
LFkkuh;—r fd;k tk ldrk gS]
fodkl'khy ns'kksa es]a jsfM;ks dks fodkl ds mRçsjd ,tsVa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA 1963 esa Hkkjrh;
;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk xfBr fo|kyadkj lfefr us jsfM;ks ds fy, ,d lfØ; Hkwfedk dh ifjdYiuk dh]
tc mlus ns[kk fd Þgekjk fodkl dk;Z bruk egku gS vkSj gekjh vkcknh bruh cM+h gS fd dsoy
lkoZtfud lwpuk ds lcls dq'ky laHko dk;ZØeksa }kjk gh ge vius yksxksa rd igqa pus dh mEehn dj
ldrs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj ds ,d uhfr nLrkost ds vuqlkj] ÞjsfM;ks jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa ,d buiqV cu
tkuk pkfg, vkSj yksxksa ds foÜokl dks etcwr djuk pkfg,] vkRefuHkZjrk dh voèkkj.kk dks c<+kok nsuk
pkfg, vkSj ,drk vkSj jk"Vªh; ln~Hkko dh rkdrksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,AÞ
Hkkjr esa] {ks=] i`"BHkwfe] laL—fr] Hkk"kk] f'k{kk vkSj vkÆFkd fLFkfr esa fofoèkrk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
lkeqnkf;d jsfM;ks dh voèkkj.kk dk çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkeqnkf;d jsfM;ks
LVs'kuksa dk mi;ksx ,d lhfer {ks= ds Hkhrj Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr lekt dh t:jrksa] bPNkvks]a
leL;kvksa] [kqf'k;ksa vkSj nq[kksa dks çkstsDV vkSj çfrÇcfcr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ,d uà lM+d cukus] #ds gq, ikuh dks gVkus] lkewfgd ;q) ;k fdlh fof'k"V {ks= esa yksxksa ds
lkeus vkus okyh fdlh Hkh leL;k ls lkFkZd rjhds ls fuiVk tk ldrk gS] çHkkforksa }kjk mi;ksxh
ckrphr dh tk ldrh gSA {ks= fodkl dk;ZdrkZ] LFkkuh; vfèkdkfj; vkSj LoSfPNd ,tsfa l;ksa okys yksx
blh rjg dh i`"BHkwfe ls] yksd leL;k lekèkku dh lqfoèkk çnku dj ldrs gSa] vkSj fofHkUu fodkl
lacaèkh eqíksa ij funsZ'k ns ldrs gSaA

Vsyhfotu dk mi;ksx dj fodkl lapkj esa ehy dk iRFkj

fodkl ds uke ij tc ns'k esa 1959 esa Vsyhfotu dh 'kq#vkr gqà rks ;g lkekftd lapkj esa ,d
ç;ksx ds :i esa 'kq: gqvk ftlds fy, fnYyh esa NksVs VsyhDycksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k vkSj
lkeqnkf;d Vsyhfotu lsV çnku fd, x,A eè; vkSj mPp ekè;fed Ldwyh f'k{kk dk leFkZu djus ds
fy, 1961 esa 'kSf{kd Vsyhfotu 'kq: gqvkA foKku] xf.kr vkSj Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa blds ç;ksx lQy
lkfcr gq, vkSj ;wusLdks ds dà fo'ks"kKksa ls ç'kalk çkIr dhA
dqN lky ckn —f"k n'kZu ds :i esa fdlkuksa ds fy, çlkj.k 'kq: gqvkA ;g cqèkokj vkSj 'kqØokj dks
çR;sd fnu 20 feuV ds fy, çlkfjr fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj 80 xkaoksa ¼fnYyh ds vklikl½ esa lkeqnkf;d
Vsyhfotu lsV çnku fd, tkrs FksA
'kSf{kd Vsyhfotu ,d vU; {ks= gS ftlesa nwjn'kZu us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA 1959 esa Hkkjr esa
Vsyhfotu dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls] bls lkSaih xà ,d cM+h ftEesnkjh ns'k esa f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds fy,
leFkZu çnku djuk gSA Ldwy Vsyhfotu ¼,lVhoh½ vDVwcj 1961 esa vkSipkfjd Ldwy funsZ'k ds fy,
,d laxfBr] O;ofLFkr vkSj vuqØfed leFkZu ds :i esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA f'k{kdksa us lkexzh ds
f'k{k.k vkSj çLrqfrdj.k ds fy, ,lVhoh dks ,d midj.k ds :i esa ljkgk ¼dqekj] 2000½A

Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu dh ;k=k us 1975&76 esa mixzg funsZ'kkRed Vsyhfotu ç;ksx ds 'kqHkkjaHk ds lkFk ,d
u;k eksM+ fy;kA ;g Ng jkT;ksa vkaèkz çns'k] dukZVd] fcgkj] mM+hlk] jktLFkku vkSj eè; çns'k ds 2400
xkaoksa esa mixzg ds ekè;e ls 'kSf{kd lans'kksa dks çlkfjr djus ds fy, us'kuy ,jksu‚fVDl ,aM Lisl
,MfefuLVªs'ku ds ,Vh,l mixzg dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ,d lky dh ik;yV&çkstsDV FkhA bldk mís';
xzkeh.k çkFkfed f'k{kk esa lqèkkj djuk] f'k{kd çf'k{k.k çnku djuk] —f"k esa lqèkkj djuk] LokLF; vkSj
LoPNrk] vkSj iks"k.k lacaèkh çFkkvksa vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k esa ;ksxnku djuk Fkk
¼Çl?ky vkSj jkstlZ] 2001½A
1970 dk n'kd Vsyhfotu dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lkekftd lapkj esa ç;ksxksa dk n'kd Fkk] 1980 dk
n'kd og le; Fkk tc fodkl lapkj ds y{; dh cfy nh tkus yxh vkSj Hkkjrh; Vsyhfotu
okf.kfT;d gksus yxkA bu ifjorZuksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, 1982 esa cuk, x, nwjn'kZu ds fy,
l‚¶Vos;j ij dk;Z lewg us ns[kk fd] ÞHkkjr us fodkl ds uke ij Vsyhfotu dh 'kq#vkr dh] ysfdu
bldk mi;ksx yksxksa dks mUeq[k lekpkjksa ds ctk; rqPN euksjatu çnku djus vkSj ljdkj&mUeq[k
cukus ds fy, fd;k x;kA Þ
fu"d"kZ fudkyus ds fy,] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa çlkj.k ds çn'kZu] mi;ksfxrk vkSj
çklafxdrk dks ns'k esa 'kSf{kd] lkaL—frd] vkÆFkd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj fodkl ifj;kstukvksa ds
fy, çksRlkgu çnku djus dh fn'kk esa blds ;ksxnku esa ekik tkuk pkfg,] u fd dsoy fodkl ls vkSj
n'kZdksa ds fy, miyCèk usVodZ ;k rFkkdfFkr ilan dh la[;kA Hkkjr Hkys gh ,d xjhc ns'k u gks]
ysfdu ;g yk[kksa xjhcksa okyk ns'k gSA vkèkqfud thou ds lcls loZO;kih rRoksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa
Vsyhfotu dks ns'k dks vkcknh ds bl *vU;* oxZ ls voxr djkuk pkfg, rkfd os jk"Vªh; psruk ls nwj
u gks]a vkSj mudh xjhch vkSj gekjs ns'k esa c<+rh vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, dne mBk, tk,aA
Ablh rjg ehfM;k ds u, çdkj eYVhehfM;k vius vusd Lo:iksa }kjk ns'k dh mUufr esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k
esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS cl t#jr dh gS dh uSfrdrk ]tu fgr ]lekt fgr ]ns'k fgr loksZijh
gksuk pkfg,
ehfM;k ds fy, pqukSfr;ka o~ lekèkku
O;ogkj es]a ehfM;k fodkl vDlj fuEu is'ksoj i=dkfjrk ekudksa] foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dh deh] detksj
rduhdh dkS'ky] [kafMr dkuwuh <kaps vkSj ,d vyksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds :i esa ckèkkvksa dk
lkeuk djrk gSA ,d tksf[ke ;g Hkh gS fd lekt esa] ehfM;k viuh jktuhfrd ckèkkvksa ls eqä gksus esa
l{ke ugÈ gks ldrk gS vkSj xzkgdokn ds vuqlkj dke dj ldrk gS ;k futh fgrksa ¼*ehfM;k dSIpj*½
}kjk dCtk dj fy;k tkrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] ;g loky gS dh ehfM;k dks dSls enn feys blds
fy, lekt dks tkx:d gksus dh t#jr gS dh ehfM;k lekt ds fy, dk;Z djrk gS vkSj lekt }kjk
iksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS bls ;wa gh ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd lekt esa dà ,sls èkkÆed o lkaL—frd igyw gSa
tgka lekt bu ls tqM+s yksxksa dk iks"k.k djrk gS blh rjg vxj lekt o~ ljdkj ehfM;k dk fu"i{k
#i ls vkÆFkd iks"k.k djrk jgs rks ehfM;k fcuk fdlh ncko ds csgrjhu ls lekt fgr jk"Vª fgr esa
viuk dke dj ldrk gS vr Li"V gS fd jkLVª fodkl dks leFkZu nsus ds fy, ehfM;k dks Lora=rk]
{kerk vkSj fu;a=.k vkSj larqyu ds lanHkZ esa lgh okrkoj.k dh vko';drk gSA

