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Politicising Polio Disability Civil Society and Civic Agency in Sierra Leone 1St Ed 2020 Edition Diana Szanto Download 2024 Full Chapter
Politicising Polio Disability Civil Society and Civic Agency in Sierra Leone 1St Ed 2020 Edition Diana Szanto Download 2024 Full Chapter
DIANA SZÁNTÓ
Politicising Polio
Diana Szántó
Politicising Polio
Disability, Civil Society and Civic
Agency in Sierra Leone
Diana Szántó
Budapest, Hungary
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte
Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
To Edward, Hady and Manish
Preface
This book is not about disability per se. It is about people, ‘much like
ourselves’, could I say, in the trail of Eric Silla writing about a ‘leper com-
munity’ in Mali, if I was not afraid that such a statement would antago-
nise people with disability, creating an us and them divide, right at the
beginning. Such a divide is quite the opposite of what I would like to
achieve with this book. My protagonists are certainly disabled, but first of
all, they are people, people fighting to survive, collectively and individu-
ally, loving, hating, playing, praying and working. I do not want to deny
the specificity of their experience, but I am more interested in what they
have in common, with me, with other Sierra Leoneans, situating, as Silla
did, ‘the lives of a small and hidden minority within the larger patterns of
the human experience’ (Silla, 1998:15).
The people I write about are extraordinary in several ways. They live
with the sequels of polio and organise themselves in self-managed collec-
tive shelters in Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. Beyond disability,
they have to cope with poverty, uneven development and with the strange
distance of the state, appearing to be sometimes too far, sometimes too
close. They are not simply poor, they are affected by poverty in complex
ways. Acknowledging that their poverty is multidimensional (Eide &
Ingstad, 2011; Groce, Kett, Lang, & Trani, 2011) does not only mean
recognising the intersectional characteristics of structural violence affect-
ing disabled people. It may lead to the realisation that poverty itself may
vii
viii Preface
of the past ten years, as well as about the possible consequences of these
reminiscences on understanding the present and imagining the future.
A few more words about the terminology. In disability studies, the
expression ‘people with disability’ is usually associated with what is called
the ‘medical model’ of disability, while the formula ‘disabled people’ is
traditionally claimed by proponents of the ‘social model’, although the
literature is hardly completely consistent. In short, the social model affirms
that people with disabilities are not inherently unable to lead ‘normal’
social lives—but that it is rather society that has not organised itself insti-
tutionally, physically, socially or mentally to enable people with impair-
ments to reach their full potentials in society. This approach emerged as a
counter currant to the earlier medical model, hegemonic in the early and
mid-twentieth century that approached disability as a ‘medical’ condition
or as a ‘personal tragedy’. As an outsider to the disability movement as
such, I am not fully committed to either model. As a result, I do not adhere
strictly to either of the two formulations. I take the liberty to apply the two
expressions interchangeably, stressing context, use and meaning over the
adoption of a particular formula. In reality, I am quite uncomfortable with
both terms because of the wide variety of ‘disabilities’ that they encompass
as if each impacted social possibilities and experience in the same ways and
degrees; and as if disability trumped all other social qualities in defining an
individual’s identity. Still, I do not want to extend the terminological com-
plexity by inventing yet another alternative expression. Instead, I accept
that no matter how much distance I try to take from dominant discourses,
my own position too remains strongly shaped by the limits which available
models, words and images impose on the imagination.
Terminology confronts me with another, comparable problem when I
try to describe the places where polio-disabled people live. In local par-
lance, these places are called simply homes or houses. There are slight
difficulties with both of these terms. The term disabled-home reminds
me of previous forms of charities set up for the disabled. This association
is very unpleasant because it works against the recognition of the agency
of today’s polio-disabled organised in collective places. To speak about
polio-houses is less problematic, but the term evokes a building and all
homes are not ‘houses’, some are rather settlements. I sometimes use the
term squat, which is clearly an etic notion for which I fully assume respon-
sibility. I never heard the word in the local context and probably for a good
xii Preface
only in specific cases and I never received explicit demand for it. For
respect of my participants’ individuality, I usually use the real names by
which they are known. I make exceptions however for cases where con-
troversial issues are discussed or the details to be shared might have nega-
tive consequences on the person. In these instances I use a pseudonym
(always signalled in the text). Full personal names are given in situations
when people appear in their public persona.
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xvi Preface
The topic of my doctoral thesis was not an obvious choice. After my ini-
tial training as a cultural anthropologist, my first fieldworks took me to
Lowland South America, after which I worked for decades on research
projects of urban anthropology in Europe. I was 38 when I first set my
foot in Africa, contracted by an NGO to do a small intervention in a
country in war, of which I had not known much about: Sierra Leone.
