8 SARE NIT 2 The Behavior of Gases INTRODUCTION) ERMA MAE ARATE + ARE BITE ° Heme INIA REE et 8.2 Si88Ay P-V-T BAR (THE P-V-T RE LATIONSHIPS OF GASES) FEPTERHORES + TI DUGHIN | RAHA ERM limit P+ 0 var (8.1) RT 251252 bhp a aa P Ry RABETIED V Riese ER eer T RMON lt; SRAM BSR SNS + te PV TSMR LGAs (Bl 130) 2+ PV =RT (8.2) (8.2) A | RARE HEARMERR EE: ABER Te AAS» TICE SRE Poe At EPR SESS + Hh SESE S(O RRIF HET EER 8.3 HAEWRARRRASES (THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GASES AND MIXTURES OF IDEAL GASES) FA (5.10d) AX MAT PRE SALE ARE RI ESE aG=vaP (83) Sf 1 SAAS + ODER : dg =" ap = RtdinP (84) TERE TF + BEATE Py BB PAE Py GR,T)- GRD) = RT In (8.5) : Alea 4i-. BRR SBE (ERED G WBE) > FILLET LME RES SAHRA ESERIES THLE PATNA EIEN,» SIREBA RMIT 253 SIRI >» SRMBPAGER > SUUMERAG 1 atm BEERS TEI AY | mole ESR ETE RE > HE SEAR F > | RAISE RE GP=LD WR OT) > At 1 BER HELE P SAVER RES G(P,T)= Grn+Rr ing (8.6) G=G°+RTMnP (8.7) Fal Po SEH 1 atm + FACE (8.7) SUH» IBOE RY P/] atm yA» RA, MAPS P (DL atm HAND) 8.3.1 FBASSAAIIRA (Mixtures of Ideal Gases) ENE RRA REA CM RURAL AD Es OE RRA ENS ° 8.3.1.1 BLESS (Mole Fraction) BARE SAR (HR AEH TERS +) Be ET AR PORADWRE + FEL > BURA RAW RRA Xs Ih RER RA HH RASA AR PAT MRR» HIM RRR ny HY As np SEA Bs DR n, REAHY C > ABE ng “nym tne “ 1 Xp= “d Ong tny tne @9) ’ Xe =—_«©_ “ ng tng tne (8.10) FRA ARA RED SHA 1 (Xy+X—+Xe=1) > AEST HE > RTL IL254 Abt AR ae 8.3.1.2 GRADBEE (Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures) SAMA GHEY P SAR MME ZAOA + AE NRE P ARE Re RAIDER SRNR» pi PS SREATS BEERS] » TELIA > Bs CHR TSA TT ASRS > P= pat Pat Pe ETE 58 VEIT on, SAS A + EIR _ naRT y Pa (8.11) (SA nA A RHI A np RAMAN B P= pat pp =(n4 +m) 80 (8.12) A (8-11) SUERLA (8.12) ser az + Pa na Pat Pa Mmatng HOH: Se A ERA + AFR: Pa=XgP (8.13) RASH + SCRA ARS AEAY SD RE HEL 7 SE SS 58 EER (8.13) REIBRAE AMEE «BNE RBM 255 8.3.1.3 884) EB (Partial Molar Quantities) AT RIMEBM O! ESSER SA SEAR SERRE RD ns EB (RAH O' AERA + HRSA 2) on 8.14) ( 8 J py aa JERS O' BES R ESR AIMEM TSE « Tit O, AERA + CEE + EEN + 1 BEEN 7 A SERS + TOS CA BBO (AY 1 aR NY ORES + 3 (AIEEE O" a (BAUD A, O, + DISHES BEAL BREESE» = (ee “(f én, TPR j Be 8 (5.16) BATA Gey HARARE DAL BRE + REPRE aS ESS ee AM REBEZ MOBS LEAP SRA BA SEES » GUN EPR RA F (ea) 8 OP Jr. JERE GRATE ELE PARE + TV RR BRUINMTR + ST + Ps SU ny REPEL F LRP 1 (ERR +n ARLES» * PPA PRCROD REE: RENEE TAP REM AMARA256 HRA Oni OP Jryreselrey LOM Irpyn, Fae ASA HR SL AER» A IEP SE RKEL YS - 2 (s) | le | On; OP Jryeeseln py | OP (Om Jos Pxmla sy (2) OP Jrsnsy FAA 26) 27, ( 0G, OP rye IECSRBIES (5.25) SABE HS HERA RE EA + TERA AH 4 fe- dG, =V,dP ERCREPHRARA BE Vs: ale ny (22)-22 a ye yr Pa) Pa TEST > ERA +H (8.13) BAITS: dpy=XydP > Bil >BAR RMT 257 dG, =V,dP = XaKT Ws ~ pram 04) 4X4 HEH pa= 1 RBI Py Bl G, =G,+RTInP, (8.15) =G,+RT InX4+RT InP (8.15) StH A DARE (8.4) SUEETERS > HEARMERRIR pa = 1X4 = 1+ T BARBERS Py» Xa > THSARRE ° 8.3.2 FBASSBBAIRA IS (The Enthalpy of Mixing of Ideal Gases) SEEDERS HSA RGRIE