Article

Volume 13, Issue 5, 2023, 496

https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC135.496

Degree-Based Molecular Descriptors of Chain Biphenylene

Yusuf Zeren 1 , Abdu Alameri 2,* , Mohammed Alsharafi 3 , Ahmed Ayache 4 ,
5
Muhammad Kamran Jamil
1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey;
yzeren@yildiz.edu.tr (Y.Z.);
2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Yemen;
a.alameri2222@gmail.com (A.A.);
3 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey;
alsharafi205010@gmail.com (M.A.);
4 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; aaayache@uob.edu.bh (A.A.);
5 Department of Mathematics, Riphah Institute of Computing and Applied Sciences, Riphah International University,
Lahore, Pakistan; m.kamran.sms@gmail.com (M.K.J.);
* Correspondence: a.alameri2222@gmail.com; (A.A.);
Scopus Author ID 57194078029
Received: 20.05.2022; Accepted: 7.10.2022; Published: 6.01.2023

Abstract: With the fast advancement of the industry, including the drug and medical fields, Irregularity
Descriptors may help to measure the physicochemical and Nano-properties, which are necessary for a
growing industry. Biphenylene is a two-dimensional polymeric material that is among the most active
areas of investigation in chemistry, biology, and physics. In our article, in view of structure analysis
and mathematical derivation, we studied some topological descriptors such as the General Harmonic
index, Redefined version of Zagreb indices, the Sombor index 𝑆𝑂, the General sum-connectivity index,
First and Second multiplicative Zagreb index, Geometric arithmetic index, Ordinary Geometric-
arithmetic index Atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index and Irregularity Descriptors of molecular chain
graphs of Biphenylene 𝐷𝑛 . Furthermore, by the concepts of well-known degree-based descriptors, we
introduced new degree-based descriptors such as (the Yemen-Sombor index) (𝑌𝑆 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥), Second
General sum-connectivity index (𝜒2𝛼 ), Third General sum-connectivity index (𝜒3𝛼 ), Generalized
General sum-connectivity index (𝜒𝛼𝛼 ) of chain Biphenylene. These numerical values correlate with
structural facts and chemical reactivity, biological activities, and physical properties. The results
obtained could help us learn more about the characteristics of the chain Biphenylene.

Keywords: irregularity indices; molecular structures; degree-based molecular descriptors; chain

biphenylene.
© 2023 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction

Topological descriptors describe the design of the molecular structure and significantly
impact different properties and activities like entropy, acentric factor, stability, boiling point,
molar refraction, etc., of chemical compounds [1–3]. There is a wide range of topological
descriptors: degree-based, distance-based, eigenvalue-based, matching-based, and mixed-
based [4–6]. Hundred-degree-based descriptors are introduced to study compounds' properties,
which have been used in chemical, medical and pharmacy engineering. Gutman and Trinajstić
[7,8] presented the first degree-based structure descriptors (first and second Zagreb indices) in
(1972). The first and second Zagreb indices were introduced by Ashrafi et al. in (2010) [9].
Furtula et al. (2015) introduced the forgotten index and coindex (F-index, F-coindex) [10,11].
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Alameri et al. [12,13] (2020) defined new degree-based structure descriptors the (𝑌 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥)
and (𝑌 − 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥). The Harmonic index was introduced by Zhong [14]. Recently, in order to
extend the harmonic index for more chemical applications, Yan et al. [15] introduced the
General Harmonic index, which is defined in Equation 1.
2 (1)
𝐻𝑘 (Γ) = ∑ ( )𝑘 ,
𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
Ranjini et al. [16] defined the Redefined first, second and third Zagreb indices for a
graph 𝐺, and these are manifested as:
𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣) 𝛿(𝑢)𝛿(𝑣)
𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺1 (Γ) = ∑ , 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺2 (Γ) = ∑ , (2)
𝛿(𝑢)𝛿(𝑣) 𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) 𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)

𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺3 (Γ) = ∑ (𝛿(𝑢) 𝛿(𝑣))(𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣)),

𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)

