Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284

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Alexandria Engineering Journal

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aej

Original Article

A novel hybrid cryptographic framework for secure data storage in cloud

computing: Integrating AES-OTP and RSA with adaptive key management
and Time-Limited access control
D. Shivaramakrishna a, *, M. Nagaratna b
a
Department of CSE, JNTUH, Hyderabad, India
b
Department of CSE, JNTUH-UCEH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The rapid proliferation of cloud computing has necessitated advanced security mechanisms to safeguard sensitive
Cryptography data stored in remote servers. However, this paradigm shift has raised several security concerns, particularly
Cloud Computing safeguarding private information stored on faraway cloud servers. This study proposes a ground-breaking hybrid
Adaptive Key Management
cryptographic framework for the secure data storage requirements of cloud computing. The framework in­
corporates time-limited access control, adaptive key management, and two strong encryption methods: RSA and
Advanced Encryption Standard - One Time Password (AES-OTP). AES-OTP and RSA provide symmetric and
asymmetric encryption levels to improve data confidentiality and integrity. With the introduction of an intel­
ligent framework for key creation, distribution, and rotation through the adaptive key management component,
the security of cryptographic operations is gradually increased. Additionally, time-limited access control helps to
protect data privacy by imposing rigorous temporal constraints on data access and reducing security flaws. The
effectiveness of the suggested framework is confirmed by thorough performance assessments, which show
astonishing accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score values of 99.12%, 98.78%, 98.11%, and 98.56%. This
demonstrates its outstanding skills in protecting private information from unauthorized access and guaranteeing
its secrecy in cloud storage settings.

1. Introduction become important problems. Furthermore, because cloud resources are

The emergence of cloud computing has fundamentally altered how
businesses and people store and manage their data [1]. Traditional on-
premises data storage is being replaced by cloud-based solutions,
which provide unmatched benefits in terms of scalability, accessibility,
and cost-efficiency. Protecting sensitive data in cloud settings is one of
the major security issues brought on by this change. As organizations
struggle to guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
their information assets while entrusting them to third-party cloud
service providers, secure data storage in cloud computing has emerged
as a major problem [2]. Data is kept in distant data centers run by cloud
service providers under the decentralized architecture introduced by
cloud computing. While this strategy has many advantages, it also ex­
poses data to several security vulnerabilities [3]. As data moves across
networks, is processed, and stored in these distant contexts, data
breaches, unauthorized access, data loss, and insider threats have
shared, concerns have been raised concerning the isolation and division
of data across users to avoid accidental data disclosure. Maintaining data
secrecy is a core tenet of safe cloud data storage. A key component in
reaching this aim is encryption [4]. Data integrity and authenticity are
checked using cryptographic hashes and digital signatures [5]. To
ensure that the data is correct and undamaged, regular integrity checks
and audits are crucial to find any unauthorized alterations [6].
Data accessibility is crucial. Hence, cloud providers frequently use
redundancy and failover measures to provide ongoing access, even
during hardware problems or outages [7]. A fine balance must be struck
between assuring availability and security because tighter protection
could make data less accessible or unavailable. Various data protection
laws complicate secure data storage in the cloud in addition to technical
difficulties. Organizations must follow regulations like the GDPR,
HIPAA, or PCI DSS, depending on the types of data they handle and the
sectors they work in. Failure to comply might have serious legal and

