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    04 Yiddish An Introduction To The Language, Literature and Culture (Volume II)

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    Luiz Filipi Cardozo

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    > ] a aaaelad a) lePAre aa healers eben Nop) yaa By sa WPS YON yaw Yiddish © An Introduction to the Language, Literature & Culture Volume II Sheva Zucker A Textbook for Intermediate Students Since its debut in 1994, Sheva Zucker’s Yiddish has emerged as the most popular Yiddish textbook in America. This clear, lively sequel offers students a chance to deepen their knowledge of Yiddish language and culture. Yasher koyekh - thanks for a job well done! Aaron Lansky, President, National Yiddish Book Center Volume 2 of Sheva Zucker's textbook, Yiddish: An Introduction to the Language, Literature & Culture is as rich and accessible a teaching tool as was Volume I. The readings are lively and interesting, and the exercises enhance them, helping students build their language skills. The audiotapes will be a wonderful companion as well. My students find the book user- friendly and excellent. Kathryn Hellerstein, Senior Lecturer in Yiddish and Jewish Studies, Dept. of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Pennsylvania Sheva Zucker currently teaches Yiddish at Duke University and in the Uriel Weinreich Program in Yiddish Language, Literature and Culture under the auspices of Columbia University and the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. She is also Translation Editor of the Pakn Treger, the magazine of the National Yiddish Book Center and writes on ISBN 1-877909-75- 0 women in Yiddish literature. She has 90000> taught and lectured on Yiddish | | | 9° 781877 © 909757 language, literature and culture on five continents. She lives in Durham, NC with her husband and two daughters. wom SPH IN TDD DX TOY’ w> 272813 APIS YOR Yaw YIDDISH AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE, LITERATURE & CULTURE Volume II Sheva Zucker The Workmen’s Circle/Arbeter Ring New York, New York This book, a publication of the Education Department of The Workmen’s Circle, has been generously funded by the dacob T. Zukerman Fund for Jewish Culture of The Workmen’s Circle Joseph (Yosl) Mlotek Cultural Fund of The Workmen's Circle Second Century Fund Robert and Marcia Kaplan Shelby Shapiro JOSEPH (YOSL) MLOTEK (1918-2000) ~~ The Workmen's Circle dedicates this book to Yos! Mlotek, a writer, an editor an activist, a teacher, a mentsh: the giant of the Yiddish Cultural world His was a lifetime of love and devotion to the causes he championed, to the organizations he believed in and to his family whom he adored. Born in Poland before the Holocaust, as a youth he was already an activist in the Jewish Labor Bund. Following his escape through Siberia to Shanghai and finally, after the war, to Canada, Yos!’s creativity and dynamism attracted the attention of the leaders of The Workmen's Circle. This led to his ultimate appointment as Education Director, a post he held for 25 years. In that role and subsequently as co-editor of the Yiddish Forward, Yosl was the central address for Yiddish in America. ‘As head of The Workmen's Circle's educational institutions, editor of many of its textbooks and periodicals, host of its radio program on WEVD, impresario of its free summer concerts in the parks and as a columnist and then also as managing editor and co-editor of the Yiddish Forward, Mlotek maintained close ties with almost every prominent Yiddish writer, poet, stage artist and performer of his time. The column he edited with his wife Chana sought out and printed poems, songs and their variants that readers remembered from their childhood, songs associated with particular places, holidays, occupations or historical events. He and Chana compiled many of those songs and published them in a collection of poetry and four highly regarded music anthologies and many recordings. Yos!'s legacy remains in the renaissance of Yiddish language and culture that he was instrumental in sparking, in his children Zalmen and Moish who themselves play major roles in the Yiddish world, and in grandchildren, who practically from birth, have carried on the tradition of cultural activism in theatrical and concert performances. TdT ATTN PR vay? AW qin wey CONTENTS = 7357 Yiddish: An Introduction to the Language, Literature & Culture, Volume II Contents yA Introduction and Acknowledgements matpn ......ix Abbreviations and Symbols Toxanrn ps pany «xiii UNIT 12 - Sox yoddyny xt Organizational Life jay yoynpyxnasaty ONT Lesson 12A yrpyb . : al any7r 1 4x1. Comparative of Adjectives. Superlative of Adjectives. Dative Pronouns. Word Order. The Adverb wr. Nouns Ending in an. pm after a Preposition. Song: wana y>x. Supplementary Reading: }wwsrgenyp va» dy-DIdw. Lesson 12B yypy .... 23 Teow oMax - oSbymbdw pK poMPxvET WHes. Comple- mented Verbs. Contractions with my. Titles of Address. Song: spmbx °27, Song in Exercises: woxrd wi pK UNIT 13 - Sv»xp yoaye yt DST Purim ays vig — ome pS nea 7, Passive with pwn. Songs: Px vieT .......39 pena, qwxv-pr. REVIEW - yanvaysimyzx Supplementary Readings and Song: vayyy1 x qwxv-yan. — wim ond Vd DET aya PK. UNIT 14 - Suspxp yossny5 x7 Travel 135 Lesson 14A yrypyd oo. 57 viva wx. Conditional Sentences Repeated Action in the Past: ay>8. Comparative and Superlative of Adverbs. To: 1, Pp, PX, and rmx. Song: ynya vdign px yn. Supplementary Song: 1. Lesson 14B yxpy> .. = 75 27 — DIB ty YUNKN r pasa Px DN rm swaps t x Dn Ty K par. 2vaywA PX Wn. To Go: Trx5 and ya. Adverbial Complements Page v / Contents RB Iwlen-06E6 oy:2w ob. api3 prow file Ln sien ycfSory-9' Jalen oft ee iS 0a'l ie oN pe 903J00 ION 2M 900206 dyn | ic Powcovn pric oF mic-nya 4 pyle? ke Okt pao! jc co 4''0 oll) rk ov! SIAN Jnl janie [lle 06200 '999N "9 |'A9 [Ne V0! Jen oor! ofic 15 00! >02 pile pyic? ke ot pik oll por i6 AO Ie alle op Jyop ° kez aly 40 Poem pric on pie [lle To my parents Moyer and Miriam Rucker whe instilled in me a lore of Veddish Tomy husband Sandy and my daughters Benna Adele and Miva Michelle Whe have taught me What is important in life And lo my leachex Dr. Mordkhe Schaechtor The teachers’ teacher Who taught me Mach of what Fhnow And abso how much there is yet lo learn TRUR wen ignating Place. Points of the Compass. Uninflected Adjectives. Un- completed Action Continuing into the Present. Supporting y in Adjectives. Song: 75-m Lesson 18B yoxpy) ooo... cc aa se tocsssonerenteeee LOD pywxa pny — dsaue-y~rx pp. Possessive Form of Names of Persons (Genitive Case) (Regular Possessive Forms, Possessive Form of Names Ending in Any Sibillant with Regular Stress, Possessive Form of Names Ending in » ~ Stress not on the Penultimate, Possessive Form of Names Ending with Other Sibillants ~ Stress not on the Penultimate, The Use of pS instead of ‘vrvy/o Ending for the Possessive). Possessive Form of Common Nouns (Genitive Case) (Regular Possessive Forms, Irregular Possessive Forms, Possessive Form of Nouns Ending in 0, Possessive Form of Nouns Ending in Sibillants other than v, The Use of 116 instead of vy'o Ending for the Possessive, The Use of pS with Non-Human Possessors, The Use of pS with Plural Possessors). Idiomatic Verbs of Position: yx - ja, prow - you, Jy — yyy. www and ayty, Numeral Adverbs. Song: pw dxt mibnxa 7 prov. UNIT 19 - Sypyp yoayna DT The Yiddish Press yoy yy 4 Lesson 19A yoypyd 0... ssursnesravernieriedehieirnaeat oor MELO anvey ywrm x vayn. Past and Future Tense of 57 mx oy and vy sow px. Use of 2. Indirect Questions. Use of Definite Article. jarwyr vw: To Say = To Be Written. we: Jewish vs. Yiddish. Song: yynp yy 7. Lesson 19B y py oo... ee ama Sera x, To Ask: 13395, ea, and To Answer: pwSvay. Plural cof Some Numerals and Nouns. Half. Infinitives as Nouns. Inflection of -wrax. Song: 9p Ta ANdw. UNIT 20 - Sv xp yuopryagny DST Marriage yaxn annn Lesson 20A yoypyd oe : ranp-bma .mba-ynn . jax Taxd. Use of Tenses in Indirect Discourse. Nouns in Expressions of Time. Avoiding Redundant Verbs. This and That: ay (yay as Adjective and Noun, way as Possessive Adjective and Noun, Demonstrative This and That: 17, 79, 0s7, nyt and was). Song: yO DYUTSN vaya A wT. Page vii / Contents Lesson 17A ypxpy) | Lesson 17B yypys .......... Lesson 18A ywpyb TINA wet Used Alone. Right: vay, pyan, vaya Adjectives in the Predicate. Song: wun yn wris5 pvp mp. UNIT 15 ~ Svxxp yusyiys DRT The Sabbath naw Lesson 15A yypyb a : ecttacesteetenetnetsseseteeeenee89 inaw-on, “pr and jox Verbs with 7p. One: [Hx, DINK, WIE, YIN Song: dig mx. wrrp, aywrm Lesson 15B yoypyb ... 