Arvbala - 101 Cybersecurity Interview Questions

C
Contents
1. What is Cybersecurity and why is it important in today’s digital world? ....................................... 5
2. Can you explain the difference between a threat, vulnerability, and a risk in Cybersecurity? ...... 5
4. How does encryption work, and why is it important in Cybersecurity? ......................................... 6
5. What are the common types of cyber attacks and how can they be prevented? ......................... 7
6. What are the common cyber threats in mobile applications? ....................................................... 7
7. How do you stay updated with the latest Cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities?................... 8
8. How do firewalls contribute to Cybersecurity? .............................................................................. 8
9. Explain the concept of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) and why it’s used ................................... 9
10. What steps would you take if you identified a data breach? ..................................................... 9
11. How does social engineering work and organizations protect themselves against it? ............ 10
12. What is the impact of quantum computing on cybersecurity? ................................................ 10
13. Can you explain what phishing is and how one can recognize it? ............................................ 11
14. What is multi-factor authentication and why is it used? .......................................................... 11
15. What is the difference between IDS and IPS in network security? .......................................... 12
16. Describe what a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) certificate is and its role in Cybersecurity ............ 12
17. How does malware work and what are the common forms of malware? ............................... 13
18. What is the importance of physical security in Cybersecurity? ................................................ 13
19. Can you give an example of a risk assessment methodology? ................................................. 14
20. What is the role of employee training in preventing data breaches? ...................................... 14
21. What is the difference between a virus and a worm? .............................................................. 15
22. What are ‘zero-day’ vulnerabilities, and why are they significant?.......................................... 16
23. What are the different levels of data classification? ................................................................ 16
24. What measures would you take to ensure confidentiality in handling sensitive data? ........... 17
25. What are the key considerations when implementing a BYOD policy? ................................... 17
26. What is the importance of data security in today's digital world? ........................................... 18
27. What measures would you suggest to protect sensitive data in the cloud? ............................ 18
28. Explain the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption. ................................ 18
29. What are the implications of quantum computing on cybersecurity? ..................................... 19
30. How do digital certificates work? ............................................................................................. 20
31. What is the significance of SSL/TLS in web security? ............................................................... 20
32. What are the key components of an effective incident response plan? .................................. 21
33. How do you protect a network against ransomware attacks? ................................................. 21
34. What are the common security protocols? .............................................................................. 22
35. What are the main security concerns in cloud computing? ..................................................... 22
36. What is the role of patch management in cybersecurity?........................................................ 23
37. What is a security audit and how is it conducted? ................................................................... 23
38. How would you secure sensitive data on a mobile device? ..................................................... 24
40. What are the challenges in securing IoT devices? .................................................................... 24
41. Can you explain what cross-site scripting is?............................................................................ 25
42. How do you ensure compliance with data protection laws? ................................................... 25
43. What is a brute force attack and how can it be prevented? .................................................... 26
44. What are the key steps in securing a database? ...................................................................... 26
45. What is the role of AI and machine learning in cybersecurity? ................................................ 27
46. How do you manage access controls? ...................................................................................... 27
47. What are the ethical considerations in cybersecurity? ............................................................ 28
48. What is a security policy and why is it important? ................................................................... 28
49. How do you approach network segmentation? ....................................................................... 29
50. What is the significance of backup strategies in cybersecurity? .............................................. 29
51. Can you explain the OSI model and its relevance to cybersecurity? ........................................ 30
52. What is a Zero Trust architecture? ........................................................................................... 31