The Sombor index 𝑆𝑂 was introduced by Gutman [17], which is defined as

(3)
𝑆𝑂(Γ) = ∑ √𝛿Γ2 (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ2 (𝑣),
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
The General sum-connectivity index [18] is defined as
𝜒 𝛼 (Γ) = ∑ [𝛿Γ (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ (𝑣)]𝛼 , (4)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
The first multiplicative Zagreb index introduced by Gutman [19]
𝑃𝑀1 (Γ) = ∏ [𝛿Γ (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ (𝑣)], (5)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
The second multiplicative Zagreb index defined by Ghorbani and Azimi [20]
𝑃𝑀2 (Γ) = ∏ [𝛿Γ (𝑢) 𝛿Γ (𝑣)], (6)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
The geometric arithmetic index introduced by Ghorbani and Azimi [21]
2√𝛿(𝑢)𝛿(𝑣) (7)
𝐺𝐴(Γ) = ∑ ,
𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
As the extension of the geometric-arithmetic index, Eliasi et al. [22] proposed the
Ordinary Geometric-arithmetic index
2√𝛿(𝑢)𝛿(𝑣) 𝑘 (8)
𝑂𝐺𝐴𝑘 (Γ) = ∑ ( ) ,
𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
Atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index defined by Estrada et al. [23]
(9)
𝛿(𝑢) + 𝛿(𝑣) − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶(Γ) = ∑ √ ,
𝛿(𝑢)𝛿(𝑣)
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
And by the concepts of the Yemen index (𝑌 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥) and the Sombor index 𝑆𝑂, we
introduce a new degree-based index named (the Yemen-Sombor index) denoted by (𝑌𝑆 −
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥) and define by:
(10)
𝑌𝑆(Γ) = ∑ √𝛿Γ3 (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ3 (𝑣),
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
Moreover, by the definition of the General sum-connectivity index, we introduce new
degree-based indices denoted by (Second General sum-connectivity index 𝜒2𝛼 (Γ)), (Third

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General sum-connectivity index 𝜒3𝛼 (Γ)), (Generalized General sum-connectivity index

𝜒𝛼𝛼 (Γ))and define respectively by:
𝜒 𝛼 (Γ) = ∑ [𝛿 2 (𝑢) + 𝛿 2 (𝑣)]𝛼 , (11)
2 Γ Γ
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)

𝜒3𝛼 (Γ) = ∑ [𝛿Γ3 (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ3 (𝑣)]𝛼 , (12)

𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)

𝜒𝛼𝛼 (Γ) = ∑ [𝛿Γ𝛼 (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ𝛼 (𝑣)]𝛼 , (13)

𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
Irregularity indices are used to express the irregularity of graphs. For regular graphs,
the irregularity descriptor vanishes, and it will be non-zero for non-regular graphs. Many
researchers computed the irregularity descriptors for various chemical structures. Table 1
shows twelve degree-based irregularity indices.

Table 1. Irregularity indices.

Irregularity indices Form of index
𝐴𝐿 index [24] 𝐴𝐿(Γ) = ∑ |𝛿Γ (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣)|
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
1
𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑡 index [25] 𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑡 (Γ) = ∑ |𝛿 (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣)|
2 𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) Γ
𝐼𝑅𝐹 index [26] 𝐼𝑅𝐹(Γ) = ∑ (𝛿Γ (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣))2
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)

𝐼𝑅𝐵 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐵(Γ) = ∑ (√𝛿Γ (𝑢) − √𝛿Γ (𝑣))2

𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
1 1
𝐼𝑅𝐴 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐴(Γ) = ∑ ( − )2
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) √𝛿Γ (𝑢) √𝛿Γ (𝑣)
𝐼𝑅𝐿 index [28] 𝐼𝑅𝐿(Γ) = ∑ |ln(𝛿Γ (𝑢)) − ln(𝛿Γ (𝑣))|
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
𝛿Γ (𝑢) 𝛿Γ (𝑣)
𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼𝐹 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼𝐹(Γ) = ∑ −| |
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) 𝛿Γ (𝑣) 𝛿Γ (𝑢)
|𝛿Γ (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣)|
𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑈 index [28] 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑈(Γ) = ∑
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝛿 Γ (𝑢), 𝛿Γ (𝑣)}
|𝛿Γ (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣)|
𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(Γ) = ∑
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) √𝛿Γ (𝑢)𝛿Γ (𝑣)
|𝛿Γ (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣)|
𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐴 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐴(Γ) = ∑
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) (𝛿Γ (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ (𝑣))

𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼(Γ) = ∑ ln[1 + |𝛿Γ (𝑢) − 𝛿Γ (𝑣)|]

𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ)
𝛿Γ (𝑢) + 𝛿Γ (𝑣)
𝐼𝑅𝐺𝐴 index [27] 𝐼𝑅𝐺𝐴(Γ) = ∑ ln( )
𝑢𝑣∈𝐸(Γ) 2√𝛿Γ (𝑢)𝛿Γ (𝑣)

Consequently, graphene is an allotrope of carbon molecules constructed on a

honeycomb grid (hexagonal pattern). Graphene has good heat and electric conductive strength.
Many researchers have computed topological indices of graphene and its applications [29].

(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Biphenylene and its graph; (b) The chain biphenylene graphs 𝐷𝑛 .

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Recently, a novel carbon allotrope named Biphenylene (see Figure. 1) was successfully
fabricated. Biphenylene has attracted considerable attention owing to its promising
applications in various fields [30].
A chain biphenylene where any two of Biphenylene intersect by one edge (see Figure.
1a and b). In this study, in view of structure analysis and mathematical derivation, we evaluated
the General Harmonic index, Redefined version of the Zagreb indices, the Sombor index 𝑆𝑂,
the General sum-connectivity index, the First and Second multiplicative Zagreb index,
Geometric arithmetic index, Ordinary Geometric-arithmetic index Atom-bond connectivity
(ABC) index and Irregularity Descriptors of molecular chain graphs of Biphenylene 𝐷𝑛 .
Furthermore, we derive their corresponding polynomials formulae of chain Biphenylene. We
refer the interested reader to [31–40].

2. Main Results

In this section, we study the General Harmonic index, Redefined version of the Zagreb
indices, the Sombor index 𝑆𝑂, the General sum-connectivity index, the First and Second
multiplicative Zagreb index, the Geometric arithmetic index, the Ordinary Geometric-
arithmetic index, Atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index and Irregularity Descriptors of
molecular chain graphs of Biphenylene 𝐷𝑛 . Moreover, the polynomial formulae for all the
above-mentioned topological descriptors have been introduced.

(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) The vertix color in 𝐷𝑛 ; (b) The edge color in 𝐷𝑛 .

Theorem 2.1. Let 𝐷𝑛 be the 𝑛𝑡ℎ level in chain of Biphenylene. Then,

6 2 1
1. 𝐻𝑘 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 𝑘 + 4( )𝑘 [2𝑛 − 1] + 𝑘 [5𝑛 − 1]
2 5 3
2. 𝑆𝑂(𝐷𝑛 ) = 12√2 + 4√13[2𝑛 − 1] + 3√2[5𝑛 − 1]
3. 𝜒 𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 ⋅ 4𝛼 + 4[2𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 5𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 6𝛼
4. 𝑃𝑀1 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 46 × 58𝑛−4 × 65𝑛−1 .
5. 𝑃𝑀2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 46 × 68𝑛−4 × 95𝑛−1
√6
6. 𝐺𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 + 8 [2𝑛 − 1] + [5𝑛 − 1]
5
2√6 𝑘
7. 𝑂𝐺𝐴𝑘 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 4( ) [2𝑛 − 1] + 5[𝑛 + 1]
5

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1 2
8. 𝐴𝐵𝐶(𝐷𝑛 ) = √ [8𝑛 + 2] + [5𝑛 − 1]
2 3
9. 𝑌𝑆(𝐷𝑛 ) = 24 + 4√35[2𝑛 − 1] + 3√6[5𝑛 − 1]
5 2
10. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺1 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 + [8𝑛 − 4] + [5𝑛 − 1]
6 3
6 3
11. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 + [8𝑛 − 4] + [5𝑛 − 1]
5 2
12. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺3 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 96 + 30[8𝑛 − 4] + 54[5𝑛 − 1]
13. 𝜒2𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 ⋅ 8𝛼 + 4[2𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 13𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 18𝛼
14. 𝜒3𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 ⋅ 16𝛼 + 4[2𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 35𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 54𝛼
2 2
15. 𝜒𝛼𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6 ⋅ 2𝛼 +𝛼 + 4[2𝑛 − 1][2𝛼 + 3𝛼 ]𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 2𝛼 ⋅ 3𝛼
Proof. By (Fig.2 (b)), we see that
3×3 𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎)𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏) = {2 × 3 𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛
2×2 𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘
Therefore, we can write the number of edges and degree of vertices incident on edges
in the chain of Biphenylene at 𝐷𝑛 as follows:
𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = {𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ): 𝛿(𝑎) = 2, 𝛿(𝑏) = 2, 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) = 4}, 𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) = {𝑎𝑏 ∈
𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ): 𝛿(𝑎) = 2, 𝛿(𝑏) = 3, 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) = 6}, 𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) = {𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ): 𝛿(𝑎) = 3, 𝛿(𝑏) =
3, 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) = 9},
And easily by (Fig.2 (b)), the number of the edges |𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )| are given in (Table. 2),