101 YD 29 — WK AW. “oma TS vx, 75°5n —. Present Parti iple Used as an Adverb. Present Participle Used as an Adjective. Complemented Verbs with ‘T". Meaning of Adverbial Complements. Double Negatives. Songs:b-1ann, naw per ag byt. UNIT 16 ~ Swxp yoryayr oxt Passover nop Mes NS Mwyn 1. newP YS “1. Songs: Svoyp OMT ww. BVT PR .121 Trays 15 Tax. pssugs ax. REVIEW = yyanwaya-amyox, UNIT 17 — Svxp yvayyar ONT The Holocaust ysqn 1y7 nas mem 8 nar on BEE voeway7 mbsr-nmKw ws pS M8 x Periphrastic Verbs. Numeral Adjectives. Names of the Months. Dates. Supplementary — axnvy: mm? qw1— The Traditional Jewish Calendar. Songs: 9375 qyonyn PEny TK. vox 1 Sw, «155 MA Poyy> oywo Yd AK TIN NS AMSA px TaxvwTN, WT aaa DNMIDIT (CRMW) TIX ps. nop" 1V9 PK RNP Oy WI OMbadam Sumy ps Povey 95715 AM Woy >W1. Relative Clauses Dative Constructions. Two Nouns in Succession (Partitive, Quantitative, Categorizing). Passive Constructions with pum. Song (UPA AWARD). 9409 PP VWI aXT UNIT 18 - Svrxp yvayoy xt Israel bxw “ax OYIWIMK OT PX. dma dm - ywuxiynxs. Adverbs Des- 723n / vi doy mapr sts INTRODUCTION - 5725p" DIN WY NH VS WT A pr vd ® anyb-nyn yond ween yn wa 27D WIVTNNS 7PM WEP WS JO"PdUPRN VdN [WS OR PD DW DWN FUT ONT DI PD BIND... TOVITNS YATRA PvwDNda Spy MoT WH Pb TB vs, Oh, let me through to the joy of the Yiddish word. Give me whole full days. Tie me to it, weave me in, Strip me of all vanities. . . Let me not forget for a moment The Yiddish word. “The Joy of the Yiddish Word,” Yankev Glatshteyn, Tr. B. and B. Harshav Yiddish: An Introduction to the Language, Literature & Culture in two volumes was originally conceived as one very large book--too large to publish all at once. The decision to publish Volume II was contingent on a positive response to Volume I. |, like the biblical Jacob who waited seven years for the hand of his beloved Rachel, have waited seven years to see if this response would be forthcoming. Fortunately, the reaction to Volume I has exceeded my wildest expectations. Classes and individuals have used Yiddish in places as likely as the large Jewish communities of Brooklyn, Montreal, and Melbourne and in places as unlikely as Helsinki, Venice, Tokyo, and Maputo, Mozambique! Nothing, not even the best educational materials, can compensate for the linguistic and cultural riches that are being irretrievably lost with the passing of the very last generation of European-born native Yiddish speakers. Yet the interest in my book also coincides with a number of unexpected positive developments in Yiddish life. These include the unprecedented communication between speakers and lovers of Yiddish via the Intemet, the growth of Yiddish-speaking Hasidic communities, and the burgeoning study of Yiddish language, literature, and culture in Page ix / Introduction TETRA wey Lesson 20B yrxpy) .......... eo es [SFr ones LOD. 2p? wx — TInnn ™. Base of Verbs Ending in Unstressed y. The Prefix yy. The Orthographic dungle (YIVO Orthography, Soviet Orthography, Post-Soviet Orthography, Early Twentieth-Century Daytshmerish, Other Variations). Songs: P-]N73. JAVAVIONK ypYEN 7%, Song in Exercises: nnxi-nnx. REVIEW — yyanwrya-stmiyae ... 7 eee 283 Yiddish-English Glossary opyda ayer aay-wrin ....291 Idioms, Expressions, Proverbs syuiyna sy .jprrtonK .jyngYDR ....324 English-Yiddish Glossary soKda aywrI-wIbagy ....329 Bibliography yrbaarbara ....369 Index Svyyanr ....375 JF / viii wYT miner seen all of whom are included in Volume I or II of my book. They should also be prepared, should the opportunity arise, to converse with Yiddish speakers, religious and secular, in Jewish communities in North America, Europe, Israel, Australia, and other far-flung locations. We must, however, realize that the nature of the conversation might often, although not always, be different, tending more to ideas and literature than to the practical and the everyday. Volume Il of Yiddish generally follows the same format as Volume I. It has nine units, each of which contains reading materials, proverbs and songs, explanations of grammar, and written and oral exercises. Most of the units are divided into two lessons. Lesson A (x) contains a conversation on a specific theme, such as Yiddish organizational life, travel, Sabbath and holidays, the Holocaust, Israel, the Yiddish press, and weddings; Lesson B (2), a literary, folkloristic, or historical selection on the same topic. These selections use the vocabulary of the conversation and also introduce new vocabulary and grammar. Since the texts were chosen for more advanced students, they are richer and more complex than the ions in Volume |. . volume also contains a Yiddish-English and English-Yiddish Glossary of all the words listed in the Vocabulary of each lesson. Vocabulary words here, as in Volume I, are designated either “active” or “passive.” Active words are preceded by an asterisk and should be memorized when they first appear in the text. Passive words are Wes in the Vocabulary and defined again should they reappear. The “active” and “passive” designations are also given in the glossaries. Yiddish uses Standard Yiddish Orthography. However, because many texts, particularly older ones, use different systems of spelling, I have outlined the most important of these in Lesson 20B. I would like to conclude by expressing my gratitude to all the people who helped and supported me in the preparation and publication of oe book. My first debt is to Yosl Mlotek, Z"L, former Education Directo ic the Workmen's Circle, to whom Volume II is dedicated. This dedication is particularly fitting because Yiddish was begun in the 1980s mee his guidance and with his blessing. It is also fitting because Yos! supporte wy early career as a Yiddish teacher of both children and adults in Workmen's Circle and elsewhere. My personal ties to Yosl reach bead even further, to the years before I was born. Yos! spent seven years x Shanghai with my father as a refugee in the 1940s and later introduce Page xi / Introduction ROT sterTyy universities, adult education classes, and summer Programs throughout the world. Thus I come to the publication of Volume II with renewed faith in this Project and fresh optimism regarding the ability of today's students to “discover” Yiddish, to appreciate their need for it, and to make it central to their lives. Indeed, the study of Yiddish uniquely addresses the greatest challenge facing the thoughtful Jew today: finding one’s place between tradition and modemity, ethnic insularity and total assimilation, the certitude of absolute faith and the despair of skepticism. With humor and irony, Yiddish brings to this challenge valuable knowledge and insights gleaned from more than a thousand years of Jewish life. It also brings a distinct perspective not offered by the Torah, the Hebrew language, Zionism, or any other aspect of our rich Jewish tradition, My approach here, as in Volume I, is to teach Yiddish as a spoken, living language. Today, most young Yiddish speakers, with the exception of Hasidic Jews, have leamed the language through study in a formal instructional setting. Indeed, these settings have produced a new and very different sort of Yiddish speaker. While studying a language