See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/324879780

Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanoherbal Cream and its Antimicrobial Effect

Article in Current Nanomedicine · May 2018

DOI: 10.2174/2468187308666180501093323

CITATIONS READS
3 242

1 author:

Imran Uddin
University of Pannonia, Veszprém
56 PUBLICATIONS 1,039 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Imran Uddin on 26 June 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.ae
160 Current Nanomedicine, 2018, 8, 160-168

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanoherbal Cream and its Antimicrobial

Effect
Imran Uddina,*, M. Rashidb, Tajuddinb, Tafseer Alic and Alim. H. Naqvia

a
Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; bDeptartment
of Saidla, Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; cDepartment of
Jarahat (Surgery), A.K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: August 08, 2017
Revised: April 04, 2018
Accepted: April 09, 2018
DOI:
10.2174/2468187308666180501093323
Keywords: Herbal extract, nanomaterials, antimicrobial cream, biosynthesis, silver.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is steering mankind into new realms of efficient and minia-
ture tools and gadgetry. The development of reliable, eco-friendly synthesis of nanomate-
rials is always an important aspect of nanotechnology. Silver nanoparticles have been
used extensively as an antimicrobial agent and various products comprising of silver
nanoparticles are accessible to the household. The aim of this study was to formulate an
effective, stable nanoherbal antimicrobial cream and used topically in order to treat all
type of skin infection. Therefore, here we have reported herbal based biosynthesized sil-
ver nanoparticles using Martynia annua (Bichu) herbal extract with an average particle
size of 6 nm under ambient conditions. Structural investigations were examined by se-
lected area electron diffraction (SAED) and powder XRD depicted perfectly crystalline
nature of the particles.
Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that the Martynia annua (Bichu) extract is a
good bioreductant for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver
nanoparticles showed inhibition and had significant antibacterial activity against human
pathogens gram-negative bacterial strains (Klebisella pneumoniase, Enterobcter cloacae,
Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia Coli.)”. These nanoparticles were employed as
broad-spectrum antibiotics, after using in herbal based nanocream. Further, various phys-
icochemical parameters of nanoherbal cream were measured.

1. INTRODUCTION effects. Increasing awareness towards green chem-

Nanoparticles of noble metals are widely used
in products that come into direct contact with the
human body, as well as biomedical and pharma-
ceutical applications [1]. Nanomedicine is the
most important field of nanotechnology. The nano-
level gadgets and materials are used for the diag-
nosis and treatment of various diseases [2-4].
Nano-pharmacology has generated a specific cate-
gory of smart drugs that exhibit negligible side
*Address correspondence to this author at the Interdiscipli-
nary Nanotechnology Centre, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh (UP), India; Tel/Fax: +918445503428;
E-mail: usmani.imran@gmail.com
istry and biological processes has led to the devel-
opment of simple and eco-friendly approaches to-
wards the synthesis of nanomaterials [5-7]. It was
well reported that various types of nanoparticles
are synthesized, but methods used in this process
required harsh environmental conditions like ex-
tremes of pressure, temperature and pH. In con-
trast, synthesis of nanoparticles using biological
approach (using microbes, plants, biomolecules
etc.) required ambient conditions (room tempera-
ture, atmospheric pressure and physiological pH)
[8-15]. All these methods are eco-friendly and
economically very cheap in comparison to other
conventional methods. Using plant extract for
nanoparticle synthesis will outweigh other biologi-

2468-1873/18 $58.00+.00 © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers

Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanoherbal Cream
cal processes as it gets rid of the detailed process
of maintaining cell cultures and can also be suita-
bly scaled up for large-scale nanoparticle synthe-
sis. Plant extracts are continuously explored for
the production of metal nanoparticles [16-18].
In recent year, the prevalence of microbial infec-
tions has increased very rapidly. The extensive use
of antibacterial drugs, which further create the resis-
tance in a long time against bacterial infections.
Which induce serious health hazards [19, 20].
Thus, there is an urgent need to develop an
alternative technique to overcome this problem.
Among many natural antibiotic compounds, silver
has long been used in many areas due to its strong
antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes
[21-23]. The use of nano-sized silver particles as
an antimicrobial agent has become more common
as technological advancement has made their
products more economical. The effectiveness of
silver particles ensures as they offer a larger sur-
face area, thereby increasing their contact with mi-
crobes or enhancing their permeability into the
cells, therefore restoring interests in their antimi-
crobial effects [24]. Silver nanoparticles are
known to cause inhibition of microbial respiration
and metabolism as well as physical damage. Stud-
ies also reveal the antibacterial activity of silver
nanoparticle which can be related to the formation
of free radicals on the surface of the nanoparticles.
These free radicals damage the lipids, which is
present in the bacterial cell membrane, which sub-
sequently edges to the leakage and breakdown of
the bacterial cell membrane [25].
The innovation of Unani medicine has enabled
explication of the composition and biological ac-
tivities of several medicinal plant products. Use of
Herbal medicines increases the bioavailability and
treat different diseases with fewer side effects
[26]. Herbal medicine has a long traditional value
and various pharmaceuticals currently available
have a long history of use as herbal remedies [27].
The merging of traditional “Herbal remedies” and
modern approaches like “Nanotechnology” will
make a constructive platform to develop advanced
therapies in near future that will enhance the
health of people [28-29]. Extracellular synthesis of
metal nanoparticles using extracts of plants has
been demonstrated here. On treating the metal ions
with plant extracts, reduction occurs leading to the
formation of highly stable metal nanoparticles.
Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2 161
Martynia annua (Bichu) is an Indian traditional
medicinal plant which has antibacterial, analgesic,
antipyretic, antioxidant and wound healing activity
[30]. Biologically active parts of this plant are
fruits and leaves. Fruit part of this plant is hard,
woody having two lobes with two sharp hooks and
is useful especially in inflammation, burns, itching
and skin infections [31]. Gentisic acid is a major
component in the aqueous extract of fruit part of
this plant, which elicits biological activity such as
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [32].
Here, we have reported the formulation and
evaluation of nanoherbal antimicrobial cream from
biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using the herbal
extract of local medicinal plant Martynia annua
(Bichu) at ambient conditions. On treating the metal
ions with plant extracts, reduction of metal ion oc-
curs leading to the formation of highly stable metal
nanoparticles. The structural investigation of these
particles was carried out by the powder XRD, se-
lected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-
resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-
TEM) which depicted the perfectly crystalline
behaviour of the synthesized particles. The particle
size analysis was done using TEM. Further material
characterizations were performed using various
techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, XPS,
and FTIR. Antimicrobial potential of Ag nanoparti-
cles and herbal nanocream were analysed for their
activity against human pathogens Klebisella
pneumoniase, Enterobcter cloacae, Pseudomonas
aeroginosa and Escherichia Coli. Physiochemical
parameters of nanoherbal cream were also studied.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was purchased from
Sisco Research Lab (SRL). Luria Broth and Agar
powder were procured from Himedia, India.
Stearic acid {CH3(CH2)16COOH}, Paraffin wax,
Propylene glycol {CH3.CH(OH).CH2.OH} was
purchased from Fisher Scientific, Triethanolamine
(C6H15O3N) was purchased from RENKEN scien-
tific and Petroleum jelly white purchased from
CDH (P) Ltd. All chemicals were of the analytical
grade of high purity. All other reagents and sol-
vents were obtained from commercial suppliers
and used as received. All aqueous solutions were
prepared using ultra-pure water obtained from a
Mili-Q water system. Klebisella pneumoniae,
Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa
and Escherichia Coli. Bacterial strain was ob-
162 Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2
tained from Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
of Aligarh Muslim University.
The herbal extract was prepared by boiling 10
grams of thoroughly washed Martynia annua
