Exploring Gender Equations: Colonial and Post Colonial India Ealtors Shakti Kak Biswamoy Pati [NEHRU MEMORIAL MUSEUM ANDLIBRARY 2005‘© Nehre Memorial Museum and Library First published 2005 Published: [Neh Memoria Museum and Library ‘Teen Mart House New Delhi-110011, India Allright reserved. No par ofthis pbliation may be reproduced or tansmited in any form or by any means, lectronc or mechanical including photocopy, recording ‘orany information storage andretieval system, without ermsson in rig from th publishes, ISBN: 81-87614.323 Price: Rs 6000 ‘Typeseting by Vean Computer & Typeset, Ghaziabad and printed at Nutech Photolithographers,C-74, Okla Industrial ‘Area, Phasel, New Delhi-110 020. CONTENTS Preface Taoduton “The Pata and Domestic colon any Twentieth Coury Pub "Anshu Salhovra Gains, Loses andlor Potential Possibilities (Gender and Social Refs othe United Provinces Chara Gupta emiisng Manes ~Feninising the Oren: Madness, (Gender and Colonialism in Bria na, 1860-1940 Walrad Ernst Gender, Medicine and Eire: Bary tiatives in Inston bling an Prefesionaisation, (1890s 1940s) ‘Maina Chawla Singh “The Foundation ofthe Lady Hardnge Medial College and -Hovpit or Women at Delhi sues in Women’s Metical ‘Education and Inperal Goverance ‘Somiksha Sehrawet ‘Women in Colonials Post Colonial Kashi ety, Pararchal Hepemoay and Posies of Tervetion ‘Shalt Kak Adivasi Women in Transition: Revising Jharkhand, (8805 0 1985) ‘Shashank Shekhor Sinka Migrsion an Mariage: Labooring Women in Benga i Late Nneteeth and Early Twentieth Centres ‘Sonia Sen ut nson Aan Pre Pca, BP. Caletion and Marking of Ten Leaves in Shore Dison an iat of Fret Manage opel 193 Paaning Commision eh Fie Year Por 202 2007, New Dai ama... Retell and Hira, Piber and Costes of Contral Provinces, ‘Goverment rss Nagpu 910 ‘Women, Development and Local Governance in Contemporary Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Linkages Amit Prakash velopment hs bean th Imo of much of te public siscoure over the pst hal cearry Any discussion aout sci anor polity x hardly complete without invoking oveogmentat eertneroot cae of he maces unde dsusion ‘ras pace lil Inti contet tbe contemporary iscssans ‘on development have stesed the desirability ofthe craton of Sacre of fel governance, While the demeocaic argument or the deity of local governace seuctres a units of se {ovement tact sey hereon erature on local povemance pots forthe fanctional dimension of improved delivery of flevelopment services as well. The earlier giseussion on ‘dcenttisation mplying de-concetatien of decision-making 1 Joc levels of goverment breaurac, bs been replaced by lost ven, nplyng nto odin making baal sesing the democratic arpeots of the processes of decison making with is ‘coolresf ranipareacy and aecoaniatbiy- Inte gam ises ‘tyown py this dessin of velopment and oel povemance. ‘women form sone ofthe hey Tinks both a ageats a6 well as enefiris ofthe development res. “This paper secks to address the relationship between develop oeslgovemance and women withthe hep of some ‘aia patterns emerging fore Uitar Pradesh, The paper is Alive inf thes pars: Par f rely discusses the cocepal meaning ofthe tr loc! goverance and he pace of ome in the parigm of govemance and development: Par I dsc.re Ania ‘he cena fetes ofthe lel governance structures ini ed then analyses the relationship Beween local governance and ‘wame'spurcgaton with theelpofsome seb daa fr wore tela eves Par I lense of the Cedi forte Peis 1981-91 and 1991-200 mip ptr between te ‘penton focal governance instntions oer he past dese ad any she at may be noted n development outcomes forthe Sut of Ur Pradesh, paral for women. 1 ‘The development paradigm has undergone a umber of changes sinc its emergence inthe 1950, ven though many commenters bse the term ina selfevdest fathion. Along with the relaine Imporance of mace, sate and is fnctinaris a he allocation ‘mechanism for ‘development, what ha alo changed is the roe sen tobe available ote varios soil groupe andthe cently ‘of women heen. Along with his, tbe development paradigm has ko stessed various agencie/ evel as cena inthe prometion of ‘developmen While on ponte tie te capac facet sine wee extolled, tbe contemporary Iteraure on developnect Strese he iponance of desentlsin sd oe governance, Besides, the central ole aropated Yo ances of he tte earer ‘nas aio undergone a fundamentl change and te inponanse of cltsciety and community organisations dering. Theor, Itsstieat to focus sorne ation om teste of development scoure by wich the term “goverance” has come to segue ‘ueney inthe comtemporary erate Development and the Concept of Governance “The term govemance was fst usd in davlopet erate (Gina sese deen fom is dictionary meaning) by a Wold Bank document which suggested thatthe Bank's programmes of Ssractual agjstneat ard avestneat in sub Saran Area were ineffective de oats of goverance’- Good govern wa ‘uated with "sound development management, defined as "he ‘manner in which power is exercised inthe management of & county’s economieand socal rvources for development Is apeing Geer uations Cs ndPstCaocil Inds 35 four key dimensions wee public sector management, tenant, the legal fratework for development, and information and toneptency! The manag and potialconet of evelopment such formation of governance was cloely lated othe n20- ier economi oles of te Breton Woods insitaons and bth “de cate for democratic capitalist societies, governed by 8 minimal eS Homever, vt th rote of contstation by academic writings a swell as popular protests ofthe nation of economic grow as Urvelopmeet the meaning andconept of