Table 2. The edge partitions in the chain of Biphenylene 𝐷𝑛 .

Edge partition Cardinality
𝐸2,2 6
𝐸2,3 8𝑛 − 4
𝐸3,3 5𝑛 − 1

And by the definition of the General Harmonic index, Sombor index, General sum-
connectivity index, First and Second multiplicative Zagreb indices, Geometric arithmetic
index, Ordinary Geometric-arithmetic index, Atom-bond connectivity index, Yemen-Sombor
index (YS), Redefined first, second and third Zagreb indices, Second, Third and Generalized
General sum-connectivity indices, respectively, we have

2 2
1. 𝐻𝑘 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ ( )𝑘 = ∑ ( )𝑘
𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏) 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )
2 2
+ ∑ ( )𝑘 + ∑ ( )𝑘
𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏) 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
2 𝑘 2 𝑘 2 𝑘
=( ) |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + ( ) |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + ( ) |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2+2 2+3 3+3
6 2 1
= 𝑘 + 4( )𝑘 [2𝑛 − 1] + 𝑘 [5𝑛 − 1].
2 5 3
2. 𝑆𝑂(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ √𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

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= ∑ √𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏) + ∑ √𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

+ ∑ √𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

= √22 + 22 |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + √22 + 32 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + √32 + 32 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|

= 12√2 + 4√13[2𝑛 − 1] + 3√2[5𝑛 − 1].
3. 𝜒 𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 =
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 + ∑ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= [2 + 2] |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [2 + 3]𝛼 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [3 + 3]𝛼 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
𝛼

= 6 ⋅ 4𝛼 + 4[2𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 5𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 6𝛼 .
4. 𝑃𝑀1 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)] =
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)] × ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

× ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛)
|𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= [2 + 2] × [2 + 3]|𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| × [3 + 3]|𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= 46 × 58𝑛−4 × 65𝑛−1 .
5. 𝑃𝑀2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎)𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)] = ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎)𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )

× ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎)𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)] × ∏ [𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝑛 (𝑏)]

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
|𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= [2 ⋅ 2] × [2 ⋅ 3] × [3 ⋅ 3]|𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= 46 × 68𝑛−4 × 95𝑛−1 .
2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
6. 𝐺𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ = ∑
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )

2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
+ ∑ + ∑
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

2√2 × 2 2√2 × 3 2√3 × 3

= |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2+2 2+3 3+3
√6
= 6+8 [2𝑛 − 1] + [5𝑛 − 1].
5
2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝑘 2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝑘
7. 𝑂𝐺𝐴𝑘 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ ( ) = ∑ ( )
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )

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2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝑘 2√𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝑘
+ ∑ ( ) + ∑ ( )
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

2√2 × 2 𝑘 2√2 × 3 𝑘 2√3 × 3 𝑘

=( ) |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + ( ) |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + ( ) |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2+2 2+3 3+3
2√6 𝑘
= 4( ) [2𝑛 − 1] + 5[𝑛 + 1].
5
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) − 2 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) − 2
8. 𝐴𝐵𝐶(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ √ = ∑ √
𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )

𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) − 2 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) − 2

+ ∑ √ + ∑ √
𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3(𝐷𝑛) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

2+2−2 2+3−2 3+3−2

=√ |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + √ |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + √ |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅3

1 1 2
= 6 ⋅ √ + √ [8𝑛 − 4] + [5𝑛 − 1].
2 2 3

9. 𝑌𝑆(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ √𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏) =

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ √𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏) + ∑ √𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏)

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ √𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏)

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

= √23 + 23 |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + √23 + 33 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + √33 + 33 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|

= 24 + 4√35[2𝑛 − 1] + 3√6[5𝑛 − 1].
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
10. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺1 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ = ∑
𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
+ ∑ + ∑
𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
2+2 2+3 3+3
= |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸 (𝐷 )|
2⋅2 2⋅3 3 ⋅ 3 3,3 𝑛
5 2
= 6 + [8𝑛 − 4] + [5𝑛 − 1].
6 3
𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
11. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ = ∑
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )
𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏)
+ ∑ + ∑
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
2⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅3
= |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸 (𝐷 )|
2+2 2+3 3 + 3 3,3 𝑛
6 3
= 6 + [8𝑛 − 4] + [5𝑛 − 1].
5 2

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12. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺3 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ (𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏))[𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)] =

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ (𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏))[𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)] + ∑ (𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏))[𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)]

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2(𝐷𝑛) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ (𝛿(𝑎)𝛿(𝑏))[𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)]
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= (2 ⋅ 2)[4]|𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + (2 ⋅ 3)[5]|𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + (3 ⋅ 3)[6]|𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= 96 + 30[8𝑛 − 4] + 54[5𝑛 − 1].
13. 𝜒2𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 =
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ [𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 + ∑ [𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ [𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷2𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= [22 + 22 ]𝛼 |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [22 +
32 ]𝛼 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [32 + 32 ]𝛼 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= 6 ⋅ 8 + 4[2𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 13𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 18𝛼 .
𝛼

14. 𝜒3𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 =

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ [𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 + ∑ [𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ [𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷3𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
3 3 𝛼
= [2 + 2 ] |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [23 +
33 ]𝛼 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [33 + 33 ]𝛼 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= 6 ⋅ 16 + 4[2𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 35𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 54𝛼 .
𝛼

15. 𝜒𝛼𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 =

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ [𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼 + ∑ [𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ [𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝛿𝐷𝛼𝑛 (𝑏)]𝛼

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= [2 + 2 ] |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [2 + 3𝛼 ]𝛼 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [3𝛼 + 3𝛼 ]𝛼 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
2 2
= 6 ⋅ 2𝛼 +𝛼 + 4[2𝑛 − 1][2𝛼 + 3𝛼 ]𝛼 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 2𝛼 ⋅ 3𝛼 .
Corollary 2.2 Let 𝐷𝑛 be the 𝑛𝑡ℎ level in the chain of Biphenylene. Then,
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1. 𝐻𝑘 (𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 6𝑥 6/2 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 (2/5) + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 (1/3 ) .
2. 𝑆𝑂(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 6 ⋅ 𝑥 2√2 + [8𝑛 − 4] ⋅ 𝑥 √13 + [5𝑛 − 1] ⋅ 𝑥 3√2 .
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
3. 𝜒 𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 6𝑥 4 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 5 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 6 .
6 8𝑛−4 5𝑛−1
4. 𝑃𝑀1 (𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 𝑥 4 × 𝑥 5 × 𝑥6 .
46 68𝑛−4 95𝑛−1
5. 𝑃𝑀2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 𝑥 ×𝑥 ×𝑥 .
(2√6/5)
6. 𝐺𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥.
(2√6/5)𝑘
7. 𝑂𝐺𝐴𝑘 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥.

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8. 𝐴𝐵𝐶(𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 + 2]𝑥 (1/√2) + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 (2/3) .