fruits which are commonly known as “Bichu”
(Fig. 1) in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 100 mL
sterile distilled water for five minutes. After boil-
ing, the solutions were decanted and the broth was
filtered (0.2-µm filter paper).
Fig. (1). Picture showing Martynia annua fruits
(Bichu) used for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles.
In a typical experiment, 2 ml of this broth was
added to 10 ml of 1 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution
at room temperature. The reduction of Ag+ ions to
Ag0 can be easily achieved by carrying out their
reaction with plant extracts and maintaining steady
conditions during the reaction. Then the reaction
aliquots were collected at a different time interval.
The reaction was carried out for a period of 72
hours and the herbal extract was separated by a
filter paper under sterile conditions. Bioreduction
of Ag+ was monitored by recording the UV-Vis
absorption spectra of the reaction mixture. The fil-
trate was then used to check the formation of
nanoparticles by different characterization tech-
niques.
UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements of Ag
nanoparticles were performed on an Agilent dual
beam spectrophotometer operated at a resolution
of 1 nm in the wavelength range between 200-800
nm.The size and shape analysis of the Ag nanopar-
ticles were done by TEM and HR-TEM analysis
using JEOL, JEM-2010 operated at an acceleration
voltage of 200 kV. For this purpose, we prepared
Uddin et al.
the samples by drop coating the particles sus-
pended in an aqueous medium on carbon-coated
copper grids. Selected area electron diffraction
(SAED) analysis was carried out on the same
grids. To confirm the crystallinity of synthesised
Ag nanoparticles, powder XRD patterns were re-
corded using Rigaku Miniflex-II X-ray diffracto-
meter equipped with high intense Cu-Kα radiations
(λ= 1.5406 Å) operated at a voltage of 30 kV and
current 15 mA at a scan rate of 20/min in the 2θ
range of 20-800. FTIR spectroscopy measurement
on the sample using KBr pellet was measured by
using a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One instrument.
The spectrometer was operated in the diffuse re-
flectance mode at a resolution of 2 cm−1. To obtain
good signal to noise ratio, 128 scans of the powder
were taken in the range of 450-4000 cm−1. XPS of
the samples cast on the Si substrate was carried out
on a VG Micro Tech ESCA 3000 instrument. The
background of the core level spectra was corrected
using the Shirley algorithm and the chemically dis-
tinct species were resolved using a nonlinear least
squares curve fitting procedure. The core level
binding energies (BEs) were aligned with respect
to the C 1s binding energy (BE) of 285 eV. The
pH was measured using a pH meter, which was
calibrated before each use with standard buffer
solutions.
Klebisella pneumoniase, Enterobcter cloacae,
Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia Coli.
were used for antibacterial tests of Ag nanoparti-
cles using disc diffusion method. In these pre-
inoculums of all the bacterial strains were inocu-
lated separately in 10 mL of Luria Bertini medium
and incubated at 30 °C for 24 hours. Approxi-
mately 106 CFU/mL of above stated bacterial
strains were inoculated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar
plates. Filter papers with a diameter of 1.5 cm
sucked with Ag nanoparticles were placed on the
surface of seeded agar plate respectively. After 24
hrs of incubation at 37 °C, diameters of the inhibi-
tion zones were measured and optical images of
the plates were captured.
3. PREPARATION OF HERBAL NANO-
CREAM
The cream base was prepared by fusion method
[33]. In this method, the ingredients of the oil
phase and aqueous phase were heated separately to
75oC and the latter one was mixed to the former
Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanoherbal Cream
Fig. (2). (a-b) TEM images of Ag nanoparticles obtained after 72 hours of reaction between herbal extract and
AgNO3 (c) Particle size histogram.
Fig. (3). HR-TEM images of Ag nanoparticles synthesized using herbal extract (a & b) showing interplanar dis-
tance and SAED pattern for as-synthesized nanoparticles recorded from Ag nanoparticles shown in TEM micro-
graph (B).
slowly with continuous stirring. Both the aqueous
and organic phase mix together subsequently with
the addition of herbal nano extract. This result in
the formation of white cream. Henceforth, the pre-
pared cream was filled in tubes and was stored at
room temperature. Further herbal nanocream con-
taining nanoparticles synthesized by herbal extract
was analysed for its physiochemical parameters;
pH, colour, homogeneity etc.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
To investigate the formation, shape and size of
the synthesized Ag nanoparticles, TEM imaging
was carried out for the reaction aliquots, collected
after 72 hours of the reaction of herbal extract and
silver nitrate. The TEM micrographs represented
in Fig. (2a & b), reveal the formation of Ag
nanoparticles and depicts mainly nanoparticles
formed that are irregular in shape with an overall
quasi-spherical morphology. The particle size his-
togram of the as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles
shows that the average size of nanoparticles is 6