governance has undergone ‘ considelewetamorposs ver the past decade. These newer (kilion of governance alk of e-cening andthe plralitaton Oo the sate into a umber of lvls tha stretch orion from ‘vile and market organisations oth ooe hand, and vertically ftom the ensaional ofc slfgovenmeat institations onthe ‘bets eonsdered tobe a welcome step for several reasons” ‘Thus, actions of “parscipation, accountability, governmental responsiveness an even broader ences such as those of social ‘ua and juice have become an integral par ofthe content ofthe concep of governance ‘Women, Development and Governance sues bout womens gual parcpton inthe pol systems uve been dete for along time allnough fcased atenion on the central importance of locating women in development pogramanes ir freely secent ogi. "The de of integrating “Tirt Wold women oto ai peactce Hirst emerged in the USA 30 the early 1970 wben development paciloners and researchers ‘beeen pushing Yor greter representation of Women io aid teccis"? Te argue! port was that th sor development ‘rorammnes of aid agencies aswel as infemstonal ngnisatons Stee skewed inthe favour of men ahd adequate stention and Tesouces rere not devoted to ensuring that Women were equal teefcais of te programmes. This lad w a US-led effort by agencies tng’ omen io thei"exsing developmental ractoes under emodoxnaios of development." Despite te<6 Amita significant rol of the United Nations (UN) slong with many ofits agencies such as the UNDP, ILO, FAO, UNIFEM, ete ‘evelopment discourse and practice. the UN declaration that amounced he First Developm Deca (1961-71) speci ‘mention of women, Th declaration fr the Second Development Decade had a brie reference conser the cently of ensuring “Full negation of women in the tua development efor" “Ineration” dus became atcha fs gee io he 1970s andeary 1980s, fee, some exten by the anor ssempton ‘hat women's ves would improve once they a bon ined Int the development proces ‘While aproaches suchas ‘gender and evelopment (GAD) ‘nd ‘wore and the envizoamen' have crept int the disouse "and despite the fact hate concept of mera nom bene hlnge,itegrcon sl future tony nthe tore of st. ‘idagenies". Fimly located athe movernisation praig this approach hry addesed the question of develope in lato {o women, The few scholars who did separately tak of women ‘teotised that "modemisutin abd development would lead 0 ‘replacement of the vaitoal extended family the sie of vil ‘soil activites, by modem sucka fai separ re the Public sphere of production. Wiis the fal tere wool be 30 ineeasing division of labour with women and men specialising in ferent spheres of boushold activites,” This approach ths ‘rly dealt withthe queton of women and devsopmes ae thee ‘was inherent fh the neurality and equity of rationalist economic growth. ‘This was also the prcie question over which intellectual eparre frame moderation approach emerged Developments ‘experience from many parts ofthe World showed that the evelopment process of te modemisaion kind was na gender ‘tral snd acosomiegromth fen either woe ooteompeely or worsened thei situation. New formblations wee pt forth 12 dress these issues which while continuing the bel ia the ‘mademistion logic, questioned the ality ofthe same to Benet iplaing Gonder tgaten-Cotnaland PostColosalins 7 “The intellect moment sparked of fom this onestaton nderscored the importance of focsig on women in developmen. programmes an has tron up a marbor of approaches whic Fave considerably cnrished th nays of gender cans the Sovieg, ncfing questions eltedtn development" A ullanayss ofall hese praia is eyo the scope ofthis paper. It ay Sic ono tit he comtemporary developmen isourse an Its treatment of wotnen and Jevelopmest sues speak of an gendered governance pram, “The contemporary pendr and governance paradigm tos iiss elated to paricpation, empowerment and developmen Furthermore, ste fe lsd on an mstutons defined as bot Consent aangement, conteatons, and codes of ond tat over the pattem of invidil and colectv behaviour. that 7 enforced through social practise or custom” as well ‘rpanistioslamangemen.” “The rest ofthe paper wil focus on two ofthese issues: aricpaton, which rene concer local governance, nt {hepetemsndevelopmentoucomes, parca for women, ding the ime intone germane have ben putin place a Inve been functioning in the corext of some empl rail from UP, Inligt ofthe dscussion in Seton Jol govenance may be eine a loca nttionalseuctres created forthe ensaring ticipation ofthe loa population in governing nal afi na transporeo nl sceounabie manner, ahi i ofthe ses ‘of the conceptual framework of govemance on social equity and ste, sch nstintonal races ustbeso stated sexs that women and weaker seins have fall acta opportunity lay anol rol inal he ee of the loencommiaiy. ‘Keeping these definioal pols in mid 2 rif overview af te siractural arangements for local governance in Inia is import. Tae Conettation oT, inthe Dietve Pips of ‘tte Policy, provides that "The Stat shall ake neces eps8 Anita ‘orzanisevilage panchayats ad endow thm wth such pote ant suthrity as may be neesary to enable tem to faction as uns of self-government”. However, in view of the fact ht these provisions were enumerated in Par Ite Directive Popes of State Poly andnot Pans Vor VLof the Constiation deling wi the istiuon of Union and Stare governments, the pana remained plows hope ui the 190s." “Te 190 ininive was rote ina seis of cali tempts ‘The firs major naive owards establishment of nitions of local governance in India was the recommendations of the ‘Balwant Mehta Conic, which had concived of Puochayats body