laL—fr
ftl çdkj ls vkidks vutkuh txg ;k çns'k dk irk yxkus ds fy, ,d ekufp= dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] mlh rjg ls lekt esa O;ogkj djus ds fy, vkidks laL—fr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA laL—fr
,d lkekU; le> gS ftldks lekt esa vU; O;fä;ksa ds lkFk lkekftd var%fØ;k ds ekè;e ls lh[kk
rFkk fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh lewg dh vkilh lkekU; le> bls vU; ls vyx djrh gS
rFkk bls ,d igpku çnku djrh gSA ysfdu laL—fr dHkh Hkh ifj"—r mRikn ugÈ gksrhA ;s lnk
ifjorZu'khy rFkk fodflr gksrh
jgrh gSA blds rÙo yxkrkj tqM+rs] ?kVrs] foLrkfjr] ladqfpr rFkk iqu%O;ofLFkr gksrs jgrs gSA blds
QyLo:i laL—fr;k¡ çdk;kZRed bdkà ds :i esa xfr'khy jgrh gSaA O;fä;ksa dh vU; O;fä;ksa ds
lkFk lkekU; le> fodflr djus rFkk fofHkUu fpugks rFkk ladsrksa ls ogh vFkZ xzg.k djus dh {kerk
gh ekuo dks vU; çkf.k;ksa ls vyx djrh gSA vFkZ dk l`tu lkekftd ln~xq.k gS ftls ge ifjokjksa]
lewgksa rFkk leqnk;ksa esa vU; O;fä;ksa ds lkFk jgdj lh[krs gSaA ge ifjokj ds lnL;ksa] fe=ksa rFkk
lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk fofHkUu lkekftd ifjos'kksa esa var%fØ;k }kjk fofHkUu lkèkuks rFkk rduhdksa ds
lkFk&lkFk vHkkSfrd fpUgksa rFkk ladsrksa dk ç;ksx djuk lh[krs gSaA blesa ls vfèkdka'k Kku dh
tkudkjh gesa O;ofLFkr <ax ls ekSf[kd :i ls ;k fdrkcksa ds ekè;e ls çkIr gksrh gSA
fofoèk~ ifjos'k] fofHkUu laL—fr;k¡
euq"; fofHkUu çk—frd ifjos'kksa tSls igkM+ksa rFkk eSnkuks]a taxyksa rFkk LoPN LFkyksa] jsfxLrkuksa rFkk unh
?kkfV;ksa] }hiksa rFkk eq[; Hkwfe esa jgrs gSaA og fofHkUu lkekftd LFkkuksa tSls fd xk¡oksa] dLcksa rFkk 'kgjksa
esa Hkh jgrs gSaA fofHkUu okrkoj.kksa esa] çk—frd rFkk lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy,] O;fä
fofHkUu uhfr;k¡ viukrs gSaA blls thou thus ds fofHkUu rjhdksa ;k laL—fr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa rfeyukMq rFkk dsjy ds leqæh fdukjs ds lkFk&lkFk vaMeku rFkk fudksckj }hilewg ds
dqN Hkkxksa dks çHkkfor djus okys 26 fnlacj] 2004 dks vk, lqukeh ds foèoal ds nkSjku viukà xÃ
lqj{kk dh rduhdksa esa fo"kerk,¡ bldk çek.k FkÈA eq[; Hkwfe rFkk }hiksa ds yksx vis{kk—r vkèkqfud
thou 'kSyh viuk jgs gSaA bu }hiksa ds eNqvkjs rFkk lsok dkÆed lpsr ugÈ Fks rFkk bUgksaus vR;fèd
foèoal dks lgu fd;k gS vkSj blesa vusd yksxksa us tkus xokb±A nwljh vksj }hiksa esa jgus okyh ^vkfne*
tutkfr;ksa us tSls fd vksaxa]s tkjok] xzsV vaMekuh vkSj 'kksaius ftudh vkèkqfud foKku rFkk rduhd rd
igq¡p ugÈ gS] viuh vuqHkoh tkudkjh ds vkèkj ij vkink dk iwokZuqeku yxk fy;k rFkk mQ¡pkà okys
LFkkuksa ij tkdj viuk cpko dj fy;kA blls irk pyrk gS fd vkèkqfud foKku rFkk rduhd rd
igq¡p gksus ls vkèkqfud laL—fr }hiksa esa jgus okyh tutkfr;ksa dh laL—fr ls csgrj ugÈ gks tkrhA vr%
laL—fr;ksa dks Js.kh c) ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk ijarq ç—fr }kjk vkjksfir nckoksa dk lkeuk djus dh
budh i;kZIr ;k vi;kZIr ;ksX;rk ds vkèkj ij bUgsa tk¡pk t:j tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjrh; laL—fr
çR;sd ns'k dh vyx igpku mldh laL—fr ds dkj.k gksrh gSA pw¡fd çR;sd ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dk
O;ogkj mudh laL—fr }kjk fuèkkZfjr ewY;ksa ds vuq:i gksrk gS] tks fd lEiw.kZ jk"Vª ds O;fäRo dk
çn'kZu djrs gSA lalkj esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks lcls mPp Lrj dk gksuk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] ftldk
ewykèkkj ;gk¡ dh laL—fr ds 'kkÜor ,oa fpjLFkk;h ewY; gSA Hkkjrh; laL—fr euq"; vkSj lekt ds eè;
lacaèk dk ,d lqO;ofLFkr vkn'kZ gS] ftlesa ifjorZuksa dks Lohdkj djus dh vnE; {kerk gSA çkphu
Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk fuekZ.k jktuSfrd] vkÆFkd vkèkkj dh ctk, èkkÆed vkèkkj ij gqvk gSA blh dkj.k
thou ds çR;sd {ks= esa èkeZ dh çkoèkku jgh gS] ftlesa o`gÙkj vkè;kRe Kku dh vksj ladsr gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh; laL—fr drZO;fu"Bk ds Hkko ls lnSo vksr&çksr jgh gSA bldk vfHkçk; gS fd Qy
dh vis{kk drZO;Hkko ls dk;Z djuk] ftlesa R;kx] riL;k vkSj cfynku dk egRo gSA gekjh çkphu
o.kZ&O;oLFkk vkSj vkJe O;oLFkk dk vkèkkj drZO; gh jgk gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk lw{e voyksdu
djus ls fu"d"kZ çLrqr gksrk fd Hkkjr dk bfrgkl vkØe.k vkSj fot;&iru rFkk mRFkku o l"kfIr
tkxj.k dk vf}rh; bfrgkl gSA Hkkjr dk bfrgkl foÜo&ifj–'; çLrqr djrk gS] D;ksafd lksus dh
fpfM+;k ds uke ls çfl) Hkkjr vusd èku&yksyi fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ls tqM+k jgk gSA lkekU;r% bu
vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dh rhu ekaxsa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS & çFke Hkkx esa & mu vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk
lekos'k gksrk gS] ftUgksua s ;gk¡ ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dks gjkdj ;gh jkT; fd;k vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs viuh laL—
fr o Lora=rk [kksdj ;gk¡ dh laL—fr esa gh ?kqy fey x,A f}rh; çdkj ds & vkØe.kdkjh os Fks]
ftUgksaus foÜo fot; dh vfHkyk"kk ds o'khHkwr gksdj Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj mís'; iwÆr gks tkus
ij ;gk¡ ls Lons'k okil pys x,A r`rh; çdkj ds vkØe.kdkjh os Fks ftUgksaus ;gk¡ ij jkt~ djrs gq,
Hkkjr dh laL—fr rFkk ml ij vkèkkfjr ewY;ksa] f'k{kk O;oLFkk rFkk lkekftd Lo:i esa vkewy&pwy
ifjorZu fd;k ,oa viuh Lora=rk cuk, j[kh ;s vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dh laL—fr dk Hkh Hkkjr dh laL—fr
ij çHkko iM+k rFkk ,d uohu ewY; ysdj laL—fr l`ftr gqÃA ;g u rks vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dh laL—fr dh
gw&c&gw udy gh Fkh vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; laL—fr] cfYd nksuksa laL—fr;ksa dk ,d lefUor :i çLrqr
gqvkA blls vkè;kReoknh n'kZu ds LFkku ij HkkSfrdokn ;k ;FkkZFkokn dk çknqHkkZo gqvkA foKku ds
dkj.k ÃÜoj ds vfLrRo ij lansg fd;k tkus yxkA Hkkjrh; laL—fr lnSo ls gh lap;'khy vkSj lfg".kq
cuh jgh gSA blds ewy esa Hkkjrh; lekt dh vkè;kfRedrk –f"Vxkspj gksrh gS] ftlls Hkkjrh; lkaL—fr
foÜo dh Js"Bre laL—fr cuh gqà gSA çkphu Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk çfrn'kZ vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lekt esa
Hkh feyrk gSA ;|fi foKku ds vfo"dkjksa rFkk if'pe ds vaèkkuqdj.k ls ;g laL—fr Hkh viuk Lo:i
ifjoÆrr dj jgh gSA rFkkfi gekjs çpfyr laoSèkkfud ewY;&lekurk] lkekftd U;k;] HkzkrRoHkko]
èkeZfujis{krk bl laL—fr dh fo'kky ân;rk dh gh ifj.kfr gSa] ftlesa foÜo ekuork dk xgjk Hkko tqM+k
gqvk gSA
laL—fr 'kkfCnd vFkZ
laL—fr dk 'kCnkFkZ gS & mÙke ;k lqèkjh gqà fLFkfrA euq"; LoHkkor% çxfr'khy çk.kh gSA ;g cqf) ds
ç;ksx ls vius pkjksa vksj dh çk—frd ifjfLFkfr dks fujUrj lqèkkjrk vkSj mUur djrk jgrk gSA ,slh
çR;sd thou&i)fr] jhfr&fjokt jgu&lgu vkpkj&fopkj uohu vuqlUèkku vkSj vkfo"dkj] ftlls
euq"; i'kqvksa vkSj taxfy;ksa ds ntsZ ls Å¡pk mBrk gS rFkk lH; curk gSA lH;rk laL—fr dk vax gSA
lH;rk ¼Civilization½ ls euq"; ds HkkSfrd {ks= dh çxfr lwfpr gksrh gS tcfd laL—fr ¼Culture½ ls
ekufld {ks= dh çxfr lwfpr gksrh gSA euq"; dsoy HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lqèkkj djds gh lUrq"V ugÈ
gks tkrkA og Hkkstu ls gh ugÈ thrk] 'kjhj ds lkFk eu vkSj vkRek Hkh gSA HkkSfrd mUufr ls 'kjhj dh
Hkw[k feV ldrh gS] fdUrq blds ckotwn eu vkSj vkRek rks vr`Ir gh cus jgrs gSaA bUgsa lUrq"V djus ds
fy, euq"; viuk tks fodkl vkSj mUufr djrk gS] mls laL—fr dgrs gSaA euq"; dh ftKklk dk
ifj.kke èkeZ vkSj n'kZu gksrs gSaAlkSUn;Z dh [kkst djrs gq, og laxhr]lkfgR; ]ewÆr ]fp= vkSj okLrq
vkfn vusd dykvksa dks mUur djrk gSA lq[kiwoZd fuokl ds fy, lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd la?kVuksa
dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA bl çdkj ekufld {ks= esa mUufr dh lwpd mldh çR;sd lE;d~ —fr laL—fr
dk vax curh gSA buesa çèkku :i ls èkeZ] n'kZu] lHkh Kku&foKkuksa vkSj dykvksa] lkekftd rFkk
jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj çFkkvksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA
laL—fr 'kCn dk foPNsn fuEu çdkj gS &

Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa esa "kksM'k laLdkjksa dk mYys[k çkIr gksrk gS tks tUe ls ysdj e`R;qi;ZUr
lEikfnr fd;s tkrs gSA çR;sd laLdkj ds }kjk ekU;rk gS fd O;ogkj dk 'kksèku gksrk gSA
laL—fr 'kCn ls rkRi;Z laLdkjksa ls gS vkSj tSl&tSls laLdkjksa dh vksj ckyd vxzlj gksrk gS
oSls&oSls mldk lekthdj.k ¼Socialization½ Hkh lEiUu gksrk gSA
vaxzsth esa laL—fr dh O;qRifÙk fuEu çdkj gS &
bl çdkj vkaXy Hkk"kk esa laL—fr ds fy, ^dYpj* 'kCn tks ySfVu ds ^dYVªk* ls cuk gS]
ftlls rkRi;Z gS & uohu l`tu] lao)Zu rFkk O;ogkj ds çfreku dk fodklA
laL—fr dh ifjHkk"kk
VSDyj ds vuqlkj ^^laL—fr euq"; }kjk lekt ds lnL; ds :i esa Kku foÜokl dyk] uSfrdrk] dkuwu]
fjokt rFkk vU; ;ksX;rkvksa dks vÆtr djus dh ,d tfVy çfØ;k gSA
okYVj ds vuqlkj ^^laL—fr dk dk;Z rFkk fopkj lh[kh x;h ,d i)fr gSA tks fd lewg ds lnL;ksa dks
çnku dh tkrh gS vkSj ftlls O;fä ds thou dh egRoiw.kZ leL;kvksa dk ,d ijhf{kr lekèkku çkIr
gksrk gSA bl çdkj laL—fr euq"; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rFkk fof'k"V y{k.k gSA**
oqMoFkZ ds vuqlkj ^^laL—fr ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks gLrkarfjr dh tkus okyh çfØ;k gS] ftlesa
dkuwu] uSfrdrk,¡] Kku] foÜokl rFkk lapkj dh dyk dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl çdkj Li"V gS fd laL—fr mu lHkh HkkSfrd ,oa vHkkSfrd oLrqvksa ls lacafèkr çR;; gSa] tks lekt ds
ikl miyCèk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa thou&;kiu ds fof'k"V <ax ftlesa ckSf)d ,oa HkkSfrd nksuksa çdkj ds
rF;ksa dk lekos'k djrk gS laL—fr ds ekè;e ls gh ,d lekt dh nwljs lekt ls vyx igpku dh
tkrh gSA ;|fi çR;sd lekt dh viuh laL—fr gksrh gS rFkkfi dqN lkekU; dkjd lHkh lektksa dh
laL—fr esa ,d leku gksrs gSA laL—fr dh mi;qZä ifjHkk"kkvksa rFkk vFkZ ds Li"Vhdj.k d i'pkr~ bldh
fo'ks"krk;sa fuEu
çdkj fn[krh gSa &
1- laL—frd ,d tfVy çfØ;k gS D;ksafd blesa Kku] foÜokl] dyk] uSfrdrk] fu;e]
jhfr&fjokt] lekt ds lfØ; lnL; ds :i esa vÆtr dh tkrh gSA ;g tfVy blfy, gS
D;ksafd çR;sd O;fä rFkk lekt dh ;ksX;rk;sa vkSj vknrsa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSaA
2- laL—fr lkekftd oLrq gS] ;g O;fäxr ugÈ gSA
3- laL—fr dk gLrkUrj.k rFkk fodkl gksrk gSA
4- laLdfr ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh iwjd gSA
5- laL—fr eko lektksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA
6- laL—fr LFkk;h u gksdj pyk;eku rFkk xfr'khy gSA
7- laL—fr èkjksgj gSA
8- laL—fr O;fäRo fodkl rFkk lekthdj.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
laL—fr dh ç—fr ¼NATURE OF CULTURE½

