HINDUISM

INTRODUCTION

HINDUISM IS THE WORLDS’S THRID LARGEST RELIGION WITH AORUND 15% OF

THE ENTIRED POPULATION PRACTICING THE HINDU FAIGHT. HINDU FOLLOWERS
INDIA COMPRISE THE MAJOR BULK WITH ALMOST 80% OF THE COUNTRY’S
POPULATION ADHERING TO THE RELIGION. OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES WITH
CONSIDERABLE HINDUISM FAITHFULS INCLUDE NEPAL (23 MILLION), BANLADESH
(15 MILLION), INDONESIA (3.9 MILLION IN BALI). THERE ARE ALSO SUBSTANIAL
NUMBER OF HINDUS IN MAURITIUS, GUYANA, FIJI, BHUTAN, TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGO, SURINAME, AND SIR LANGKA. HINDUISM WAS NEVER A MISSIONARY
RELIGION UNLIKE CHRISTIANITY OR ISLAM (BROWN 1975). WITH CHANGES
TIMES, HOW EVER THERE HAVE BEEN PROSELYTING ACTIVITIES BY HIMNDU
MISSIONARES IN SOME WESTERN CITIES.

THREE OTHER RELIGIONS THAT SPRUNG IN INDIA HAVE THEIR ORIGINS OF

HINDUISM. AROUND SIXTH CENTURY B.C.E…, JAINISM AND BUDHISIM APPEARED
TO CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL INDIAN BELIEF AND PRACTICES. IN THE FIFTEENTH
CENTURY C.E.., SIKHISM AROSE THAT FEATURED HINDU AND ISLAMIC
ONFLUENCES.

JAINISM
INIDAN RELIGION TEACHING A PATH TO SPIRITUAL AND ENLIGHTED THROUGH
DICIPLINES NONVIOLENCE (AHIMSA, LITERALLY “NON-INJURY’) TO ALL LIVING
CREATURES

BUDHISM
IS AN OFFSHOT OF HINDUISM .ITS FOUNDER, SIDDHARTA GUATAMA,
STARTED OUT AS A HINDU. FOR THIS REASON, BUDDHISM IS OFTEN
REFFERED TO AS AN OFFSHOT OF HINDUISM. KNOWN TO THE WORLD AS
BUDDHA. GAUTAMA IS BELIEVE TO HAVE BEEN A WEALTHY INDIAN PRINCE.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
HINDUISM IS OFTENTIMES CONSIDERED A THE OLDEST AND THE MOST
COMPLEX OF ALL WORLD RELIGION. WHILE THE MOST ACTIVE RELIGIONS
OF THE MODERN TIMES MAY HAVE STARTED AROUND SIXTH CENTURY
B.C.E ONWARDS, ELEMENTS AND THEMES OF HINDU BELIEF MAY HAVE
BEGUN AROUND THE THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.E IN ADDDITIONS, UNLIKE
OTHER MAJOR RELIGION, HINDUISM HAD NO NE IDENTIFIABLE FOUNDER

THE TERM HINDU ORIGINATED FROM PERSIAN EORD HINDU (IN SANKRIT
SINDHU). WHICH MEANS “RIVER. IT ALSO REFERS TO THE PEOPLE OF THE
INDUS VALLEYS THE INDIANS (BOWKER 1997). THE NAME HINDUISM WAS
GUVEN IN THE NINETEENTH THE INDIANS CENTURY TO DESCRIBE THE
WIDE ARRAY OF BELIEF SYSTEM OF LIFE IN INDIA. HINDUISM WAS
ORIGINALLY KNOWN AS ‘ARYA DAHMA” OR THE ‘ARYAN WAY’

AS EARLY AS 3000 B.C.E., THERE WERE ALREADY THRIVING CIVILIZATION IN

INDIA, SUCH AS THOSE DISCOVERED IN THE ANCIENT PUNJAB CITY OR
HARAPPA AND IN MOHENJO-DARO ALONG THE INDUS. HOWEVER, WE
KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT THE BELIEF SYSTEM OF THESE EARLY PEOPLE
(BROWN 1975). HISTORICALLY, THE FOUNDATION OF HINDUISM MAY HAVE
ORIGINATED FROM THE CUSTOMS OF THE ARLY PEOPLE OF THE INDUS
VALLY AROUND 2500 B.C.E, IN THE MORE ADVANCED CULTURED OF THE
DRAVIDIANS, FROM THE ARYANS WHO INVADED NORTHWEST INDIA
AROUND 1500 B.C.E (BOWKER 1997).