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: devallashivaramakrishna@gmail.com (D. Shivaramakrishna), mratnajntu@jntuh.ac.in (M. Nagaratna).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.10.054
Received 12 September 2023; Received in revised form 17 October 2023; Accepted 28 October 2023
Available online 11 November 2023
1110-0168/© 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna
financial repercussions [8]. The security issues raised by this paradigm
change are particularly difficult to address when protecting the confi­
dentiality and integrity of sensitive data housed on distant cloud servers
[9]. Strong encryption and access control systems are now essential to
combat the changing panorama of online dangers. This study suggests a
ground-breaking hybrid cryptographic architecture in response to the
complex security requirements of data storage in cloud computing set­
tings [10].
The decentralized nature of cloud computing raises questions about
how secure data is while being sent, processed, and stored. When it
comes to offering comprehensive defense against a variety of threats,
including data breaches, insider assaults, and advanced cryptographic
attacks, traditional encryption techniques sometimes fall short [11].
Furthermore, it might be difficult to balance data protection and easy
user access since strict security measures may limit the availability of
data and the user experience. Our suggested framework adopts a hybrid
cryptographic strategy to overcome the drawbacks of traditional
encryption techniques [12]. The framework achieves a high level of data
confidentiality and defense against various cryptographic attacks by
synergistically combining the strengths of two different encryption
schemes - the robustness of the AES and the information-theoretic se­
curity of the OTP. Combining the effectiveness of AES and the absolute
secrecy of OTP creates a strong barrier against brute-force assaults and
data leaking [13].
It is clear from looking at the data security environment in the
context of cloud computing that the suggested framework offers unique
features and benefits over current solutions. The scalability and
affordability of cloud computing have made it a popular platform for
data processing and storage. It also brings along certain security issues,
including data breaches, unauthorized access, and data loss. The sug­
gested architecture tackles these issues by adopting modern encryption
technologies, access control, and frequent security audits. It stands out
from many other current systems by emphasizing a multi-layered se­
curity strategy, ensuring complete protection by protecting data during
transmission and while it is at rest in the cloud. The framework’s flex­
ibility in responding to changing threats and its capacity for effective
key management stand out as important differentiators. Together, these
lines illustrate the proposed framework’s unique qualities compared to
other approaches and provide light on its crucial role in increasing data
security within cloud computing.
The framework includes the hybrid encryption paradigm and the
RSA encryption algorithm’s asymmetric security [14]. Through this
interface, users and cloud servers may securely exchange keys and
perform authentication [15]. The framework uses an adaptive key
management system that dynamically produces, distributes, and rotates
cryptographic keys to defend against new threats [16]. This strategy
increases the framework’s resistance to attacks that target key vulner­
abilities by ensuring that compromised keys do not jeopardize the se­
curity of the entire data set [17]. The suggested architecture includes a
unique time-limited access control method to improve data privacy and
reduce the danger of unauthorized data access. By restricting the
exposure window, users are only given access to data during certain
temporal bounds, strengthening data confidentiality [18]. In situations
where data must be accessible by various individuals or apps, this
feature is very helpful since it narrows the risk window without sacri­
ficing the data’s availability [19].
The contributions of this study go beyond the framework’s parts.
AES, OTP, RSA, adaptive key management, and time-limited access
control are seamlessly included in the proposed hybrid cryptographic
architecture, which builds a robust and dynamic defense mechanism
against various security risks in cloud data storage [20]. Thanks to
incorporating several cryptographic algorithms, the framework is
resistant to assaults even when new weaknesses are found. The frame­
work’s efficiency and efficacy are demonstrated through experimental
evaluations and theoretical analysis, emphasizing its potential to boost
users’ trust in using cloud-based services for sensitive data storage [21].
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284
It is increasingly important to protect the security of data housed in
cloud settings as cloud computing continues to change the technological
landscape [22]. This study introduces a ground-breaking hybrid cryp­
tographic architecture that, in addition to tackling the complex issues of
cloud data security, advances the discipline by fusing several encryption
techniques with adaptive key management and time-limited access
control. The suggested framework helps create a reliable and secure
cloud ecosystem by supporting innovation and growth in cloud
computing technologies.
The key contributions of the paper are:
• A unique hybrid cryptographic system designed for safe data storage
in cloud computing is presented in the paper. This hybrid approach
combines RSA and AES-OTP, two reliable encryption techniques, to
offer a practical way to protect sensitive data.
• The suggested structure incorporates numerous security measures to
provide complete data protection. It caters to cloud storage’s many
security requirements by combining symmetric and asymmetric
encryption layers, addressing various elements of data confidenti­
ality and integrity.
• The framework offers an adaptive key management system that
intelligently manages key issuance, distribution, and rotation. As
threats and needs change, this dynamic method continually
strengthens the security of cryptographic operations.
• Time-limited access restriction gives an additional degree of pro­
tection and privacy. The system reduces possible risks and unau­
thorized data disclosure by implementing strong time limitations on
data access.
• The framework greatly advances cloud security practices by
including various security components. It is elevated as a possible
pillar for data protection in cloud storage settings due to its hybrid
nature and excellent accuracy.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows: Section 2 pro­
vides a summary of related research. Section 3 presents the problem
statement. The methodology and architecture of the suggested approach
are explained in Section 4 of the article. The findings and subsequent
discussion are covered in Section 5. The conclusion is covered in Section
6.
2. Related Works Cited
One of the most cutting-edge innovations to have expanded the
limitations of traditional computing methods is cloud computing [23]. It
has brought about a shift in perspective and expanded the possibilities
for using, adopting, and acquiring computer assets, including infra­
structure components, software, and services. The financial advantages,
or better primarily drove the initial adopters, are the basic economic
shift presented by cloud computing in reducing capital investment and