G,=G+RTInX,+RTInP HCMRAS PRA SAREE TIRE PSR » CEPR TELAT + LE BRDAT ZUR FEN Tf} + FL + G, Gi oO dy} 1 eGA el aT ),, \ FT ),, GEE (5.37) ff Gibbs-Helmholtz H#Bz ° G . G; S a : = A, a) =-r A ep) =o (8.17) ar iG Pa Fa A, = H; (8.18)258 HRA THELRR RUASRAE TELS + CREA IBINR Sh» ST ES TERUG CIS SISA RNR A TETHe » ALL : AH'8S = Ya Yt: =0 6.19) 7 many AES RR ATMRE: » EE ; SARE ATR ASHI (HAN) BE CARRERAS » AAR PHRF TA ERD ° FREARGE (8.16) 88 (8.17) + Gj PUR LAEA RE + AU Hi th UR REL + BRT BURA SRD I} BARRA SETS + HH, » TERRE SEH 8.3.3 BASRA Ht A AE (The Gibbs Free Energy of Mixing of Ideal Gases) SYEUARSR IB HAE — (Ae RS i G,=Gi+RTInp, ERMA Za G=G)+RTINP See Pi TERIA i RABAT P; RAREST i RE WANA + DUAMATMR tse + AE AVR HAWG 1) > BRAVA CRE 2)SAR RMT A 259 AG" + 2)= GRE) — GRAM) = AGE =P - YG, = Sonar (2) - RB Fie» AH'RS ani AE AMINES p, PAB» ELE > ATA sR STATELY ET (Hat Pim P= Pe) REGRET BINA SGET > ADEA RHE Ty PRS + SRR AHIR RIED » ABS pi/Pi= Xi» (8.20) AGr#e = Yn RT In X, (621) AX (UNE 1) OG BRE BH tA aR Be 8.3.4 FBABS BSI AHA (The Entropy of Mixing of Ideal Gases) Hit AHS =0 + 5 AGE = AH'#S — TASES Abt As'8S = — dnrnl 7] (8.22) Bill P= P= Py As'#a——R Y minX, 623) IESE S$SEERBRA RABE CRAM LD) HER SHEE BRELPRFAL » SUG GEE Ces =260 HR aE 8.4 FBR BAILA 2 BER Rakse Hest (DEVIATION FROM IDEALITY AND EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR REAL GASES) Bi 8.1 Se ERAS eat IMME Fs VN PB + OIEAS WRATH 7) WARE RRAG PRE P-VESSAR EERE ZO 5 TE T= Try BOER FRELBERS > CES IRMEST » Pree * SU FASTR » Vig F > SAGER oR SPAR» HE Gl = (2 OV Sra OV? Sree RIES Tram 0 > ESP + SS HCTE - GIR 1 ASAE BA FAB] 8.1 “PASIRAR A > Ze Ty HECTARE» SURI B SMD: TEHRAR BE FRAT TIEAS ATE Te HURAIZRSRR > Ut RRA TRE» CRETE > Hh —HRFRAUL SS HBESE + Ze Ts SUL + B RARISAAEER C BATCHED BIA RAREER Vo SE Vo; BSR BSSERCRERARS > ABC PEIIRIE C > SEZ) 100% HK fl BE SHEARS - TMS SRRRAAKE D BR AWE TRARY Molar volume s.Rfa B81 RAVI PY SSISBAR RAHAT 261 —(OP/BVYp + TER AGIRAG FES —(OP/ OV) SABES » RATS SRR ARSE TTT SASS SPA SUS MRE (> SUR REWIASMTK : ) »=-4(F, 1 LBS > RAE EH Te HERE Tgp + SESE OTHE EL AAR (AN Ts IE fy CBA) Ba AT» PSR ASE (HU Ty URE) B MB) SEES 5 PA + ETRE (Al Tey LAPT HGES + ROSE OT HAMS + ALAR + RHEE) Trew FS + PAHS HESSEN Peg + Tage PRESENT + URE > CE SORTASE OTD + WSUS LE IO ‘SB Team BS RAE RAFAT SARETADER) CREE > UTES Thay FOURS > RASS TOCA + TOZEIBIS Trae POUREE TF + SRA] DLE SIREN» SERRE SEAS > PRE FREE T (ERR ARATE» VRE T SARA RENT SHO 8.2 FR» CER SRL SMEAR ° it Gas S| ae Bg | Uauid & Ten, em, Vapor + + Vapor ‘Bil liquid oa Molar volume sEra8iH B82 FVM PV REITER «262 bt RA A a SRM AINE HERE SERS» HLT 8.2 HEL HARAR |B] 2 SRA + TELE EAE FE > SADR STIS 6N > ZE a BASE RETIRE HERES + URIEEIESDS Tee > SOUPS Pay 1S EERO AME + TEIN | TIRE 2 BE ASCE ASSES HE » UL SABLA EARS + RAR | BRR HE 2 IRR RRO» ARGS 2 FT DUseat Rs (A TES SEE A ESN + TARE | UN AEM BAR ISSR NTT «EPTFE L + RE ITEIS Pane E> RAEI PASE SETA » RAGE RRR SORE + LEBER FETE (supercritical fluid) » Z¢/5] 8.3 SWAY POT A + SRR DAWES