reeeenting the inte ofthe village coramanty but ats teking up development progammnes atthe vilage level. The “gram panchayat Sas therfore pereived sn smplemeating speny of povenment ina pei namely, development pee InI977, te Ashok Metta Commie eeapmendeds finden change tots concept of panchayat asked fr wnsforntion ‘of panchayats (rom an implementing agency to a politcal Insiaion”" The Td Amendment to the Coston wat the culmination of a series of efforts in his ection, whose mala features ae 1. Panchayats will be consiored as decentralised political 2 TheGram Sab, const voters ofthe vilags, would ‘be he main deliberative body (0 wich he pascayat woul be scout 3. All here tes. gram panchayat aladablck panchayat ila parshad would be elected throvgh direct ad fanchise tnd have'a if of five years, unless dsolved somer. In exe of ‘sluon reelection sob bel within six months 4. A separate State election commission would oversee elections to panchayats in each State while State Finance ‘commissions wold recommend the devotion of sources othe Panchayats, ‘pig Gender geo Colonia nd PotCaoit ind 39 5. Besides the ligation on the part th Uaion and States overeat prod adequate funconing othe pechayss, hey fave powers ase heir own resources, 6. Some States, mainly Bibar, Himachal Pradesh, Utar Pradesh and Haryana have provisions fr nana panchayat for esa of dapat 7. Ones of the seats tll the thre Hvel ae reserved for women, of whom one-third Would be from the SC/ST communi.” Wiilethe 7d Amendment ays down the iil eamework, ‘States rte deve farther tovaeds restr powers end authority ing devolved tothe PRs Honce, avai of ional provisions ‘ve bn ad inthe confor Iegsaons ofthe many Stats, ‘which po beyond the amework ai down by the Constitiona “endmen, wilco Ses have aken rater minimalist vie of te mater Fur, the rd Amendment ise isnot without problems While the objec heats tobull the panchayat {a effective decenralied political nstuion atthe grass ots Teel. the vsion functions nts 1h shee makes inca, ‘oly an npemetation agency fr developmental activites [Pathe the resource rating capac of the panchayats ae iia? ‘As tegards the question of women inthe Panchayati Rs Instone founding fuersofourCorscn damage jj in ensring ged usc inthe supere law ofthe county. the ‘Contttion The Preamble to tbe Comzuton, intr alin asses justice, soca, economic and pobtical, equality of status und ‘portunity nd nity of tenia. The Fundamental Rights fscante women’s equality under law. Articles 14 and 15 ‘pronounce the git of men and women to equity before Jad roti durimination onthe ats of Sex by the state. Article 15. Foi th state to subject any citizen to any ast, ability restriton on the basis of sex in access t,o se of any public Place orseic. Arie 6 provdestotshienand women eaity ‘ot epportuaity inmates relating wo employment ender the ae“0 AmitPrsh “Taoncobecvely, thes provisions spel ott bas right equliy ‘of omen in india a indvatuas The Diecive Paciples of Sia Policy provide fo afimsive ation for securing adequate aes of livelinood for men and women, equal pay for equal work, ‘rtetion of beth and strength of workers — men, womee ab ‘histen- from bas, jostand humane conditions of woe, ing ‘heleel a maon, materi elit andcondtians ef workensurng acer standards of fe and fll ejpymeat of leisure. Many of. thes provisime were icorpcsted inte Convenionon Eiminton ‘of All Foams of Disximinaton again Wome.” ‘tar Pradesh ‘The geographical aca today known a5 Ute Pradesh (UP) bad untsone many politcal elgnments overt cen under ‘ios dynasties at raers,Itaciied is present shape aa sul ‘o's number of organisation under the British Rule cing te {oth Cena was reorganised and named the Une Provinces of Aga and Oudhin 1901" The rane we shonened othe United Provinces in 1985. In January 1950, the United Provinces was renamed Uttar Praest™™ which cntaued without any major ‘modiistins uti the creation of he tao Utarachal tm te UP il resin of Uta Paieston 9 November 200, ‘The State of Utar Pradesh has been masked by regional Imbalances in social and economic development “In terme of cecxnomie indestos Uke apical productivity, infact aces, indus prow the Uta Padesh'seooomy cap be ‘atogried into four regions: Western, Easier, Cental, and ‘Bundelkhand, The Westera Unar Pradesh is agricultural prosperous is relatively moe indus and has seen greater ‘epreeof urbanisation. At the eb end is Bundelind with low ‘cut grove, ss mber find nity, eer rss ale of indestil rodtsmking tis region asthe leas developed in ‘he nate” ‘As for the demographic pile of UP inthe 2001 Cems {sconcermed, the population ofthe tate 166082859 — 16.16% ofthe national population, wih a decaal growth rat of 2585 long Geer uations CalonisandstCaosiiain 41 “The male and female decadl growth tes of population in UP sing 1991-2001 were 24.31% and 27.5%, respectively. The population density of UP in 2008 was 689 persons per square mete, These to in 2001 war S56. The itera ras acoding toe 201 Census wus 57.36% we the female ters ae was £12.98, As far ax the esis he tate were coseemed, infam morality tein 1991-92 was 9S per 1,000 ive bs. Lie fxpectaney at bth ip 1991-92 was 57-14 yeas for males al $52.8 foe females Inthe mato economic indicstor of UR is pee capita income ofthe stein 194-95 soo RS. 8.31 it Rs. 8.339), Net ‘State Domestic Product forthe sre year Was Rs 79.008 crore "The stractre of slate income shows tat the ontibution of agricutare was 43% tough he sector il stains 7 % ft tom working force (199). Tis sbows th cominied press of ‘working poplin inthe primary sector. The sae of indus ‘Sut income wan 20 wl fe Series ster