nm and particles size within the range of 3-9 nm.
(Fig. 1c). These biosynthesized nanoparticles ap-
pear to be uniform and well separated from each
other. Synthesis of nanoparticles using biosyn-
Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2 163
thetic approach always confers relatively smaller
particle size in comparison to other wet-chemical
techniques. Synthesis of smaller size nanoparticles
in biosynthetic approach occurs due to the pres-
ence of biomolecules which bind to the surface of
the nanoparticles during their growth and hence
thereby restricting any further growth of nanopar-
ticles.
For precise investigation of crystallinity at the
single particle level, high-resolution transmission
electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was used. In Figs.
3 (a, b & c), we have respectively shown the HR-
TEM and SAED images of as-synthesized Ag
nanoparticles are presented after 72 hours of reac-
tion. The extent of single-crystallinity observed
here in nanoparticles synthesized by the biological
approach, which occurs in ambient conditions is
quite remarkable. The lattice planes exhibit a spac-
ing of ~1.23Å, ~1.44 Å and ~2.36 Å for the as-
synthesized Ag nanoparticles sample having the
lattice planes {311}, {220} and {111} respec-
tively. Further, to investigate the crystallinity of
nanoparticles, SAED pattern was obtained from
Ag nanoparticles Fig. (3c). SAED pattern shows a
spot pattern confirming that the structures seen in
TEM are nanocrystalline in nature. The diffraction
164 Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2
spots could be indexed on the basis of Ag crystal
structure where the value of ‘d’ spacing obtained
is well matched with standard literature values.
We indexed the SAED spots <311>, <220>and
<111> for cubic phase [34].
To verify the phase purity and crystallinity of
biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles using X-ray dif-
fraction analysis technique, we analysed the X-ray
diffraction patterns recorded from drop cast films
of as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles on glass sub-
strate showing intense peaks corresponding to
plane {111}, {200}, {220}, {311} and {222}. The
peak position and 2θ values concur with those re-
ported for Ag nanoparticles (Fig. 4). Almost all
peaks in the pattern could be indexed to cubic Ag
nanoparticles with cell parameters of a=b=c=4.086
and α=β=γ=90o which are close to the reported in
the literature [10, 34]. In Fig. (3), it is showing that
diffraction peaks are broader which conclude that
the nanoparticles are having a small size.
Fig. (4). Powder XRD pattern of drop cast film of Ag
nanoparticles on a glass substrate after reaction with
the herbal extract.
The exposure of herbal extract to the 1 mM
AgNO3 leads to the reduction of Ag+, resulting in
the formation of silver nanostructures. On visual
inspection, it is observed that by mixing aqueous
-3
10 M AgNO3 with plant extract, the originally
colourless solution turned to yellowish brown that
indicating the formation of silver particles. The
inset in Fig. (5) represents the solutions of Ag
nanoparticle, which reveals the dark brownish yel-
low, confirming the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles.
It is well known that silver nanoparticles exhibit
yellowish-brown color in water; these colors arise
due to excitation of surface plasmon vibrations in
Uddin et al.
the metal nanoparticles. Reduction of the aqueous
Ag+ ions during exposure to the extracts of Mar-
tynia annua fruits part easily followed by UV-Vis
spectroscopy. In the reaction of herbal extract and
silver nitrate, the surface plasmon band appearing
at 413 nm reveals the synthesis of Ag nanoparti-
cles [35, 36].
Fig. (5). UV-Visible spectra of as-synthesized Ag
nanoparticles after 72 hours reaction with herbal ex-
tract. Inset showing solutions of Ag nanoparticles syn-
thesize using herbal extract.
The chemical analysis of Ag nanoparticles was
carried out by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
(XPS) from the as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles
after 72 hours of reaction between the herbal ex-
tract and silver nitrate. The sample was prepared
on a silicon wafer. The core level spectra were
background corrected using the Shirley algorithm
and the chemically distinct species were resolved
using a nonlinear least squares curve fitting proce-
dure. Ag 3d core level spectra were recorded with
an overall resolution of ~1 eV. All signals were
charge corrected taking the adventitious carbon C
1s core level signal observed at 285 eV as a
reference. In Fig. (6), The photoelectron emission
showed the Ag 3d orbital of silver nanoparticles,
which indicates the presence of silver. The Ag 3d
core level signal could be resolved into two peaks
(3d5/2 and 3d3/2) due to the spin-orbit coupling with
binding energies of 368.19 and 374.19eV, respec-
tively [37, 38].
Furthermore, to investigate the presence of
stretching/vibration bands and type of bio-
molecules moiety present in the herbal-based bio-
synthesized Ag nanoparticles, diffuse reflectance
mode of FTIR were used. In Fig. (7), we have
shown FTIR spectra for the herbal-based biosyn-
Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanoherbal Cream Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2 165