ABE CPF Or RAR PE I RE + CERCA LAY P=Prgy. BL T= Tie ° FURS HE RET ASTRA A] DARA PE | HOE + RT Zh _ PV Ze RT (8.24) i ZB LE» PRR TERT SIRIE FE see RM» ZA APR + BILE AREER + GIR: Z=Z(P, 7) > 8.4 BARBY Z ZEA FB PHYBMERAPR ° PBIB 8.4 DAZ BEET » Pr(Pr=P/Pygyny » DEERME > Te (Tr=T/Trey * Pree TEAS 8.5 + (BL 8.4 HUTA ASEH" AMEIRMESEEE 1 Caw of corresponding rv Supercritical fluid Critical point EE mh Pressure > iG! Temperature > 83 fe P-TBP He RAESPOTRARHeC RAED Se RRA (LEE ©Pv/RT Zz 00 BAR RMT 263 0 200 400 + 600 + 800 1000 1200 FED Pressure, atm 8.4 ZE0°C F + eT NRE FRIEZE B85 RARER F TRAE * PUT Zz. 1.0 he 09 os 07 06 os 04 03 02 O41 ‘Nitrogen Methane te © Ethylene Z.i% = Water ak. eee meets amr eees nic eEE EEC) ‘GEE Reduced pressure, Pa LRAT SBI + UE TELA PN264 Bh AAT states) > (CZF 7 HAS OTA INUHA RRS ESh > APT DAB ERY Pe + Tr 88 Ve BUH PT, GL V SRA + 2S TRL ESR. RET ARs EATS] > SRS (aR AS SPATE] > PCAGAESAPIRIGOSYEARAR » LARIAT SRMGRAR + BURT eI (BABE 8.1) » 8.5 JERS (THE VAN DER WAALS FLUID) SEGUE RAS TE RNS ARSR GA PURE + U + (ARSE » ARM CRE PMA > ERAS > AUB A FABRE + TT HBA ATAESS + BUPA ADL FE HS ERAS Fest: + EEF ha ° + BSA TNF MAZE - DLS SRSA > GILL» ERASE AER ARS > REF ASAHI BIER) ANSE RNR sR SESE Fi REFS HEG » RASCAL ST ZS «SE BERT SUIRAS » RAMEE ARIS » n/V’ > BMRB TIER + THIS > eR Pest ae Vo ORT AU HE ETERS» RAR AS » SOPRA RAUNT » hat ADL RSNA RAGE F7#23%, (Johannes Diderik van der Waals, 1837-1923) » Sf 1 RELAYS > ATS : (? + ee —b)=RT (8.25) Jeo Po Res ETD a/V RAR ADR RATE EE FEBAR Miwa 265 Vo RAR AAT b BRENT HR ERRELE Sich b ATA RRA ae «RRR sr HE Es» Bt, BARUEEBEERS 2r (DB) > R00 8.60 Rian » RULCRR ANAT SALT + ATBEDREORSTE AS * Snr B86 @) MRM RF ATA TSMR EM 5 (b) RADE EP ASCH PE RY ARH ANIME « * Sn HOLL ARETE: ese) —ney=ner + pREg Vn»266 HRA A A HoT ERB pqs =axder 2 = 4x SRF THR FPR BT BEPR ITA b> SUAS AVA RL ERO » Ze 1 RELA V— b ROAR > AIRS EPIRA» tC» RR MARSA A GER ° SAS HLF RAS [TASES RE + BERR RAR | TINE CURSES) USES T DR : ARRAS + SEIS —IBRL FRACS EUS RT ERE TPS (> CR ET RSS R MED) MERA RE PARR RIEL + TSE FENSRL BURR SU IE + n/V > BRIELL : BG » RUPEE RR ERS IE Ek tHisbALAY 1 SORSAREIRER TELA a/V? » Ech a RB HP RUM NY HEN» P+a/V? > SAE T+ CER SRR T (EF ORE» BRIS SSH HEMEL TD + OBI 8.66 im + FUSE APEAM (8.25) KATA, : PV? —(Pbh+ RT? +aV —ab=0 es VINSAGE > UR S(BE 5 HV ae PUR» HET TE FDU QUE 8.7 ASF RE Ty EPR AAR EUR * BI 52 These HOURLEE > SPURL AR PS A eA be PV BLL + BE (BSPAIER HHA » ARERR FERA + T= Tae» P=Peae > V— Ven >» LLL _ Flee a a Yan 2 Vay (3 — RTs | 2a OV Iran Vea — Vie (2) RT 6a Tian OP Iran Van 5 VnBAR Rita 267 Ty SME Ve P Zee BYE RATS __8a . _a Twa ~aypq ' Van ~3* Pam =30 5 (8.26) PRU LAAT RS BR HSB TDAH Thy BE Pree ER» SCHUTT ie EE VSS TER P OBE + RASS AEP ORS a SH NE: Fe 8.1 BRR TR ARG > SUS ELA DERG FRAY Z 1 PERS RIVER ARAH > SMT + VN PASRYLAIE 8.8 Bia» SARA TERESA RCA + WHEL (OP/0V) <0» PARE ZUR > TE 8.8 > (RPE HE UHGE HAE BZ + Pee ELAR TESS (BCP Bs TAS EAA * R81 MMA + BN MB RRR Z 1B 7 atm SHE Taps K Pamatm Vensem!