ensued 37 ‘ofthe Sat income. "AL he tine of Independence only «few Snes ere ead of Utar Pata in developmen. oy the ‘Sue i vas behind. in almost all he development inex. ‘The State "has made inadoguate efforts 10 rise resources for development andor has not deployed them in a productive Polly, UPhas teen oe of he most important states of the tian Unio tsends 80 epescetatvesto fe Lok abba. making ifcenrain the scheme of he Unin goversment swell. Te Sia tus been a area of inense contesaton ofthe pola ase By Fcheno disadvantaged exstesocialgrops leading 40 masive ‘huming, cen assisted by te stator rureents ofthe aw PRI ‘Women and Partlpation in Panchayti Raj Instutons ‘As has been noted earlier, partcipation is an important component f lel goverance an wo election othe trees ‘tthe PRs in UP conduct in 195 and 2000 would be the one of‘he incor for evn he les! of partition of women ‘hes insiaons Theda about worsen prtciption in tems of membership of the various levels of PRs some select States bs ben tabu inTable | Clearly, UP des not demonstte good ecerd es ‘f ropaionof women amongst memes oF PRIS atvariow ves Te fas nt only filed wo te Const! requirement a ‘one-third ofthe membership of PRs aleve sould be women athe over evel of epresenationof women inPRISisamesse To, his ic espe the fact that studies have reported that “woumen's ent and ‘wmnng edge’ over male contests as ben proven beer reservations I else thc api and poeta to stvelypareipte i mates of concer or local people” ‘ery party pote considerations of winsng st many seas at posible sot the man factor bend each poo epresenaion of ‘romen (a may have been expected the highly contested plies Space of UP} "The poor levels of representation of women aquie grater seriousass in view of the fact tha even the low levels of representation do ot ape reflect sme degree of pola ‘rnpowerment for women, Mere membership of & PRU ls not ‘sent prantefrsubsiandve parspaion af women base ‘ies Thee cent ieratr dcamenting the problems that ‘women have fice in discharging heir duties as members ofthese bodies. Fhe, the paviarcical basin society has not been rtulry ence for womens sive partisan in PRI ven worse, scholars have documented the fact tat Women are proxy members while the ea fonctions are dacharge Ry their ‘le elatvs “Punch Pa and “Sarpnch ai” have emerged as lpi poll stor om the UP PRI sens Inview ofthese ‘actos impranttoevew Some dts abou the ata survey ‘ef wonten andthe: paripatca in PRs ‘Amongst ew surveys fis Kin that have been conde’ ‘5 UR, the one conducted by Ehata ~ an NGO inthe year 2000 in four ses of meth Tia atthe Inzernationsl Cee for Ebnic pig Gendron: Coli nd Pos Calo is Thiet in PRs in Select States ‘Women Represent ‘Al Tovce Ties CGramPuchayas Panchayat Samiti Parishad ReRRRARE am 9951 450 Most 908 ser 12s. AgRRRR Reenae seRnae 336 1s a 120501 Fame oust ‘Sauce Rng Pret Gnd as nd iran gins Woe: Wht Dif ait Sy?, New Dh: ONUEM, ope“u Ait Pratsh Staies, Colombo standout oi slevance tothe discussion and Asfaras provision of eseration of satin te various tes of RIG io encurge wore’ parton re cmceed espns {fom UP demonstrated he poorest knodge oF sac provisos. Only 25 of he espnteas were avare of servation fr women inthe PRIs wie % were at nae fay such poisons When ‘ote with te figures forthe other tres not Tada States ‘seve (Tab 2) the stnaton in UP was por. ‘Table 2 [Responses to Some Select Questions concerning participation in PRI in the north Indian Sats (i) UP Deki HP Pana Yes_No_Yes No_Yes No_Yes No Krowledge about reservaion fr women inPRIs 422440 770, 20 590280703 147 lected Members who have stead Panchayat mostngs 930 70 100000 988 42901 99 Seimoiation aa factrin contig Panchayat seat % ABD Votnginthe past 913 BE 910 90 967 33 850180 Iepreeat you 784 100 $1.0380 672777 710 266 Source: Tabi, iin, Women and Gonerance it South a Re “nang the Site, Colo ICS, 202,99. 335-5, sping Gender EqutonsCaoniland on Coins 85 omeveriasesponse tober questions concerning pasion cof women in Ps the respondeats fom UP reported a tighter ptr Atsongt the respondents surveyed, 93% bad atended ‘mowings of the Panchayats, which id not conspare 00 bay ith the she tre states surveyed (Table 2}, Whether such atencanes ‘Minetiegs moun 0 Women’s empowermeats an openquestion, aril n view of he nia of policl competion in UP id the soviet contest when dis snd esponsbalies of te ‘Ged women PRI members have tera reported be discard bythe male elatives ‘The survey also wed to probe into the contention that most vwomen members ofthe PRIs ste eacted at dhe bbest of te male members of thle respecne families (few duet te fac. thane male member cold not contest dae oeserion seus) fd were thas proxy members only. On the count, the survey revealed gute a ifernt plture a 76% of he respondent for {UPenossle-mevtion ste primary reason fr threo forthe set (heodhor choices were seve Ses eoples supper fay support and pay suppor), Fre, compared withthe ter ‘hyeenor dan Sates hs igreismoch phar rasng suspicions show its vera: Apart fom participation in he PRIS as members, the sursey sho edt gauge the nvelvemcet of wore inthe pla proces by asking Hf they ad voted inthe past. Once again a higher propo of respondents fom UP responded inthe fiat. Niaey-ne percent ofthe respondents iste hat they had ted inh ost atige surpassed ony by the esponnsfrom Hina Pradesh Furtes,th sens of involvement in PR and ter sevetues ‘of govemance wars thebighes ia UP wich 75.4% of be women recoding tht the sate des represent ther. Once aga, one of the thee ter Stes fund women PRUs members eating 10 He stein ch lage proportion (Table 2). This igure is