converting it to operating expense. Nevertheless, although cloud
computing has several built-in benefits, such as better accessibility and
management, certain concerns still impede its development. The con­
trol, flexibility, and convenience of cloud computing can contribute to
several security concerns. According to the survey done by the Inter­
national Data Corp., security is thought to be the biggest obstacle out of
the nine obstacles of computing in the cloud. Protecting an organiza­
tional entity, its finances, and its assets requires an extremely secure
arrangement. This piece details an innovative design that could offer
higher security in data exporting in a cloud computing setting while
including a wide range of decentralized cloud service companies. This
structure envisions the secure delivery of facts in a multi-cloud context
and consists of dual encryption and knowledge partitioning algorithms.
Implementing dual encryption and knowledge partitioning algorithms
may introduce complexity and potential performance overhead,
impacting the effectiveness of data transfer and processing in cloud
computing environments. This is a possible drawback of the innovative
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna
design for secure data exporting in a multi-cloud setting that has been
proposed.
One of the largest security concerns is how to guarantee the accuracy
of IoT data leased in clouds, given the increasing appeal of fog-to-cloud-
oriented IoT [24]. Yet, not much work has been done to solve the issue.
This study offers a custom public monitoring mechanism for keeping
information in fog-to-cloud-oriented IoT scenarios that may close this
gap and meet all essential operational and safety needs. A tag-
transforming method centered on the bilinear connecting method for
converting tags produced by portable sinks to those produced by nodes
in the fog in the evidence subsequent generations phase that not only
efficiently safeguards a sense of self-confidentiality yet also lowers
interaction and processing expenses in the validation phase; addition­
ally, a zero-knowledge proof system to verify the correctness of IoT data
coming from different generators. It explicitly establishes the approach’s
safety and assesses its effectiveness via theoretical study and extensive
testing. The outcomes show that the method beats the straightforward
approach in terms of interaction and computation expenses and energy
consumption while enabling safe auditing for keeping the information in
fog-to-cloud-oriented IoT scenarios. Using a zero-knowledge proof sys­
tem for data verification may introduce additional computational
overhead, affecting overall efficiency and responsiveness in resource-
constrained fog-to-cloud oriented IoT environments. This is a possible
limitation of the proposed custom public monitoring mechanism.
This article provides an improved security architecture for protecting
cloud user information in a cloud environment [25]. The access man­
agement mechanism, encryption/decryption methods, and electronic
signature techniques make up the latest security architecture. In this
Fig. 1. Proposed Methodology.
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284
instance, a new key generation procedure that utilizes elliptic curve
cryptography is suggested to produce extremely safe keys. The current
research also suggests a brand-new Id-EAC for limiting cloud accessi­
bility to various types of information. A novel binary valuation-based
two-phased encryption and decryption technique is presented to safe­
guard cloud users’ data in the cloud setting. The method refers to elliptic
curve cryptography depending on key values. A novel light electronic
signature method constructed using modulo functions is also presented
to secure the data security in this suggested security architecture. This
architecture offers high security of information, availability, and
authenticity for customer information. The experimental findings
demonstrate that the techniques suggested in this security architecture
are more efficient and secure than other present methods. Using elliptic
curve cryptography and binary valuation-based two-phase encryption
and decryption techniques may require specialized hardware or
computational resources, which could be a constraint for some cloud
environments with resource constraints. This is one potential drawback
of the proposed security architecture.
Considering so many evil users and attackers on the internet, stan­
dard methods of encrypting data utilizing 0 and 1 in a cloud environ­
ment exacerbate data security difficulties [26]. Apart from information
safety, authorization is a big problem in the cloud since it takes a long
time to gain access to a file or piece of data, slows down the machine,
and requires the owner of this information to seek it. This paper makes
an innovative, safe, and quick ACM using genetic computing to address
all these significant issues. According to the suggested plan, the CSP
maintains a table or list for quick access to information. Utilizing the
user’s confidential details, a random key that uses 1024-bit DNA
computation is created in this case, and the identical key is used for data
encrypting. According to theoretical investigation and numerous
experimental findings, the suggested authorization model outperforms
widely recognized current models. One potential disadvantage of the
proposed genetic computing-based approach is that it may introduce
complexity and computational overhead due to using 1024-bit DNA
computation for key generation, potentially impacting system perfor­
mance, especially in high-throughput cloud environments.
In network 4.0 contexts, the vast redundancy of data storage and
transmission systems faces problems with low integrity, high expense,
and simple manipulation [27]. By enhancing the decency, tamper-proof,
continuous monitoring, and administration of storage facilities, such
layout encourages the constantly changing storage, quick repair, and
refresh of dispersed information within the data preservation framework
of manufacturing nodes, a secure data backup and recovery method in
the powered by block chain structure will be suggested in the current
piece to cope with these issues. The information within failing nodes is
repaired and stored while maintaining customer confidentiality via a
local regenerating coding method. In other words, many local restore
groups created by vector code may effectively and concurrently repair
numerous distributed information storage nodes when damaged con­
tents are discovered to have been stored. The storage framework of
blockchain technology dispersed coding, which relies on the distinctive
chain storage framework, such as the information agreement system and
intelligent contracts, besides quick repairs surrounding local regener­
ating codes in the blockchain network, however, additionally reduces
the energy expense in the data retrieval procedure across production
nodes. The suggested approach appears to be intriguing, with solid
safety and immediate performance, as evidenced by experimental
findings that demonstrate it increases the retention of data rate by 8.6 %
while also improving the restoration rate for multimode data by 9 %. It
may not be easily scalable or cost-effective for large-scale networks,
potentially leading to scalability challenges and increased imple­
mentation costs.
3. Problem statement
With its unequaled efficiency and quick spread, cloud computing has
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284