/mole a 00 4, Ft/mole Zan He 53 2.26 576 0.0341 0.0237 0.299 Hh 333 128 65.0 0.2461 0.0267 0304 ™ 126.1 335 900 139 0.0391 0.292 co 1340 35.0 90.0 149 0.0399 0.295 & 153.4 49.7 44 136 0.0318 0.293 co; 304.2 30 957 3.59 0.0427 0.280 NH 405.6 ms 24 417 0.0371 0.243 H,0 6472 2177 45.0 5.46 0.0305 0.184268 HAA > Buon ‘68 Volume B88 AAMAS TUMAE D+ SUAS TR ERIE 72 BAER « R82 A838 hae ZAIRAR Gn=Gu+ Va PP LPP PIOHHP PDH HS = Gy + if 1482 = G+ HAM 143 = 64+ Hit Labs = G+ HB 14ES =G,+ Hil LAF6 = G+ HEM AES + HEF = G+ iH 1AD4 + BR DF = G4 + Hit 14C3 + RA CRY = G+ Tilt 1482 + HB BEY = G4 + it 1AC3 + TERR CFU — it UK = G4 + Hf LADS + TBR DFH — ie HIE = G4 + GIBM AEG + GR EFC - BR GIM = Gy + HH LAF6 ~ it FIV = G+ HR LAF = RIL FIN + TH 6NOT TERE TS > SACHOSPASHARSAT SSA EHRR + WREST TES PREY PML > (5.12) AMR G EIBE TF + 25 P AOREEES dG= VaP + AEEIRAR (Ps, 7) RH (PL +BAR RMT A 269 pfenee-------- DN 2 7 Pressure ——> 8.9 JSR TARTEIR FUE DB + RS AER ZB LBAER ¢ SP PCH RR SE: i FRI ART AREER + RETEST APM (Spinodals) - . GP.1)-G(Pat) = vaP 7 > G=G, +f VaP (8.27) Nn PLB Cy > ARERIML 8.8 oF VS P ZBL SRHASS + AIDE GS Pe ABEL © (8.9 Bin ROH Ps PAHS OMAR BRO PR DIPS BEATARAUIARE ° BIRD » CE Ps MOT + RS (BARARA BILL 1 K+ C Heze + HAE PB Py Fel» SATE RHBE IDS BCD dha + DC RUE Py BF SL HRE PEALE EOREY BCD $85 > TRMSLTE LMN HARARE > TE Py RETR > FREESE AE BE CHHSRAR + HELARTE Py DA TINE » RAR {BE GRAB) BBE + HOES Pa HS ESTE + SASh— 4H (AH) ABE « EEE (P TITER RE (P> Pa) > BUDWBRSAPTE »270 HR Stable Rie Unstable aE, 8.10 PLY REE RR Be ARR €E Pa Gy LE > Gp ARRAN RA ALA HEE RRR SLA HEREBY GC, 1ES% > AUIGHE Pa > THRAE TS » SREB ORISSFOT + cR EAT EH > Fy —PETESRE GB 7 BE) ; TE 8.8 DSA L RAZR LeaRARP Sel T TE So S.9 CH DF RAT SPIRE» ii LI BIRT SRST + Alt + te D BAL Bo BRAT SRAM > BME DEF B43R A : TIE LR At TEC RAG » TMS LK RD GMRUAII ETE » Hoch JP RAE AE BENE » ALE 8.8 Ha 8.9 RES TBE HRSA GRR JE) NSPS HE « FRIED DRAB BIS REI SLPG- LAE Lehrbuch der Thermodynamik (1908) ii + F827 Spina (AIEESA) > TEHEATAERISUATMA (spinodes) S84: 4E (0P/0V)p = 07 HAGENS GORE» APRIBIAEEMA > fe JIAGF Fil » EUROS ISE Oy SR FTE» AUGTE PV ie — (SBR + SERA > RATER «AY DAH HERE RBS BCE AAA is SHES ((0°G/OV")r) © (Bl 8.10 BTL FRENTE! PV DVRS AB» SH: BE + RDU HOT + TE 9 RP Se FORE > BOM aT ail — PR» STR (miscibility gap) » ZE2S(IPIBR EE Ia > RPE LABESF TTR »BAR RTA 271 AL VS PESUTAMITE Trae OAT > SR SEABEERE : HE Ta DT > BSA FEISS? iH P BET (> BH 8.8 » 8.9 HY Py) » 8.8 f+ 68 AFD HYPER LIM Bia ‘PRAASPASITT > WCAG SP OTE P BY ish Ps BS eA (Maxwell construction) + COs BY Tags BE Pegge * ZBI 31°C 82 72.9 atm + Albee (8.26) 38» b= nm = 0.0427 liters/mole fis] a= 270? Peggy = 3.59 liters? -atm/mole? lt CO, HLA RAB 3.59 (r+ Sle 0.0427) = RT Wil 8.11 PUAN APash + aT EUCE RAMEE + PREV ZR ch» CER TEBA LAY 304 KSABRR BTCSPARHBEA + BELBE(GHS 304 K + SSR POS» SLA LHL CO MRSA RAGE RE ZR > BYR RAUB 8.8 oH > 2k DFA 88 LW AYERS TRIBSOLEE + RUE RTE SEREAR - SCRE AL BH RESUE NIE » ETERS AGH + VSS P BME RZ RENOIR (TERRES ° UB 8.12 Bice SR PAE BER SUR > BLA