9. 𝑌𝑆(𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 4 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 √35 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 3√6 .
10. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺1 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 (5/6) + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 (2/3).
11. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺2 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 (6/5) + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 (3/2) .
12. 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐺3 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 16 + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 30 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 54 .
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
13. 𝜒2𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 8 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 13 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 18 .
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
14. 𝜒3𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 16 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 35 + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 54 .
𝛼2 +𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼2
15. 𝜒𝛼𝛼 (𝐷𝑛 ) = 6𝑥 2 + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 [2 +3 ] + [5𝑛 − 1]𝑥 2 ⋅3 .
Theorem 2.3. Let 𝐷𝑛 be the 𝑛𝑡ℎ level in the chain of Biphenylene. Then the irregularity
indices of 𝐷𝑛 are given as follows:
1. 𝐴𝐿(𝐷𝑛 ) = 8𝑛 − 4, 1
2. 𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑡 (𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 − 4],
2
3. 𝐼𝑅𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 − 4], 4. 𝐼𝑅𝐵(𝐷𝑛 ) = [√2 − √3]2 [8𝑛 − 4],
1 1 6. 𝐼𝑅𝐿(𝐷𝑛 ) = |ln2 − ln3|[8𝑛 − 4],
5. 𝐼𝑅𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = [ − ]2 [8𝑛 − 4],
√2 √3
2 3 1
7. 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = [ − ][8𝑛 − 4], 8. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑈(𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 − 4],
3 2 2
1 1
9. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 − 4], 10. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 − 4],
√6 5
11. 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼(𝐷𝑛 ) = ln2 ⋅ [8𝑛 − 4], 5
12. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = [8𝑛 − 4].
2√6
Proof. By the concepts of Irregularity indices as (Table 1) and the number of the edges
|𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )| are given in (Table 2), we have
1. 𝐴𝐿(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| = ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )

+ ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| + ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= |2 − 2||𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |2 − 3||𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |3 − 3||𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= 8𝑛 − 4.
1 1
2. 𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑡 (𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| = ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
2 2
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛)
1 1
+ ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| + ∑ |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
2 2
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
1 1 1
= |2 − 2||𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |2 − 3||𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |3 − 3||𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2 2 2
1
= [8𝑛 − 4].
2
3. 𝐼𝑅𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)]2 = ∑ [𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)]2
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )

+ ∑ [𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)]2 + ∑ [𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)]2

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= [2 − 2]2 |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [2 − 3] |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [3 − 3]2 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2

= 8𝑛 − 4.

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4. 𝐼𝑅𝐵(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [√𝛿(𝑎) − √𝛿(𝑏)]2 =

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛)

∑ [√𝛿(𝑎) − √𝛿(𝑏)]2 + ∑ [√𝛿(𝑎) − √𝛿(𝑏)]2

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ [√𝛿(𝑎) − √𝛿(𝑏)]2
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )

= [√2 − √2] |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [√2 − √3]2 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [√3 − √3]2 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2

= [√2 − √3]2 [8𝑛 − 4].

1 1 2 1 1
5. 𝐼𝑅𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [ − ] = ∑ [ − ]2
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) √𝛿(𝑏) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸 (𝐷
√𝛿(𝑎) √𝛿(𝑏)
2,2 𝑛)
1 1 1 1 2
+ ∑ [ − ]2 + ∑ [ − ]
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) √𝛿(𝑏) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) √𝛿(𝑏)
1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ − ]2 |𝐸2,2(𝐷𝑛 )| + [ − ]2 |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [ − ]2 |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
√2 √2 √2 √3 √3 √3
1 1 2
= [ − ] [8𝑛 − 4].
√2 √3
6. 𝐼𝑅𝐿(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ |ln(𝛿(𝑎)) − ln(𝛿(𝑏))| =
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )

∑ |ln(𝛿(𝑎)) − ln(𝛿(𝑏))| + ∑ |ln(𝛿(𝑎)) − ln(𝛿(𝑏))|

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ |ln(𝛿(𝑎)) − ln(𝛿(𝑏))
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3(𝐷𝑛)
= |ln2 − ln2||𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |ln2 − ln3||𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |ln3 − ln3||𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
= |ln2 − ln3|[8𝑛 − 4].
𝛿(𝑎) 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) 𝛿(𝑏)
7. 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ [ − ]= ∑ [ − ]
𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )
𝛿(𝑎) 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) 𝛿(𝑏)
+ ∑ [ − ]+ ∑ [ − ]
𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
2 2 2 3 3 3
= [ − ]|𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [ − ]|𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + [ − ]|𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2 2 3 2 3 3
2 3
= [ − ][8𝑛 − 4].
3 2
|𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
8. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑈(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ = ∑
𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝛿(𝑎), 𝛿(𝑏)} 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝛿(𝑎), 𝛿(𝑏)}
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )
|𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
+ ∑ + ∑
𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝛿(𝑎), 𝛿(𝑏)} 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝛿(𝑎), 𝛿(𝑏)}
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
|2 − 2| |2 − 3| |3 − 3|
= |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸 (𝐷 )|
𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,2} 𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,3} 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3,3} 3,3 𝑛
1
= [8𝑛 − 4].
2