laL—fr dh mi;qZä fo'ks"krkvksa ds i'pkr~ laL—fr dh ç—fr vxz çdkj ifjyf{kr gksrh gS%&

laL—fr dk fuekZ.k
laL—fr dk fuekZ.k fdu rRoksa ls gqvk gS] bl fo"k; esa fo}kuksa ds vyx&vyx er rFkk
fopkj gSa] tks –"VO; gS &
vysDts.Mj ,oa xksYMu okbtj ds vuqlkj & ^^laL—fr ds rRo gSa & gekjh ço`fÙk;k¡]foÜokl vkSj fopkj]
gekjs fu.kZ; vkSj ewY;] gekjh laLFkk;sa&jktuSfrd vkSj dkuwuh] èkkÆed vkSjvkÆFkd] gekjh uSfrd lafgrk;sa
rFkk f'k"Vkpkj ds fu;e] gekjh iqLrdsa vkSj e'khus]a gekjs foKku]n'kZ vkSj nk'kZfud& ;s lc vkSj nwljh
cgqr&lh phtsa rFkk çk.kh Lo;a Hkh vius vkSj fofoèk lEcUèkksa esa HkhA**
cksxkMZl ds vuqlkj & ^^laL—fr ,d lewg ds leLr jhfr&fjoktks]a ijEijkvksa vkSj pkywO;ogkj çfrekuksa
ls curh gSA laL—fr ,d lewg dk ewyèku gSA og ewY;ksa dh ,d ,slh iwoZorÊ lef"V gS] ftlesa çR;sd
O;fä iSnk gksrk gSA og ,d ekè;e gS ftlesa O;fä iSnk vkSj fodflr gksrk gSA**
ts-,y- fxfyu rFkk ts-ih- us ,d lkekftd lewg ds lh[ks gq, O;ogkj dks laL—fr dgkgSA bl çdkj
laL—fr ds vUrxZr og lc dqN lfEefyr gS tks dqN euq"; lekt esa lh[krk gS]tSls&Kku&èkkÆed]
foÜokl] dyk] dkuwu] uSfrdrk] jhfr&fjokt] O;ogkj ds rkSj&rjhds] lkfgR;] laxhr rFkk Hkk"kk vkfnA
lgt O;ogkj tSls lk¡l ysuk bR;kfn laL—fr ds vUrxZr ugÈ vkrs gSA
,-MCY;w- xzhu ds vuqlkj & ^^laL—fr] Kku] O;ogkj] foÜokl dh bu vkn'kZ i)fr;ksa dksrFkk Kku vkSj
O;ogkj ls mRiUu gq, lkèkuksa dh O;oLFkk dks dgrs gSa] tks lkekftd :i ls ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h
dks nh tkrh gSA**
laL—fr ds lkoZHkkSe rRo

laL—fr ds çdkj
laL—fr dk lEçR;; vR;kfèkd O;kid gS rFkk blds vUrxZr euq"; dk lexz thou vkSj çR;sd vax vk
tkrk gSA laL—fr ds çdkj fuEu çdkj gSa &