thesized Ag nanoparticles. It’s showing that of Ag nanoparticles (100 µl of 1 mg/mL solution)

broadband in the region 3450 cm-1, which comes is does not allow microorganisms to grow in the sur-
due to the presence of organic molecules and have roundings, which is evident in the form of clear-
O–H stretching vibrational. Besides this presence ance zones around the paper disc containing Ag
of strong peak around 1650 cm-1 showing the con- nanoparticles in the center of the Petri plates and
tribution of both anionic carboxylate group and all the bacterial strain a well-defined zone of inhi-
aromatic C=C stretching vibrational modes [8]. bition was observed. This broad-spectrum antimi-
There are presences of the broad peak at 1390 cm-1 crobial activity of Ag nanoparticles has played a
corresponds to methyl groups having bending significant role in a variety of antimicrobial appli-
modes of vibration. The appearance of a peak cations.
around the region of 1090 cm-1 is due to the pres-
ence of polysaccharides present in the plant ex-
tracts [39]. It was clear from FTIR analysis Ag
nanoparticles are capped with biomolecules, which
carry the alcohol and carboxylic as a functional
group with aromatic moieties. Its assume that
molecules present on the surface of Ag nanoparti-
cles may be due to presence polysaccharides, most
abundant in plant extract or due to gentisic acid
which is present in the fruit part of Martynia an-
nua (Bichu). In conclusion, the alcohol moiety
oxidizes into a carboxylic group and may induce
reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0 state, which further
gives the stability to Ag nanoparticles by function-
alization carboxylic moiety. Fig. (7). FTIR spectra recorded from herbal extract Ag
nanoparticles synthesized using herbal extract.