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|𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|

9. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ = ∑
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏)
|𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
+ ∑ + ∑
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏)
|2 − 2| |2 − 3| |3 − 3|
= |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
√2 ⋅ 2 √2 ⋅ 3 √3 ⋅ 3
1
= [8𝑛 − 4].
√6
|𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
10. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐴(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ = ∑
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛)
|𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)| |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|
+ ∑ + ∑
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
|2 − 2| |2 − 3| |3 − 3|
= |𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| + |𝐸 (𝐷 )|
2+2 2+3 3 + 3 3,3 𝑛
1
= [8𝑛 − 4].
5
11. 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ ln[1 + |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|] =
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷𝑛)

∑ ln[1 + |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|] + ∑ ln[1 + |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|]

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)

+ ∑ ln[1 + |𝛿(𝑎) − 𝛿(𝑏)|]

𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
= ln[1 + |2 − 2|]|𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + ln[1 + |2 − 3|]|𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
+ln[1 + |3 − 3|]|𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| = ln2 ⋅ [8𝑛 − 4].
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
12. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(𝐷𝑛 ) = ∑ ln( )= ∑ ln( )
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸(𝐷 )
2√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸 (𝐷 )
2√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏)
𝑛 2,2 𝑛
𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏) 𝛿(𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑏)
+ ∑ ln( )+ ∑ ln( )
𝑎𝑏∈𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛)
2√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏) 𝑎𝑏∈𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )
2√𝛿(𝑎) ⋅ 𝛿(𝑏)
2+2 2+3
= ln( )|𝐸2,2 (𝐷𝑛 )| + ln(
)|𝐸2,3 (𝐷𝑛 )|
2√2 ⋅ 2 2√2 ⋅ 3
3+3 5
+ln( )|𝐸3,3 (𝐷𝑛 )| = [8𝑛 − 4].
2√3 ⋅ 3 2√6
Corollary 2.4 Let 𝐷𝑛 be the 𝑛𝑡ℎ level in the chain of Biphenylene. Then the irregularity
polynomials of 𝐷𝑛 are given as follows:
1. 𝐴𝐿(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥,
1
2. 𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑡 (𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5𝑛 + 2 + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥,
2
3. 𝐼𝑅𝐹(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥,
2
4. 𝐼𝑅𝐵(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + 4[2𝑛 − 1]𝑥 [√2−√3] ,
2
5. 𝐼𝑅𝐴(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 [1/√2−1/√3] ,
6. 𝐼𝑅𝐿(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 |ln2−ln3|,
7. 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼𝐹(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 −5/6 ,
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8. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝑈(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 1/2 ,

9. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 1/√6 ,
10. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐴(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 1/5 ,
11. 𝐼𝑅𝐷𝐼(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 ln2 ,
12. 𝐼𝑅𝐿𝐹(𝐷𝑛 , 𝑥) = 5(𝑛 + 1) + [8𝑛 − 4]𝑥 5/2√6 .

4. Conclusions

The present study has studied some topological descriptors such as the General
Harmonic index, Redefined version of Zagreb indices, the Sombor index 𝑆𝑂, the General sum-
connectivity index, the First and Second multiplicative Zagreb index, the Geometric arithmetic
index, Ordinary Geometric-arithmetic index Atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index and
Irregularity Descriptors of molecular chain graphs of Biphenylene 𝐷𝑛 . Moreover, by the
concepts of well-known degree-based descriptors, we introduced new degree-based descriptors
such as the Yemen-Sombor index (𝑌𝑆 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥), Second General sum-connectivity index
(𝜒2𝛼 ), Third General sum-connectivity index (𝜒3𝛼 ), Generalized General sum-connectivity
index (𝜒𝛼𝛼 ) of chain Biphenylene. Furthermore, we derived their corresponding polynomials
formulae of chain Biphenylene. Therefore, the results obtained in this study could help us learn
more about the characteristics of the chain Biphenylene and can also perform a valuable role
in the findings on the significance of the considered structures.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers in advance.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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