IN THE 1920S, ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION IN THE TWO PRE-ARYAN

CITIES OF HARAPPA AND MOHENJPO-DARO REVEALED THAT THE NATIVES
ALREADY HAD FLOURISHING CIVILIZATIONS WITH THEIR AGRIULTURAL
CITIES CHARACTERIZED BY WELL-PLANNED STREETS WITH DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS. UNFORTUNATELY, DESPITE HAVING A WRITTEN LAUNGUAGE, IT
HAS NOT YET BEEN DECIPHERED. AS A RESULT, VITAL INFORMARION
CONCERNING THE PRE-ARYANS LIFE AND RELIGION BELIEFS HAS BEEN
ELUSIVE. OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PRE-ARYAN BELIEF CAN BE SEEN FROM
THE NUMEROUS STATUES AND AMULETS RECOVERED BY
ARCHEOLOGISTS. IMAGES OF FERTILITY GODS AND GODDESS ARE
NOTICEABLE FROM THESE ARTEFACTS WHILE SOME FIGURES APPEEAR IN
THE LOTUS POSITION WHICH WAS LATER ABSORBED BY YOGA HINDUISM
AND OTHER SECTS. LATER ELEMENTS OF HINDUISM MAY HAVE TAKEN
SHAPE FROM THE PRACTICES OF PRE-ARYAN PEOPLE WHO WERE
ALREADY CIVILIZED CITY DWELLERS (1983).

BETWEEN 1750 B.C.E., ARYANS CONQUERORS MOVED TO THE INDUS

VALLEY AND BROUGHT WITH THEM THEIR OWN SET OF BELIEFS THAT
EVENTUALLY MINGLED WITH THE RELIGION OF THE NATIVES. CLASSICAL
HINDUISM RESULTED IN THE AMALGAMATION OF THEIR FAITHS. AORUNF
SIXTH CENTURY B.C.E., THEEY BEGAN TO SETTLE INTO CITIES WHILE
LOCAL LEADERS STARTED ORGANIZING SMAALL KINGDOMS FOR
THEMSELVES.

ARYANS BROUGHT WITH THYEM THEIR SET OF BELIEF BASED ON ORAL

TEXT KNOW AS VEDAS. THIS VEDIC LITERATURE, HOW EVER WAS CHIEFLY
COMPOSED AT THE TIME THE ARYANS HAD ALREADY STTLED IN INDIA AND
BLENDED WITH THE NATIVES. ADMITTEDLY, THERE IS MUCH DIFFICULTY IN
IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS IN THE VEDAS THAT ARE GENUINELY PRE-ARYAN
OR ARYAN INFLUENCED. HOWEVER, CERTAIN FUNDAMENTAL
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE ARYAN RELIGION CAN BE STATED HERE.
FIRSTLY, THE ARYANS BROUGHT WITH THEM A POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION
SIMILAR TO THAT OF OTHER INDO-EUROPEAN PEOPLE. THE SUN, THE
MOON AND STORM, ARE EPRSONIFIED IN REFERENCE IN THE PANTHEON
OF GODS AND GODDES WORSHIPPED BY THE ARYANS. SECONDLY,
SACRIFICE WAS THE PRINCIPAL FORM OF WORSHIP TO THE ARYAN GODS.
OFFERINGS TO GODS INCLUDE ANIMALS AMND DIARY PRODUCTS
PERFORMED ON ALTARS IN OPEN SPACES. SINCE ARYANS WERE
NOMADIC, GTHEY HAD NO TEMPLES. IN GENERAL, HINDUISM HAS PRE-
ARYAN AND ARYAN ELEMENTS THAT DATE BACK TO ANCIENT TIMES.

SACRED SCRIPTURES
THE SACRED TEXT OF HINDUISM HAVE BEEN PRINCIPALLY PASSED DOWN
TROUGHT GENERATIONS BY WAY OF MUSIC, RECITATION, DANCE AND
DRAMA. SANSKRIT HAS BEEN THE LANGUAGE OF THE EARLIST WRITING.
THE SACRED WRITINGS OF THE HINDUS ARE CATEGORIZED IN TWO
CLASSES, THE SHURTI AND SMRITI.