cco agin inconsonande withthe overall end buthe vali ofesponses 0 ‘sich abuse qostios remains open to dearTa viw of the over discussion inthis pit maybe surmised that as fr as pari n PIs is concer, UP hs ot aed our. Questo abourthe quality of sick pacpation wil aa ‘ur heres iheret merit in parison nthe oll process itself i assertion of equa ight by women the goal. One bas © ly eal he primes and assembly lectins in UP ding ‘he 190s andthe social chrsing tha its thrown opt tress the pont am Development and Local Governance? Governance, loa governance inpacua i ofe seen 253 tool for generation ofa varia beefs othe gael population, incuding the weaker and marginalised secon and women, Plies cncouraping the eration and operation of stews of cal governance ae ofr used graeae goods such 5 tanspareey. Sccountaity and empowerment, many of Which are linked € ‘developmen outcomes, Whe obs concep linkage ave Den ftfered by bab, independent scholars a well a international organisations suchas tbe UNDP, it emai difclt 1 estab ‘eh kage on he ground with he lp of coerce dt. However, some mico-level tas oso fe villages or developmen blocks) hve indeed developed and demonstrated sch linkages leading to the aecesty of examining and analying the psy of uch inkage aa more macro level Ths is what his "esto ofthe pape hopes todo with he lp of sre its cet ‘ele fom Census 2001 Hee, lest be pied out tha alysis of any ont of nia smaller than 2st is iu ask Seca ery ie dla is salable at substate an dec level Hence, detailed coneiion between development outomes end Foca governince not posible tsk, “Tis section seks to analyse if «patra exists bers de functioning of feel governance sttures and development ‘utomes. Fo this pase, outcomes of dc cota nda rly, sexratio, Meray and employment profile UP betwesn apritg Gener Bsutons Caan and PostCloi Inia 447 1961-91 (when sal govereance structs, Panchayat Rah {aston dd noes inte preset fom) al 1991-2001 ung ‘whi ocd governance sriures were fut in plac ad i fact, tow elections fo the PRs have sine been held in UP). Te dat ‘eamined below delineates puters of positive development futcomes co these Hee heads during the ne PRs have ben in tisene and operation Sex Ratlo ‘Wil serra in sel only incats the rato between male an female population ina coin geographical ae, it fsa weful Maia pony fora vst aber of socio-economic process Many ste ave doctnened te imac of a ai of fats — ‘fom economic iat of the are any to avalabity of medica fecles on te changes im sex rao. Besides, it ean also be ‘Sued datan improvement in sera isaocony an outcome = ‘eter electives development polices but also reflects sng fmpowennent Ives and would conbute co encouraging the ‘Sauaiy of women, Therefore, sexratio as been vied a 8 OXY for she overall outcome of te development policies andthe {nsences that my bave emerged theta doc the existence and ‘peition of al goveraee tes. As far ashe ove averages of UP ae concered rng the period when sotto PRUs dd not eit (1981-91), the sex ratio {Euine fom B86 women per 000 men wo 879 womes pr 1.000 tion, However once te story PRIS were created and were ‘rationalised (1991-2001), tee was significant improvement te sex rom #79 in 1991 to 858 women pes 1,000 men in 20 In vow ofthe fact that UP isa lage sate interns of bos population 2 wel as rea, many ofthe average figures ide “gifientdisparies Ths kote comes aruba elevant wen ‘one is analysing the developmental outcomes at te lcs! level However. in view of te fat hat UP compeses 70 dss, 46h vied into yverl Wook, fullalyss of developmest utomes the l-dsit ve or ater tds eve wl regis“ Anita rch more tie and space than tht is allowed by this pape. However inclusion of some texte ofthe ronal spain is cena oth tsk presen being undertaken, In od fo recone the two divergent concersenumeatd here, the discs of UP have been divi Ino four ‘velopment regio: easter UP, sestem UP, ceatal UP, and Bundelkhand “Thee are sigan ferences inthe sox ratio of the four “developmental opons of UP (Figure 1) Thre “evelpmental region’ —Cenral UP, Easter UP and Bunelihand — closely followedthe ends ofthe sate aveagesAlthreesbowedadeline inser ratios ovr tepid 1981-91 when the PRs id no exist. ted showed subactialimprovement during 1991-200, be prod ‘ering which PRs were crested and operatonalised. The ‘evelopment region of Wester UP showed a posive rend during ‘both pods with one signifier difference. While he sx ton ‘mesten UP dain the period when PRIe did not exist (1981-31) thd sown a modest improvement, ding the Later period when ‘he PRishas stare urtonng te inprovernensaresuttatilly danger epic in gue 1 Inview ofthe pate seen above, bez appears tobe apne ‘celta between th exablahnet of PRs and imeroverent oF ‘sovrstior in UP, Literacy ‘The imporanceof literacy inthe over evelopment sensi ‘of any sate o region can hardly be overstated. tis cen ike eon in sstanible progres of econamic development polices ‘nut also in the generation and maintenance of social sector ‘evelopesnt. Puhr tsp contention wisdom hat female Ttery has salen and ineplaceate rl o payin socal Secor evelopment td the empowerment of women". in the context ‘of female edveation in Tada, researches in eee years have ‘eveloped a lage body of empiri evidence demonstrating haw ‘dco an promote pee capitis, such asthe feed paricipate in political and economic processes; use new {echnolole,rotet oneself epinstexpliation (gal, economic, pring enter guns: ColnaandPstColonit Inia 49 eeeREEGEEE pw Chg a Sex Paola UP 581-2001 sexu) ney moti ay ihe sell tas a ‘mene id and ata wel “Teper feelin fr te Hey gues fr UP at its gee ‘the same as those