completely changed how data is stored and retrieved. However, this decipher the original message, even if an attacker manages to intercept
paradigm change has raised several security issues, especially when the cipher text. The integrated technique provides a powerful defense
protecting sensitive data on distant cloud servers. The current encryp­ against brute force attacks and cryptographic flaws by combining AES-
tion and access control techniques frequently fail to offer complete se­ OTP’s capability in bulk data encryption with the verifiable security of
curity against the constantly changing cyber threat landscape, including one-time pads.
sophisticated assaults aimed at encryption flaws, unauthorized access, Beginning with modifications to the input information (plaintext)
and data breaches [25]. The major difficulty is designing a secure data and data (key), the AES encrypting procedure creates a 4x4 data matrix.
storage system that successfully protects data confidentiality, integrity, SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey are the four
and availability in cloud environments while balancing strong security modifications executed nine times each in the encrypting AES proced­
precautions and easy user access [26]. Providing time-limited access ure. In the eleventh cycle of the procedure, three transformations have
control to data stored in the cloud is essential to improve data privacy. been made—SubBytes, ShiftRows, and AddRoundKey.
Even though access control techniques exist, they sometimes lack the The initial state is replaced with a single cell in the equivalent cells in
specificity needed to impose time restrictions on data access, potentially the S-Box in the SubBytes translation. The S-Box’s actual components
exposing data to the public for longer than necessary. The current study were already specified and are indelible. Every part of the state is sub­
aims to create a revolutionary hybrid cryptographic framework that jected to the procedure. Some of the computations made by the SubBytes
combines AES, OTP, and RSA, as well as adaptive key management with input A and an important character after the initial byte include
techniques and time-limited access constraints. The framework aims to converting the decimal number via AddRoundKey into a histogram,
reduce the flaws in access control and encryption methods, offering a matching it with s-box, followed by converting the outcome of s-box
complete answer for safe data storage in cloud computing settings [28]. back into a decimal number.
⎡ ⎤
81 0 0 0
4. Proposed hybrid cryptographic framework ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
The approach entails creating and using a hybrid cryptographic SubBytes = ⎢ ⎥ (1)
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
system for safe cloud data storage. The system incorporates RSA and
AES-OTP encryption techniques, adaptive key management, and time- 0 0 0 0
limited access control. Both symmetric and asymmetric encryption In the Shift Rows change, the final line’s byte, which is a line that
levels encrypt data, improving data confidentiality and integrity. contains the states one, two, and three, is shifted in a circle using a
Adaptive key management produces, distributes, and rotates keys on the variety of various shifts. The A03, A13, A23, and A33 series all experi­
fly to support cryptographic activities. In-depth performance evalua­ enced the transition. Except for a row with index 0, which has a shift that
tions are carried out to ensure the framework’s efficiency by assessing equals 0, every line is subject to this one-step forward shift. Since the
accuracy. This multi-layered architecture handles changing problems in initial row is not displaced, computations using the input symbols A and
cloud data security, making it a workable answer for situations one key personality, for instance, remain unchanged.
demanding trustworthy security. The proposed methodology is depicted ⎡ ⎤
in Fig. 1. 81 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
4.1. Data collection ShiftRows = ⎢ ⎥ (2)
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The extensive healthcare dataset created for this study includes a 0 0 0 0
wide range of vital characteristics on patient wellbeing, including
The state is transformed using MixColumns column by column.
complex information about medical histories, diagnoses, treatment
Based on the column, one may identify the change in MixColumns. It
plans, and other important aspects of the healthcare industry. With the
combines one of the rows by matrix d (y) in the resulting matrix. A01,
main objective of strengthening the protection of patient data privacy
A11, A21, and A31 are the columns resulting from the MixColumns
and security, this priceless dataset acts as the cornerstone for a thorough
operation. When calculating MixColumns, the decimal value is trans­
investigation into the possible uses of cryptographic techniques inside
formed to binary, which is checked to see if the binary integer has 8 bits.
healthcare systems. By carefully examining this information, researchers
Then, it performs three left shifts (Shift Left), combining the outcomes of
can evaluate the effectiveness of cryptographic techniques, such as but
every change at the XOR. The most recent XOR result is decimated.
not limited to AES, RSA, and ECC, in preventing unauthorized access and
⎡ ⎤
potential breaches. Additionally, this dataset provides a real-world 205 0 0 0
setting for the thorough assessment of how various cryptographic al­ ⎢
⎢ 0
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
gorithms affect the safe transmission of healthcare data, making a sub­ MixColumns = ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎥ (3)
stantial contribution to creating compliant and secure healthcare ⎢ 0
⎣ 0 0 0 ⎥
⎦
information systems [29]. 0 0 0 0