ARTESRRE VF > CO> URERORE TIARA > (BI 8.12 thei > SRE BE SEERA » ASRS SET (fil 8.9 HY J BS] F WBS) Le) » TAPER TRIAS Toop BP > ETE SKA + DG Ton HE LET RABE FAIS (8.27) SOPHY Gy Ms REZ RM > ZETB 8.12 CNR A A Ay EA PAAR « COp RHEAURDAIZE SS RES RE ZAM + TEESE P WO + ABE AQCIBL (ELE > URE] 8.13 » FB 8.13 Sim ROAR MATE CR RR» BEE (CEES + PAELHE ROTTS + GEL SCTE RLS» EL SEA AMIAY COp RBH SLE RE PART OBIE » HHO Ate Ay —R X [Bl 8.13 HARARE FRUIT 7.9 82 7.10 + ) TBE LAG BL ie Le BYEBDL Bae272 RAE 100 90 80 70 mn Pressure, atm 60 50 40 (0.05 On 0.15 02 0.25 03 Molar volume, liters SEH 811 ASH CO Hy P-V IBA < P,atm 8.12 AAPA CO. TEAR FAY GY PME &BAR RMATH 273 TK 300 280-260-240 220 ABE Van der Waals In P(atm) 1. 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 UT 10° 8.13 LGR CO, PARA RIM IE ES BELL BORE SEH AH gas = Hig, — Hyg = Usa, — Ug + P Vig, -— Ving) Vig SA Ving ABU RAS ITES CS A AS B+ P SURE YRUSE TF UREA SAE « fy G12) BR (5.34) SRB AN» (7) WV ) StL LPL VN» A (2) -1(4)-e-& av), (Vb V -7(2) -P ar )y274 HAR AE BAZ U=—- + BL SERRA Ps Bi TR» AL Ana = Tot Tg t Pa a) (8.28) = ~al yz Tg} Pa 7) (8.29) (8.29) SUIERERAT * EOREEBOM Tien I >» AH BERS > BV Vig = Vox ° HA LAR 2A ROW RRIRARE ES - Iii a HE b EL ARR BANU > HEAR DURE REAG A » RIL Ae leh» TT Sh + FURS CA AERTS ETT SEE ATE + BEES » RHR Je RABAGEE «Ty —PEIRE + UORRLTCTERR POT DILERG + RAREST DURES tte 8.6 JFBASR ASHE hike ext (OTHER EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR NONIDEAL GASES) FEL EAB SR TERN IG FRE 2G Dieterici FF#Zze (Conrad Dieterici, 1858-1929) + P(V -b')e"" = RT DAK Berthelot #7#23t (Pierre Eugene Marcellin Berthelot, 1827-1907) : (p+ As|w-m = RT SENATE H RS PREAEME © HLA —LEREEASL + A Beattie-Bridgeman FfZzt (James A. Beattie, 1895-1981; Oscar C. Bridgeman) » HEPPRT RLS + BH P--T ASB + A) IB BIRT SEBAR Riksta 275 ENO RABMETRG : ABA Kamerlingh Onnes at (ir ike HET (Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, 1853-1926) + (8% PV/RT % P 5% 1/V HB : Pi PY 14 BP+ CPP 4 RT Sith PV HIRES eta A (virial) » Bak Be F— (LIGA + C BKC’ BUS AL GR 2 SEER AR - ERE: BREST A WR PV/RT— 1 > (ATAU RABE» AT URC + GEAR ARR BEAT DUCES (ES ERATED + AFR ARE > SRE» AAA FBUTEUS7H > BEAD R Ae ESR SR ARE PASHAN PY _\4.BP RT R PV _,_B ae a4 RT OV 8.7 JEHBAR SR RSH A thFh Bit (FURTHER THERMODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF NONIDEAL GASES) (8.7) SUHAR + TEERANRRE D> HEARS BSAC Ai BBE eS ARE Bt RARER HRA TRESS | AUST ES ROOIR Hit SBR SAME + FAD (8.7) RASHES + RUM ER» HE FHEAEHREA HLA HERRERA SER: ERR AR, (fugacity, f).» Fa FEU gs ?276 pA dG = RTdin f RAMBO E MER TEESH RS SET RMD > hate £ 31 #& P30 Ast G=G°+RTInf (8.30) TERE CRIMES IA FE TEE SARE » THREE TE T WARE Fs f= 1 oR FE P= GUS=1,T) > SBR ABTA AREAL P= 1+ T FBERE EEL TRAE ¢ SECURES (88 Aes LEAS + Fe SRL SF A FA SBR» (5.12) SEI dG=VaP » [fii (8.30) H#zHTES TF + dG=RTd Inf > RULE TK + VaP = RTdinf Ba a an eee? (8.31) 162i P= OSI P= PEE eS f f\ _ oP LMABAR Rabe a 277 P= ORE? f/P=1> In(f/P)p-9= 0» f)__aP eee w( 2) Rr pte Fale 0 GARE SRBA » REECE LIRA» 0 NOBLE A) > FA, oP ee mr =1-2P 7 RT L wa ( jet OP RT RT ‘SMS BUGES » BUBRETIS Pag + 2 RT/V > lt i "Pag (8.33) SERRA EASED) » ERASE ARE ARRAS + BRAT DMDLAS + SRRESE AIRE IBY SPU HEUER 7 EE AB BEE BA Bea Zp + MBA Dh ee (8.31) RMR Zs RRA f)__% p_ (Vd on E)=—ee?