Fig. (6). High-resolution XPS spectra of Ag nanoparti-

cles.
5. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY BY ZONE
INHIBITION ASSAYS FOR AG NANOPAR-
TICLES
To explore the antimicrobial activity of herbal
based biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles, zone inhi-
bition assays were carried out on LB plates, for a
range of bacterial strains including Klebisella
pneumoniase; Enterobcter cloacae; Pseudomonas
aeroginosa and Escherichia coli (a human patho-
var responsible for colitis in the human stomach,
Fig. 8). It is clear from (Fig. 8) that the application
Fig. (8). Antimicrobial activity of Ag nanoparticles
exhibited in terms of inhibition zones on exposure to
Klebisella pneumoniase (a) Enterobcter cloacae (b)
Pseudomonas aeroginosa (c) and Escherichia coli (d).
5.1. Manufacture of Herbal Nanocream
To explore the antimicrobial effect and to make
it beneficial as an antibacterial product; an herbal
nanocream was manufactured using biosynthe-
sized Ag nanoparticles and cream base. As evident
from Fig. (9), herbal nanocream has white creamy
166 Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2
colour with thicky appearance. Further, homoge-
neity of manufactured cream was checked which
absence of any turbidity. More ever, pH of the
cream was measured and found to be 7.16. This
cream is prepared for external use mainly for a
skin infection. For the manufacture of nanoherbal
cream, we combined the oil and water phase to
make emulsifier that further helped in the stability
of cream thus enhancing its activity by skin pene-
tration in the infected area of the skin.
Fig. (9). Herbal nanocream manufactured using herbal
extract and silver (Ag) nanoparticles.
5.2. Antimicrobial Activity by Zone Inhibition
Assays for the Manufacture of Herbal Nano-
cream
To further confirm antimicrobial nature of
herbal nanocream and its inhibitory effect was
analysed for the bacterial strains (Klebisella
pneumoniase; Enterobcter cloacae; Pseudomonas
aeroginosa and Escherichia Coli), again using
zone inhibition assays on LB plates. It is shown in
Fig. (10), cream restricts the growth of almost all
the bacterial strain microorganisms and appears
zone of clearance in/around the cream. This broad-
spectrum antimicrobial activity of herbal based
nanocream proves its utility for the mankind.
Fig. (10). Zones of inhibition/antimicrobial activity
produced by herbal nanocream formulation against mi-
croorganisms Klebisella pneumoniase (a) Enterobcter
cloacae (b) Pseudomonas aeroginosa (c) and Es-
cherichia Coli (d).
Uddin et al.
CONCLUSION
The outcome of this investigation has been very
encouraging due to its potential to be exploited
commercially. In conclusion, nanocrystalline sil-
ver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized by the
bottom-up approach in ambient conditions using
herbal extract and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as pre-
cursor salt. The TEM analysis of Ag nanoparticles
indicates that the overall particles are irregular in
shape with quasi-spherical morphology with an
average particle size of 6 nm in diameter.
Evidently, Ag nanoparticles are well known bacte-
ricidal agent and have broad-spectrum antibacte-
rial actions. Manufacture of antibacterial topical
herbal nano formulation using Ag nanoparticles
synthesized by herbal medicine presents its poten-
tial application in minimizing all type skin infec-
tion. The future prospects require the clinical stud-
ies to be conducted to prove the potential of herbal
nanocream against all skin infection.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO
PARTICIPATE
Not applicable.
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
No Animals/Humans were used for studies that