4.2. Integration of AES-OTP and RSA for secure key exchange and data Round keys are included in the state via the XOR function in the
encryption AddRoundKey transition. If the location of the operation AddRoundKey
with the key k2, 2 is supplied, then the result is b2, 2.
Information systems may provide safe key exchange and data ⎡ ⎤
112 0 0 0
encryption through AES-OTP and RSA cryptographic algorithms. This ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
integration uses the advantages of both AES-OTP and RSA to solve the ⎢ ⎥
AddRoundKey = ⎢ ⎥ (4)
issues of secrecy, integrity, and authenticity in secure communication. ⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Symmetric encryption algorithms like AES-OTP are well known for their
0 0 0 0
effectiveness in encrypting massive volumes of data. It uses a single
secret key for both encryption and decryption. On the other hand, AES- The OTP method belongs to the class of algorithms with symmetric
OTP is linked with the idea of a one-time pad to increase security, keys, which implies that an identical key is employed to encrypt and
providing a genuinely random and one-of-a-kind key for each encryp­ decrypt data. These methods employ the exclusive- or among each bit of
tion occurrence. With the right one-time pad, it is virtually difficult to

278
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna
plaintext and key bits in the data stream cipher as part of the encrypting
procedure. A step up from the cryptographic Caesar is the TP approach.
OTP with a key that is the same length as the plaintext. Knowing the
keywords utilized constitutes a single approach to deciphering the
encrypted communication. Although OTP encryption and Caesar are
used for encryption, OTP encryption uses a key length identical to the
plaintext. Therefore, every word in the plaintext will have a distinct
shift.
Although OTP encrypting employs exclusive logic, which is
straightforward and easy to comprehend, it operates extremely simply.
Even if some cryptographic techniques are more sophisticated than
others, OTP may compete in terms of security. Given that the encrypting
algorithm is C = P XOR K. P = C XOR K is the formulation, though. C
stands for chipper text, P for plaintext, and K for the encryption key
employed. A solid understanding of the logic of mathematics is also
necessary for this procedure, namely the Meng-XOR input with an
additional opcode. The definition of exclusive disjunction states that
whenever both inputs are identical, the resultant value is F (false), yet T
(true) is produced if each input is distinct.
The XOR operation is frequently one of the building blocks needed to
create more complicated ciphers. Nevertheless, frequency analysis may
be used to quickly decipher ciphers created by a repeatedly used key.
The strength of this technique is that it is simple to use and does not need
the technologically costly XOR operator. The XOR cipher is frequently
utilized and equipped with an extra security method to conceal data
from the instance. Although theoretically possible, the Vernam cipher
can’t be cracked if the key is created along with the data, non-recurring,
and bit-by-bit randomized.
A computerized data safety mechanism has been designed to align
with recognized protocols. The algorithm operates whenever the pro­
gram is launched, the consumer enters input together with the key, and a
variable determined by bits of plain and encrypted text is created. The
key is then saved in a collection with a 16-byte size. After the procedure
is finished, the plaintext and key strings are translated into bytes, and
the computer initializes the plaintext, resulting in a matrix with the
values Mb, Mk, and Mr, wherein b is the total amount of bits, Mk is the
numbers of keys, and Mr is the round number. The algorithm then cal­
culates the number of Mb, Mk, and Mr cycles after the resultant matrix.
The algorithm then initializes the cipher and expands the key into var­
iable substitutes. Then, the first-speed AddRoundKey started, followed
by rounds.
The algorithm then expands the key and initializes the cipher using
replacement variables. Then AddRoundKey starts as a rapid turnover.
The encrypting key’s contents are then transformed into an encrypted
string. The system then executes the shifted matrix InvShiftRows con­
dition in operation at large. Continue with InvSubBytes to replace a
single cell in the S-Box (matrix condition)-corresponding to the cell
state, then go on to InvRounds. The four changes in InvRounds are
AddRoundKey, InvMixColumns, InvShiftRows, and InvSubBytes.
InvRounds itself repeats nine times throughout. AddRoundKey comes
last since it is the final encryption attempt, and the file has been fully
decrypted.
Secure key exchange and digital signatures are areas where the
asymmetric encryption technique RSA shines. Its basis is the computa­
tional impossibility for unauthorized parties to derive the private key
from the public key due to the mathematical difficulty of factoring huge
prime integers. RSA is the best option when two parties want to establish
a secure communication channel and exchange encrypted session keys
using their own public and private key pairs. The combined approach
assures that even if an attacker intercepts the transferred keys, they
remain cryptographically safe by including RSA’s secure key exchange
capabilities in the procedure.
The public key and the private key are used in RSA. The private key is
kept secret and is used for decryption and digital signatures; the public
key is used for encryption and can be shared publicly. The security of the
technique depends on the fact that while it is simple to multiply two very
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284
big prime numbers to get a product, it is extremely difficult and time-
consuming to identify the prime components of the product, especially
as the numbers get larger.
The first step is to select p and q, two enormous prime numbers. The
modulus for both the public and private keys is their product, n (n = p *
q). Calculating the public and private exponents helps in estimating the
totient of n. The public exponent plus the modulus n make up the public
key. It is used to encrypt data and is freely supplied. The private expo­
nent plus the modulus n make up the private key. It is used to create
digital signatures and to decode material that has been encrypted using
the public key, but it must be kept secret.
The recipient uses the sender’s public key to encrypt a message
(plaintext) and convert it into ciphertext. Due to the difficulty of
factoring the product of two big prime integers, the ciphertext is
computationally secure. The receiver uses their private key to decrypt
the ciphertext and recover the original message. Digital signatures,
which provide the validity and integrity of digital messages, are also
made using RSA. Using their private key, the sender encrypts a hash of
the message. The receiver may then confirm the message’s validity using
the sender’s public key to decrypt the hash.
The combination of RSA and AES-OTP uses a multi-layered encryp­
tion strategy. In the beginning, RSA is used to provide a secure channel
for key exchange between interacting parties. This makes it possible to
securely transmit a shared secret key, which is then used with a one-time
pad produced randomly to encrypt data using AES. Using the combined
key, the AES-OTP method encrypts the real data to secure the further
transmission of the information. This two-layered strategy reduces the
dangers brought on by potential flaws in a single encryption method
while simultaneously securing communication against eavesdropping
and key interception [30].
4.3. Adaptive key management mechanism for Generating, Distributing,
and rotating cryptographic keys
Fulfilling any cryptographic framework significantly depends on the
safety of the cryptographic keys used for encryption and decryption
operations. A strong adaptive key management system is essential in our
proposed hybrid cryptographic architecture for safe data storage in
cloud computing to guarantee the ongoing defense of sensitive data
against changing threats. The method for adaptive key management,
which includes key production, distribution, and rotation schemes, is
elaborated on in this section [31].
4.4. Key generation
A secure key generation procedure is the first step in the adaptive key
management method. Randomness is crucial to the strength of a key;
hence, strong and unpredictable cryptographic keys are generated using
cryptographically safe Random Number Generators. The keys created to
fend off brute-force attacks are suitably large and complicated. The
method is intended to produce keys with high entropy, lowering the
possibility of predictability [32].
4.5. Key distribution
Data security is maintained at a delicate stage during the distribution
of cryptographic keys. The key distribution procedure in the suggested
system involves the user and the cloud provider. The RSA encryption
technique makes the safe key exchange between these parties possible.
The AES key is encrypted using the cloud provider’s public RSA key,
making sure that only the cloud provider with the private RSA key has
access to the real AES key. This method prevents eavesdropping and
unauthorized access to sensitive keys throughout the key exchange
procedure by adding an additional layer of protection [33].
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284

