Professional Documents
Culture Documents
American English File 3 Third Ed 3Rd Edition Christina Latham Koening Download 2024 Full Chapter
American English File 3 Third Ed 3Rd Edition Christina Latham Koening Download 2024 Full Chapter
3rd
Edition Christina Latham-Koening
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/american-english-file-3-third-ed-3rd-edition-christina-l
atham-koening/
RAD TIME LANGUAGE INSTITUTE (ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺩ )ﺗﺎﯾﻢ
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
E
M
TI
D
A
R
As in the morning the sight of the crimson and gold hangings of the
tent gradually impressed upon Elissa the sense of her surroundings,
a weight like lead fell upon her heart; but with a prayer to the gods
that they might inspire her with strength to carry out her great and
terrible resolve, she rose. A small gong was at hand, she beat upon
it for Cleandra; but instead of Cleandra, there entered a stranger.
“Who art thou?” inquired Elissa haughtily, “and where is
Cleandra?”
“My name is Chloe, oh lady Elissa, and I have been deputed to thy
service by the king. Thine attendant Cleandra was removed hence
last night; she hath, by the king’s orders, taken up mine own duties
as chief lady in attendance upon Queen Polycratia. His Majesty hath
charged me with his royal greetings unto thee, and bids me inform
thee that at such time as thou shalt be prepared to receive him he
will present himself before thy noble presence to inquire for thy
welfare.”
Elissa’s pride and anger rose upon hearing that Cleandra had
been taken from her. She was about to give some furious reply when
her eye fell upon the torn pieces of paper still lying where the king
had spurned them with his foot the previous night, and she refrained.
“I am,” she murmured to herself, “but as a fly in the web of some
poisonous spider, and have, alas! no power to withdraw myself from
the trammels of its horrid folds. But though alone and entangled, yet
will I be strong.”
“Leave me to mine ablutions,” she commanded, “and inform thy
master that I will see him in an hour’s space.”
At the appointed hour the sound of martial music heralded the
king’s approach, while the clanging of arms without denoted the
guards saluting. As he entered the tent, the flood of sunlight
streamed in with him and lighted upon his figure. The bright beams
of morning, shining on his brilliant arms, made him, as he stood
there in all the vigour and beauty of youthful manhood, seem as
’twere the sun-god Apollo himself who had alighted upon earth. But
Elissa groaned inwardly, to think that one so noble in his bearing
could yet be so utterly ignoble in his life.
She remained standing to receive him, looking at him coldly, and
making no sign of any salutation.
“Fair lady Elissa,” said the king, “I well see that thou art displeased
with me, and I own with contrition that I greatly deserve thy
displeasure. For last night the fumes of the rich red wine, combined
with thine own excessive charms, did make me forget for a mad
moment that I was King Philip thy host, and thou the lady Elissa my
guest. Wilt thou not pardon me? for deeply do I grieve if I have
offended.”
“King Philip,” replied Elissa proudly, “in sooth thy welcome of me
hath not been such as I should have expected from a noble monarch
with a glorious name. How canst thou expect forgiveness so soon
from a woman whom thou hast so deeply insulted—one, moreover,
whose person should be sacred. For she cometh to thee as
ambassador from the mighty Hannibal, before whom the power of
Rome herself hath for years past trembled. Therefore, before I say I
will forgive thee, tell me what wilt thou do to make amends for mine
outraged modesty and dignity. It is a matter for consideration.”
Calmly and fearlessly did Elissa stand before him, never flinching,
but gazing steadily into his eyes, which fell before her own.
Philip hesitated a minute, toying nervously with the hilt of his
sword, ere he replied.
“Full amends will I make, fair lady Elissa, if thou wilt but grant me
thy pardon and my request.”
“What is that request? and what are thy amends, oh Philip?”