academically can seldom yield the same fluency as learning it at home, it can perhaps produce other desirable results. Students who lear Yiddish by choice usually gain a unique appreciation of its historical significance and its capacity to enrich them intellectually and spiritually. The blossoming creativity of those newly involved with the language testifies to this. These students generally have different goals and interests than most students of other second languages. Such students strive for proficiency, that is, the ability to function in the target language in a variety of activities. One must be able to buy groceries, go on dates, and read anything from a laundry stub or food package to the finest literature. | know quite well that many users of this book may never carry on a Yiddish conversation outside the walls of the classroom; it is even more doubtful that they will ever need the language to redeem their laundry or to read the ingredients on a food package. Here in America, only the matzah box still carries one lonely line of Yiddish (in non-standard spelling). We therefore need to revise our idea of proficiency in Yiddish. Students should be prepared to explore the rich literary tradition shaped by writers as diverse as Reb Nakhmen of Bratslav, Sholem Aleichem, ILL. Peretz, Kadye Molodowsky, Itsik Manger, Hillel and Am Tseytlin, Emanuel Ringelblum, Avrom Shulman, Rokhl Boymvol, and |.B. Singer, MPA / x dwt PSD PN YATE YP ey mipapr seen him to my mother in Western Canada. Thus, were it not for Yosl, neither ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK Inor my book would be here. I would also like to thank: Robert Kaplan who guided this project abbreviation abbr. interjection int. with care, level-headedness, and personal generosity, both during and accusative ace. interrogative inter. after his term as Executive Director of the Workmen's Circle; Dr. Chava adjective adj. intransitive intrans. Lapin, former Education Director of the Workmen's Circle who adverb adv. ironic iro. meticulously and cheerfully reviewed the entire manuscript; Drs. Mordkhe affectionate affec. Jewish dew. Schaecter of the League for Yiddish and Columbia University, Paul American Amer. literally lit, (Hershl) Glasser of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, and Yitskhok archaic arch. neuter neut. Niborski of the Institut National de Langues et Civilisations Orientales of article art. nominative nom, Paris all of whom generously shared their linguistic expertise with me; auxiliary aux. noun n Sender Botwinik of the University of Pennsylvania who helped with the biblical bib. object obj. musical notation, and Yank! Salant of the YIVO who typed the manuscript comparative comp. participle part. and offered invaluable editorial advice; Yossi Chein and Benzion Karasik conditonal cond. pejorative pejor. at Empire Press in Brooklyn who executed the typographical design of this conjunction, conj. perfective perf. manuscript and whose competence and reliability have restored my faith dative dat. person pers. in Yiddish printers; and, as always, my husband and unofficial editor definite def. plural pl. Sandy Kessler, who has been utterly supportive of me and my book and diminutive dim. or & poetic poet. fiercely and sometimes comically critical of all adversity. Lastly, | would emphatic emph. present pres. like to thank my students all over the world. You constantly delight and especially esp. pronoun pron. inspire me and I hope that this book will help you come closer to “the joy familiar fam. pronunciation pronun. of the Yiddish word.” feminine fem: Russian Rus. figurative fig. sarcastic sarc. Men (CK latte) Fucker formal for. singular sg. stil asp hasidic has. someone. so. Hebrew Heb. something stg. humorous hum. subject subj. For information on the accompanying audio-recordings and answer key as well iminutive imin, or 0 superlative super. ‘as comments, or suggestions, write either to the Workmen's Circle Education Dept., , : 45 East 33rd St. New York, New York 10016 or to Dr. Sheva Zucker, 1114 Iredell imperative imp. traditional trad. St., Durham, North Carolina 27705, scaucker@aol.com impersonal impers. transitive trans. indefinite indef. verb v. indirect indir. verb intransitive vi. infinitive inf. verb transitive vt. informal infor. of doubtful admissibility in the standard language + inadmissible in the standard language Page xiii / Abbreviations MIP / xii DUYT Swexp yosdyny ox 12 aol loc’ Sicuylearte Ole? “NPY wypyd ANVTAVT TN *ooymby opera PTs Trewaoyn mberorby a Nop OVID NTN NB DNR OW PR PINT N TED PII 779 23 JOON 23 DP >PYIONN VIM JINT JVONE WS VA PA PR WAY TP voyTVA INT PR eypND OP oPyIOMN TB DRT aT OTSA PR IEA SA PIP uNp AYN vA PR TVINYI ONT AYAVAT NONI’ wprys 2503 TR WIP PR OBR TIPR 18 WANT PR TRD 8 2VPRO TVOOPVE WTR NBA PR PTT 1 WAR ORT PR TRA DDR TS TOUR TS RITA ay WHET PR TY TS DART AY WIR PID IVPPOD PVT TPPYIO"K TY ONT VIYPIY YEN WH PORE TR Wey PV TK qooayw OYT ORT JAI Pd PR sorguyapye" DNPROND YPI°T OR PIR PTayVY DIP PR PURDIW yoors “7 TN TW AnD PS vox yOOR per wa prraya PR oa Foxy sya XP DR byt ap aT 1x TY TaN Tey TpyOTPITTARBOV NP SDNTAYTS WUT? ¥ VD OPEDNP OI VAP TINK AD TOMBS YAN PVONP TR ATVI PPR soonypaya 730 mioxp 8 Pa Pie MAPA pen 2p pera open pen 2pm pen or pata orn pea pn on ee Sp Gia Pals * In Yiddish the stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable. As in Volume I, when It does not, we will indicate where the stress falls by an accent mark as in pypy.07K. We will aso indicate the stress in all words derived from the Hebrew-Aramaic component, no matter where it falls, as in aa*yairy. We will also use it in other places that may be confusing, e.g., w3yTwe “WT, yoayTIVD “7. The accent is given in this book as an ald to correct reading, It is never actually written in Yiddish. Page 1 / Lesson 12A bereyp poesopres oat swe SUPP ows nPon PR Ty IPR Oxn) :pavaa xy" PR w 333 x 75) WAY FRI PRY wa wv PR aa rp (TR orn woop VIN "TPN PER jLoYR TAVANONN wed ORT NP mga ATT APR VOIP VOY TT IW ANT PR OK WT wera PT aT: YW OND VINID JON PT RN WER PX zMBNVONR oowsyE INOW INN PR VD WD OND AT 5 yoyo 7 PR ONN 3p TARITNSTYTNO OVINTNYS OVI TB Teor PT Dy yay mT VT PR UPR PT Ty PRW e>p NTE ATT N TART yn SERIE TINO OYITINVA OVI PH TT Tyrryo"N aVTNA Aah TaNDON PR AV Wy P28 TVG PR OVA ay PR vA -PTIRS DYT 5 vy pry? DR PUP NTT IS WIT OI IVETARS yooya 7 PS PRT eT ART OD PR PNW TAPT wy PAR ABI PIN OND yrY>wONP XT vNTIO | VT AX Torx’ OR KyT TyPBe 75 TR ay Prop oRS yor “Tino xn Ova ba THR BD TORTVAB AN DD N PID VIET MT VOB JONI -Dbty PRB TD PT OMEN PT YT AAPT OVI WN “STV TINS WONT ADD PR TaD D WWE WNT PTT PT ET PR AIMYTTIVONN gE PTaN>S ebyT DoRTD PRO WENT PR AY DVT AT VN TON Pa TR? NNT WYwOwIVEA WTANN PET WIT PN LOMNYIMT PT sayorynoy The smaller the crowd, the greater the sBdiy VT Tay7P ONN - celebration/joy. sama 77 yO POX The masses are not asses. (Lit. "The Pp ow sPRoriy 797 - audience/public is not a fool.") O72 The masses are asses. (Lit. "The abiraiy audience/public is a fool.") Money talks. (Lit. "Whoever has the DRT AD 77 DRT OY WT + hundred [dollars] has the authority.") Page 3 / Lesson 12 dere posbpre pgs seetyy WTP IRE DUP — |MOUY NS amyITVOINN PR WH Poy ao LT egslidg F a wr XS vay — wy x 1997 TRITWT™ z WANYHAVD O2_ DVT MVONT VI WOW 1027 _DVT_TYNU'n WI-PEPA IPED TPH MI PDRP AIKWDY BYP. TH DIDNT ART V2 OG WET AR yeEYPREN-ayAM YoRyA YaND ITEM wT PH BAN ABD DiyaeHy 7" To vavIOY Pan ee Sarees rere ou sa proyoe RETR PK NET 7 ows PKD | an 2 71 avi joyotrops yoou"NG DE TR OUT TR a oe OPI Te Vay Yer We a Ne SUEY oh RYT TI TM OOP TT TOYA? PIANO DAVEE JOMNE OVI TM, DOOM PH POP AT ENT YT Ye}, AMT Pe Pw VIE FL Oy Ts Ws NO pavEVO WT WD DIY TCT YwE pa pT Mpa -DowN Ys BN’ wepzeynr Way OWT ETT ParTyo Sn wT Mm ypsdya 77 WO yproyphra Me Seay ORE PK TT PDEA DY DT 3 ONT TR “DVI WUT _aVrNWOD_ ANY ON TE DIY pramnD BONO AMIR TR AD TOR TT BPE TR OME YT TES OTT TT Ty oa 3 Wo mers os payee ony