4.6. Adaptive key rotation

Data breaches and unauthorized access may result if cryptographic

keys are lost or stolen. Dynamic key rotation is a crucial component of
the adaptive key management system. Regular key rotation reduces the
vulnerability window if a key is hacked. However, random key rotation
can cause disruptions and add extra computing expenses. As a result, an
adaptive strategy is used, initiating key rotation in response to estab­
lished criteria, such as a predetermined amount of time, a pre­
determined number of data accesses, or a predetermined number of
suspected security breaches. Adaptive key rotation maintains data
integrity while minimizing disturbances balancing security and opera­
tional effectiveness [34].

4.7. Key storage and protection

Safeguarding the keys themselves is another aspect of good key

management. The user and the cloud provider should secure crypto­
graphic keys’ secure storage. Hardware security modules (HSMs) or
secure key vaults can be utilized to prevent unauthorized access to keys.
Additionally, utilizing master or key encryption keys to encrypt stored
keys improves their security even if storage systems are hijacked [35].
The adaptive key management method crucially supports the hybrid
cryptographic framework’s overall security. The framework improves
data protection, upholds the secrecy of keys, and reduces the risks
related to key vulnerabilities by creating strong keys, securely distrib­
uting those using RSA encryption, and utilizing adaptive key rotation
mechanisms. The framework’s resistance against various cyber-attacks
is strengthened by this adaptive approach, which harmonizes the cryp­
tographic security measures with the dynamic nature of cloud
computing environments.
4.8. Implementation of Time-Limited access control to enhance data
privacy
Including a time-limited access control mechanism is a crucial
improvement in the effort to strengthen data privacy and security inside
the proposed hybrid cryptographic framework. Limiting access to data
during certain time windows adds a dynamic layer of protection while
reducing the dangers of unauthorized access and accidental exposure.
The rigorous definition of access control policies forms the basis of the
implementation procedure. These regulations define the time frames in
which data access is permitted. Factors such as user roles, data classi­
fications, or contextual needs might be considered when designing
policies. The system creates the basis for managing access periods by
defining these policies.
4.9. Incorporating timestamps for precision
The solution includes exact timestamps in the data and access re­
quests to enforce time-limited access. Timestamps are added to each
record as data is saved, marking the precise input moment. Similarly,
when users request access to certain data, the request is time-stamped to
show when it was made. These timestamps are essential points of
reference for determining if access requests align with the specified time
periods. The system performs A validation procedure when it receives an
access request. To do this, the timestamp of the access request must be
compared to the time-based policies set up for the data. The system
permits access to the data if the request coincides with the pre­
determined periods. On the other hand, if the request exceeds the
specified time limits, the system refuses access and provides the neces­
sary alerts.
4.10. User notifications for enhanced transparency
A notification mechanism is implemented when access requests are
Fig. 2. Average Time for Cryptographic Operations.
turned down because of deadlines. Users are instantly notified of the
rejection, along with concise justifications and the permitted window of
access. This open communication makes it easier for users to comply
with established standards and comprehend time-based access limita­
tions. Administrative controls are included in the system to satisfy
various needs. Time-limited access restrictions can be configured and
altered by administrators. Due to this flexibility, access times can be
changed in response to unexpected events, pressing demands, or other
situations that necessitate prompt data access outside the norm.
4.11. K. Logging, Auditing, and anomaly detection
The implementation’s comprehensive logging and auditing tools are
a key component. These systems keep track of all access control-related
activities, including requests for access, approvals, denials, and any
changes to policy. Logs are securely saved to protect their integrity and
facilitate future analysis. In addition, anomaly detection strategies may
be used in the implementation to spot unusual access patterns or
possible violations of time-based access rules. Ongoing monitoring is
essential to maintain the effectiveness of time-limited access re­
strictions. Identifying abnormalities, unauthorized acts, or potential
security breaches is possible by regularly assessing access patterns and
activity. A unified and consistent user experience is made possible by
seamlessly integrating the time-limited access control mechanism inside
the current cloud infrastructure, including APIs, data storage systems,
and user management platforms.
5. Results and discussion
A hybrid cryptographic architecture optimized for safe cloud data
storage is designed and used using this technique. The framework in­
corporates RSA and AES-OTP encryption techniques, time-limited access
control, and adaptive key management. Data is encrypted using sym­
metric and asymmetric encryption layers to improve data confidentiality
and integrity. Adaptive key management dynamically produces, dis­
tributes, and rotates keys to support cryptographic activities. To verify
the framework’s usefulness, thorough performance evaluations are
carried out, and correctness is evaluated. It is a viable option for situa­
tions demanding trustworthy protection because its multi-layered ar­
chitecture meets dynamic issues in cloud data security.
5.1. Average time for cryptographic operations
This is the typical time a computing system needs to complete
cryptographic operations or procedures. These procedures cover cryp­
tographic processes, such as key generation, encryption, decryption,
digital signatures, and other related calculations. The average time is