for sex ratio. During the period {ett een vty Pe a ott een eva he tear ems egies fr UP show te nee of ow Sse ol om 274 in 1981 to 3.1 8 38 aN inthe prog 191-20 e.th pend dang which try Ph sted fanesnig, the sae improve PB pceennge ons 4645 ee 2001" Th ipo eee peromane ofthe Mercy ple ia UP can at est see raed be etaamen ad frtonng fe Gy PRs UP over 1991-201 gw 2) "A Sevclopmenl eons of UP demons sini ate an aran te ow eal ey ras concerned OE Se DAD, tent permanency 2 UP Dac edn Coral UP wre he racy ase by Te Feces pins fom 27.0 in 181 034.7605 Data he pad 1981-201, is developmental on anos| ‘apling Gender gone: ColoinlandPot Clann 4 | exis est ahve dking rot mae i Uuar Praih @isian UP B Gone UP @ bankand @ Worn UF] om aon > sSan'te prcomage poo to 48. Snr all other i “Gevlpiewal ein: tad Semone decal growth of il | Sbehdeween 9 apd 1991 Howeve betwen 99 an 2001, ‘ite aevcipmentl eins of UP showed a dead gor ii Tiercy between 14 and 15%. Bundelkhand, which was the lowest ik i performer between 1981 and 1991, surpassed all the other Matvelpmncral region with «decal grosth of over 15 af as teray was conemed “Thus total ercy rates, which are undoubedly sien in determining the future developmeatal senaro of UP and it “evelopment eon pero demonstrate postive comeation wth the cretion of PRE structures, ‘Hsia tens ia Indi in general and UP in parca ave shown tat the verge figures ofthe fll population often de & Signifeant dogres of gener disparity, However, » perusal of ‘ue 2 shows tha his tthe ese for the iteraeyfigues, ‘percolating the decade 1991-2001 theme during Which fhe PRI stuctues bad stated functoning. Although the overall female literacy figures ae sll substantially lower dan the male Hercy gues he prow in femal teary has been higher han the mae teey Bates. ‘Dring the decade 1981-91 te Female iteray figures for UP torent by only 5:65 — fom 1442 in 1981102003 in 1991 However, ung the decade of PRIS fncioning 1991-2001, the decadal roth n rae ercy was af almost 15%, (035.01 {i 2001 Pures the significant ap ieracy outcomes between teal Herc) and female itera which canbe noice frm the tha for 1961 and 1991 was practical erased in 2001, The rate of Smprovenet in ieracy of te female popuaion of UP betwee TDD and 2001 was prety he ames ha ttl population. In fac, the deca improvement the Leray of mae popslaton ‘ring 1991-2001 as lower than shat of female populations 12.7 pe cet Thi significant ta-aroond and achievement one font etemae leary defintely poitstoacarelaon wide stctres ies Growth wUP 981-2007 i j“2 Anata snes ma a a on Sivetietcreen terateras oath eemiiesmenrt Sree tntpan Eaerearerenneerts Demeter nee se Soeur ss cape eee rah eee Smt ia cot eer ene ier shim pte cree Ee maeteeetceaee Satie Acenneresas Spierminrapenencnre Scieheniaras meet Spore fat ata seca torre eae teens rere cere Speer rarer aoe ‘Taming othe ‘developmental regions of UP, the imps of growth in female itera dring the decade 1991-2001 was equally lnc i al the ‘developmental regio" of UP — something which cannot be noticed during 1981-91, Bundelkhand led the “developmeatlropons' with 2175 éocadal growth in female Iteracy In fat the highest improvement intra trary in ondelkhand a noted eater, wat ed bythe igh achiverests in the female literacy figures. This somthing which has lvays ben aay inte developmental scenario of ada. Inall the other ‘developmental regions’ of UP, the deal ‘provement rte fo female eacy syed batwoen 1 ad 16 5 48 opposed to 12 014% dada improvement i male Tercy Figur Once aphin it ws the good perormance Female Hier) Fares inal the ‘developmental regions’ of UP which contributed tothe achievements inal iteecy gre, pling Gender Eguton: Conse Pst Clot 485 Employment “Oncof the cel inks nthe ovral developmental outcomes athe slaty of ganfl employment. We improvements ‘es development figure ke roy and health are cease Jet of enreng empayent, long-term ave 8 pe aca development proie of ay Sta o ean caiot Be recaned unless economic development is ensured leading ‘Bhiovnen and income. Ptr, economie empowerment SEA Ha in enaleempowormce which emits an aor Se unt om development pois. Hence, the indicator See says is that of erployrent.prcualy that of female employment ‘Te enployent feof UP had sown «ten tr over eden 9811 fm 31 8189811029. in 1381 Hower, ee cents ing cP Rlewere crate n sare funtiong, fhe emloyct efor UP brs sen 32.6% — higher thane oe Tete Amongst he deveiopmentrepons of UE, ke the thes sectors, Bundeiand showed the greatest improvement ihormant rate, During the peels decade of 1981-91, ‘Bondekhond hadrcorded small decline in employment rt For peat in [08] to 32.64% in 1991. However, dung the decal TOO1 200, here as obs presen employment rt Fee 0% in 198) w 29-4 ia 2001 Fase UP an Wester UP Feed nd patna he improvement i expeyme. ‘Sein thec wo ‘developmental region” was more modes. We Taian UP tad reco smn (26%) delve in employment ae flaunt pee PRI pe om 321% 10110285 in 1981 doing ea 591-301 asubaan (5.5) imgronement wasters {ve 200), Wesera UP shah sbowna sade 0.5) (te pe PR pas of 198-51 ut areas increase 2.28) aoe entra during be PR gue’) tesingy. amen ‘aT tntceencxsained nti pape. he only eazy which reseed cine daring He PRs phase vas that of employe caete ceva UP Employment rain Coral UPd eld ftom ‘aon 981 e300 in 109 (pee-PRI pis we dri 1991- 2, he devine washy 096% — 1 29.6% in 201[5 Uttar Pradesh i Eastern UP Central UP ll Bundelkhand & Wester UP "gue: Empioyatand Fel Enploymse MUP TSGT-201 eploing Gene Boon: Colenin sad PoCloil India 55 “Tuning female employment a, Figue’3 shows that there vasa significant inprovemeat recorded