wre Pore wy say wah BT I amit BS cpg er poe Tw Sa PSN OO pp MIEN HIDAEND PR PINOT Poe SOR 9 “aeAW ams rYha YO. TAN yeIRD TDD WNP AR AD ynON “WHY DIY, WNrRAD 172 We TVA DMAP AND“ YT WIV TR PME TM PTYTD TD OrooHAD TK povIpIw Joy VV FMD IPAM FYI TDN DYINE Jove O22 WT bea ONK TT wIKDe o_ -TwPDFRWPVTDD 7042 RI PB = ETB? BK WEEP VON OTAURORD wry] TAD Ae a wa wpOp"9 0M Irvad's yo 7 OD SWAT AVEP AD yo yn 2 wa RO AT DRA Pa We aT yay Fy pr¥wD BYTE WIND pw wy. “MA PR awa Bee qua wy Ho THO Te NUP AVINAEI GOD TM BIND DIKES PSUS EPSON HoT PI TNE TH OWORDSNCIND Ypromah YyNT Toy OT PN yey TES FONE aM AT PH we TT ND Te aC TS pa cyrayn nya avr MD pNd ow: Pay" ONT PH VITTWIYS INTO TAY VR VET DEY yorvORNDIY yNNE wD AD AOrsOgT Ww WHS WORT 7 Survey way WHS YPN oT UO MMT y OD TH 12D OY y Pe MMS = woD y $225 AvP TTTDErBNI7Y poVTIOD-ATTWTAD IyS NMA ~ DMD Y $125 BOMON DAP STRIP wNAOTURND BT WOE YT WHY TP y - $100 = $400 TMT WRAP WRN TH) IP OLS 2 TD SWeHB WN TO GM TH BORN OY SY PANDA TBAT NEE AT PH TOP MONE SpVDN-TOH Ta ND TMDAP NK IPOPID — Mo TIYMVE-ETY - s18 yAYTVD MA Ae Wb BPW TK (a) DIE? WHE JONIVINNE MD .w2 Aue DIG YoOT? BONN HO THC MODY BIT Seay 27) AE TH BIW THE ATK eR PH BEI UNG DENT NN WE VER TNT EY BPS BENE CSTD fray Te EAT JBM 9 ByTAK ( Yugnu er BoysEyIONC THEN AUDAPHWVON TH) PIED TH HET ON Fiver for a Yugntruf ~ Youth for Yiddish activity yopd pop IspIVIIs ONT / 2 DWYT DM DSP pEsdyors pat wens to conduct, to lead (ovBy3) Pd most & more SUPE AyeopryE+ capable super. & comp. of pry TxO'Mw € OFAN yd hundred; (iro.) — [meéye(s)} (mvea) mien money woman; wife; Mrs.; Miss; Ms. qyym-1* member Oy) P avn ay committee (Dever WI next ai computer (COnpErEEEP WI newest: super. of ni pe. to wn for (7) (PP TURP) FHP TBRP The Soviet Union ators pe D ae office (as) secretai rkoypy ; : ry (CONEY PY ayT ee cashier (DYORP WIP secretary (fem.) —_(e)yeAUPTPYD HT stingy | 27? public; lovlem(s)) (oya>1y sy7* correspondence (DPAYTARBOY YP “7 audience, crowd (WIRES TPYOTAyTIREOM NP VT worse: comp. of voyoy sya corresponding Secretary Piano ips re never pera... ben ree to plan (DaN9B) Page aa wmy>verp program qy)oe ane clu (mp WI protocol; minutes, pPpReIRB 7 smarter: comp. of anop srya%>pe records TEPOAW € OM TB? —_ recording (key pyO>EPRENB WT speaker (onyays ayT* secretary ' sharp ™Rw president (peapp Te yt city (oypy) DxOw >—T* —folksong Cay Poop dRS ONT most beautiful: super. of | y»y -voryy* chairmanship PTS WT typewriter — Cyyp@RnIw "1 chairperson (fem.) —_(o)p>ySTIRH Te [simkhe(s)] omma%y) ana busy aye gaiety, joy; party, celebration to hate (okAyA DIM) FART IMB TPYTIONN P18 YANN Not much of a..., You call that a.. 9 Te It should happen to me! (Lit. "About me [it should be] said!") "pay, Te PR quite fine/nicely 76 yaRs* to hold an office bow Te Tore What's the matter PR ORT Don't re worry bern Tr o)TyT me know yon TR coy? of course, naturally 1 OTE to chair PTS oYT TS short and to the point (Lit, "short and sharp") py TK PHP to speak to the point INTs Page 5 / Lesson 12A Deeps pesbyrex past wey SNDraNpRN yaxn ped ebb yaNT to spend *(ayay207) JayION* to hold, to be of (qo>xnya) jorRT* expression (DpTTIONK YT the opinion to listen to (OAV) PYTOWR to hope (wdKAYA) TERN* to elect; to (ge >py207R) [av >po%wR* humor qnigan I choose [hetsoe/hoytsoe(s) (MYST TRENT at; to ae expense, expenditure JOBS € By TT this year wen Tyne € one TA success [hatslokhe(s)) (mnoxn) anon 7 would like vbinya pon most important: spopreant super. of pw vice-president (pray MyTByENTt thing; (here topic) qe to worry (OsTRTVA PD TT ART certainly, surely yo singer (oryart yt meeting (yams 1 [khdver-khaveyrim] (aan) 78n WT friend; comrade; (in certain social & political circles) Mister, Comrade female friend; [Ihaverte(s)] (a)yw731 7 comrade; (in certain social & political circles) Miss, Mrs., Ms., Comrade God forbid! [kholile] neon topic, subject (O)yRyD "7 JOOTWERN AR HTD refreshments Ikibed] 13° 797 handwriting [ksav(n)] (Vand oxy to let (ongbyay ye to perform, (qui twyAd"K PR) YTS to appear (on stage) public function/ —(qyyasmysnypawK 77 event all the greater; CyOyTA) PPR. the greater the (pers 7 ((pornyasy) OBE office (as in position) to keep, to take care of active ope to let out (org2y207ny) RPO admission, entrance (fee) 23832798797 absorbed, involved (adj.) — }xOY2777% officer (DRONA) TVORNND TVT to accompany; to (Daya) jo" Psa accompany on an instrument qyamynya 7 movement in general [bikhial] 953° best: super. of Dn :voya* [goylem(sygoylomim] (erwin) a>13 797 dummy JayAON © ON JAVA to win (yaya yrs former, past, ex- CyayIyNVA WWD) TIN. bigger: comp. of oma yoy authority, say, [déye(s)] (my7) ayT"7 influence, opinion * As in Vol. J, an asterisk (*) beside a word indicates that it is part of the active vocabulary, You should memorize it now. Other words are not part of the active vocabulary, but they may be used in the exercises of that lesson, Should they recur in another lesson, they will be listed again in the Vocabulary. JOY? POPIPSSPIVIW OST / 4 DVYT DRYDEN PRBbyIey DNS ws Some adjectives are completel These three adjectives are also irre ayy vayby Sample Sentences The cleverer person will win. The better speaker spoke briefly and to the point. There couldn't be worse members. They never come to meetings. The younger brother met the older brother in the middle of the road The newer students are learning from a better book. Our movement has more members than your movement. Fish in the water have it much better, among them there is no difference between smaller and larger. ly irregular in their comparative form gular in English, . aypya pn YN OX “PITY DYN wea WrYV>p WT PUP OTTya DNA PITTI yaypsa oT 2 _ TRO pK PTW ITIP YT OAD VIVA Pp TANT PP PIR DOI PRD PP TMI >T O97 JENBYA DNA ATTA AWAya2 aT 4 AVN TH pR prods 99d 92 XB yd oPndA yaysao | . Ta TY PoAw%a VN ONT YN AYTINE -ATAYMNI WRN /AYD¥2 PD PRT AORN PRydyw's .7 TEP wryw se Pp ow PROT DD yoy OW Pl syay2p ‘Poopexs "yoye's, by a After @ comparative, either the preposition 5 or w5 or the conjunction 1 may be used and all are equivalent to the English "than." 715 and 7N® are followed by the dative case (as are all prepositions), and ™ is followed by the nominative case because this construction implies a new clause. (OO) TIM AVIVA PROT YPN MEM AYP IyIVT ID (OPT) PRM VII? PIV or Il. Superlative of Adjectives SPT WENA Aaya PROT TES TyI-9p [yIPT PD STR NDT TYIIP PIV PT To form the superlative of an adjective, vv is added to the base form of the adjective in its simple form (not in its comparative form), i.e., vera, vers. This new form is the superlative base form. However, if there are changes made in forming the comparative, retain them in forming the superlative, i.e.; Page 7 / Lesson 12A Seopyp pesdpres pat wey PONDNTD I. Comparative of Adjectives The comparative of an adjective is formed by adding 1y to the base form. Sometimes there is also a vowel change in the base form. For example: was —py, Iyoy—o'M3. This new form is now the base form of the comparative. Because you cannot know by looking at the adjective whether or not there will be a vowel change, you must memorize each one individually. As you will see in Lesson 14A this base form is identical to the comparative form of the adverb. The inflected endings for masculine, feminine, neuter, and plural are added to this base. These are the same in all cases as the endings for ordinary adjectives. You have already studied these. If you need to review them, see Units 3, 5, and Lesson 9B in Volume I. Smarter — 7yx>p ;Smart — 2197 Plural Neuter Feminine Masculine Nominative Jovayn yayv>p ap wHdpN MB yP>PR ROA PK Jwoayn VHP TPP WwW dp ONT MB AYR rT WHAVIYVoP WT Accusative mb yay op x BD YP B Jwoayn yays>p Tp AVVOPNR 3 ° mayryeopT RO YX dp oyT yooiyn yAVP>P rT IPP YIVI*DP ONT Dative jwosyn yayV>p IPP WHIDPR BWIA N Joni yayvop TIP PYP>poyT MAA >PrVT RN dp oVT IND PY RK Since the new comparative base form ends in 4¥, it no longer matters, as it does in