yksd laL—fr

yksd dk vfHkçk; loZlkèkkj.k turk ls gS] ftldh O;fäxr igpku u gksdj lkewfgd igpku
gSAnhughu] 'kksf"kr] nfyr] taxyh tkfr;k¡] dksy] Hkhy] xksaM]¼tutkfr½] laFkky]ukx] fdjkr] gw.k] 'kd]
;ou] [kl] iqôl
vkfn leLr yksd leqnk; dk feyktqyk :i yksd dgykrk gSA bu lcdh feyhtqyh laL—fr] yksd
laL—fr dgykrh gSA ns[kus esa bu lcdk vyx&vyx jgu&lgu gS] os'kHkw"kk] [kku&iku]
igjkok&vks<+kok] pky&O;ogkj] u`R;] xhr] dyk&dkS'ky] Hkk"kk vkfn lc vyx&vyx fn[kkà nsrs gSa]
ijUrq ,d ,slk lw= gS ftlesa ;s lc ,d ekyk esa fijksà gqà ef.k;ksa dh Hkk¡fr fn[kkà nsrs gSa] ;gh yksd
laL—fr gSA yksd laL—fr dHkh Hkh f'k"V lekt dh vkfJr ugÈ jgh gS] myVs f'k"V lekt yksd laL—
fr ls çsj.kk çkIr djrk jgk gSA
yksd laL—fr dk ,d :i gesa HkkokfHkO;fä;ksa dh 'kSyh esa Hkh feyrk gS] ftlds }kjk yksd&ekul dh
ekaxfyd Hkkouk ls vksr çksr gksuk fl) gksrk gSA og *nhid ds cq>us* dh dYiuk ls flgj mBrk gSA
blfy, og *nhid cq>kus* dh ckr ugÈ djrk *nhid c<+kus* dks dgrk gSA blh çdkj *nwdku cUn gksus*
dh dYiuk ls lge tkrk gSA blfy, *nwdku c<+kus* dks dgrk gSAyksd thou dh tSlh ljyre]
uSlÆxd vuqHkwfre;h vfHkO;atuk dk fp=.k yksd xhrksa o yksd dFkkvksa esa feyrk gS] oSlk vU;= loZFkk
nqyZHk gSA yksd lkfgR; esa yksd ekuo dk ân; cksyrk gSA ç—fr Lo;a xkrh xquxqukrh gSA yksd thou
esa ix ix ij yksd laL—fr ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA yksd lkfgR; mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk fd ekuo]
blfy, mlesa tu thou dh çR;sd voLFkk] çR;sd oxZ] çR;sd le; vkSj ç—fr lHkh dqN lekfgr gSA
yksdlaL—fr ij fofHkUu fo}kuksa ;Fkk M‚ gtkjh çlkn f}osnh] M‚ lR;sUæ vkfn us Hkh fy[kk gS] ftldk
lkj ;g gS dh yksdlaL—fr og laL—fr gS tks vuqHko] Jqfr vkSj ijEijk ls pyrh gSA blds Kku dk
vkèkkj iksFkh ugÈ gksrhA
orZeku esa yksdlaL—fr foKkuh M‚ HkwiUs æ Çlg ds vuqlkj yksdlaL—fr foKku ds ekè;e ls dsoy
ijEijkvksa dks gh ugÈ cfYd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds mn~Hko dk Øe] muds vkil esa lEcUèk vkSj
deZ ls tUe vkèkkfjr tkfr O;oLFkk ds l`tu dks le>uk csgn vklku gSA
pfyr laL—fr
pfyr laL—fr ¼popular culture ;k pop culture½ og fopkj] –f"Vdks.k] #>ku] fp=] dBcksyh vkSj
vU; igyw gksrs gSa tks fdlh laL—fr dh eq[;èkkjk esa ik, tk,A bl ij Vsyhfot+u] baVjusV vkSj vU;
tulapkj ekè;eksa dk xgjk çHkko gksrk gS vkSj fopkjksa dk ;g lewg lekt ds nSfud thou esa QSyk
gqvk gksrk gSA pfyr laL—fr dh lcls mYys[kuh; Jsf.k;k¡ gS% euksjatu ¼fQ+Yes]a laxhr] Vsyhfot+u½] [ksy]
lekpkj ¼;kfu og yksx] fo"k; vkSj LFkku tks lekpkj esa gSa½] jktuhfr] Q+S'ku@oL=] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj
¼¼dBcksyh½ ¼LySax½A pfyr laL—fr dk yksxksa ds fHkUu fo"k;ksa ij j[ks x, er ij tkus&vutkus xgjk
çHkko gksrk gSA
pfyr laL—fr dks vDlj rqPN] ux.; vkSj ew[kZrkiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd eq[;èkkjk esa QSyus ds fy;s
blesa xw<+ fopkjksa ;k fo"k;ksa ds fy, LFkku ugÈ cprkA blfy, eq[;èkkjk ls ckgj dà leh{kd & tks
vDlj èkkÆed] jk"Vªoknh] ;k vU; fopkjèkkjkvksa ls lEcfUèkr gksrs gSa & bls fNNyk] miHkksäkoknh]
vdkj.k luluh[k+st+ vkSj Hkz"V cqykdj bldh fuUnk djrs gSaA

LVksjh dk nkok gS fd yksdfç; laL—fr vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds 'kgjhdj.k ls mHkjh gSA 'ksDlfi;j ds
vè;;u ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] oheSu] ckcZj] ;k fczLVy }kjk½ iqutkZxj.k dh yksdfç; laL—fr esa viuh
Hkkxhnkjh esa muds ukVd dh vfèkdka'k fof'k"V thou 'kfä dk irk yxkrs gSa] tcfd Mkfj;ks Qks vkSj
t‚u eSdxzkFk tSls ledkyhu fpfdRld vius xzkfEl;u vFkZ esa yksdfç; laL—fr dk mi;ksx djrs gSa
ftlesa 'kkfey gSa çkphu yksd ijaijk,a