are the basis of this research.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest, fi-
nancial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Imran Uddin would like to extend thanks to the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), India for Senior Research Associateship
(Scientists’ Pool Scheme). The authors owe much
to the Council of Science & Technology (CST),
Government of UP, India for financial support in
the form of Centre of Excellence in Materials Sci-
ence (Nanomaterials). The authors thank Interdis-
ciplinary Biotechnology Unit of Aligarh Muslim
University to provide the bacterial strains.
Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanoherbal Cream
REFERENCES
[1] Uddin I, Venkatachalam S, Mukhopadhyay A,
Usmani MA, Nanomaterials in the pharmaceutical:
Occurrence, behaviour and applications. Curr. Pharm.
Des 2016; 22: 1472-84.
[2] Wagner V, Dullaart A, Bock A K, Zweck A, The
emerging nanomedicine landscape, Nat. Biotechnol
2006; 24: 1211-17.
[3] Chen G, Roy I, Yang C, Prasad PN, Nanochemistry
and Nanomedicine for Nanoparticle-based Diagnos-
tics and Therapy, Chem. Rev 2016; 116: 2826-85.
[4] Moghimi S M, Hunter AC, Murray JC, Nanomedi-
cine: current status and future prospects, FASEB J
2005; 19: 311-30.
[5] Metz KM, Sanders SE, Pender JP, Dix MR, Hinds
DT, Quinn S J, Ward AD, Duffy P, Cullen RJ, . Co-
lavita PE, Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles via
natural extracts: The biogenic nanoparticle corona
and its effects on reactivity, ACS Sustainable Chem.
Eng 2015; 3: 1610-17.
[6] Staniland S, Nanoparticle biosynthesis: An accommodat-
ing host, Nat. Nanotechnol 2014; 9: 163-64.
[7] Duan H, Wang D, Li Y, Green chemistry for nanopar-
ticle synthesis, Chem. Soc. Rev 2015; 44: 5778-92.
[8] Shankar SS, Rai A, Ankamwar B, Singh A, Ahmad
A, Sastry, M.; Biological synthesis of triangular gold
nanoprisms, Nat. Mater 2004; 3: 482-88.
[9] Uddin I, Ahmad A, Siddiqui EA, Rahaman SH,
Gambhir S, Biosynthesis of fluorescent Bi2S3
nanoparticles and their application as dual-function
SPECT-CT probe for animal imaging, Curr. Top.
Med. Chem 2016; 16: 2019-25.
[10] Ashraf JM, Ansari MA, Khan HM, Alzohairy MA,
Choi I, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and
characterization of their inhibitory effects on AGEs
formation using biophysical techniques, Sci. Reports
2016; 6: 1-10.
[11] Sarikaya M, Tamerler C, AJen KY, Schulchulten K,
Baneyx F, Molecular biomimetics: nanotechnology
through biology, Nat. Mater, 2003; 2: 577-85.
[12] Klaus T, Joerger R, Olsson E, Granqvist C, Silver-
based crystalline nanoparticles microbially fabricated,
PNAS 1999; 96: 13611-14.
[13] Uddin I, Adyanthaya S, Syed A, Selvaraj K, Ahmad
A, Poddar P, Structure and microbial synthesis of
sub-10 nm Bi2O3 nanocrystals. J. Nanosci. Nanotech-
nol 2008; 8: 3909-13.
[14] Uddin I, Poddar P, Phogat N, Novel green hemoglo-
bin-mediated biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles, Ma-
ter. Focus 2013; 2: 80-85.
[15] Chandran SP, Chaudhary M, Pasricha R, Ahmad A,
Sastry M, Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver
nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotech-
nol Prog 2006; 22: 577-83.
[16] Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M, Rapid syn-
thesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core-Ag shell
nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachtaindica) leaf
broth, J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 275: 496-502.
[17] Shankar SS, Ahmad A, Sastry M, Geranium leaf as-
sisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Biotech-
nol. Prog, 2003; 19: 1627-31.
Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2 167
[18] Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M, Controlling
the optical properties of lemongrass extract synthe-