280
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna
Fig. 3. Average Time for Decryption Operations.
determined by adding up the times required for various cryptographic
processes and then dividing by the overall number of operations.
Fig. 2 shows how rapidly three cryptographic operations can be
completed—AES encryption, OTP production and derivative, and RSA
encryption. The y-axis shows the time in seconds required for each
cryptographic operation, while the x-axis depicts the various crypto­
graphic processes. AES encryption processes’ nearly constant time
consumption points to their constant computational complexity. OTP
generation exhibits a somewhat varying trend, suggesting that the time
needed for these procedures may change depending on certain circum­
stances or input data. It’s interesting to note that RSA encryption takes
much longer as operations continue, reflecting that it requires more
natural processing, especially for bigger key sizes. The graph demon­
strates the trade-off between security and performance, with RSA op­
erations taking longer than AES and OTP processes while being more
resilient. Finally, based on the unique needs of speed and security, this
visual depiction helps select appropriate approaches by providing
valuable insight into the performance characteristics of certain crypto­
graphic processes.
5.2. Average time for decryption operations
The average time needed to carry out decryption operations inside a
cryptographic system is the average time for decryption operations.
Fig. 4. Comparison of Data Series.
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284
Encrypted data is converted back into its original, readable form during
decryption, which is the opposite of encryption. The time required for all
decryption operations is added together, and the average time is
calculated by dividing by the total number of operations. The effec­
tiveness and performance of decryption algorithms and protocols must
be assessed using this criterion. Similar to encryption, real-time appli­
cations where data has to be quickly accessible after safe transmission
favors speedier decryption times.
The RSA decryption of an AES key and the AES decryption are shown
in Fig. 3, along with a comparison study. The x-axis represents the
decryption procedures under evaluation, and the average time required
for each operation is shown on the y-axis in seconds. The graph shows
that the RSA decryption of an AES key operation takes much longer on
average than AES decryption. This gap can be linked to the intrinsic
complexity of RSA decryption, which calls for sophisticated mathe­
matical procedures and bigger key sizes, resulting in more time-
consuming calculations. AES decryption, in contrast, utilizes a sym­
metric key and is considerably quicker. Users may make well-informed
selections based on the desired balance between security and opera­
tional efficiency thanks to this visual representation’s effective high­
lighting of the performance trade-off between these decryption
techniques.
5.3. Comparison of data sizes
Examining and evaluating the relative sizes or magnitudes of various
data sets are called comparisons of data sizes. Analyzing the volume,
size, or capacity of data items or datasets is necessary for this compar­
ison to comprehend the distinctions, parallels, and consequences. Un­
derstanding the size of data is crucial for decision-making, resource
allocation, optimization, and general data handling methods. It is a key
practice in many domains, including computer science, data analysis,
and information management. Making educated decisions about data
management, processing power, and system architecture is easier by
comparing data sizes, often using quantifiable metrics like file sizes,
memory consumption, or data storage needs.
A thorough overview of the Comparison of Data Sizes across
Different Cryptographic Elements is provided in Fig. 4. Original data,
encrypted data, encrypted keys, digital signatures, and overhead are all
shown on the y-axis, while the size in bytes is shown on the x-axis. The
effect of cryptographic operations on data size is seen in the graph.
Because the encryption process adds extra bits to ensure security, the
encrypted data and key are bigger than the original data. Increased data
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284

Table 1 Table 2
Comparison OF Performance METRICS. Comparison of Error Metrics with Existing Approaches.
Methods Accuracy Precision Recall F1-Score Methods MSE MAE

Blowfish 96.34 94.23 93.99 97.99 Blowfish 2.980 2.134

ECC 98.76 92.76 97.56 96.87 ECC 2.543 2.342
SHA 97.67 97.86 96.37 98.12 SHA 1.975 1.234
AES-OTP-RSA 99.12 98.78 98.11 98.56 AES-OTP-RSA 0.345 0.512