yksdfç; laL—fr yxkrkj fodflr gks jgh gS vkSj LFkku vkSj le; esa fof'k"V :i ls ?kfVr gksrh gSA
;g èkkjkvksa vkSj ifjorZuksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] vkSj ikjLifjd :i ls vU;ksU;kfJr –f"Vdks.kksa vkSj ewY;ksa
ds ,d tfVy dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS tks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls lekt vkSj bldh laLFkkvksa dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] i‚i laL—fr dh dqN èkkjk,a ,d milaL—fr ls mRiUu gks ldrh gSa] ¼;k
vyx gks ldrh gSa½] mu –f"Vdks.kksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSa ftuds lkFk eq[;èkkjk dh yksdfç; laL—fr
esa dsoy lhfer ifjfprrk gSA yksdfç; laL—fr dh oLrq,a vke rkSj ij turk ds O;kid LisDVªe ds
fy, vihy djrh gSaA yksdfç; laL—fr dk vFkZ le>us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ledkyhu ;ksxnku teZu
'kksèkdrkZ jksukYM MkSl }kjk fn;k x;k gS] tks mÙkjh vesfjdk] ,f'k;k vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ySfVu vesfjdk
esa vfrfjä&;wjksih; laL—fr;ksa ds çHkko dk vè;;u djrk gSA
ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
laL—fr ges'kk fodflr gks jgh gSA blds vykok] HkkSfrd laL—fr esa çfrfnu uà phtsa tksM+h tkrh gSa]
vkSj os vHkkSfrd laL—fr dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSaA laL—fr;k¡ rc cnyrh gSa tc dqN u;k thou thus
ds u, rjhds [kksyrk gS vkSj tc u, fopkj igyh ckj fdlh laL—fr esa ços'k djrs gSaA „ƒoÈ lnh esa]
ge esa ls vfèkdka'k 'kk;n uohure xStsV dks lkaL—frd ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsus ds :i esa lksprs gSa]
ysfdu çkS|ksfxdh dsoy vkèkqfud ;qx dk mRikn ugÈ gSA çkS|ksfxdh nSfud thou dh leL;kvksa dk
lekèkku djus ds fy, foKku dk vuqç;ksx gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkx vkSj iRFkj ds vkStkj dqN igyh
çkS|ksfxfd;ka FkÈ D;ksafd mUgksaus yksxksa ds thus ds rjhds dks cny fn;kA 2400 Ãlk iwoZ esa vkfo"dkj
fd, x, igys dSydqysVj lsA vcsdl ds :i esa ckcqy] pkYlZ cScst }kjk 1882 esa cuk, x, vkèkqfud
daI;wVj ds iwoZorÊ ds fy,] gekjs lHkh rduhdh uokpkj fiNys iqujko`fÙk;ksa ij çxfr gSaA vkt gekjs
thou ds lHkh igyw çkS|ksfxdh ls çHkkfor gSaA —f"k esa] e'khuksa dh 'kq:vkr] tks fd tksr] FkzsÇlx] IykaV
vkSj Qly dj ldrh gSa] us 'kkjhfjd Je dh vko';drk dks cgqr de dj fn;k] ftldk vFkZ Fkk fd
xzkeh.k jkstxkj de FksA blls lekt dk 'kgjhdj.k gqvk] lkFk gh tUenj Hkh de gqà D;ksfa d [ksrksa esa
dke djus ds fy, cM+s ifjokjksa dh vko';drk de FkhA vkijkfèkd U;k; ç.kkyh esa] Mh,u, ijh{k.k ds
ekè;e ls csxqukgh dk irk yxkus dh {kerk us yksxksa dh tku cpkà gSA mnkgj.k varghu gSa% çkS| ksfxdh
gekjs thou ds gj igyw esa ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS vkSj dà ek;uksa esa lkaL—frd ifjorZu dk dkj.k cuh
gSA
blh rjg gekjh laL—fr ds fodkl o~ fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dh vge Hkwfedk gS tulapkj ekè;e vkSj i‚i
laL—fr dks 'kq#vkr ls gh tksM+k x;k gSA okLro esa] ekl ehfM;k vDlj ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk gS fd i‚i
laL—fr –'; D;k cukrk gS vkSj D;k ugÈA ,sfrgkfld :i ls] cM+s iSekus ij i‚i laL—fr dks ,d
lfØ; vkSj jkspd mRikn ds :i esa ekl ehfM;k }kjk c<+kok fn;k x;k gS tks dqN ço`fÙk;ksa dks
viukus ds y;s çksRlkfgr djrk gSA daifu;ka vDlj ,slh oLrq ds fy, lkoZtfud Hkw[k iSnk djus esa
enn djus ds fy, foKkiu Qeks± dh vksj #[k djrh gSa] tks 'kk;n 6 eghus igys Hkh ekStwn ugÈ FkÈA
1880 ds n'kd es]a tc t‚tZ ÃLVeSu us O;fäxr mi;ksx ds fy, dksMd dSejk fodflr fd;k] rks
is'ksojksa }kjk QksVksxzkQh dk lcls vfèkd vH;kl fd;k x;k FkkA dksMd ,d csrgk'kk lQy daiuh cu
xÃ] blfy, ugÈ fd ÃLVeSu dSejs cspus esa vPNk Fkk] cfYd blfy, fd og le>rk Fkk fd mls
okLro esa QksVksxzkQh djuh gSA
lksygoÈ 'krkCnh esa ÇçÇVx çsl ds vkfo"dkj ds lkFk] cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr] lLrh fdrkcsa turk ds
fy, O;kid :i ls miyCèk gks xb±A blls lkekU; Kku vkSj fopkjksa dk lapkj laHko gqvkA Hkkjr esa
mUuhloÈ 'krkCnh esa eqfær ekè;e ds vkjafHkd o"kks± esa Hkh vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa ^vkpj.k iqLrds *dkQh
yksdfç; FkÈ ftuesa ;g crk;k tkrk Fkk fd efgyk,¡ ,d vPNh x`g.kh rFkk vPNh iRuh dSls cu ldrh
gSaA
1890 ds n'kd es]a fudksyk VsLyk vkSj xqfXyYeks ekdksZuh us jsfM;ks VsyhxzkQ cuk;k] ftlls vkèkqfud
jsfM;ks dk tUe gqvkA blds dkj.k jsfM;ks ,d vfèkd Þlquh&lquhÞ laL—fr dks çHkkfor djus esa l{ke
gqvk] ftlesa O;fä ;g eglwl djus esa l{ke gq, fd mudk vfèkd çR;{k çHkko gSA ;g jsfM;ks laL—fr
egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksfa d ;g foKkiu ds fy, vfuok;Z Fkh] vkSj blus okf.kfT;d dh 'kq#vkr dhA
fQYesa vkSj flusek yksdfç; laL—fr ij vR;fèkd çHkko Mkyrs gSa] D;ksafd ,d dyk ds :i esa fQYesa
,slh gksrh gSa ftu ij yksx lcls vfèkd çfrfØ;k nsrs gSaAfQYeksa }kjk laL—fr dk fuekZ.k QSaMe] èkeZ]
fopkjèkkjk vkSj vkanksyuksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud esa fQYe dh laL—fr vfèkd Li"V gS ftuls
yksdfç; laL—fr ;k tu laL—fr vklkuh ls lk>k dh tkrh gSa vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa igqaprh gSa
yksdfç; laxhr O;kid vihy okyk laxhr gS tks vke rkSj ij laxhr m|ksx ds ekè;e ls cM+s n'kZdksa
dks forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k çfrfØ;k dk ,d Rofjr lzkrs gS vkSj ;g rst xfr ls cM+s vkanksyuksa dk fuekZ. k djrk
gSA usVf¶yDl yksdfç; laL—fr ds vkèkqfud ;qx esa ,d O;kid ço`fÙk lsVj@ VªM
sa lsVj ds :i esa
ut+j vkrk gS lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ tSls baLVkxzke] Qslcqd] fV~oVj] YouTube] TikTok vkSj Snp
a chat
;qok ih<+h ds fy, nSfud vkèkkj ij mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lcls yksdfç; ,fIyds'ku gSaA lks'ky
ehfM;k gekjs orZeku lekt esa O;fä;ksa dh nSfud fnup;kZ esa ykxw gksrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k gekjh laL—
fr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS D;ksfa d ;g gekjs leqnk;ks]a ifjokjksa ;k fe= lewgksa ls tqM+us ds fy,
mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lapkj ds :iksa dks çHkkfor djuk tkjh j[krk gSA
ge vDlj ns[krs gSa fd 'kCnksa ;k dBcksyh dk mi;ksx v‚uykbu fd;k tkrk gS ftldk mi;ksx
vkeus&lkeus dh ckrphr esa ugÈ fd;k tkrk gS] bl çdkj] mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk çkS|ksfxdh dh LØhu ds
ekè;e ls cuk, x, O;fäRo dks tksM+k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN O;fä gS'kVSx ;k beksth ds
lkFk fLFkfr;ksa dk tokc nsrs gSaA vkeus&lkeus dh ckrphr esa ge fdlh lgdeÊ ds tokc esa ÞeqLdqjkrs
gq, psgjsÞ ;k ds lkFk çfrfØ;k ugÈ nsrs gSaA
fczVsu esa gq, ,d vè;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd cPpksa }kjk Vsyhfotu ns[kus ij O;; fd;k x;k le; ,d
lky esa yxHkx ,d lkS Ldwyh fnolksa ds leku gS rFkk blesa cM+s Hkh ihNs ugÈ gSaA ,sls ek=kRed i{kksa
ds vfrfjä ,sls vuqlaèkku dk;Z esa tks vU; ifj.kke mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSa og lnSo fu.kkZ;d ugÈ
gksrs gSaA Vsyhfotu ds ijns ij Çglk rFkk cPpksa ds chp vkØked O;ogkj dk lacaèk~ vHkh Hkh ppkZ
dk fo"k; gSA ,sls gh vusd eqís gS ftuls ehfM;k @tulapkj ekè;eks ij ç'u fpUg yxrs gS ] ,sls
vc ;s loky cuk gqvk gS% D;k baVjusV ;qx dks ,d fo'kky vkSj QSyrh i‚i laL—fr }kjk fpfàr fd;k
tk,xk] tgka ikjaifjd ekl ehfM;k dh 'kfä de gks jgh gS ]D;k ehfM;k i‚i dYpj tks ehfM;k }kjk
LFkkfir ekuk tkrk gS dh udkjRed Nfo dks nq#Lr djsxk ]var esa tSlk dh ehfM;k ds tUe dks
fgrdkjh ds :i esa tu ekul dh Loh—fr feyh gS Hkfo"; esa Hkh blls ;gh vis{kk gS dh ;s lekt fgr
dks loksZijh ekudj laL—fr ds fuekZ.k o~ lkFkZd fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk,xk lkFk gh lkFk
ehfM;k fyVªslh ¼tkx:drk ½ ds tfj;s vke tu dks ehfM;k lk{kjdj mUgsa ftEesnkj ukxfjd cukus
esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsxk] rkfd ;fn dksà Hkh O;fä cs'kd iw.kZ :i tu&ekè;eksa ds çHkko dk irk ugÈ yxk
ldrk] ij çHkko dh ek=k] tkudkjh rFkk vius {ks= ls nwjLFk {ks=ksa ds vuqHko ds ckjs viuh le>
LFkkfir dj ik;sxk tks ;d+huu lekt ]ns'k ]laL—fr ds ldkjkRed fodkl esa vge gS