(ae a i Z=PV/RT’ Bish on} Z-\ip P) P278 RA fy) of??Z=1 “(7 ],, Sra pe (834) TOL TZ — D/P P ETD RE ae Z PR tL REPRBN ARE ABA o ‘(pio OPC TB + BBY PV (cm? - atm) $4 P 2 0-200 atm fH AY BIR AS > PV =22,414.6 ~10.281P +0.065189P? + 5.1955x1077 P* —1.3156% 10" P® + 1.009 x10" P® HRDLO°C E+ RT=22,414.6 > fh) a = Z=1-4,5867x10%P + 2.908310 P* + 2.317910 PS = 5.8694 x10" P® + 4.5015 x10 PS ZEPZLBST HH 84 WB + th (8.34) KAA In(//P) & “(F) = 4.586710“ P + 1.4542 x10 P? +5.794x 10 P* — 0.978210" P® + 5.62710 P* S/P SH PZB GRR 814 ep RR aL atm ERB a © FERABESETAARARR TEM MRA SH 8 LTT aT m: dG =VaP dG = RTdinf DER MEEHAN ROT DRAKA ERBAR MWA 279 0.99 1P 098 0.97 0.96 0 50 100 150 200 129s Pressure, atm BS.14 OC K + MIRAI L/P BNE LS - PY L714 BP+CP*+DP* + RT cI) vert{ prBrcP + DP + ) he #1 RAAB HPT) RRARH P27) a C1 ; ac=f vaP =Rrf 44B+cp+pP'+- A AP =rr[inth nc -m+ See mys Bent —Aiye | 1 RA ABR280 AAA ac=rrin{ 2 P, TT fe + RUN EA EAT RI I: waa)» Cem) 2a Rs | +3 th (8.30) XH4 dG=RTd inf f) .f7Zcl »(5) -f pw = [rcp pr sya 0 CP DP. =BP +++ 2° 3 toner ans at da 5 eer ane Buk _ Cy pa _ pr), Dcps_ ps Py rel me A+ £8 -P Ze PE ++) ]4+ RT In| 7 ALGER AATF ° HOC T 1 RAM RARR > P= 150 atm BP=latm HeHt HH REA sa-rafo( -n(5} feerniso Pig \P = 8.3144 x 273(—-0.034117 + 0.000457) + 8.3144 273x 5.011 J =-16+11,373 =11,2975BAR AMOTH 281 BRAEAM 11,3005 > RRB ATE EE BY RRM 76 To EMNHBAP PERG H ARR RA AAR Hilde NO°C HY RRR E0-6atm2 Ml LAF RALH SS —H - RB ABH 20am Wo WRESRM BR: ARRSRE—H LRTAA PY _iy pp RT v=". Rr P A + (8.31) Ry a= BRT 0 HABE RH © RAE AA PV=RTU+BP) RS BH BAR AMET Se HB HP BL Pp Fir Pe By Ty RE HES PB) PP PRB HS BASE BN Wi hh REHAB ZR RR BESTS RRS BTR: RNR AIR ° SEAR MARA V—RT/P > TEER ARR V=RT/P+ BRT Bik PV DEL > JESEIR RABY SIRS UL EAE RAR OY RAR BRT OY AR» iH 8.15 HHS (Bla REE HL SP RP SURAT 7 BY AR (bed BR) IER REAM EARE YS SERS AMER (eh BH) HA: RAE SRT WE SRE Hh PB) Po Fp Pe AY AT a oe Fal SEH AUR % 2 P, vaca feral, ere] Ti EAR AR BR % Were = fi. Pav 12 V=RT/P+BRT > Bk TR dV=—RTAP/P?) + ARE282 HAE Isotherm for an ideal gas AERO p=—AL__,l i _- Same isotherm for V, -BAT PV=RTU1 + BP) gas 1 PY=RTU+BP) SR ARCOFTILST RR = — AT i V,-BRT p, a f BERT? 9 oe Viv-BRT) a ag BRT é a ode oh + + Volume —> eit YW Mp 8.15 AR AEE PAR SARA RA + (dP A Wwepsetae = — I aS )-erin (Fe) EPERAMHSERAKERABS ERG (MR BALM) FERRBES JV, BARS Ve (id BR) NTH MARAE AR RES BR Vy (abed Bh) eM AARAARS RANE MUTE : RT ___ BIRT) __RT Prpsania — Paras pep Vv ~ VV—BRI NUR AUBAGR - waeg@ RT In (V2/V1) > TENSES AE ABAR Aastra 283 ak BR Be: V2 - BR pain RT in| > Wants REUSING AO RARER PV=RT (1 + 0.00647) #1 RHER A + 4-298 K+ Py = 100 atm 28 47 SSE APH AY MES] Py = 50 atm > _RT _ 0.08206 x 298 poo OAS Ht Vices + p= 100aun,7=298 K) Vict, P,=100 atm, 1=298K) = Pe + RIB =0.2445 + 0.08206 Xx 298 x 6.4 x 10-4 = 0.2445 + 0.0157 = 0.2602 F+ Tt 0.08206 x 298 Voceaa » P,= 50am, 7=298K) — OE 0.4890 tt > Voqi,,P.