53. How do you detect and prevent insider threats? ..................................................................... 31
54. What are the challenges in securing remote work environments?.......................................... 32
55. What is the difference between black hat, white hat, and grey hat hackers? ......................... 32
56. How do you ensure software security during development? .................................................. 33
57. How do you manage vulnerabilities in third-party software? .................................................. 34
58. Is data privacy and data security are same? ............................................................................. 34
59. What are the challenges of securing legacy systems? .............................................................. 35
60. What is a buffer overflow? ....................................................................................................... 36
61. How do you assess the security of a new application? ............................................................ 36
62. How do you conduct a penetration test? ................................................................................. 37
63. What are the key considerations in disaster recovery planning? ............................................. 37
64. How do you ensure the security of data in transit?.................................................................. 38
65. What is the role of cryptography in securing communications? .............................................. 38
66. How do you prioritize security alerts? ...................................................................................... 39
67. What are the implications of blockchain for cybersecurity? .................................................... 39
68. What measures do you take to secure a cloud environment? ................................................. 40
69. How do you address supply chain security risks? ..................................................................... 40
70. What is the importance of an audit trail in cybersecurity? ...................................................... 41
71. How do you protect against SQL injection attacks? ................................................................. 42
72. What is network forensics?....................................................................................................... 42
73. How do you evaluate the security of third-party vendors? ...................................................... 43
74. What are the best practices in email security?......................................................................... 43
75. How do you secure an e-commerce website? .......................................................................... 44
76. What are the risks associated with wireless networks? ........................................................... 44
77. How do you address security in software updates? ................................................................. 45
78. What are the best practices for securing sensitive information?............................................. 45
79. How do you handle data breaches in compliance with the law? ............................................. 45
80. What are the security considerations for APIs?........................................................................ 46
81. How do you maintain security in a DevOps environment? ...................................................... 46
82. What is the role of encryption in database security? ............................................................... 47
83. How do you handle the decommissioning of hardware? ......................................................... 48
84. What are the security challenges in virtualization? .................................................................. 48
85. How do you secure a multi-tenant environment?.................................................................... 49
86. What are the risks of cloud storage? ........................................................................................ 49
87. How do you address the security needs of small and medium-sized enterprises?.................. 49
88. What are the security implications of 5G technology?............................................................. 50
89. How do you manage security in a multi-cloud environment?.................................................. 50
90. What is your approach to threat modelling? ............................................................................ 51
91. How does a firewall function in network security? .................................................................. 52
92. Define what a Security Operations Center (SOC) does ............................................................. 52
93. What is the principle of least privilege and why is it important? ............................................. 53
94. How would you secure a server exposed to the internet? ....................................................... 53
95. Can you explain what phishing is and how one can recognize it? ............................................ 54
96. Explain the concept of a honeypot in Cybersecurity ................................................................ 54
97. What steps would you take to secure a wireless network? ..................................................... 55
98. Describe the process of a network vulnerability assessment ................................................... 55
99. How does public key infrastructure (PKI) enhance security? ................................................... 56
100. How would you explain the concept of a digital signature? ..................................................... 57
101. What are the key elements of a Business Continuity Plan (BCP)? ............................................ 57
1. What is Cybersecurity and why is it important in today’s digital world?
Definition of Cybersecurity:
The protection of information assets by addressing threats to information