sized gold nanotriangles and potential application in
infrared absorbing optical coatings, Chem. Mater
2005; 17: 566-72.
[19] Monack DM, Mueller A, Falkow S, Persistent bacte-
rial infections: the interface of the pathogen and the
host immune system, Nat. Rev. Microbiol 2004; 2:
747-65.
[20] Stoodley LH, Costerton JW, Stoodley P, Bacterial
biofilms: from the Natural environment to infectious
diseases, Nat. Rev. Microbiol 2004; 2: 95-108.
[21] Kumar AK, Vemula P, Ajayan PM, John G, Silver-
nanoparticle-embedded antimicrobial paints based on
vegetable oil, Nat. Mater 2008; 7: 236-41.
[22] Richter AP, Brown JS, Bharti B, Wang A, Gangwal
S, Houck K, Cohen, HEA, Paunov VN, Stoyanov SD,
Velev, OD, An environmentally benign antimicrobial
nanoparticle based on a silver-infused lignin core, Nat.
Nanotechnol 2015; 10: 817-23.
[23] Pulizzi F, Nanotechnology in food: Silver-lined packag-
ing, J. Nanopart. Res 2016; 5: 1-11.
[24] Duran N, Nakazato G, Seabra AB, Antimicrobial ac-
tivity of biogenic silver nanoparticles, and silver chlo-
ride nanoparticles: an overview and comments, Appl.
Microbiol. Biotechnol 2016; 15: 6555-70.
[25] Sanyasi S, Majhi, RK, Kumar S, Mishra M, Ghosh A,
Suar M, Satyam PV, Mohapatra H, Goswami C,
Goswami L, Polysaccharide-capped silver Nanopar-
ticles inhibit biofilm formation and eliminate multi-
drug-resistant bacteria by disrupting bacterial cy-
toskeleton with reduced cytotoxicity towards
mammalian cells, Sci. Rep 2016; 6: 1-16.
[26] Sandberg F, Corrigan D, Natural Remedies. Their
Origins and Uses. New York: Taylor & Francis 2001.
[27] Schulz V, Hänsel R, Tyler VE, Rational Phytother-
apy. A Physician’s Guide to Herbal Medicine. 4th Ed.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag 2001.
[28] Kumar A, Nair AG, Reddy AV, Garg, AN, Bhasmas:
unique ayurvedic metallic-herbal preparations,
chemical characterization, Biol Trace Elem Res 2006;
109: 231-54.
[29] Bonifacio BV, Silva PB, Ramos MA, Negri KM,
Bauab T M, Chorilli M, Nanotechnology-based drug
delivery systems and herbal medicines: a review Int.
J. Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 1-15.
[30] Dhingra A K, Chopra B, Mittal SK, Martynia annua
L.: A Review on Its Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and
Pharmacological Profile, J. Pharmacognosy. Phyto-
chem 2013; 6: 135-40.
[31] Nagda DC, Saluja AK, Nagda CD, Pharmacognosti-
cal and Physicochemical Evaluation of Leaves of
Martynia annualinn. Int. J. Pharm. Res 2011; 3: 33-
38.
[32] Mali, PC, Ansari, AS, Chaturedi M, Antifertility ef-
fect of chronically administered Martynia annua root
extract on male rats. J. Ethnopharmacol 2002; 82: 61-
67.
[33] Syaad AH, Ahmed SN, Mohamed EB, Int. Res. J.
pharm 2013; 6: 44-48.
 168 Current Nanomedicine, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 2
[34] The XRD patterns were indexed with reference to the
crystal structures from the PCPDFWIN: Ag (#04-
0784).
[35] Chen F, Johnston RL, Plasmonic properties of silver
nanoparticles on two substrates, Plasmonics 2009; 2:
147-152.
[36] Link S, Wang ZL, El-Sayed MA, Alloy Formation of
Gold-Silver Nanoparticles and the Dependence of the
Plasmon Absorption on Their Composition, J. Phys.
Chem. B 1999; 103: 3529-33.
[37] Moulder JF, Stickle WF, Sobol PE, Bomben D,
Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,
View publication stats
Uddin et al.
Perkin-Elmer (Physics Electronics In.) Eden Prairie
MN: 1995.
[38] Pagliai M, Caporali S, Miranda MM, Pratesi G,
Schettino V, SERS, XPS, and DFT Study of Adenine
Adsorption on Silver and Gold Surfaces, J. Phys.
Chem. Lett 2012; 3: 242-45.
[39] Barandozi FN, Enferadi ST, FT-IR study of the poly-
saccharides isolated from the skin juice, gel juice, and
flower of Aloe vera tissues affected by fertilizer
treatment, Org Med. Chem. Lett 2012; 2: 1-9.