=Sostm,7=298K) = 0.4890+0.0157= 0.5047 Ff Ea By BE ARS A (V, = 0.2445, T=298 K) > (V2 =0.4890, T=298 K) 445 Z was RTM | = 8.3144 x298 x In a) =17173284 HALA Ye=RTB \_ 9.3144 x 298 x In| TB ne = ar eee pots | Am 0.2445 0.0157 =18013 E V= 0.2445 liters, T= 298 K, Payse x99 = 100 atm + RT 0.08206 x 298 1.2445 — 0.0157 HUH V=0.489 liters, T= 298 K, Par = 50 atm > Py 0.08206 x 298 8.8 #45 (SUMMARY) 1, BEARS SABER + ELAR ELF FBI T-ATHR + IRI PV = RT ASHER SEAS SER + SERRA IGHT REM RAE RRC ALL RSS EB + EAR SAGAS fe tH (EI 2. BREE FAV Be eee SRE SABER . STA REN BE A CREE Te RAIS}! » DOORS + P= 1 atm (ERE (ES i+ 3 eRe BOM > BIDAHARE (P, 7) ASSES AGL AER EREIARE (P = 1 atm, 7) ZRGS = B AG=RTInP > RERBUEVAR TRUER KAKARRMEPR TRAIT AAR EER RFRA EZR FAILS > SAARI THSIB TEE » is PRE LIRR FES * FSH ASAE RR + SB (BT AESU ATER CER EDL» ERO T RRS > (ARIE MERE AH AL TA Se EBA RS TE BASE FRB + Se Pe TES ETD FA P88 1/V HSM PV BBO AER » HT I APE ° - yBAR RATA 285 6. UGRA EAA ATAIE RBA PERE EE © 7A RABE Tr=T/Tem WME Z=PV/RT HS SR EH Pr=P/ Pegs BL + AREA SIAR E+ SRS Pd, SO ABH = LBB FB 5. SERA PAT BF PERE +f BERS [SE + AAR dG = RT In f EE sh LEP ORF: f/P—> 1 > RTPA ERE AR BREE Pee 1 AOR > AUREUS » BIST RM Paw (RNY FREE NU BE) BS SAAS « RMA BORARENRE A RRAT WRIA ARGH > ARIS HS BR) DAZE ARR PRESSE X, ZeR + p= XP + AVR TE ff THUABES? RABH RNA RE ACA HAE RNR SARPEDNGR + TUTETFRE RMA» BEE MEH SR PERAER © 10. HEPES ARS PATE AREAL» AULA RRR Pa EARS + the RSP MELO > AMES» Be > TTR en (6 ERE KART A AEE + Al: ANTER = 0. AG'BS = ~TASTHE « 2 8.9 ABCA MSRSS Sa (CONCEPTS AND TERMS INTRODUCED IN CHAPTER 8) RAULAUT SASHES ORES > HSE - Ei (Ri + compressibility factor, Z RGFPRE + critical point 3HECGSBIE + Dalton’s law of partial pressure EALS + enthalpy of mixing YEE + entropy of mixing SNE > fugacity HA-ANRA AGRE > Gibss free energy of mixing BEAR /SERAME > ideal/perfect gas AYREHRAR SE £E + law of corresponding states 38/SESEAB + liquid/vapor equilibrium286 bbb J AE MAA + Maxwell construction YG + mixture SH4}25 + mole fraction EQS} EAE > partial molar quantity (BE/ABE/S BEN © stable/unstable/metastable us + standard state GER FLR + supercritical fluid AUER > van der Waals fluid LAGER > virial equation 8.10 fE8atEt (QUALITATIVE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS) fee FASS | REA - HS Motz - RORATTEY 1 RES ap = (#), ars(37) av SHUGRE - Ee aT), V a (2) =P LP ws, VooV AtRaga iTEy 2 BAR RARMATA 287 C1 ERR PS» BT ES a ELA BN, Bene 2S Ele TF Balt SRS HEAE SURGE « dG = —SdT + VaP ag =var =" ap AG =-RTIn™ = -RTIn2 v Alit AH=0+ AS=RIn2>0°288 ha 8.11 2+22 8G) (QUANTITATIVE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS) StS S66) 1 BRARAA VAR METR » Ha=1.391 (liters)-atm/mole? » b= 39.1 cm3/mole » ‘Si 1 mole RAE 400 KF > HBAREH | FHRVARIS 2 FLAS ALB RED a atc ata 18S AUG TMA» 04 “V-b Vv? Fle TdV . RdT , 2adV — + pea (v-by (V-b) VE RdT [2a RT #52 |” o RadT . “Vab ® EMRE > dG =VaP FAG) StS > aG= a av, erBAR Rikers 289 HBV; FRB) Vo MIS vs ace f°] 24 RY wLV W-by m = [20+ ar neo hi Vv V-b =rr{—1_ 1 )_ pin) -2( 4-1 Y-b VW-b Y vy VM 1 1 = 0.082057 x 400 x 0.0391] - 2 — 0.0391 1 — 0.0391 2- 0.0391 11 ~0.082087 x 400 In5—F F357 2 139} = = =0.68 — 23.41 + 1.39= 22.71 - atm 22.7 x 8.3144 —~ 9.082057? = ~2300 HH (6.17) 3h > ZEST dS =~aVaP SA TES F > HH (ii) Hh dv_-R viv-ey RTV*| at V~b)[2a(V ~by -290 BRAD a US US BAER a= -RV*(V-b) ~ 2a(V —by —RTV? B ds = RV*(V-b) v 2a(V -b)? —RTV* © | 2a(V -b) =RTV? viv -by _ Rav V-b FA — pina? as = Rin 2-0.0391 =83144In egy = 5.93 VK GARRARD TL A RED RR : aG =RTint iA =8.3144 x 400 x Ing =-2305I As =Rin@ Y% =8.3144xIn2 = 5.76 WKat Seal 2 BAR RMMTA 21 TET he (n-butane) ffi, FRRRA PERCE 460 K BE Z=144/V+B/V? > $Erh A = -265 cem’/g-mole » B= 30,250 cm°/g-mole? » sit Stat | BEATE T bes yA » Ze 460K F HH 400 Ke) 200 cm’ » HALA HAZE LBS? HAH 2S ARETE : Sn + Ale PV ap= re dG=VdP AG =r int so % =8.3144d x 4a -int - sso a Ce 20) vo 265 25) 1, 2%265 2420250) ay ye 1 = wr(— 452008 pal 200) av vVoev 11) ,90,750(1 1 Y Vi 2 JL) 45375 -_ 200° 400 =8.3144 x 460(0.693 — 1.325 + 0.851) = 838)292 aba Ae 482298 (PROBLEMS) 81 8.2 83 8.4 85 8.6 8.7 PARC LIGAEN » ERNMEIARR EE MEET ALG LTE FRRAIRFOSIRAB RRL + GES 8.1 oe» ERNE RAO TT LEE: EEAET SL (PALF (0U/OMr n REL AG A 98 |—n BEARS BIT atm » AA Latm HY SRS + FARE A 2 BOLE + ABARTH RRS ? BEHLAREMMER AC: WARIBRRESD > THERM 75 8 eae 1/2 AGM? EERIE Ml 200 atm » 300 K AAA + RIAN ES 0.2 m > EE 2 m> FAMINE AMDT REE LSAT RI ? ARLES 8 a = 1.36 liters*-atm-mole~ jfij b = 0.0318 liters/mole » TET 6 (n-butane) HL IARAE SLATE 460 K BER Z= 1+ A/V4B/V? > Boh A= —265 cm3/g-mole + B = 30,250 cm®/g-mole? > SYEtSEH 1 SCAAVIE ThE 460 K “F + ERE 50 atm f2GH] 100 atm + SEPT ALATA ATARI © SEAR Tragge = 430.7 K > Page = 77.8 atm + GSE a, UATE ALAS re Be ‘b. SUSE SO> HERI c. ZE 500K (5% 500 cm) 48 F849 1 SOE SO, AH > PSR eS EPAPER SEE (TLE 298K F + — SRE AR Re 30 APRESS 10 Ft > BLS a= 0.2461 liters?-atm-mole? jij b = 0.02668 liters/mole » HE Beh FAHEIEL®, 01500 atm > SRNL ITE PV=RT (1+ 6.4 x 10-4 P) » Gat SED) LRA RAT ESTE Dh + aA LEA (a) SASL SRE (b) EAR RR FTAA AER ° EFAS 8.6 Mh SURE SK MM DGEAHS : a. SRE 500 atm » 298 K BFHYSERE © b. BRM PASTRY © c. HG 1 ASAE 298 KF eEr | atm BREE! 500 atm ATAEAEHTEAL B HREEIe {te MABE © LEP: ARIANA REENRRRS D>?BAR MNT A 293 8.8" HPA P44 Kameriingh Onnes (i; AARNE HEMI eT PY, BO) RT Vv FYE PV — b= RT + BAREHH BN ZeATK 8.9% 8.8 BEES FREI IRE PF + SAS TC UC ARRAS 2 BERR « SEES P75 > GLH BE ROA GaRPRSELTE A 3 V EB “PRESS EAS + 8.10" AGN RSME ARR S11" GAR LAT EAE(ES Kamerlingh Onnes (if I FPAZHATRME > HERA IIIS Best: PV aie BT) RT v 8.12" SHELLS Zen BRT Pen Vea Rigg Zeon 8.13* STAPLES ASga=—R(X4lnX4+XpIn Xp) FPELRR AIAN Xo AYfEI EY ELE Xp = 0.25 BFE Gia (GEA LATA Ae ARSh) FLMC HRARTE Xp = 0.25 FLIER © TGR Xp = 0.25 HF + BATA SELG ETE Xp = 0.25 BF > A AALS BAREEA (d) BS (©) AV ZSEBR (©) BURERAETE © meaogss ‘BARAT HZAB -