Little did I suspect that this first short visit would mark the beginning of
a long adventure, one outcome of which is this book. A long and winding
path led me to discover new territories, such as disability, and estranged
familiar ones, such as civil society. It has been a wonderful but sometimes
perilous voyage and I would not have made it without those who shoul-
dered me. I also lost some of my companions on the way. My first thought
of gratitude goes for Manish. Let me write his real name here, which he
seldom used: Abubakkar Sidiki. He was a friend, a teacher, a bodyguard
and an inspiration, he also became a son. He was my first and most
important guide in the admirable universe of the polio-disabled. Knowing
him was an extraordinary gift of life. I cannot remember Manish without
thinking of those who were a family to him, and so, by extension, to me
too: Hady and Edward. Their loving but firm guidance opened me doors
and showed me ways to navigate the complicated landscape of disability
activism in Sierra Leone. The organisation that they co-founded, One
Family People, is certainly the most astonishing NGO that I have ever
xix
xx Acknowledgements
this space for an anthropologist means an extra burden and I really appre-
ciate the openness and generosity with which they received my request.
I have a lot of consideration to people and organisations who and
which helped me in Sierra Leone. But research starts much before field-
work and it does not end with it. I have the pleasant duty here to cite also
the institutions which made my work possible downstream and upstream.
The Marie Curie Program of the European Commission assisted me to
get prepared for my first field trip in the best possible conditions, as a
guest fellow in the Upper Guinea Coast Research Group of the Max
Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Halle/Saale (Germany). The
Wenner-Gren Foundation financed the largest part of fieldwork and later
it even provided me with an ‘engaged anthropology grant’ for a short
follow-up trip that allowed me to organise lectures and workshops for
disability activists and NGO workers in Sierra Leone, offering them a
summarised version of the conclusions of my research. In Hungary, I had
the chance to be selected for the Jedlik Ányos National Excellence
Program for Doctoral Candidates, which allowed me to work only part-
time during one year in the writing-up phase. The programme even
offered me a National Excellence Prize acknowledging the quality of my
research. Another Hungarian funding scheme, the Campus Hungary
Program financed a two-month visiting fellowship in the Nordic Africa
Institute in Uppsala (Sweden), a short but conclusive study trip which
was instrumental in getting the manuscript organised.
My gratitude necessarily goes also to the Academic institutions that
hosted me and my research during these years: I started the PhD pro-
gramme in the Cultural Studies Doctoral Programme of the University of
Pécs (Hungary) but finished it as a student of another doctoral pro-
gramme of the same university, in the Interdisciplinary Doctoral School
of European Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology. I also owe a lot to
the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology of the Central
European University (Budapest, Hungary) which invited me to its PhD
seminar. I remember dearly too my original alma-maters. I had two of
them as I learned to be an anthropologist in a joint French-Hungarian
academic programme, obtaining my diploma simultaneously in the
University ELTE in Budapest and in the University of Nanterre in Paris.
These places did not only mean institutional support but also, more
importantly, the opportunity to meet professors from whom I could learn
xxii Acknowledgements
8 Hope253
References283
Index305
List of Figures
xxv
Part I
Staging a Play (A Critical
Ethnography of Disability)
1
The Set: Parallel Worlds (Sierra Leone
on the World Stage)
The day was not yet over. I had spent the morning and afternoon at a
‘sensitisation workshop’ and I was exhausted. The Dutch project manager
had made us, the staff members, use crutches and wheelchairs on a dirt
road—which was, in reality, the main road of the city—mined with
holes, bumps and stones. This was an excellent way to sensitise abled-
bodied people to the difficulties faced by those with mobility disabilities
as they move around in a city so little accessible as Koidu Town. Using
the mobility aids was a most strenuous exercise. The workshop was also
attended by members of local DPOs (disabled people’s organisations)
whose task was to assist the non-disabled trainees. A second, implicit
objective of the event was training DPOs for efficient advocacy methods.
The disabled participants made many amused remarks inspired as much
by our clumsiness as by the ridiculously dire state of the roads in the dis-
trict of Kono.1 It was 2008, just 6 years after the final peace and exactly 1
month after I had started my fieldwork, for which I had gotten engaged
as a volunteer for a big international organisation, the same which organ-
ised the sensitisation training bringing together disabled people from
1
The district’s name, Kono, is also the name for the most numerous ethnic group living there. In
everyday parlance people refer to the biggest town of the district, Koidu town simply as ‘Kono’.