“My request is this, that thou wilt join thy life unto mine to be my
companion for good or ill, through fair weather or through foul. My
promised amends are these: if thou wilt but assent to become for me
thus the one woman in the world whose sweet companionship shall
make earth heaven, I will bind myself in turn, by solemn treaties
before the gods, to help Hannibal, thy father, with all my forces by
land and by sea. I will bind myself to attack the Romans wherever I
can find them, to fall upon and destroy their cities and their colonies,
and, moreover, to send a large body of troops to reinforce Hannibal
himself. And thou, sweet lady Elissa, shall draft the terms of the
treaty, which shall, so soon as we are united, be sent by
ambassadors to Hannibal himself to ratify.”
Elissa concealed her rising anger, and answered calmly:
“Good, my lord king; but how can I accept this dishonour, for such
it is, and become thy life companion when thou hast a bride already?
What wilt thou do with the Queen Polycratia, the noble lady who but
yesterday received me so courteously? For know this, oh Philip! that
however she may fall, the daughter of Hannibal will, nevertheless,
take no second place. Nay, should she listen to thine unscrupulous
proposal, she will yet hold the place of queen, and queen alone.
There cannot be two queens; and whate’er may be her ties, any
other woman must give way before Elissa.”
“Polycratia, ’tis true, must be got rid of,” replied the young king
brutally; “but that is easy. Although I made her queen, she is not
really my wife, but the wife of one Aratus, from whom I took her.
Thus ’tis simple enough. I will send her back to her husband Aratus,
and by so doing shall I greatly please this unruly nation of the
Achæans. Thus, fair lady Elissa, thou wilt alone reign queen of my
heart, and there will be no other to dispute thy sway in Macedon.”
“And thinkest thou, oh Philip, that Polycratia will be happy thus?
But, after all, what is she to me? A woman myself, I cannot seek to
rule the fate of other women; yet would I strive to rule the fate of
Carthage and to injure Rome, otherwise I had not listened for a
moment to thine unworthy proposals. Therefore, King Philip,
hearken! If thou wilt send away thy queen, and if thou wilt make a
treaty as I shall dictate, then, when I have actually seen, with mine
own eyes, the departure of the ambassadors to Hannibal, will I, as
my share of the bargain, yield unto thee myself, and become the
minister of thy will. But ere these things be accomplished, seek not
again to intrude upon my privacy; and, above all things, beware of
again taking advantage of my defenceless position to insult me. For
seest thou this dagger which I have concealed about me? Had I
thought on it last night when thou wast brutally ill-treating me, thou
hadst assuredly been slain. But by Melcareth, ruler of the universe! if
thou dost, before the despatch of this treaty of alliance—to obtain
which I must sacrifice mine honour—but so much as lay a hand on
me, I will assuredly slay myself with this weapon. For although I may
consent, solely seeking the welfare of my country, to give myself to
thee, think not that I do love thee, Philip. Nay, far from it! I do scorn
and despise thee, king as thou art!”
Elissa’s nostrils quivered with nervous emotion and angry scorn
as, with the dagger uplifted in her hand, and her head thrown back,
she gazed upon the king with determined glance and flashing eyes.
Philip was cowed by her demeanour, but he would have liked to
have seized her in his arms once more even then had he dared.
“Oh, never mind the love,” he said, smiling; “that will come later.
Other women have said that before thee—ay, even this very
Polycratia herself did speak just so. But thine assent is the important
thing, and that is now settled; it is therefore a bargain between us.
Now what may I do to please thee?”
Elissa turned from the king in utter disgust as she thought of her
long and steadfast faith to Maharbal, of her pure but fruitless love for
Scipio, both now to be sullied and polluted by the surrender of her
person to this satyr of a king. And inwardly a great cry rose up in her
heart. “Oh, Hannibal, my father, thy precepts have cost me dear!”
“This thou canst do to please me, King Philip,” she exclaimed
freezingly. “Remove thyself from my sight until such time as I have to
endure thy presence whether I will or no.”
Turning her back upon Philip she left the apartment. But the king
laughed aloud, utterly careless of her feelings.
A few days later the treaty was completed on terms most
favourable to Hannibal and Carthage. And when Elissa had actually
seen an embassy, headed by one Xenophanes, sail with five ships
for Italy, she completed her great, her terrible act of self-sacrifice in
her country’s cause.