”
ehfM;k }kjk lekt dks laiw.kZ fo'o esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gS ehfM;k dk
çLrqrhdj.k ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks lekt o turk dk dk ekxZn'kZu dj ldsA ehfM;k lekt dks vusd
çdkj ls usr`Ro çnku djrk gS ftlls lekt dh fopkj/kkjk çHkkfor gksrh gSA ehfM;k dks çsjd dh
Hkwfedk esa Hkh mifLFkr gksuk pkfg, A ehfM;k lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa ds fgrksa dk j{kd Hkh gksrk gSA og
lekt dh uhfr] ijaijkvksa] ekU;rkvksa rFkk lH;rk ,oa laL—fr ds çgjh ds :i esa Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
ehfM;k dks lekt esa 'kkafr] lkSgknZ vkSj lejlrk dh Hkkouk fodflr djuk pkfg;sA lkekftd ruko]
la?k"kZ] erHksn] ;q) Hkwdai] ck<+ ,oa vU; çk—frd ;k ekuo—r vkinkvksa ds le; ehfM;k dks cgqr gh
la;fer rjhds ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A jk"Vª çse ,oa ,drk dh Hkkouk dks mHkkjus ds fy, dks c<+&p<
+dj fgLlk ysuk pkfg,A

 vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk dh voèkkj.kk ,oa blds egRo ij ppkZ djsa A

 ehfM;k ds lkekftd mrjnkf;Ro flèkkar dh voèkkj.kk ,oa blds egRo ,d ys[k fy[ksaA
 Hkkjr dks csgrj yksdrkaf=d jk"Vª cukus esa ehfM;k dSls mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS\
 D;k Vsyhfotu pSuy lkaL—frd fodkl esa lgh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSa\ ,d vkykspukRed ys[k
fy[ksaA
 lkekftd fodkl ds fofHkUu rkRdkfyd eqnksa dh ppkZ djsa ,oa blds fy;s ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
r; djsAa

 lkekftd ftEesnkjh fl)kar 20 oÈ 'krkCnh ds eè; esa vfèkdka'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa vkSj rhljh
nqfu;k ds ns'kksa us çsl ds bl lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fl)kar dk mi;ksx fd;k gS tks 1949 esa
la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa Þçsl dh Lora=rk ds vk;ksxÞ ls tqM+k gSA iqLrd Þçsl ds pkj fl)karÞ
esa ¼ lhcVZ] ihVjlu vkSj Jke½ ;g dgk x;k gS fd Þ'kq) Lora=rkokn iqjkru] iqjkuk vkSj
 vçpfyr gSAÞ blus lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fl)kar ds lkFk mnkjoknh fl)kar ds çfrLFkkiu dk
ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA
 eSdczkbM vk;ksxA la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds çfrfufèkeaMy ds lq>ko ds rgr] ;wusLdks ds funs'kd
}kjk 1977 esa lapkj leL;kvksa ds vè;;u ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xà FkhA
 ^lrr~ fodkl* ^lrr~ fodkl* 'kCn dk ç;ksx 1980 ds n'kd ds var esa ^gekjk lk>k (Our

Common Future) uked fjiksVZ] ftls ^n czaVySaM (The Brundtland Report)ds uke ls

Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ds vkus ds ckn O;kid :i ls fd;k tkus yxkA la;qä jk"Vª }kjk xfBr
vk;ksx us fodkl ds fy;s ifjorZu gsrq oSfÜod çk:i dk çLrko is'k fd;kA czaVySaM fjiksVZ us
gekjs jgu&lgu ,oa 'kklu esa iquÆopkj dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA ekuork ds y{;ksa ,oa
vkdka{kkvksa dks çkIr djus ds fy;s iqjkuh leL;kvksa ij u, rjhds ls fopkj djus rFkk
varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ,oa leUo; ij cy fn;kA bl vk;ksx dk vkSipkfjd uke ^i;kZoj.k ,oa
fodkl ij foÜo vk;ksx* (The World Commission on Environment and

Development)

 vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk ls vk'k; i=dkfjrk ds ml fgLls ls gS ftlds rgr