forming the masculine accusative and masculine and neuter dative, whether the adjective originally ended in 0, ], or a vowel or a diphthong. All comparative adjectives have a base form ending in 7y and therefore have only one ending within each gender form Notice the vowel change in many adjectives in the comparative. ayiy>p mop oyu our aypby DON symp on 1929 13x? aypprTyy pimy3 aye PD ayy om ayoy7a oma syyop nop ayn Jap? pop IERPINIAW ONT / 6 DVYT SOYDNP pESbyrs os ey Sample Sentences The chairman is talking to the newest member. The committee plans the best events. Why did the members choose the worst speaker? With him the shortest speech is two hours. We don't want to sell his newest book. The member with the best handwriting is not always the best secretary (masc. and fem.). The oldest computer is better than the newest typewriter. One must honor an oldest brother. The chairman told me about the new members. The treasurer gives you money for expenses. The officers send him the money. The waiter passes her the delicious refreshments. Come to the meeting with us The committee can help you. The members can go without them. With whom did the singer appear? TOOPI DVT OD DTV AWE MRS To + Dawn SOOYAT DTI LIE MNP WT 2 Jyamynyom TPT PART ORNS 3 PAVITVI OIA OYT rypyION "Ns YI IOVS PPT PRON’ TI 4 aye OPI PPT EPA Dena oP «5 4 PR AND |OOYA OYTO PorwD WT .6 TwEYTPyO TVA IVT ben yoX DEP? -YOTNLY PY YOON "TAY TE JYOPA PRIYOPEDYP YED_dy rT PURI yOoEI-TIT 10x Pier 03! VBE je 8 23 jadeale Ill. Dative Pronouns PPS T On DRT AYES VT A ay phan yest pn APN voy IT OA VORP YT 2 mgs log ol¢s DN |p'e Donkelea 73 DYTON paitryt yIbyp WT 4 72° ypeawya ATHY TPN MIN DD OP 5 “BOY PIN [yp DIVDRP WT .6 UEP Wayp Ww 7 Way" VF Hike WIN GN B 2461 1GDRH Te Learn the forms of the dative pronoun. A pronoun (or noun) is in the dative case both when it is the indirect object of a verb as in sentences 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, and when it is the object of a preposition as in sentences 5, 7, and 8. Page 9 / Lesson 12A Seopap peBbyrrs Ost ety vovdp aypp xp voiyop ayiyop pep voise ay ro To this new form, you now add the usual masculine, feminine, neuter, and plural adjectival endings. Ly Ay —voby ayody oN 13 Ay —voya qyoya mm 1.3 Ay —vorn ayorn on 13 ay —pora ay73 2 Ly Ay —vvise Www ro Ly Ay —veany ayaa voy>w Plural Neuter Feminine Masculine Nominative Jovy yownryT IEP yoy ONT TB yyovry 1 pROTyDDDYy WT Accusative Jovan yowwsyyT INP yoDVYY ONT ME yvoVy-T [RN ]ODD>Y DVT Dative Joon yoDyyy | IPPyvLryoyT MB yRD>y YT NH TwDD>Y OYT The superlative is almost always preceded by a definite article or a possessive pronoun, and very rarely by an indefinite article (sentence 8). The superlative form must always be inflected (except with the neuter and a possessive pronoun). The base and comparative forms may or may not be inflected, depending on their function in the sentence. Superlative Comparative Base .yoowsw I PNOPN yoTaA AAV PRET me PR TRI TS, -YODYI ONT 72 ONT DYDYA PR T2ONT
    p ONT wa TP YAN7P ONT 21D TYTN PR PR 21D TY TIN TR PR SO WPIWIPR wD ERP wT WO WIP WT wry >p WT PWN PR wmbaPR PIR Tap? ppg syrsssys OST / 8 owt FEYEND DEBE Vy Dies sways If a sentence ¢ ‘ontains a direct obj ae a, odject and an indir ae As the direct object Precedes eh eee we in and the other is oun pee ieee ‘ 1S a pronoun, the e indirect object is highlighted in the following sn rei example The shoemaker Gives it to them, é. Mother sent them to her, The waiter serves it to him, The lawyer will send her the Money, The lawyer sends it to the judge. LP PON Da aywOWw ayy 4 OPmy PR MTDNA oxy 2 “DPN by Drigdays WwIyp wT 3 ONT IPD PN WOT DED apy 4 -Doyy 29029 O97 OY Dor EXE yy 5 V. The Adverb wer The adverb >; yt generally prec it and follows the definite aries 7 ae i construction with ay and the definit as it follows the English pattern the : les ¥ and jx, 7, O87, and ayy, Sentence e article should give you no trouble, definite article recedes ry, : Sample Sentences It was a very interesting meeting SOIOSVOIN TE AV Ty TYA PR OY «1 Ms. (Comrade) Dill is a very a amr capable chairperson, SPIVS NWT PR DT YyNEA 2 PVVMBS She is a very busy person A very active member must work “DR IVD TAYDTANS NYT PRT 3 TOYA M2 Pap WIPUPR pRayHT 4 hard. The movement h; ne members, DOlg 905 GD QylAditca a 5 The very good speaker eithe . nda Teoin briefly and to the point. DIDI DRA WIT AYER WHT WT 6 TRU TR PNP The very small crowd elected a new secretary anyway The very stingy person lives in a very poor house, ON PO UNA BPIy ayaMbp apr ays 7 SOY IYO OVI P>pyIOMR YM CY rdQrep 90" 909.8 SIP POI He 904 je Page 11 / Lesson 124 dere peddpers oys senyy us mm: me | 1 | you (pl. & sg. for.) | TER you | ” them | ™ him | oR | her | TR whom ayn | it | oyvoN Dative Accusative Nominative _| 1D yo 7x af et | 1 } ON oN wv | TR ” 7 | OYT/ DN oy oy | Tnx nine vn | TER PR oN | m ™ ” | ayn pon ayn | IV. Word Order In all tenses, the indirect object pronoun follows the verb and always precedes (although not always immediately) the direct object noun. In the negative in all tenses, the indirect object pronoun precedes the vw3. In the past tense, the indirect object pronoun precedes the past participle, and in a negative sentence it always precedes the vw3. In the future tense, the indirect object pronoun precedes the infinitive, and in a negative sentence it always precedes the vw'3. In the examples below the indirect object is highlighted. Sample Sentences The speaker tells me the topic The stingy treasurer does not give them the money. The new chairman brought us several new members this year. The new chairman did not bring > us any new members this year. The singer will sing you a new song The singer will not sing you anew WOYO TV VNTWIV YT «1 604 TGA Voip Wariep WF .2 de of WET TINN ONT WETS WITT 3 ay paiva ye yayoey aya Sp FIN Glen 903-4 rH VOY 907 4 ods leon dy pop Gokerads 62y SDOVIN TAIT PLN DYM AAP 5. PP VAP VI TLN DYN AVA AYT .6 vous song. I won't tell him that today Jees 6@y Gem Oley pric Fon ON .7 yay? pop ssPIsAIs O87 / 10 DVYT SODND pesdyry ays eon PVIIVI TD wEITAWIMN 8 "7 2998 UP IPNAND Pd pe Ooms POTATO NK 198 UPPER ae SION VT DD Sa AYTIN dN o ARN PARR IR PAR PRT A new verse has been added! APOR DR MN STAT AE AYDOYNY YR TyIET PD PR PIN PR PR YROVNW YON RR Wich Spirit Dm. teh ney nem Oy, ay, Beh in ey = nem cy G Gm an Dm © Aas - Ries ic ols wot key = mm, OK oF, ov +1972 PINT? AP TyEYIy Ova PPpEy ITS ,PyONID TAN AINA RP TD Mir trogn a gezang: Favorite Yiddish Songs of Our Generation, Eleanor Gordon Mlotek, Workmen's Circle Education Department, N.Y., N.Y., 1972. Page 13 / Lesson 124, a beopyp podbpre ont seen VI. Nouns Ending in 17 All nouns (with the very occasional exception) ending in 33 are feminine. The plural always ends in yy. meeting woos movement y—amynea 7 event, public function yy —amyryonet invitation yy —anpyae 1 VII. ona after a Preposition You may have noticed the phrase anon oma wn on p. 3, |. 39 and wondered why 072 was not inflected. When the word 02 follows a preposition and is not preceded by an article, either definite or indefinite, it remains uninflected in the singular. Sample Sentences The singer appeared with great onion JOR TDYIBNN PRAYWT WT . success. andsa The sister-in-law cries for great joy PB ON WS DIN PTYIAVT 77.2 The rich man lives in great honor. HAD org j'le Gad! VAR WD? The artisan boasts of the great pyT On pT aha TIE bya WT honor. 