SHRUTI
SHRUTI LITERALLY MEANS “THAT WHICH IS HEARD”. TEHYARE REGARDED
AS ETERNAL THRUTHS THAT WERE PASSED ORALLY UNTIL THE BEGINNING
OF THE PRESENT AGE WHEREIN THER CAME THE NEED TO WRITE THEM
DOWN. THE FOUR COLLECTIONS OF THE TEXT OF THE VEDAS FORM THE
SHRUTI AND ARE CONSIDERED AS THE PRIMARY SOURCE AND THE MOST
AUTHORITATIVE TEXTS OF THE HINDU FAITH. OTHER WRITINGS THAT FORM
PART OF SHRUTI INCLUDE THE SAMHITAS, BRAHMANAS, UPANISHADS AND
A FEW SUTRAS.

SMHRITI
SMRITI LITERALLY MEANS “THAT WHICH HAS BEEN REMEMBERED”. THESE
WRITINGS TO SERVE TO REINFORCE SHURTI AND ARE INTERPRETED BY
SAGES AND SCHOLARS ALIKE. MOST PF GTHESE TEXTS ARE SECTARIAN IN
NATURE AND CONSIDERED OF LESSER IMPORTANCE COMPARED TO
SHRUTI, SUCH AS STORIES AMD LEGEND, CODES OF CONDUCT FOR THE
SOCIETY, AND GUIDEBOOKS FOR WORSHIP. THE GREAT EPICS RAMAYANA
AND MAHABHARATA, WHICH CONTAINS THE PHILOSOPHICAL POEM
BHAGAVAD GITA, ARE PART OF SHRUTI. THESE ARE NATIONAL EPIC IN
INDIA AND CONSIDERED TO BE THE SACRED TECXTS OF THE MASSES
WHERE THEY DRAW THEIRVALUES AND IDEALS.

VEDAS
The Vedas existed in oral form and were passed down from master to student for
generations until they were committed to writing between c. 1500 - c. 500 BCE (the
so-called Vedic Period) in India. They were carefully preserved orally as masters
would have students memorize them forwards and backwards with emphasis on
exact pronunciation in order to keep what was originally heard intact.

The Vedas are therefore regarded as Shruti in Hinduism meaning “what is heard” as
contrasted with other texts designated Smritis (“what is remembered”), accounts of
great heroes and their struggles in works such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and
Bhagavad Gita (although some sects of Hinduism regard the Bhagavad Gita as
Shruti). The texts which make up the Four Vedas are:

 Rig Veda
 Sama Veda
 Yajur Veda
 Atharva Veda

Each of these is further divided into types of text included within them:

Aranyakas - rituals, observances

Brahmanas - commentaries on said rituals

Samhitas - benedictions, prayers, mantras

Upanishads – philosophical narratives and dialogues

BELIEF AND DOCTRINES
The hindu faith offers its followers any path to salvation. They may find
liberation from the cycle of line through devotion to one or more gods. Gods and
goddess can be worshipped at their temples. In temples, devotees can pray and
offer sacrifice so that they can gain favor from the deities and assist them in their
struggle for salvation. Bhakti stand for the soul’s longing for and clinging to god.

DEVOTION TO THE TRIMURTI

Central to Hinduism is the Brahman who is the ultimate reality, one and
undivided (hopfe 1983).
Brahman- is often seen in three forms or functions.
Trimurti- these are creation, preservation, and destruction. These functions are
expressed in gods forms, namely, Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver;
and shiva, the destroyer.
Brahman has four heads and eight hands. His chief consort is Saraswati, the
goddess of science and wisdom. Brahman’s vehicle is a swan or goose which
symbolizes knowledge.
Known as a god of love, benevolence, and forgiveness, Vishnu’s primary
concern is humanity itself. Vishnu has appeared on earth in nine different forms and
will come a tenth ti me to end the present era or kalpa to bring the world to the
end.
Lists the 10 avatars of Vishnu
Incarnation Form Attribubes
Matsya Fish Saved humanity and the sacred Veda texts from flood
Kurma Turtle Helped create the world by supporting it on his back
Varaha Boar Raised the earth out of water with his tusks
Narasimha Half-man, half-lion Destroyed a tyrant king
Vamana Dwarf Subdued king Bali , a powerful demon
Parshurama Brahmin Destroy the warrior class
Rama Man Rescued his wife sita and killed the demon Ravana
Krishna Man Told the epic poem Bhagavad Gita to the warrior Arjuna
Buddha Man The enlightened man
Kalki horse Yet to come to earth