reke vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa dh tkudkfj;ka] fopkj ikBdksa n'kZdksa Jksrkvksa rd igqapk;h tkrh gSaA
ns'k esa igyh vkÆFkd lanHkks± dh if=dk ^dSfiVy* uke ls 1886 esa dksydkrk ls fudyhA
 us'kuy LV‚d ,Dlpsat Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k vkSj rduhdh :i ls vxz.kh LV‚d ,Dlpst
a gSA
;g eqacà esa fLFkr gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1992 esa gqà FkhA dkjksckj ds fygkt ls ;g foÜo dk
rhljk lcls cM+k LV‚d ,Dlpsat gSA blds ohlSV (V&SAT) VÆeuy Hkkjr ds 320 'kgjksa rd
QSys gq, gSaA ,u,là ns'k esa ,d vkèkqfud vkSj iwjh rjg ls Lopkfyr LØhu&csLM bysDVª‚fud
VªsÇMx flLVe çnku djus okyk igyk ,Dlpst
a FkkA ,u,là dh baMsDl& fu¶Vh 50 ¼us'kuy
baMsDl fQ¶Vh½ dk mi;ksx Hkkjrh; iwt
a h cktkjksa ds cSjksehVj ds :i esa Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k Hkj ds
fuos'kdksa }kjk cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tkrk gSA
 eqacà LV‚d ,Dlpst
a Hkkjr vkSj ,f'k;k dk lcls iqjkuk LV‚d ,Dlpst
a gSA bldh LFkkiuk
1875 esa gqà FkhA bl ,Dlpsat dh igqap 417 'kgjksa rd gSA eqacà LV‚d ,Dlpst
a Hkkjrh; 'ks;j
ckt+kj ds nks çeq[k LV‚d ,Dlpsatksa esa ls ,d gSA nwljk ,Dlpst
a us'kuy LV‚d ,Dlpsat gSA
 Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; cktkj esa viuk Js"B LFkku fnykus esa ch,là dh vge Hkwfedk jgh
gSA
 lsch Securities and Exchange Board of India Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ
¼lsch½ Hkkjr esa çfrHkwfr vkSj foÙk dk fu;ked cksMZ gSA bldh LFkkiuk 12 vçSy 1988 esa gqÃ
rFkk lsch vfèkfu;e 1992 ds rgr oSèkkfud ekU;rk 30 tuojh 1992 dks çkIr gqÃA¼1½ lsch dk
eq[;ky; eqacà esa ckaæk dqykZ ifjlj ds O;kolkf;d ftys esa gSa vkSj Øe'k% uà fnYyh]
dksydkrk] psUuà vkSj vgenkckn esa mÙkjh] iwoÊ] nf{k.kh o if'peh {ks=h; dk;kZy; gSaAlsch dk
çeq[k mís'; Hkkjrh; LVkd fuos'kdksa ds fgrksa dk mÙke laj{k.k çnku djuk vkSj çfrHkwfr cktkj
ds fodkl rFkk fu;eu dks çoÆrr djuk gSA
dBcksyh viHkk"kk ;k xzkE;Hkk"kk ;k LySax (slang) fdlh Hkk"kk ;k cksyh ds mu vukSipkfjd
'kCnksa vkSj okD;ka'kksa dks dgrs gSa tks cksyus okys dh Hkk"kk ;k cksyh esa ekud rks ugÈ ekus tkrs
ysfdu cksypky esa Lohdk;Z gksrs gSa
 mi&laL—fr&,d cM+h laL—fr ds vanj yksxksa ds ,sls lewg dk fuèkZj.k djuk tks çrhdks]a
ewY;ksa rFkk vkLFkkvksa dks cM+h laL—fr ls vdlj mèkkj ysrk gS rFkk çk;% bUgsa fo—r vfrjaftr
;k foijhr dj nsrk gS rkfd vius vki dks vyx n'kkZ lds A
 c`gr ijaijk&blesa lkaL—frd fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k ijaijk,¡ 'kkfey gSa tks fyf[kr gSa rFkk lekt ds
f'kf{kr ,oa lh[ks gq, vfHktkr oxZ }kjk O;kid :i ls Loh—r gSaA
 y?kq ijaijk&blesa laL—fr dh ekSf[kd fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k ijaijk,¡ 'kkfey gSa tks ekSf[kd gS rFkk
xzkeh.k Lrj ij Loh—r gSaA
 lkaL—frd fodklokn&;g laL—fr dk ,d flèkkar gS] tks ;g rdZ nsrk gS fd çk—frd
Lih'kht dh rjg gh laL—fr dk fodkl Hkh fofHkUurk rFkk çk—frd p;u }kjk gksrk gSA
 lekthdj.k&og çfØ;k ftlds }kjk ge lekt dk lnL; cuuk lh[krs gSa A
 cgqlaL—frokn & 1 lekt'kkL=h; n'kZu tks lkaL—frd fofo/krk dks c<+kok nsrk gS] la;qä
jkT; vesfjdk esa dbZ f'k{kdksa }kjk lefFkZr gS] tks fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa dks le>us vkSj mudh
ljkguk djus ds mís'; ls f'k{k.k djrs gSaA2 lekt tks vius Hkhrj vU; lkaL —frd ç.kkfy;ksa
dks ,dh—r djrk gSA
 ewY;% lekt esa D;k vPNk vkSj U;k;iw.kZ gS] ;g le>us ds fy, ,d laL—fr dk ekud
 lkaL—frd lkezkT;okn%fdlh vU; laL—fr ij vius Lo;a ds lkaL—frd ewY;ksa dks tkucw>dj
Fkksiuk
 lkaL—frd lkis{kokn%fdlh laL—fr dks mlds vius ekudksa ls vkadus dh çFkk] u fd fdlh vU;
laL—fr dh rqyuk esa
 lkaL—frd lkoZHkkSfed%iSVuZ ;k y{k.k tks foÜo Lrj ij lHkh lektksa ds fy, leku gSa
 HkkSfrd laL—fr%yksxksa ds lewg dh oLrq,a ;k lkeku
 vHkkSfrd laL—fr%lekt ds fopkj] –f"Vdks.k vkSj foÜokl
 t+us kslsfa VªT+e%;g foÜokl fd nwljh laL—fr Lo;a ls Js"B gS

 Hkkjr dh [kkst &tokgjyky usg: ]v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl]1946

 ehfM;k vkSj ge &jktgal us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml 2016

 u;s nkSj dk u;k flusek&fç;n'kZu] ok.kh çdk'ku 2015
 ekuo vkSj laL—fr&;qfyvku czkseys;]jkseku iksnksYuh ]vuqokn ;ksxæsa ukxiky ]xkxhZ çdk'ku 2020
 Media Culture- Bob franklin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN4FgBXoVg8
 fgUnh Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds ckjs esa n'kZdksa dh jk;] vkfcn vyh] lqj's k]
IJRTS Journal of Research
 lkekftd foKkiuksa dk vke turk ij çHkko % ,d v/;;u] vkfcn vyh] lksue] laLdkj psruk varjk"Vªh;
'kks/k if=dk Vol&10&11 ¼2015½
 M‚ vEcsMdjvkSj jk"Vªh; fuekZ.k ]M‚ jkds'k ]2018 ]Cyw jkst ifCyds'ku
 jk"Vªh; ,drk ds fy, f'k{kk https://hi.vikaspedia.in/education/education-best
practices/93093e93794d91f94d93094092f-90f91592493e-91594793293f90f
93693f91594d93793e

 https://www.mjprustudypoint.com/2021/01/basic-elements-national-power.html

 https://hindi-essay.com/
 jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vkèkkj gS jk"Vªh; xkSjo %jk"Vªifr jkeukFk dksÇon https://avadhnama.com/
 fgUnh dh vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk % igpku cukus dh tíkstgn lat; f}osnh
 https://www.pravakta.com/economic-journalism-in-hindi-struggle-to-identify-
sanjay-dwivedi/

 https://www.drishtiias.com/hindi/images/uploads/1589967856_IndianEconomy-

Part%E2%80%932.pdf

 vkÆFkd i=dkfjrk&ys[kd vkyksd iqjkf.kd] çHkkr çdk'ku] 2007-

 Denis Mcquail.(2005), Mass Communication Theory, An Introduction, Sage
Publications, London
 Jagadish Vachani (1999), Media Politics and Ownership: Response and
Responsibilities, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi

 G.S Ranganathan. (2007). Journalism Media and Public Responsibility,

S.S.Publishers, New Delhi
 Vir Bala Aggarwal and V. S. Gupta (2001), Handbook of Journalism and Mass
Communication, Concept PublishingCompany, New Delhi
 Dutta Soumya (2011), Social Responsibility of Media And Indian Democracy, Global
MediaJournal.
 Ravi B.K. (2012), Media And Social Responsibility: A Critical Perspective With
Special Reference To Television. Academic Research International. 2(1), 306-25
 Katju Markandey. (2011, October 21). Media and issues of responsibility. The Hindu.
 fxzVt ] fdYQksMZ- 1973- n baVjçsVs'ku v‚Q+ dYplZ csfld cqDl U;w;kdZ A
 eq[ktÊ Mh-ih- 1948@1979- lksf'k;ksykth v‚Q+ bafM;u dYpj jkor ifCyds'kal- t;iqjA
 ewY;fu"B jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk %èkkÆed i=dkfjrk ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa uafnuh] M‚ fouksn dqekj
ikaMs ,Proceeding of International Conference : Media, Culture and

Development: Issues and Perspective Volume-2 (Theme: Media)

 http://mpbou.edu.in/slm/B.Ed_SLM/bed02_08_b1_unit-4.pdf

 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-

introtosociology/chapter/cultural-similarities-and-differences/