processed, stored, and transported by internetworked information systems .
Cybersecurity is about protecting computers, networks, and data from theft, damage, or
unauthorized access. It's important because we rely on digital technology for everything
from banking to communication.
For example, when you shop online, Cybersecurity measures protect your personal and
payment information from hackers. Without strong Cybersecurity, personal data, corporate
secrets, and even national security can be compromised.
#LearnInfosecSimple #InfosecAcademyIN
For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/
2. Can you explain the difference between a threat, vulnerability, and a risk in
Cybersecurity?
Definition of Threat:
Anything that is capable of acting against an asset in a manner that can result in
harm. A potential cause of an unwanted incident.
Vulnerability:
A weakness in the design, implementation, operation or internal control of a

process that could expose the system to adverse threats from threat events
Risk:
The combination of the probability of an event and its impact.
In Cybersecurity, a threat is anything that can exploit a vulnerability, like a hacker trying to
break into a system. A vulnerability is a weakness in the system, like a software bug or a weak
password. Risk is the chance of a threat actually using a vulnerability to cause damage, like
the risk of losing data or money.
For example, if a bank's website has out-dated software (vulnerability), a hacker (threat)
might try to steal money. The risk is the possible loss of funds or personal information of the
bank's customers due to this attack.
3. What are the key principles of a secure system?
The key principles of a secure system include confidentiality, ensuring that information is
accessible only to authorized individuals; integrity, maintaining the accuracy and reliability
of data; and availability, ensuring that authorized users have access to information and
resources when needed. These principles are known as the CIA triad in cybersecurity.
For example, a bank uses encryption to maintain confidentiality of customer data, regularly
updates its systems to preserve data integrity, and ensures its services are always online for
customer transactions, reflecting availability.
4. How does encryption work, and why is it important in Cybersecurity?

Definition of Encryption:
The process of taking an unencrypted message (plaintext), applying a

mathematical function to it (encryption algorithm with a key) and producing an
encrypted message (ciphertext)
Encryption is like turning your messages into a secret code (using encryption algorithms)
that only certain people can understand. It changes your data into a coded form when you
send it, and then turns it back into normal data when the right person with the correct key
receives it. In Cybersecurity, encryption is crucial because it keeps sensitive information, like
your passwords or bank details, safe from hackers.
For example, when you shop online and enter your credit card details, encryption ensures
that this information is coded while traveling to the store's server. This way, even if hackers
intercept it, they can't understand or use your credit card information.

5. What are the common types of cyber attacks and how can they be prevented?
Definition of Cyber attack:
Any kind of malicious activity that attempts to collect, disrupt, deny, degrade, or
destroy information system resources or the information itself.
Common types of cyber-attacks include phishing, where attackers trick you into giving
personal information, malware attacks, where harmful software damages your computer, and
DDoS attacks, which overload a system with traffic. To prevent these, use strong, unique
passwords, keep your software updated, and be cautious about suspicious emails or links.
For example, a bank might face phishing attacks where attackers send fake emails to
customers asking for their account details. By educating customers on recognizing these
emails and implementing strong security software, the bank can prevent such attacks and
protect both itself and its customers.
6. What are the common cyber threats in mobile applications?
What is a threat:
Anything (e.g., object, substance, human) that is capable of acting against a n

asset in a manner that can result in harm Scope Notes: A potential cause of an
unwanted incident.
Cyber threats in mobile applications are a big worry for anyone using smartphones. These
threats include things like malware, which are harmful programs that can steal your
information or damage your phone. Phishing attacks are another threat, where fake
messages trick you into giving away personal details. Weak security in apps can also be a
problem, letting hackers get into your phone easily. Additionally, spyware can secretly watch
what you do on your phone.
For example, in 2021, many Android users were tricked by a fake app that looked like a
popular one but actually contained malware. This malware stole their data and even money
from their bank accounts. So, it's crucial to be aware of these threats, especially if you're
going into cybersecurity.

7. How do you stay updated with the latest Cybersecurity threats and
vulnerabilities?
Definition of Threat:
Anything that is capable of acting against an asset in a manner that can result in
harm. A potential cause of an unwanted incident.
Vulnerability:

process that could expose the system to adverse threats from threat events
To stay updated with the latest Cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities, regularly read
Cybersecurity blogs and news websites. Also subscribe to newsletters from trusted sources in
the field, and participate in online forums and professional groups where experts share
insights and updates.
For example, when the WannaCry ransomware attack happened in 2017, affecting computers
worldwide, it is learnt about it quickly through a Cybersecurity news site. This prompt
information helped many to understand the threat and take necessary precautions to protect
the systems they are responsible for.
8. How do firewalls contribute to Cybersecurity?

Definition of Firewall:
A system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between two or

more networks, typically forming a barrier between a secure and an open
environment such as the Internet.
Firewalls are like security guards for a computer network. They check data coming in and out
and block anything that looks dangerous, like hackers or viruses. This helps keep the network
safe from attacks and unauthorized access.
For example, when you use internet banking, a firewall helps protect your financial
information. It stops hackers from sneaking into the bank's network and stealing your data,
just like a guard checking who enters a building.