Krishna- His most popular manifestation, who is blue is Lakshmi, the goddess of fortune.
Vishnu & Lakshmi- who is seated on a lotus between two elephants with their trunks raised above
her. Ride the eagle mount or kite Garuda, the symbol of the sky and the sun. The snake in Garuda’s
claws represents water.
Shiva - is the third in the trimurti
-As the destroyer and the god of death, destruction and deases.
- he is also god of dance, vegetable, animal, and human reproduction (hopfe 1983).
Lingam – the male energy surrounded by the yomi.
Yomi - the female source of energy (Bowker 1997)
Kali- is the frequently the subject of intense devotion. Also the ferocious form of consorts
Routes to Roksha
From the Upanishads one may find the three principal and inter-related doctrines within the
indian religion.
Samsarsa-Firstly, every soul dies and is reborn anew in new form. Second, one’s deeds have
an effect in this or future life. Lastly, one may escape the weary round of death and birth
(Parrinder 1971). Lastly, one may escape the weary round of death and birth.
Eternal sour or atman- that is being reborn many times and in various form in accordance to
the moral law or karma.
Moral law or karma- a soul may escape the cycle of rebirth and attain moksha.
The word yoga is derived from the foot word yuj which translated as “to yoke” or “to join”
Father of modern yoga- he is codified the teachings of yoga in his yoga sutra.

THE FOUR YOGAS

The Four Yogas Practices
Jnana yoga- the ways of knowledee The path of knowledge, wisdom,
introspection, and contemplation
Bhakti yoga- the way love The path pf devotion, emotion, love,
compassion, and services, to god and
others
Karma yoga- the way of work The path of action, service to others,
mindfulness, and remembering the levels of
our being while fulfilling our action or
karma in the world.
Raja yoga- the way of meditation The path of meditation that directly deals
with the encountering and transcending
thoughts of the mind.
THE FOUR DESIRABLE GOAL OF LIFE/PURUSHARTA
 Dharma- appropriate behavior
 Artha- the pursuit of legitimate worldly success
 Kama- the pursuit of legitimate pleasure
 Moksha- release from rebirth
WORSHIP AND OBSEVANCES
In Hinduism is an act of religion devotion usually directed to one or more hindu deitis, it
usually perform worship in Temple or at Home.

Devas- hindu scriptures state that there 330 million gods or devas.

TEN TYPES OF WORSHIP

1. Puja- ritual, worship, especially of the diety.
2. Arti- the greeting ceremony with lamps, etc.
3. Bhajan or kirtan- hyms and chants (often during art).
4. Darshan- taking audience of diety or holy person.
5. Prasad- offering and eating sacred food.
6. Pravachan- talk lecture on scripture.
7. Havan- sacred fire ceremony.
8. Japa/meditation/prayer- internal practices worship.
9. Parikram/pradashina- circumambulation.
10. Seva- active service, to the deity, holy people, etc

FESTIVAL CELEBRATED BY HINDUS IN A YEAR

MONTH NAMES OF FESTIVALS SIGNIFICANCE
January Lohri Celebrated in the Punjab, this marks the end
of winter
February Pongal-Sanskranti A feast held in south india to celebrate the
rise harvest
March Holi The national celebration of spring and the
new year
March Shivaratri A national honoring of shiva; Worshippers
fast during the day, and an all-night vigil is
held at shiva temples.
April Sri vaishnavas An honouring of Vishnu and his consort sri,
celebrated in madras at the beginning of the
hot season; images of Vishnu are taken from
the temples to the seashore.
May Rathayatra The birthday of lord Jagannath, celebrated
with chariots in puri
August Janmashtami The birthday of Krishna,, celebrated
nationally; worshippers fast during the day
and break the fast in the evening, following a
special puja, or worship.
 September Dusserah A celebration of the triumph of good over
evil, in honor of durga or rama
September Ganesh Chaturthi The birthday 0f ganesh, celebrated nationally
throughout india; huge images of ganesh are
paraded.
October Diwali A national celebration in honor of rama and
his consort

Mantras or vibrating- sounds that summon the deity and the Prasad or gift
offerings.

Darshan- pertaining to seing and being in the presence of deity.

How they celebrate- in temples, ceremonies may be in the form of offering a flame,
milk or honey and even reciting chants and music.

Days- while worship may be undertaken any day of week, Thursday is consider to
be the most opportune day.

Main festivals- Holi, Diwali, and Dusserah

Holi- a cultural significance among various hindu traditions of the Indian

subcontinent. It is the festive day to end and rid oneself of past errors, to end
conflicts by meeting others, a day to forget and forgive.

Diwali or festival of lights- in india’s biggest and most important holiday of the year
held in October or November that is similar to the Christmas holiday of the
Christians. Indian light outside their homes to symbolize the inner light that
safeguards the people from evil forces.

