Software engineering 1st module

1.What is software engineering?

Ans- Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering principles to the development of software. It
involves a well-defined process that goes beyond just writing code. Here's a breakdown of the key aspects:
Systematic Approach: Software engineering follows a structured methodology, unlike simply coding software. This
ensures a high-quality, reliable, and maintainable end product.
Focus on Design: It emphasizes planning, design, and architecture before writing a single line of code. This reduces
errors and rework later in the development process.
Development and Testing: The process involves not just building the software but also rigorous testing to ensure it
functions as intended and meets user requirements.
Maintenance and Evolution: Software engineering considers the software's entire lifecycle, including future
modifications, updates, and bug fixes.

2.What is software development lifecycle model. types of models with diagram and advantages and disadvantage?
Ans- Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model is a framework that defines a
structured process for building high-quality software applications. It outlines
various phases that a software project goes through, from initial conception to
deployment and maintenance.

SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within a software organization. It

consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace, and alter
or enhance specific software. The life cycle defines a methodology for improving
the quality of software and the overall development process.
3.Differentiate between program and product.
Ans-

4.what is phases if software engineering. explain with diagram

Ans- Software development follows the SDLC phases:
1. Plan & Analyze: Define project goals, understand user needs, and outline functionalities.
2. Design: Create a blueprint for the software's structure, UI, and data flow.
3. Develop: Programmers write code based on the design specifications.
4. Test: Identify and fix bugs through various testing methods.
5. Deploy: Release the software to users in the designated environment.
6. Maintain: Continuously monitor, address issues, and implement updates.
5.what is the functional and non-functional requirements in
software engineering?
Ans- In software engineering, requirements are broadly classified into two categories: functional and non-functional:
1. Functional Requirements:
• Define what the software must do.

• Specify the features, functionalities, and the system's core behaviors.

• Examples:

o Login functionality for users.

o Algorithms for data processing.

o User interface elements like buttons and menus.

2. Non-Functional Requirements:
• Describe how the software should perform.

• Address the quality attributes and characteristics of the software.

• Examples:

o Performance: Speed, response time, handling large data volumes.

o Security: Measures to protect user data and system access.

o Scalability: Ability to handle increased user base or data.

o Usability: User-friendliness and ease of interaction.

6.what is documentations of software requirements?

Ans- In software engineering, documentation of software requirements refers to a collection of artifacts that meticulously
outline what the software is intended to do. This documentation, often called Software Requirements
Specification (SRS) or Requirements Document (RD), acts as a blueprint for the entire development process.
Here's a breakdown of its significance:
• Clear Communication: The document serves as a shared source of truth, ensuring everyone involved (developers,

designers, stakeholders) has a clear understanding of the software's functionalities, features, and expectations.
• Reduced Errors: By explicitly defining requirements, the chances of misinterpretations and scope creep are

minimized.
• Improved Quality: A well-defined SRS facilitates testing and verification, ensuring the final software adheres to

the specified requirements.

• Project Management: The document serves as a reference point for project planning, estimation, and tracking

progress.

7.Define users requirements and system requirements

Ans- 1. User Requirements:
• Focus: Define what the user wants the software to do from their perspective.

• Content: Expressed in natural language, focusing on the user's goals and how the software should address

their needs.
• Examples:

o "Users should be able to search for products by name or category."

o "The system should allow users to create and manage their shopping cart."

o "The software should provide a user-friendly interface for easy navigation."

2. System Requirements:
• Focus: Define how the system will fulfill the user requirements.

• Content: Expressed in technical terms, specifying the functionalities, features, and technical details needed to

implement the user requirements.

• Examples:

o "The system shall implement a search engine capable of indexing product data."

o "A shopping cart functionality shall be developed to store product selections and user information."

o "The user interface shall be designed using responsive web design principles for optimal display across

various devices."
8.Define socio technical system and its essential characteristics
Ans- A socio-technical system (STS) is a complex system where technological elements and social aspects are deeply
intertwined and influence each other. In simpler terms, it acknowledges that technology and the people who use
it function as a unified system, not separate entities.
Here are the essential characteristics of an STS:
• Interdependence: The technical aspects (machines, software) and the social aspects (people, processes,

organizations) co-exist and rely on each other. Changes in one significantly impact the other.
• Joint optimization: The goal of an STS is to achieve optimal outcomes for both the technical system's

performance (e.g., efficiency, functionality) and the social system's well-being (e.g., user satisfaction, work
environment).
• Focus on the whole system: STS doesn't analyze technology or social aspects in isolation. It emphasizes

understanding how these elements interact and influence each other within the larger system.

9.what is system engineering.

Ans- System engineering is a broad and interdisciplinary field focused on managing the entire lifecycle of complex
engineered systems. It involves a holistic approach that considers the system's entire existence, from its initial
conception to its eventual decommissioning.

10.Define emergents system properties.

Ans- In software engineering, emergent system properties arise from the complex interplay and interactions between
various software components. These properties are not explicitly designed or intended by the developers but
emerge as a result of the system's overall structure and behavior.
Here are some common types of emergent properties in software systems:
• Performance: The overall speed, responsiveness, and resource usage of the software can emerge from the

interactions between various components and their processing demands.

 • Security: The system's susceptibility to vulnerabilities can arise due to unforeseen interactions, data flow patterns,
and potential weaknesses in the collective behavior of the software.
• Reliability: The software's ability to function consistently and predictably can be influenced by how different
components interact and handle unexpected situations.

11.what are the components of the system. explain briefly Organisation. people and computers.
Ans- These three elements - Organization, People, and Computers - form the foundation of most systems, working
together to achieve specific goals. Here's a breakdown of their roles:
1. Organization:
• Definition: The structure, processes, and culture that govern how individuals interact and collaborate within a

system.
• Role:

o Sets the objectives and defines the system's purpose.

o Establishes policies, procedures, and guidelines for efficient operation.

o Allocates resources (human, financial, technological) to support the system.

2. People:
• Definition: The individuals involved in the system, including users, operators, developers, managers, and other

stakeholders.
• Role:

o Provide the human intelligence and decision-making capabilities.

o Interact with the computer systems to perform tasks, input data, and utilize the system's functionalities.

o Oversee the system's operation, identify issues, and implement necessary adjustments.

3. Computers:
• Definition: The technological infrastructure that includes hardware (physical components) and software

(programs and applications).

• Role:

o Automate tasks and processes.

o Store and manage data efficiently.

o Perform complex calculations and computations.

o Facilitate communication and information sharing within the system.