2733 JO" ab WPS oN *poryworn .o AY TIDY’ IVT PO PR MYTIA VPN MK PIR AYP? yayPna art Pn PR AX PIX PIR AVON WT TT PV PK 4 IOS TNT PT NK sO OD INN PIN RR {DYN PR THVT VD TN .2 {YIN PR TT RR JBYIMP VI ROW? PR OVI DIR PRR MyDIMD WB IVT PD TRS Mywan Wms 7K YON TEND AT) TyayT PAN PR TR pyre ofle yr, 9m JN. spate ODlg he Ne py 3 ha ye ie Me Me AYTII YON VIET VD TR 6 MAY TPTA YAN PN PK JTPO PR PH VINNT VD Ne PAK KN yop Popa syPIgIIs OST / 12 bY RDN PESdyary ot sees APB MPA PR ARP 9 (50) on YyINgrDyNIe 909 Pik JOntp Don preg sdypora yoy>uy (79) wa WIPYP WT.10 AY Town DET PR den (PR) WN ayy IV. Answer the questions using the correct direct object or indirect object form of the pronoun in Parentheses: Example: (972) 1VTY3 WWPRDO WT DNA TYAN 12508 H3Mle Glen 0'Tioo r09 7.3 (1) 23°? TDNPM yA IVT ONT AYN .2 (PR) VIVA WIEIW AT ONT AYN «1 br ToYAyA AINA Waywry WI NT AYN E24 Om) OV ENBY PR om Bown ‘2 (spilled)jogeogorne rp 03 len joxdn Pe .5 cay) 2NN TPR YAW yyw} TANT AYN .7 (Pm) WYIWYI WPM WT ‘DNT JYRYN 23.6 (1) realy Jalg> JOON .9 (PR) 2MDe OYT DaNTYI O37 TART AVN .8 (07) DIVYA Joy (19) PowRD DAN TMB IY YT HyT TEV Va 10 CR) r07"Lp +2 Ggricade "ys V. Rewrite these sentences in the past tense: 97.3 MYST PWR vey MTA WD 2 voy ORT TTR D> PON TWA WT 1 da ve YO") Orlow 9 4 SMR TER DIE TOY TPYOTAVTINBOV NP DPW IVAINYIVOIE YOR PR .6 MYDIYN YET ws PT T?y5Y2 ONN ND 5 Joa TPN TIP BW WP TR TMD MP VENI TER PHSAVT PR 7 .JysMyIWS Ta Po CYS CSc 9 PAYERS WWD ONT IEdp AYTIVD Ts STON WS PI PR PT Y2X TIO DY WY VAPT TyAARND somyreosp Te 10 ale Qy'4 109 Syl <9 DUI DN DNA Dd aT Dea TPT DN vIIVII Np wT. yD Vi. ae Exercise V in the past tense negative (except 5, 7 VI. Rewrite Exercise V in the future tense. Vill. Fill in the blanks with the proper adjective and article endings: 7 DY EVA ONT YY _ pryd x2 ar —DINOYIYODR TX 5 oP PR 1 60) Pig) Ole» ON 4 TIPO vats DIT Tye NS _vby 7.3 pms Ter 932 PR ywreLyTpy. va _+ 5 Jglodarkes 7 Gpedgore 7-7 VRID _VINOYTYOPN _vI MR NYT WIT DYN AVIV] _7.6 .yyMKs PRY VST TET YN DTI 8 ST _ yw x ew Pryor>aya _7 x WATT — AIS 9 PETS _oyoya 8 Pe yphn ayy yYmRs ou ¥ WP MP _1.10 yerIe6009 OIE Ie fe "8 903"H JON GON QINY OGM X PPPsvT AYER, 7 vyn qWwENX -AMYMYoNN _wowsyxy _7 PIR [arp P71. Page 15 / Lesson 12A boreyp pebbyrs ONT wets aNbranpan left; leftist pro — to dance (bSINvYMyHIIR) JNINUTUIIN cheerful, in high spirits ayom along [sider-sidurim] (errr) WTO YT — such oyabytx (Jew.) daily prayer book united; in accord pare united vpeNxs together DYITK PR* many bet to pray (oMETya) VIIMET* no one pws ...avIp [Khumesh- (evan) van wT 11th cent. author of a [Rashe]w_Pentateuch, Five Khumoshim] very famous commentary on the Bible and Talmud that is Books of Moses JSaROTVOIN © YON EID studied along with these texts bride; fiancée tkale(s)} cma) ma Rashis commentary [Rashe] (77) to love (war2ya) Je yyanwrays I. Rewrite the sentences using the comparative form of the highlighted adjectives: r070ae NOT.3 DOYIW ,YTINA DIS PR POND WI .2 91977 PRIVSIND TT 1 Dinpsryyn rT wT 4 alow ayvrate gic pn p29 loa jQ24 YN ON PM IP oT 6 MNS YPN NT wyNRI YN TOS -POIVTIYIBYSN YO PLT YN VU OK YT 271 991977 ONT .7 .YWINLYIPYo YW 2 oysclo Gle> 20) 9 AYITVT WIYSW DYT DWI PN YTV 77 8 T°P DWT DRT TVITVT VT 11 Dory O99] N TINT PVN PD .10 PAIN DJ rDGylle Day's DOF PIeONIeple GON Hr 12 AWITVI IVD ¥ yA 17 V Yayo yor Ler09 JQyInIjr06yHe jNe pDayid's id te Bic Blew poe UEIMics> 07 red GIA po ke Ge [lke VAL Ie Pkereler@ (against) gdp jy24 217 jhe PrOa pleraiere ke jx Grykela Proa cates cy. £1 Faro oct oto DaIrg 7 re 1d Hc TO505 Nhe J Ber05 otctt jon 616 “leat. (bitterness) 6" prd6.a Gm Tey rwONP & wD INYMy_IN TX PR NYA VIET Tayo PX yor =a) DUM TVP AYAPT ATT TN VANTYA ENA AYTIVO AYAPT 8 PORTDYAD IN PR OY .ONTARTD /DINTY2 YOND DAN AYPIBYD “NY PR TY XT WH DY-a D>DWANS TY px yart by -pqyayt (famous) yo NA X TYT PR oyvoyTW TR) AYDIBND WY PRONTHY,, PRTVOOSTIY PT TS Wa BOP DoT IVT .wwI STAT [yp Wy IIR OK pws DORN "ee PUYAYT YOON X qwanwaya-np->y2 XII. Unscramble the words to make a sentence: VPONP J2YAVAPRAYT.3. ON PRR dT Hwa .2 YPM OYA [HVA NWT Ip'e ey Pre 7 4 alle .S.ONT UNI DT TOY Pn DIRT Hw 4 .WbYI ONT ONT bua nyt DOMEAYT DRT PR TINK .7 SANT Iya PD pI. OIE oado EPP DP WYA TP PR «10 .JEPVA PPT NDT TER vwD.9 TE PART DOH INT 71.8 arm RTP SOD WHT PR 12 TER PR aT OM we PON IT DRT VD Dw SPR DM MYT THN INR HT AT VI «13 ART PR JAVA? Page 17 / Lesson 124 Davey poebprns ost surety PPD 12 JYAMYIYOIN _DINOVIYOPR JO NNN YM VI 1 AW Vw -ATIAYMNA_7 785 DYN yord youn _vox IX. Complete the story by filling in the blanks with an adjective in comparative or superlative form. You may use any of the adjectives you know. See page 6 for a partial list. syer ynya [93s ayDoyNW ONE MT AypoyTe BIT yNYA ND RVI OY 1 x poynya yARn WyeoyMy My Tyna PR IywOyTY yor 77 on ben pognya pena TRA nN yag nT priya aya yaRn ryan sypoyny —_ytya DRT TY TT TaN? PRT __TYNYA IVT HT ORT TyvOy NY YIPTHN DWI TIN? PROT. BOP TT, ,WANTVA TRY ONT DPD ANNA ANA IND OVI PR TI, Tea yet aed pR yoo ETP Pp ___PR____yP7™1 (although) woxd Myvoyny yr HD [PT HY ONT 2X, MDS De IN DUI VPRO MT ITV ND Dann yyPSya poyy 71, [AN AT waxty2 oxn ,”(Don't worry) Bw PT ITT, STI RT PR MOR INID PTV? WD gylediica te Pre te 25 em all prople jie 20" Jalen ww 2 am Par sesinic omic pe jollen ifn ofc r09Paorn prryep r34ree Pie joule 19 te eee ___ 9 Jalen _ ye pen Sod [Ne pn _3 Jalen 1M Gay pre 4% frdg rake Pda 8 gic yn ayn te Pow glee pan 297 pr ylep rokp Pie coole Frew clog 13 ontp od jo a ie O98 Wale YI pls —__ jleron py O25 Ole [yim oy 3 8k Ike ple TPaGm pop Gay VM Hie 9 Ged OPE? rolep rDGhie r04, Ie dle 62 WN Gare Ne KF rIGSS ye Ce GU 9 gylQdliica 04 3H pn 64098 26208 ole? ONYOR Glew 90 (Where) Ricll 1 CAI DelerS X. Translate into Yiddish: 1. Hello, Benjamin. What's happening? 2. Thanks. It's better than it was. It can't get worse. 3. The president was too busy to come to the meeting Not much of a president! (Aiso me a president!) 4. He is really too busy to hold an office. 5. Why did we elect him? There are surely better, more capable people. 6. Don't worry. Mr. (Comrade) Eydiman is not as bad as * Both words mean "unlucky person” or “ne’er-do-well.” yoy? pop separ O87 / 16 byt SepNp pepbysra Dat wstty Seopa pesbyrys past surety XV. Conversation Topic: XIII. Substitute the highlighted words with those in parentheses. Make any necessary changes. Be sure to match the numbers correctly. 1. You are at a meeting of your club. One person presents a slate of officers for nomination. S/He discusses their qualifications in superlatives. The other members of the group question these recommendations and suggest other people whom they think would be better. Each side defends its nominations. Use comparatives and superlatives as much as possible. 2PPVOIT PROYI NWWONA ORN — 1 pa yy x yn DSPIyAPITR TIANA RK BYIWS WT TS parpy3o 7 apy 2x7 P33} ebyT 2,29 | TOYN) .® pros PORTWYI NK PRN — .2 ApUR DM YIND OF ONT ADAYA TN TYAINV ONT TOR TDYION PR yNnnd Nava — IV WT (rep ara LARD RAPD x (Erin yee 3,72 PD) 2 2. Discuss the current president and vice-president of your country with a classmate. Each of you must explain why you did or did not vote for these people rather than their opponent(s). Use comparatives and superlatives gorys ONT ON vA TWN — 3 LDYy3 ONT HOR WIN DMAP IVI A — LODY2 PPP ADPIN BYPD VPD AY AVION NPRW WI -- (bank) p3xa pr drys ypro an tw>ya Top ew DY? Dr > a eeDReecJBNA yoo 93DR OWT. HT 2, PADAW VOD VET | 9288 xT) 2X yay... 29T) 2 cPROT. 