Dusserah- is a prominent hindu festival observed on the tenth day of Navaratri. It

commemorates the triumph of lord rama over the demon king ravana, symbolizing
the victory of good over evil.

City of Varanasi or Benares- Is the most important and sacred pilgrimage site in india
and is considered as the home of shiva.

Other Popular sites in Kurukshetra(the place of the great war of mahabharata)-

ayodhya(the old capital of rama), and Mathura(Krishna’s Birthplace).

SCRIPT: PPG 1ST-2ND READING

gresyos Secretary: may we all stand up for the national anthem.

oplik beating

prayer- izzy

majority leader 1 Jhovenson :we are ready to start mr. president

adam speaker: secretary please call the role call of the senators

secretary gresysos: role call of members senator 1-12

Mr. speaker Adam: Start session

majority leader jhovenson: Mr Speaker a move that we defer approval of the Journal
of the previous session

adam Speaker: there any objections for the referral journal, hearing none the motion
is approved

majority leader jhovenson: mr speaker. now we move that we now proceed with the
reference of business and the request for the general secretary to read the title the
bills and resolutions and first reading

speaker adam: the secretary is now directed to read the title of the bills and
resolution as well as the referral for the appropriate committee and communication if
there are any.
secretary gresyos: today, led by our sponsor and education champion senator
Cayne Loraine Bolambao, our honorable senators ensured that the department will
have sufficient funding to begin our road to recovery.

DepEd wants P848-billion budget for 2023.

(first reading/kini):

The department of education (DepEd) requested for a 2024 budget of P848 billion to
oversee the sale return of students to schools after two years of distance learning,
but the amount was parked down by the department of budget management (DBM).
This proposal, which seeks to propel education recovery, has been submitted to the
senate ACT hopes for the department to secure the following budget. DepEd budget
for their new classrooms, each school to have a registrar, nurse, guidance
counselor, librarian, property custodian, and security guard, For unpaid and new
teaches benefits, for hiring new teachers. For laptop and computer packages, for
health facitities and supplies, for new desks, for textbook, among others. Amidst the
various challenges confronting basic education, amplified even further by the covid-
19 pandemic, learning recovery truly requires a whole-of-nation approach. Thank
you.

(adam) president: To those who are in favor to approve this DepEd request budget
for 2023, plss say AYE And for those who are not pls say NO

ALL: AYE

THE MAJORITY VOTE IS YES SO AS FOR THAT THE DEP-ED REQUEST

BUDGET FOR 202315 NOW APPROVED ON THE FIRST READING.

(committee time)
Majority james: Good afternoon, Department of education wants P848-billion budget
for 2023 we are calling for the increase in budget for education, at least 6% of the
GDP. The clamor to raise the allocation for education also comes as the country
deals with learning losses brought by disruption due to the pandemic. For two years,
the country implemented distance education which has been perceived as
ineffective. The DepEd also said it was planning to hire more personal to relive
teacher is of administrative tasks, enabling them to focus on teaching. This scheme,
of course, would entail additional funds.

[2nd reading] (Viah)

Excuse me Mr. speaker I want to say something.

(Mr. speaker/Adam) 'Majority flow leader'

(Majority flow leader/Marmar)

Yes, Mr. speaker of this juncture may acknowledge the distinguish gentle woman
from Roxas to make a manifestation Mr. President.

speaker adam: the speaker acknowledge the distinguish woman from Roxas to
make a manifestation.

(Viah)

Thank you, What to do with the DepEd confidential fund remains a question. And so
at the proper time, because it was expressed by the DepEd leadership that they will
defer this to Congress, that I hope my colleagues in the Senate will share the view
that there are no extraordinarily compelling reasons to provide a confidential fund to
the Education agency.

(Cipriano) 'your honor I want to say something

(Majority flow leader/Marmar) Mr. speaker, the senator of Roxas Mr. Quiri-quiri would
also like to be recognize.
(Mr. speaker/Adam) 'Okay, the senator of Roxas Mr. Quiri-quiri is recognized

(Cipriano)

we should not hold back on investing in education, as education is the only legacy
we can leave our children that will never go to waste. This proves this
administration's commitment to invest in human capital development and youth
empowerment," Sec.

let's thrive for a better normal by enabling genuine lasting resilience for all together
we can lead the way towards a resilient and sustainable....and for our future.
generations.

(Lawrence) excuse me Mr. speaker

(Marmar) Mr. speaker, the representative of Buhing Kalipay Mr.Saludez would also
like to be recognize.

(Adam) representative of Buhing kalipay Mr. saludez is recognized.