9. Explain the concept of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) and why it’s used
Definition of VPN:
A secure private network that uses the public telecommunications infrastructure to

transmit data.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is like a secure tunnel for your internet connection. It hides
your online activity from others by encrypting your data. This makes it harder for hackers or
others to track what you're doing online. People use VPNs for privacy and to safely access
websites and services that might be blocked in their country.
For example, if you're using public Wi-Fi at a coffee shop, a VPN can protect your
information from others on the same network. It can also let you watch a TV show that's only
available in another country, by making it seem like your internet is coming from there.
10. What steps would you take if you identified a data breach?
Definition of data breach:
A data breach is an incident where information is stolen or taken from a system

without the knowledge or authorization of the system’s owner.
Once it is identified as a data breach, immediately report it to the relevant authorities in the
organization, like the IT security team. Then, work to isolate the affected systems to prevent
further data loss. Next, help in investigating the cause of the breach and assist in
strengthening security measures to prevent future incidents.
For example, in 2017, when Equifax experienced a massive data breach, they first reported it,
then worked to secure their systems, and finally updated their security protocols to protect
against similar attacks in the future.

11. How does social engineering work and organizations protect themselves
against it?
Definition of Social Engineering:
An attack based on deceiving users or administrators at the target site into

revealing confidential or sensitive information.
Social engineering is when someone tricks people into giving away confidential information
or access to systems. It often involves pretending to be someone trustworthy or creating a
sense of urgency. Organizations can protect themselves by training employees to recognize
these tricks, having strong security policies, and regularly updating these policies.
For example, a company might have a policy where employees can't share passwords over
email. If someone gets an email asking for a password, even if it looks like it's from a boss,
the policy helps them know it could be a trick and they shouldn't share it. This kind of rule
helps keep the company's information safe.
12. What is the impact of quantum computing on cybersecurity?
Define Quantum Computing:
Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field comprising aspects of computer

science, physics, and mathematics that utilizes quantum mechanics to solve
complex problems faster than on classical computers.
Quantum computing is a new kind of computing that uses quantum bits, or qubits. It's much
faster than traditional computing for certain tasks. In cybersecurity, this speed can be both
good and bad. On the good side, quantum computing can improve security systems, making
them stronger and faster. But there's also a downside. Quantum computers can break some
current encryption methods, which are used to protect data. This means companies need to
develop new encryption techniques that can resist quantum attacks.
For example, in 2019, Google's quantum computer performed a complex calculation in just
minutes, a task that would take a traditional computer thousands of years. This shows how
powerful quantum computers are. Businesses and governments are now working to make
their cybersecurity quantum-resistant.
13. Can you explain what phishing is and how one can recognize it?
Definition of Phishing:
This is a type of electronic mail (e -mail) attack that attempts to convince a user
that the originator is genuine, but with the intention of obtaining information for
use in social engineering. Phishing attacks may take the form of masquerading as
a lottery organization advising the recipient or the user's bank of a large win; in
either case, the intent is to obtain account and personal identification number
(PIN) details. Alternative attacks may seek to obtain apparently innocuous
business information, which may be used in another form of active attack.
Phishing is a trick where someone sends fake emails or messages pretending to be a trusted
person or company, to steal your personal information like passwords. You can recognize it
by checking for strange email addresses, spelling mistakes, and urgent or suspicious
requests. It's also a good idea to be cautious with links and attachments from unknown
sources.
For example, if you get an email that looks like it's from your bank asking for your account
details but the email address is strange and the message has typos, it's likely a phishing
attempt. Always double-check with the official source before responding to such requests.
14. What is multi-factor authentication and why is it used?
Definition of Multi-Factor Authentication:
A combination of more than one authentication method, such as token and