2M 2. DAR DUI VIN 4...BR VN) 2 JaNNIY>"ANIAS TPoNNeAN on>*>y-aby wosty abe ot 75 DO TAP TVA 7.7 PA wep ned ayrine 2 VTEYT PR IN WwosyP — .4 OND OY VIN WVIVY wAPT VIZVT 2.1YMIP PR yTbyT AYaR AVIV! PR TIN — SPP YIEH YT YIN MT OK VY" (luse comparatives] *vay>w *,pry5 |,U7N) .X (ON E,DTVINENY 1,237). (DY DPUW INA YD — YVOYIONT 1 [2 — Rye AyoyTA — WoRTwERYP .oTA — oRdyT :wONT PIR 2 yoy 3 AypIWOW IYI — AyPINDY — pIyDY TR 4 > — WS Oe — WB Wy Ty Taga By — Tana — TINT THEIR PR 5 YS 6 WOU — NOTRE VTE APOTINT — NTINT IRON 7 span AT PREY YOOX YP "TNA PI vay? MyD TR DWT ONT INT WIR & Sop — wraga Sop — gran cxDaETyBoY — waxy VAT AYAIMDET TT ONT 9 AkOTYD ME — NOTYS B — NOW] .NTINTA 10 HOPI ATTN TS WUD DTP ATER ONT HT XIV. Complete the dialogue: AyPTAGH 1 TDP pPYIONN VR OWT TAT — -1 spayas's Saye P>pyIOMKe AYAVD — secyPT ITyATIPR 7739 — piergiera YS e704 oriicla cigr re 5'e 6rbHd8 alew pile — 2 40J309 ke Gie DOR Jalen YM GIL V0" S JONDE Dp HCO Ke — Nyoxtryy 8 — ayt¢n — Tp 18 SPN PR NT DE PUB? 12 Np ® — Tyoyd — vyd 19 (PIR — ToyTA — O72 13 . ORB spony reon'p PR TORTWYAD IW PNT — 3 SOAR — Wryrga — aya 20 STOR TX — yprRDe — pryv 4 SRD PROD VT PR OTIRERAPR HT YT TVD TR Tasty ONT yanwrd yrs — .ONDN — Tyo] — wT 21 mimi x — arp — xP 15 + DVT nro yay 7RBYI — AORN — ov 2 “wpyd x — wyUTIRI — WWI 16 YON 8 — YEN — PAN 23 Pera x — RP — INP 17 Page 19 / Lesson 124 qoy> popIBNPISIW OST / 18 WT SE DEP PRBS e DST ey vinegar Poy yt barrel (ayoy5) OND ONT" fat, greasy byd pepper ay5y5 yt for example “Sera oe tomcat (onyoyp aT cabbage Dp -vORT charlatan (pyeoxww YT pertinent, [shayle)kh] pre relevant to mild, gentle tn milt, spleen yran kind, sort (pn oxy [malekh-malokhim] (aragon) wba Wy angel [mamzer-mamzeyrim] (ositm 8 993 bastard TP>VBOAR © OnK py wet oxy naked, bare vypes IPTTIONN PS AVR How is that relevant?; You bet! And how! does not come up to ashayle)kh] rw Mx o¥N pox RD 1 ves DEP A dead person looks better. (Lit. "A better-looking Ay WI pRyya yy py R person is put in the earth.) * The sign @ before a word means the word is of doubtful admissibility in the standard language. The sign @ before a word means the word is inadmissible in the standard language Page 21 / Lesson 12A SprDNP pebbyrye ost seo SPUN — WyewA — PINT 32 yo — yn — PN 3 NITION — TORI — ONT 34 yayd — ayayprw — pnp 35 STR 8 — Vy — VIN 36 CARR — WaT — oYN 37 sTRIN — WOT — O77 38 sproy — Ia — par 24 PRK — aya — ba 25 JDPNN — Toya — by2 26 VEOH — WI — p27 SPRINT — Toya — v1 28 hy — away — voyow 29 TRAN — IVY — PY 30 xt to invent pig [khazer-khazéyrim] (arr) TIN WWI to milk (opbyny20%R) [PyBOMR death (yenw wT iron bar (OYIVTEWV/O)TER WT dry (Cy2ypro 7) Iprw stuffed; loaded (as in rich) vBXDWyAI (with imper.) one might as well wox> bath (CTy2) RIT for example flemoshl] >wm tree yaa) oma yt fool, dummy (perpyo vt bone Oya yt lean, skinny syayn pale ox?3 to marinate, (OPIN) FPA — gall, bile; malice beat to pickle sure, certainly, of course (adv); ona possible porn certain (adj.) Jap? popIB ’SNPISI DST / 20 Pot Sarpy yosoyny ox 12 jaol loc’ Scaylea rie Ole? ‘adpyny wypy? a>oy-mby TX PONPRVONT VTS TROPHY TP ep Oy TORT Andy o77aN wp IN RT VT PR TANDVIWS YPN PIR TR OOD DVT AMR wPipys wera SV TRD PB PIV PR Jay? OYT Jay BRET pep PINT EWI] IT PR WT AYERS YT MPa PT vy pry *PONRDONT won? Tonya WIT FNP WT NR AVIV PR ART EP wEPI TIMP WE wyTO TE MENYA TRIP PR OY BT VT YT TVD AS EPP OT wIYVI INT PR VIN -JIVT yng DEITY O75 ,P2d PR WwIYD NNT NT PND, AYETRS DT HARTA TREyTPYO "Pye PI PR DYT borat pagrya “VETS ayT DRA PPS nr paay72 px DUD Ay, DAP 8 TVEPYSP NE PR IVI WEEN AIPA Y PR BY YYO V7 JDIRTYATY ONT "TIN OWI, VPA py PON — WoyED "ONT — DWI PNT, VIP» era DRT WH, PRS NH TO" PRINT, “PD TR DIET PR PR ONT, WV PR BNP 8 TAVAVA DET VETS VT NOMRVEYT 8 JANA Ry 7p, OPA OWT PT OTT TR), "MRTVEYT OYNS Yayo "7 DAYTYI PR DRM TR, PRINT PR APOTIPRVONT Wo MYSBI TW TPS NB PVN PR TAY? OFT, s"/OPY> OYT TD [aI OYT VAXTYA TPR "RONETYX 77 ONT YOT ORT TR 12, Ppp aa Py, Page 23 / Lesson 12B berpap pobdyres oss seen AETV PR PITTW PS Toga 77 esas PS yo PR yerNTya INT PR 77 DyITyA pxn PET wn byn myprzgpoRT payTvo WT wy ETT aN PR OMB VT PRT PRINT MAP IPEPON DIPa PN yaydpIw x AW vRAYA 2 6 RTD PR PPT DDANS VID N PIN INT PR IMIR Rds YON 64 65 6 Page 25 / Lesson 12B BRD DY BY JoUPAITET sNdaNPRN (over) again dyn xwTM* — to take home qyDUys2 ny) PaymemR vision (oyTn es to stop (oTyAy2"N) PAE RY as soon as ay 1 impossible poston opus, work {of art) (PVM PVN ONT in the middle (of) yon pet auditorium, hall (DPR WT to go on; to (y2aNay233 PR) PA duty; debt [khoyves)] (ny3in 77 continue empty prm* to take part, (ymuya >»p3y) [yaya DI for God's sake [lemanashem] ovTy0 to participate lecturer (ryMpy) TRLPY WI to chop off (OpRTy25y) PETE massive, bulky yoxn activity (pegorepy 1 must (erayy) IMM" — to.go out —_qyaagay20°TMN PR) ADIT minute (pee t= was led in enya wreyee gift, present [matone(s)] (mana) maAN7T* to let in comdyaseayy meIETSY another "to lead in (OV Synz Ty) TPE Payammy OTR AY] — to. come in TyBIPYAAN PR) PPI _ elbow: (ody yt — escort, chaperone (ow INI VT to open (esfyya) ay8y* library (ppyeyeaa stubborn [akshnte(s)] (oexp9™ building [binyen-binyonim] (yp 97 woman chair; bench: C79) pay ONT publicity [pirsem] m07"3 YT dim. of (PID PRIM by ax5— while, during [beshas] 103 to go by, (qyaway3229N5 PR) PAPIWS —_ nothing pqwysya* to pass by Tray € BETS invitation (yyy2Ws PAO € OTK PF crime (ODVTITND ONT poseawys © S38 73 chairman (COVERS I* selected; collected (pl.) yav*p¥2 firm, steady voys piyay x poPen & 77 because of, on account of woe axe (pgm pea to the byt Is = Oe TPN © BY TPET back (adv.) pos Tyne PR PVT Seopep pebbyree oat sen nosy payn> ONT, 26 pwnywrypyon yoy — 2 Wp 1 DRTVEYT OVT TI TD ONT INH) PTI TR DIRT PRD, 28 DIR TID NNT ONT AVA YR YIP TW 71D OFT AIT PBN 29 yoynrobyp Sapa PR yaya Poway NR Poa OT SAT PR PROT NT 30 MpeyUMP UPR 31 PR DIDD N AVN'S OYNB TIRVVIO NE DD NWT PR WIPO WT a2 pomasTy TS pe PPR VEIPVAP NE PRY IPVO WIR AWVIEAWS 33 SVYMRS WT AV yr vA”, 34 guy PYVO WT PISDIVyA LNT "IY, 35 "UPI OP, 36 Ta, 39 ROW IONNNS, 38 wy >, 39 Noghy JOIN TD TN DINTVATR PR OKT, 40 PVOIWPI WHR SVVITET NOD PNBY VIP PID, — 41 "ong aya MD OR WNT OVT BAY OY PRWER, 42 MODIS RETRDTE NT PHN PAIN OIATPATRANT TR, 43 ary | om POURRA TN, 45 YT UD OA ,JRBAMA TSN, -VONP OVTIPIN VPIPY2 DAT WLS WI 46 TR PS bees OM .DoxaaTeT YOISA "T-PAIN WHYA TR UY IPYO 47 YR 48 SBRYP JOT NPT nD WIBYYIPY TTT ONT YEW vIPR TED 49 BVP IPYO OVT NS PNA VTA PN PTE yIPOND x 2weIITAT MS 50 DEN oT .oaaZy oT AE pooNAVA woyS yA AT JAxT ONT VON OYT TN st Dis waybwya oF yaRN DayeMDANa PTR WIM PR PD OTR PAYA 52 -q3y%9 18 JaMAVIAR DRT TR T3 ONT HIByya DRT /p3Va TOI 33 Tay? DVT PIN OTA AT PR NHwA WAY TV T TIAVAI ORT TR sa Spa PR way ys beware yeNST A wET EY WPS ND PIV TR 55 JOD 33 TANYA "DAT OP TITPVO WH YIP TR 56 yoran, sOIRTY2 ONT TY TX ETS DyT Nd 5 pra PW PR ONT 37 JOMTD PR VAN TVW VER wD PPAR LPT PR IMR DAI DR PBI 5 PPR Pyne wird 9 qyaye> vera yp yo, boearet md wiyseiyya wxT yoy mIK, 60 PDN? DEIR AD yoy 6 yayd popaysspIeIIs ONT / 24 SOY berpyp pebbpris pat swe In each of the examples above, the verb consists of an inflected verbal part, i.e. }¥8, 191, JymIP and an adverbial complement such as yx, ‘DIN, y29N which is highlighted here. Such verbs are called complemented verbs. In most cases it is easy to understand the meaning of the complemented verb if you know the meaning of its component parts; ; the adverbial complement adds specificity to the verb. For example, qopieaw means to come in and pap means to go out. However, in some cases, the complement alters the meaning of the verb and it is impossible to tell the meaning of the word by breaking the verb down into its component parts. For example, J2"738 to begin seems to have little to do with the uncomplemented verb ya~n which means to lift. [ABN to stop seems to bear no connection to Nya to hear. In complemented verbs in all tenses, the stress always falls on the adverbial complement: In the present tense: --The inflected verb precedes the adverbial complement, of course, as the second grammatical unit in the sentence. -- The complement is stressed only very slightly more than the verb. ~-In the negative, vw follows the verb and immediately precedes the complement. -- Direct and indirect object (acc. and dat.) nouns may go between the verb and the complement or after the verb and the complement. ~ Direct and indirect object pronouns in positive and negative sentences precede the complement. --In the negative, direct and indirect object pronouns precede the w3. Example: DPT VUIDNT PR AN DOTORT PR’ VIET Present Tense Negative Present Tense STP TA Dera To PR ay Tp oT fv TR AVP 7A WEA DOT 17 ay >p 77 aR vOTD TT VT Op TAN DIA DID TAY ay op oTR Die Ay yp TA DEI [IE PD yT op Tay DD AVP TA OWI DID PR Top TR DID TR SVT TAR wera PID > yop TN IVT Negative Imperative Imperative VTP TR ves ID ayP yp 8 c) WP op TR Ow DID yop Tay pi SAY POP OT POI ETI TRY ay 4p 77 PROD PON? Page 27 / Lesson 12B berpsp pebbprs ot