When once the die had been cast, Philip seemed anxious to prove
to Elissa that he had been in earnest in concluding for her sake the
treaty with Hannibal. He took, within a week or two of the departure
of the ambassadors, an irrevocable step, and one which was
calculated to embroil him absolutely with Rome. For, having heard
that a Roman army, accompanied by King Attalus of Rhodes, and
also the Ætolians, had landed on the Peloponnesus to wage war
upon the Achæans, with whom he was then allied, Philip took
advantage of the occasion, and, without waiting to make any
declaration of war, marched out against the Romans in gallant array
with all his army.
Falling upon them unexpectedly, he cut all their forces to pieces,
and indeed almost annihilated them to a man.
Returning to Elissa, laden with Roman spoils, he laid them at her
feet.
Upon seeing this immediate proof of his devotion, Elissa could not
help recognising the fact that her self-sacrifice had not been entirely
in vain, and she thanked the gods that they had given her the
courage to carry it out to the bitter end.
Alas for Elissa! although for long she lived in hope, this first
success was also the last. For a series of adverse circumstances
coming one upon another utterly frustrated the projects of Philip to
assist Hannibal and to combine with the Carthaginians in a war
which, had things gone differently, would, in all probability, have had
the result of wiping out the Roman nation and of making Carthage
supreme on the Mediterranean coasts. The first piece of bad luck
was the falling of Xenophanes and all his embassy into the hands, in
the province of Campania, of a certain praetor named Valerius; but
that first disadvantage was got over by the lying propensities of
Xenophanes. For he, of all the Greeks, was one of the greatest
adepts in the ancient art of using the power of speech as a means to
conceal his thoughts.
Thus, when arrested by Valerius, he readily admitted that he and
his suite were come as ambassadors to Italy, but represented that it
was to the Consul Marcus Marcellus, the conquerer of Syracuse,
who was now in Italy, that he was accredited. Thus, being believed,
he was readily given all the necessary information as to how he
should proceed so as to avoid the Hannibalian forces, and allowed to
continue on his journey unmolested. Owing to the information he had
received, the wily Greek was enabled easily to avoid any other
Roman army, and actually contrived to find Hannibal himself in the
province of Apulia. To the great conqueror he safely communicated
the treaty and all the letters that he carried from Philip and from
Elissa, which he had contrived to conceal about his clothing.
Hannibal, while naturally astonished and greatly annoyed at learning
that his daughter was now at the court of such a dissolute monarch
as Philip, was delighted with the treaty which she had been the
means of bringing about, and which, so favourable were the terms to
Carthage, he lost no time in ratifying.
Upon his sending back the Macedonian ambassadors, however,
accompanied by some Carthaginian envoys to Philip, the whole of
the embassy, after arriving safely on board their ships, were detained
at sea by a Roman fleet, and once again Xenophanes was taken
before Valerius. He, from the Carthaginian envoys, discovered the
whole plot, although by his aptitude for lying, Xenophanes had a
second time almost escaped.
They all were now taken as prisoners to Rome, where they
suffered great tortures and hardships.
Thus, from want of a concerted plan of action, Philip was utterly
unable to render to Hannibal the necessary assistance at the
required time. Nevertheless, hearing of the capture of his
ambassadors, Philip sent fresh envoys to Hannibal, and the treaty
being ratified, he set to sea with a few ships to try to organise a large
fleet of his own vessels, added to some from his Grecian allies and
others lying in various ports, with which to harass the whole Italian
coast. Unfortunately, owing to the sudden unwarranted fears of his
captains, which panic, it is said, even gained upon the king himself,
this enterprise proved utterly fruitless. For upon the false alarm that a
large Roman fleet was advancing, whereas there were at the utmost
only some ten Roman frigates which were lying, themselves fearful
of his approach, in a Sicilian harbour, Philip fled precipitately with his
ships, and returned to Macedon without striking a blow by sea. For,
in sooth, he was no sailor, although a right gallant warrior on land.