size is also a result of the digital signature, which is needed to authen­

ticate and maintain the integrity of the data. The extra bytes added
during the encryption, decryption, or signature procedures are known as
overhead. By stressing the need to balance effective protection and
prospective increases in storage and transmission needs, this graphic
representation aids in comprehending the trade-off between security
measures and data expansion.
5.4. Accuracy
The performance of the system model as a whole is assessed using
accuracy. Its main premise is that every encounter can be accurately
predicted. The precision is provided by equation (5).
Accuracy =
TPos + TNeg
TPos + TNeg + FPos + FNeg
5.5. Precision
In addition to being correct, precision also refers to how closely two
or more calculations resemble one another. The relationship between
precision and accuracy demonstrates how.
frequently an opinion may be formed. Equation (6), which calculates
precision, can be used.
TPos
P=
TPos + FPos
5.6. Recall
Recall is the proportion of all relevant results properly sorted by the
processes. The appropriate positive for such numbers is calculated by
dividing the true positive by the falsely negative values. Equation (7)
mentions it.
TPos
R= (7)
TPos + FNeg
5.7. F1-Score
The F1-Score computation combines recall and accuracy. Equation
(8) uses precision and recall to calculate the F1-Score.
2 × precision × recall
F1 − score = (8)
precision + recall
The performance metrics for several cryptographic techniques,
including Blowfish, ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), SHA (Secure
Hash Algorithms), and the combined method of AES-OTP-RSA, are
(5) presented in the given Table 1. These approaches are assessed based on
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Blowfish performs the best
among the approaches in terms of accuracy (96.34 %), precision (94.23
%), recall (93.99 %), and F1-score (97.99 %). ECC excels in recall with a
score of 97.56 % and maintains a balanced F1-score of 96.87 % but has a
slightly lower precision score of 92.76 % and greater accuracy of 98.76
%. SHA obtains a high precision of 97.86 %, a recall of 96.37 %, and an
F1-score of 98.12 %. It also achieves an accuracy of 97.67 %. Notably,
the combined AES-OTP-RSA technique performs exceptionally well,
reaching the greatest accuracy of 99.12 % along with precision, recall,
and F1-score values of 98.78 %, 98.11 %, and 98.56 %, respectively. The
(6) findings demonstrate that AES-OTP-RSA offers an amazing balance
across all measures, highlighting its efficiency in enabling safe key ex­
change and data encryption with high precision and dependability. It is
depicted in Fig. 5.
Based on their MSE and MAE metrics, the various cryptographic
techniques are compared in Table 2, including Blowfish, ECC, SHA, and
a hybrid method called AES-OTP-RSA. Notably, the AES-OTP-RSA
approach surpasses the competition with noticeably lower values in
both MSE (0.345) and MAE (0.512), indicating higher accuracy and

Performance Metrics
100

98
Percentage (%)

96

94

92

90
Accuracy Precision Recall F1-Score

Blowfish ECC SHA AES-OTP-RSA

Fig. 5. Comparison of Performance Metrics.

282
D. Shivaramakrishna and M. Nagaratna
Comparison of Error metrics
3.5
2.5
2
Rate
1.5
0.5
0
Blowfish ECC
MSE
Fig. 6. Comparison of Error Metrics.
efficiency in data security. The greatest MSE and MAE values are dis­
played by blowfish, showing that it performs comparatively worse at
maintaining data integrity and secrecy. ECC and SHA are in the middle,
with ECC doing slightly better than SHA. This information indicates that
the hybrid AES-OTP-RSA technique is a viable cryptographic strategy for
obtaining high levels of security and data protection, necessitating
additional research and future implementation in pertinent applications.
However, while choosing the most appropriate cryptographic technique
for a particular use case, it’s vital to consider aspects beyond MSE and
MAE, such as processing complexity and practical implementation is­
sues. It is shown in Fig. 6.
6. Discussion
The findings show the effectiveness of several cryptographic tech­
niques in terms of precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score. While ECC
has great accuracy and recall, Blowfish shows strong accuracy and F1-
score. With SHA, precision and accuracy are balanced. Notably, the
AES-OTP-RSA combination approach performs exceptionally well across
all measures, demonstrating its greater effectiveness in safe key ex­
change and data encryption. These findings highlight the significance of
considering various metrics when choosing a cryptographic strategy,
with AES-OTP-RSA appearing as a strong choice for establishing a
thorough balance between accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score in
secure communication and information protection.
7. Conclusion
The paper offers a ground-breaking hybrid cryptographic architec­
ture that solves the major difficulties of cloud computing’s safe data
storage. The framework provides a complete solution to improve data
security, confidentiality, and access control methods by combining AES-
OTP and RSA with adaptive key management and time-limited access
control. AES-OTP and RSA offer a strong two-layer defense against
possible assaults by utilizing each other’s advantages in symmetric and
asymmetric encryption. With the addition of adaptive key management,
key creation, distribution, and rotation are approached intelligently,
improving the security of cryptographic operations over time. Time-
limited access control can also improve data privacy by imposing
rigorous time restrictions on data access and reducing the window of
vulnerability. The framework’s success in terms of security criteria
including encryption strength, authentication, and authorization cor­
rectness, is highlighted by its performance rating. With its novel
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 84 (2023) 275–284
SHA AES-OTP-RSA
MAE
combination of access controls and cryptographic algorithms that
strengthen data protection, this research substantially contributes to
cloud security. Thorough performance evaluations that demonstrate
exceptional accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score values of 99.12 %,
98.78 %, 98.11 %, and 98.56 % attest to the success of the proposed
framework. Integrating several encryption techniques may result in
performance overhead, and effective key management strategies are
required to ensure security, two constraints of this unique hybrid
cryptographic architecture for safe data storage in cloud computing.
Future work should optimize the framework’s computing efficiency,
investigate its scalability for large-scale cloud settings, and strengthen
the adaptive key management procedures to provide smooth, safe, and
long-lasting data storage solutions. Additionally, to strengthen data se­
curity in dynamic cloud computing environments further, research may
focus on expanding time-limited access control capabilities.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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