sey to move/to budge (MYTH TTAN — to come —_qyarpyap>ny PR) yaIppE* lecture (peRnysyn i" back, to return punishment (ppnbe 7 room (yes ay to drag, to pull cosyovya) pve cultural dyn todispute, to (OrRwYIA TN) PT PRSY PEPIE € PAR MP debate, to argue qwenppns © pots ep later ayoysv* — nobody, no one wa... terrible, terrifying popytw* hit, bang, rap (yp) BRP TT clear, obvious aye TPRITIONN PIR [VARY to be in the middle yore PR poder to give a speech Dignydy7 & [DRT despite, notwithstanding Ak vpipys vw OYA PR NYA PR o> TR WWE ONT .2 PONTYSI ORNS yoyo "7 [ya PR ONN 1 DONNA DWT DVVITTET MD ONT ONT ND 4 MOMTYA POVAITZT MS PRM .3 RT YT ORT ONN 6 7037" 7Y2 ORT TORN PI ONT OMT N.S TREY OVI PVA ETP XT SAN PR VTA PR ONN.7 MYO ONT DATEL MD 77D [kv DPNNYI YY TINS DNL PY DYT (according to) VN? SVAN ME RAND ONN.8 PPI DRT AYN 10. YPwBAITET | PID VP'YA IVHMS II NT WRI AYN 9 PROT ARI PROYA POPIITET MD ONT ORT LL PT ITV P_YITET PN VPS WWE 13 MOTYTVA ONT WWOPY? YT NY! ROY" ONTT ONT 12 PRT PR VOIP 77 DYATAYA DRT TN 14 27ND PYAR waypya vers owas MB DET ONN ANDPY? AYT ONT ONT .15 (novel) TRONT DPONY'RLONT PR RIMRINIPR RMN YON 2] PT VINTTND ONT TY VN VTA PORN 1, Complemented Verbs The girl puts on the pants and the ysqynw@ 77 RPT AR DID PD ONT 1 black shoes. po You will look nice in the new coat. .boryn By P2097 PRP IVIDMN DOYN TT .2 The chairman came into the hall. byt pr yympyw24N PRayYMgS WT 3 JOY? POPSET IIIS ONT / 26 SYYT Dorp peBbpyrys apt wey In the future tense: ~The syntax in the future parallels the syntax in the past tense. ~The auxiliary verb is followed by the infinitive. ~The complemented infinitive is constructed by prefixing the adverbial complement to the infinitive. For example: ION PRION PPS JOMOK paws ~ In the negative, »w3 follows the auxiliary verb and immediately precedes the infinitive. ~-Direct and indirect object nouns may go between the auxiliary verb and the infinitive or after the auxiliary verb and the infinitive. ~- Direct and indirect object pronouns in positive and negative sentences precede the infinitive. ~In normal word order, any direct and indirect object pronouns precede the vw3. See sentences 2 and 3 following. Future Tense Negative Future Tense WTP MT RDI Hwa DVN PR STV TPDP MT ROM PVN-PR SAV TDP 77 PRI DUI HOYT AVP MT TYOIN VOY TT VTP DP MT ROI DWI DVT IY. WT pT PROM LYN VT Op TT ROI DEPI PyN PD VTP 7 ROI Pry VD AVP PT POI WWI DYN PR SAV TPDP MT TNO DYN PR TVD MT TOI NI PVN HT STV TDP MT POI PVT Sample Sentences The chairman will (not) begin the meeting at nine o'clock. We will (not) be let in. (coy) oon 03-4 >%5 907 Be"5 IE UIS'5 9 parma 1 Trgsioany (ow) TNR YTD .2 TIM yD DYN THAN (WD The lecturer will (not) lead him into (Ow'D ER VT Wopy? WI 3 the room. Ays PR VAN The treasurer will (not) take care of Torna (wera) By VORP WT 4 ‘our millions. GDI sep 9O9/ .]VIO MD IVT 46°99R (624) jyleFn 004 3h If a verb is normally followed by an infinitive not preceded by 1, the complemented infinitive will also not be preceded by 18. If a verb is normally followed by an infinitive preceded by wx, the complemented infinitive will Page 29 / Lesson 12B Dm PNP peBbyre ot wey In the past tense: ~The auxiliary verb precedes the participle, as always. ~The complemented participle is constructed by placing the adverbial complement before the past participle of the verb. For example: TRIYDOAN URPIDNAN POPVAP IY MVR pLyID OWN TyOVI ~ In the negative, vw"3 follows the auxiliary verb and immediately precedes the participle. ~ Direct and indirect object nouns may go between the auxiliary verb and the participle or after the auxiliary verb and the participle. ~-Direct and indirect object pronouns in positive and negative sentences precede the participle. ~In normal word order, (i.e. unless you start with the vars as in sample sentence 6 following) any direct and indirect object pronouns precede the wa. ~The complemented participle takes the same auxiliary verb as the verb in its simple form. For example: JVARNIVAWNAN) VOI TT JPTTVION) IVT-PR Past Tense Negative Past Tense SAV MT NOY OVI IVT PR VTP TOA TPR SVT MT NOVA VWI VOT TT AvP oT RUVAR DONT TT VTP ROVE DOI ORT TAY VTP OAR DY Typ TROY DOD JANA TD Ay >p mT PROV JANT PR ay pT yROyD DUS ONT PR Sy JNopa DRT TPR ay >p ROY OD FANT SAV TPT PROVIDE TANT 77 Sample Sentences I did (not) put on the coat. 1 DOD OFT PYVY IN (VV?) INTPR . “TROY (02) FoI DYT INT PR I did (not) put it on. “TROY (OWI) OR INT PR He was (not) elected treasurer. jalpoa vin (60) pile Glen ON vlep (ip) 1d (Oy TINK ART ATID MT 4 sORg>yDBAN (ow) PTV FANT IVI «5 LOMDyWAN They were not allowed into the TVD ONT DRT PR OINAVAAN DPI .6 auditorium. ” bb The members did (not) let us in. Yesterday we did (not) let them in. Jay> PopIB SAP ISIIS OST / 28 DOYT SD DN peBbyry pgs sens Sample Sentences The audience ran out right after TON2 TP>2 TENDYIOMNN PR OY wT 1 the lecture. yey} The members did not even want to wbynya worst bx ANAT baw 2 wait until the end. JNO TPA OWN, I don't know why they came to the VIET MT ORT WS DWI ON PR 3 event. SAMWYTVVNK VT PR aIPyI We had big problems from that binya PD TANT WETS OFT NB 4 chairman -PMS yom IIL. Titles of Address cya ('n) on TORR (95) 175 pAwNe (7) A mya7 Todt (5) TE ayTe30 (yon yorsh The question of how to address people (Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms.) is somewhat more complicated in Yiddish than in English. For Mr. you may say "yz although it is seldom used anymore. You would more likely use the form current in the country you are in. For example: fin 82 [Adon] in Israel and jaa 7yvern in English-speaking countries. Mrs. is usually "M5 although sometimes words like mia [Gueret] in Israel and oyora in English-speaking countries are used. "M8 and nia are also used for Miss or Ms. when speaking to women. In many Yiddish-oriented groups the titles (nan (Mr.) and (ywnah (Mrs., Miss, or Ms.) are commonly used. This is roughly equivalent to the English Comrade. man [Khaveyre] is also used for women in Zionist and sometimes in other circles. The word 7325 may be used in most circles to mean Mr., Mrs., Miss, or Ms. In more traditional circles, one could use the form 21 [Reb] plus the first name to address a Jewish man, often abbreviated as "1: 1739, xo”. 2V" may also be followed by both the first and last name, i.e., Jn9 7119, DN 9 sryaT?y3, but should never be used with the last name only. Jn certain traditional circles where 39 is used to address a man, ™ [Mores] is used with the first name to address a married woman: mi Dw yw. Page 31 / Lesson 12B Derpep poBbyry oes sen also be preceded by 1s. The 1x is inserted between the adverbial comple- ment and the infinitive with all three components forming one word. For ex- ample: TVMSBHN TINNY TYSTHAANS AED HN. ROTI Sample Sentences amg (VED MT OTD TT. You must (not) let them in. / You (don't) have to let them in I (don't) want to let you in without Hig yicfaieane (605) pre fay are .2 money. clog My nephew does (not) want to PAPA (VWI) PN PrymdB PID 3 leave the auditorium. RTP We (don't) like to leave the city. DS PRS AN PY OND JARTPD 4 DROW The treasurer does (not) hate to Dy25 (U2) URA-PORP YT «5 spend money on expenses. DNS PAR VOYa JAY NEOIN It is (not) good to come in early. 7 yD PIsIHAN VU (WUD) PRO .6 My son-in-law does (not) like to put al (Gey) Gigs pOvte [2m .7 on new clothes. odatp 03 6/33N Il. Contractions with oyt The article ay7 immediately following a preposition is quite often fused with the preposition. This applies only to nyt and to none of the other articles. When oy7 has the emphatic meaning of this or that, no fusion occurs. before/for the 7785 =oyTWS — on the/at the [DK = OYT APR from/of the oynd-oy7p in the OYDR= OVTPR to the Ow-oyT1s — until the yra=oytra but at the ova=oy7 22 to the sytis-cytix through the pm-oyt pn to that oytw-oyt with the yor =oyT DD after the JPXD = BVT XD yop> popsrsssszg ONT / 30 DHT

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