And the Romans, being reinforced, captured all the ships he would
have mustered, and remained completely masters of the sea.
Elissa was not long in learning the facts of this expedition, which
Philip had vainly sought to colour to his own advantage, and being
furious with herself for having given way to him without having
gained any commensurate advantages for her country, and furious
also with Philip, she taunted him bitterly, telling him that the only
wars in which he was successful were those that he waged upon
women.
After this, although Philip remained captivated with Elissa’s regal
beauty, life became almost intolerable between them. Hannibal’s
daughter continually stirred the king up with her invectives and
reproaches to fresh enterprises; but for want of a sufficient fleet he
was unable, after his first naval reverse, to invade Italy, and go to
Hannibal’s assistance. He therefore contented himself with warlike
expeditions by land in all parts of Greece, and even Asia Minor,
against all such as were the allies of Rome. But between the
Romans and himself there were no serious conflicts, and, in fact,
only a state of semi-warfare existed, the Romans being too much
employed elsewhere to pay any serious attention to the Macedonian
so long as he left their own actual coasts alone. They, therefore,
contented themselves by constantly sending embassies requesting
him to desist, under threat of serious punishment, at which
embassies Philip merely snapped his fingers. Thus, despite the
prayers of Elissa to either build ships or else march by land to Italy,
as her father had done from Spain before him, the war upon which
Philip had launched, in his ardour to win over Hannibal’s daughter,
proved of no use to Hannibal himself whatever. Nevertheless it
continued for years, and the name of Philip was so dreaded on land
that so long as the Macedonian was unable to effect any junction
with Hannibal, the Romans were quite contented to leave him alone,
other than, as already mentioned, by sending threatening
embassies.
But Elissa’s discontent grew continually more and more, for she
ever regretted bitterly having given over her fate into this man’s
hands. In one of these wars, fearing to leave Elissa behind in case
she might perchance either leave his court in his absence or be
captured by some rival monarch, Philip took her with him, and
Cleandra with her. It was an expedition upon which he had
embarked against the city of Abydos, upon the Hellespont. The city
was obstinately defended, and while King Attalus and all the
Rhodians sailed through the Ægean Sea to the assistance of
Tenedos, the Romans sent the youngest of their ambassadors, one
Marcus Æmilius, to Abydos itself to warn Philip to desist.
Now this Marcus Æmilius had been, as quite a lad, present with
Scipio at the court of Syphax at the time of Elissa’s presence there,
and she knew him well. But when she saw him appear before Philip
she made no sign of ever having seen the man before, for he was
now celebrated as the handsomest man of his time; and having
already quite enough to suffer from the tyranny of Philip, she
determined to give the Macedonian king no opportunity of making
her life more unbearable than usual by becoming jealous also.
Æmilius having, however, been received honourably and
appointed certain tents in the king’s encampments before Abydos,
Cleandra easily obtained access to him before he had had more
than the most formal interview with Philip, one merely, indeed, to
present his credentials, upon which occasion Elissa had seen him,
and longed to speak to him for the sake of old times.
Cleandra soon told Æmilius that her royal Mistress Elissa sent him
warm and friendly greetings, and inquired kindly for himself and for
Scipio, his former chief.
Marcus in return sent greetings to Elissa, and informed her that
not only had he recent tidings of Scipio, but had also a letter from
him to deliver to herself; further, that he awaited the result of his
embassy to the king to see whether he should deliver the letter in
person or send it to her by the hand of Cleandra, for he would like if
possible to make its delivery an opportunity of approaching her
mistress. But Cleandra he retained a long time with him, for she was
still young and beautiful, and had, moreover, travelled greatly. The
young Roman was not enjoying life at all in his present capacity,
among a people with whom he could only talk by means of an
interpreter, and was delighted to meet a handsome young woman
with whom he could converse freely in the Latin tongue. Eventually
Cleandra left him, promising to see him again after he had had
audience of the king.
CHAPTER IV.
A LETTER FROM SCIPIO.