during the PR-phase. ‘Whe he pre PR phase of 1981-91 had recorded cin (by 22.) female employment rae fom 9575 in 1981197459 1991, doing the P-pave, tere was substanalimprovemest (128%) in the female employment © 20.27%, Similar pte Aas opted forall ts 'evelopmenal regions’ ofthe State. Once {gain Hundelkanled te developmen regions nthe ins ‘detent of ferale employien levels. Wie female employment Inte had yecorded decline of 337% in Bundskhad daring the pre-PRI phase, doring the PRIs-phase (Figure 3), this "evelopental ee of UP recorded sn improvement fast 2 per cont afar female employnen ate was concerned. Te ‘eleva figures fetal erployment rain Budelsangin 981, TWO! and 2008 were 15.0%, 11.72% and 31.20%, respective Similar te thre ee ‘evelopment regions’ had reared 3 ‘evn angng fon al pe cto 33 percent zing the pe- PRs phan of 198191 whe rng he PRUs-phase of 1991-2001, ‘bere were gent improves ia feral cmployient atin ‘Somer UP Eastern UP and Cental UP ranging betneen 9 Fer ‘ean 5p cen The siguficant gains ecrded inthe category tf female employe rate n UP apd is developmental eon Sent be leading the averoges for he felevant rion 8 a5 tticd inthe der indson, “Anoiesgiistinscato of the evel of femaleemployment in any piven region or Stee at of female participation inthe rorkfoc, Lethe proportion of womea inthe woklores. On his Treat also, the ye PRle pase has ecorded moderate deci ‘tie doing the PRIx-phasesubstanal improvements were tied In 198, female picipaton rate in the woekfors Was Tel perce, which declined o 1173 per eatin 1991. However, ovo the PRl-pase, te se gr bad inteased to 294 per ‘eatin 2001 an ineeaseof 1.6 pr eet ding 1991-2001 ever tte pre PRs decade of 198191 Sitar patens were repeated forall the “developmental san’ of UP Once agin Bundelkhand dale ‘developmental= Aira regions lathe imeroverent in the ate of ferme aticpaton in the workerce during the decade 1991-2001. White a dectne of 23.7% was recorded inthe pro-PRIs phase of 1981-91, the PRI ius recorded an improvement of more thn 208 (Fgue 3). Sina, the tert ‘developmental reptns? of UP, Basten [UP Wesem UP and Cental UP recone an improveiet of 9%, 10.5% and 14.6%, respectively, ‘Thus overall, thee wore positve guns in ll the dee ares whichave ben diseased above daring the decade of 1991-2001 ‘While itis slnowledged hat ite dieu to estalish a causal relish becheen he exalishent and finsoning of PRs ad the gains recondedin the developmetoucomes, th improvemen's Inthe tue aeas diseused above fr spss an gins made ‘hedacadesprortohe establish of PR Parte ths pie ‘outcomes cannot be easly atbuted © general opr in he {concn and pie proces om acount of he fact hatte no lier policies ein pursued over the ast couple of decades detract fem ie expends xl strat ance ic Concluding Remarks ‘While here hive heen sgn debates onthe relationship tetmeen processes cf development and he socal group which igh bets ungeted beneficiaries over the past decades, the brosd shveton ofthe debates as ben twa greater partition, mccain and insusvenes Th contemporary puradig o local governance certainly underlines these factors ia the evelopment proces. Consequently, many marginalised social ‘roups, women in paca, have been able to ase ice de lice and play x more meaningful le inthe development process. As fc as UP is concemed, there have bos sina sis hving the prod of operation ofthe newly reed scare of local governance inthe State. The performance of UP onthe indicators of develpment havent only been pov fra the evelopment regions during 1991-201, thera gros hasbeen Turhigher than he period 1981-91, While tisdificlta cath ‘rplering Geter Equi: Cola Por Catlin 457 a irc aa lationship between this pater of postive gosh in development instr and the operon of local governance facts inthe form of PRs, he high growth levels daring te operation of PRs pots to positve creative ten Furs if (Ms patern's ead with he evidence rom ote mir-level sts (Gisewsed eater) abot the change in erintation of PRs under ‘women eadersip overs peste development ncn thik ‘preastobesrongr However more detailed microtevel tly {ros the State requied for such ikages tobe delineated ‘While the functional and democratic aspects of PRs in cncouraing women's empostemment appr be oy soya ‘hog, itmustalsobe sessed nthe sme bea ar PRIS als tows panacea fr lil thas been poate oot carer that mercy eng elected o PIs tas ot meant ha women ive rcken ava from the shales of piarhy In many eases, te mae telatves ‘mine to exercipe power and dscarge responsblis of the fleced women PRs members, Farther i mst also be stesed that the bol aed fr reaching experiment o ater PRIs maybe rater progressive ep but aso opecate in asoeitl mile of {nvm cstepoliies conestaten of UP. Soc 2 situation ray aot te most conducive to engendering ihe pul athe gasrots {i UP Hoover, in view of te ier limited socosses of eter ‘modes il dt eapm, piven safe time and resources, PRs ‘wllbe the singe mos ingens forbot, women empowerment fd evelopment tthe eal levels Notes "caf dos fe changes nthe seco develops scons athe eae enpine mbes, tated ei soy, fer Amst Prakash, Good Gremance ant Development Flies: & Conprai Salo chor and tar Pras rogue ‘bmp of Cerf Poy Resch, New De * Suh Sohaen Aca Fm Crise Seana Growt: A Long ‘um Pept Sas, Wot Bas, Wasting DC, 18, * World Bank, Governance and Developmen, World Bank, Watingen 1982tay Ni Got, Ling Cede Gover Dc sa watts Rare ns Fetch ea Geel MABE Str Comte UNDENe Dah 38,98 "a “Rn wth its ow fs Se uta he soln a “unsustainable growth. " ae “me en nes anf rps Daas oa on Psy ‘Wamu uy 21608 “ino + Rosen i Maen nee: A Cel Ana nts We FORE "Reber, Na, Revere Gender Mirchi oie oer OM teen "Some pcs WID WAD, GD OAD, Hove, ss ei ct pre et her al, No he Agel so Su fais inp nf Cage aD P96 tre na Arce "omy bend at exer ent bowen 180 a on i theca ee wt pe Sa ‘ec pe uy nis ye Sem Sh yaa oy ts SEEDS tendon of Foe wn ope we Ste vce cone Pte rte de ten ase Win Eetmonsen Gough Sat epsnes eco masony Sep puch une beget goverment rd saan nts tol ee pont Seite ti pias me pte: Tf Mpa ote peclayns cast fe sr oe fling he ‘Stn oan ftw se “hs eat Cian nt ase monc en Pela ey, Wa $2 Dene 230, 1995, 993346, “ xploring Gender gation: ColinandPo Cobain $59 on ro the aj pote hae bees sly pie tant tao cs Wyse ind Vas, "Women in Posh da ove Decca hago Eenanican Poe! Wet. Aa gy Wie cae coments dees. ny fh ‘iter gnome ree saa UP cae 1 penton, D-Ganerand Governed ia eon cane 1 ey 2 ABB 4 2000, 2098, Pato the Sows Reorganisation Conison (CE: S uf nda ess New Dei 1S, ae eesaatol A Rfrenc Man New De: Pabieatioos Divi, inn nea Broeting Gover oT 2001 P- 7 = tortion gen by te UP poverament ts website bl sewwifinin. sina sat te Cen 200 have beta rn Cen of nti Pd Popa Tos: nda - Paper 2001, Css elie Nee be, 201, The eax Cn 201 Camano ee of Cato Commune of ads att! ‘row comand. "re lanai ofthe desl imbaces in UF, se ee ae BRE" Good Goverance and Development Pics: A Fae Sac of Una Prod and Maar FACOG Sey Pr of Sie, CIE Mb 197.18 > Snag, Developer of UP ts bee Govern aA Boia! Wey, 5, 0.226 17, 208 na een Gk, at Rav Sevasav, Legal Fares Per ata Petter and Deslopmet i Utar Prada Sage New ‘et np. 19601, 20585. Tp or fh rey ta ten pul 8 Tabi Yin (et, Mntand Govern in Seth Ase Reva the Sit, (ea Mer ad Onang te lve sy fours wens Cae cn his oton ss depend Bay fis eae there of sre and is usedo Asta 2 Te See of Ur Padi i ti oer ef the ese seca Ph ts rey Sta eaten separ Ste of Ua te pny of ted nay of ae inate sii by she nt tt eae ies Be for Cesus 2001 eer oe blab Pirie, oined ceveopsta data cons oh Beh, ‘haa, et rae ye sre eve 1905 “the ciao of be ssa ‘devlopncn eon” has bee eed many sure pact. Sls dean By (Gitt'nd UP govemasn Toe Soca scone cnt ‘Sein tis oper es allows ‘harbors, pos Pe Nap Kaen, Mare Mare Scrat, Bordon, Movallmgse ib, Rampar Sar Stare ee rib ons Sees ‘inp nb Pps Hak Kaper Dea oot tS aca Sap nme Ts Ald nf Ngee Blah all, a tc Dr ate Ces a rc Spe tc econ aie Nau Marr ean SEARS tpe Ss ion vein Chi Har, log Lv ‘Gende Capi Lyn tar Pet usons fueDctnmibedzien Pig asic on Pkt ely, Nyaa 160 Thre sient sean nh ey fo UP or 2on. We hens gpl aa er a ry ‘Cnn 01 gure din igen oper fe Cons a ‘cgi acm ras lO Rinne Sb ad Raja Kah, Granta ‘f'n an lig ra Cone Sr es me ba aie oo fo So Ree Sock Pano Kn, er eli UP ack ‘ere soe: Bk ogee sole Economic nd ‘ata Wty Mab, 02 ae as Lar, pring Gender tion: CobiandPotCnoaatin 46 References Bandypatyay, “Gender and Govan io’ a Economic nda Fits one 3, 29-Aug 20 2068. ‘Dondypedhyay, Dy Sala K. Ghosh and Budde Ghosh sng ena atom ty Cs of In’ Pacha Pee cad Heth oo anti. 38 Seemhe2025 205, e984. ‘esmeie Hinani Projects of Hes: Tomar » Ci of a Ranta the Women's Quen Ezowaic ‘ee cy Wl 1 Mach 17. 200 7. 92-2 ‘Couns of Provisional Papo Teale Indi Pape ns bee Cen Conair fa, 201, The daar es Ba Ney aan he website of Census Cnminonr of It pnw cma. ‘Chane, Ne Goren ate Plato of the Sta npn Demat harap Exoaican Pal We Me ss 2309 1218203 CMF, Profesor CMIE. Ma. 157 ‘ne 001 A Referee Mara, Pablsans isis, New DERI, if neato Drowousing Goverment of In 200 ial Nj Copa Loeng Goer inte Goveance Dissent es a umn Tabi Nia Cpa Jr a dean Geran NDR New Dei, 2085.13 Spamson Ci, "Loal Dern, Demos Decals or pn Thee, alge ad Opin fr Po} Fa pen Pty Ree No 18.04 200) pp. S122 ‘Cote Nass, Revered Reaiter: Gender Hierarchies evstopncs Tou Kafr Wome, New Debs 12. Fas Pe lence Declan Te Pac fet ee Sea Inquts Tn, Ka forWosten, New De Sam. ‘Kock Cia, “Ween in Dele A Cl Ana ‘hind er Quarry N18. 3,198,we Amita Late GK, Rai Seva, Unequal, esston nd Development i Ur Pris Sage New De, 19, “Ma, Jams, The Poa! ono of Denar Lecanto, “rl Bar agen, 198 Mathew, Gers Sta f Panchayat Ra Ina, Cone, New ets, our, Kole, Neoeral Agen abe Sy of tans in Devons and Cane Vo 2 Il Dace 985. ‘Medooal Lot"Gede api Lire in Uta Prades Quetions forDeconaied Edson Paige Eomomican Poa We, ‘any By. "Paohaya Ral, 7 Constr Amendinet na Won iconic and Political Wet, ola na 52 Beet Ss ayo af he Sater Reorganisation Comainsion Cin Fah ‘Alo, Gavermer ofa rest New Bh 985 atop Pret. Grd Bas and Discrimination Against Women Wnt Dornan So? UNIFEM, Nes Dt 208. ‘Shami. at an Raxjans Kem, Geen Local Goverane os Dna ix rele Mines New Dl, 002 Soar Kris Developmen of UP ssf be Nev Gove ‘a mamie ond Plea Wc Vl ann 2, de 7 2, Singh Fam and) K Pat Women apni UP Bak mages ands Rackgwond,Eeresce Role’ oon Poca! ety Nol avs are. 200 ‘Up, id Pacha od Paper Las: Sine Done 73 Arondnn imams and Pal Wet, lt 00.29, ‘hy 2034 a2 208 9, ‘yal oon Vinod Vas, Womenia achat Ra Gas eos Decry a Maan Eo ed Piel Wey, Dee S18 ‘Wonen Decision ahing at Gras, Cet Stil Reseach Woy Buk Gorman an ewe, Wal Bask, Washing pele ‘Wl un Sed Sara AP: From iit Susie Groth Long Tem esse ty Word Bak, Wagan D188 ‘eemin, Tach 6), Romo and Gonemance i Sut Ai eam the ae ICES, Coe, 302 Globalisation with a Female Face: Issues from South Asia Miriam Sharma — aa tc ne Cee ait cima vac nance topes vsgestemeccntnetaocoa nae sie enters Se a ri terete Posie es see tac gone capes rian spear poe al yt of Be oy i te ree enstetacepeg a sets aterm a st ll” een Sa tarsi Came neee ee Feo in aria eae Geto tare ne vl nua a pen oe ei sola ee es sa soucimmeirmay te eeteer sie con haar tetecrenameenes ee tie haatie warecetsoe Eamonn rete