password (or personal identification number [PIN] or toke n and biometric device)
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security process where you need to provide two or
more proofs of your identity before you can access something. It's used because it adds
extra security, making it harder for someone else to get into your accounts.
For example, when you log into your bank account online, you might enter your password
(first factor) and then receive a code on your phone (second factor) that you also have to
enter. This way, even if someone knows your password, they can't access your account unless
they also have your phone.
15. What is the difference between IDS and IPS in network security?
Definition of IDS – Intrusion Detection System:
Inspects network and host security activity to identify suspicious patterns that
may indicate a network or system attack.
IPS – Intrusion Prevention System
A system designed to not only detect attacks, but also to prevent the intended
victim hosts from being affected by the attacks.
IDS, or Intrusion Detection System, is like a security camera in network security. It watches for
suspicious activity and alerts you when something looks wrong. IPS, or Intrusion Prevention
System, is more like a security guard. It not only detects threats but also actively works to
stop them before they harm your network.
For example, if someone tries to hack into a company's network, the IDS would alert the IT
team about the hacking attempt. An IPS, on the other hand, would both alert the team and
take steps to block the hacker from accessing the network.
16. Describe what a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) certificate is and its role in
Cybersecurity
Definition of SSL:
A protocol that is used to transmit private documents through the Internet. The
SSL protocol uses a private key to encrypt the data that are to be transferred
through the SSL connection.
An SSL (Secure Socket Layer) certificate is like a digital passport for a website. It creates a
secure link between a website and a visitor's browser. By doing this, it makes sure any data
passed between them stays private and safe from hackers. This is crucial for protecting
sensitive information like credit card numbers and passwords.
For example, when you shop online and see a little padlock icon in the address bar of your
browser that means the site has an SSL certificate. This padlock assures you that your
personal and payment information is encrypted and secure when you're buying something.
17. How does malware work and what are the common forms of malware?
Definition of Malware:
Designed to infiltrate, damage or obtain information from a computer system

without the owner’s consent. Malware is commonly taken to include computer
viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware and adware. Spyware is generally used for
marketing purposes and, as such, is not malicious, although it is generally
unwanted. Spyware can, however, be used to gather information for identity theft
or other clearly illicit purposes.
Malware is a harmful software designed to damage or do unwanted actions on a computer

system. It works by installing itself without the user's knowledge and then performing
harmful activities. Common forms include viruses, which spread and damage files; spyware,
which steals information; and ransomware, which locks files until a ransom is paid.
For example, the WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017 affected thousands of computers
worldwide. It encrypted files and demanded payment in Bitcoin to unlock them, causing
widespread disruption in various industries, including healthcare and finance.
18. What is the importance of physical security in Cybersecurity?
Definition of Physical security:
Physical security refers to the protection of building sites and equipment (and all
information and software contained therein) from theft, vandalism, natural
disaster, manmade catastrophes, and accidental damage (e.g., from electrical
surges, extreme temperatures, and spilled coffee). It requires solid build ing
construction, suitable emergency preparedness, reliable power supplies, adequate
climate control, and appropriate protection from intruders.
Physical security is crucial in Cybersecurity because it protects computers and servers from
unauthorized physical access. If someone can physically reach these devices, they can
potentially steal, damage, or compromise the data, even bypassing digital security measures.
For example, if a server room in a bank is left unlocked, someone could enter and steal a
device that has customer information. This physical breach can lead to significant data loss
and security issues, despite strong online protections.
19. Can you give an example of a risk assessment methodology?
Definition of Risk Assessment:
A process used to identify and evaluate risk and its potential effects. Risk
assessments are used to identify those items or areas that present the highest risk,
vulnerability or exposure to the enterprise for inclusion in the IS annua l audit
plan. Risk assessments are also used to manage the project delivery and project
benefit risk.
One common risk assessment methodology is called "Qualitative Risk Analysis." This method
involves evaluating risks based on their severity and likelihood, using a simple rating system
like high, medium, or low. For example, imagine a store decides to keep its doors open late
for a big sale. The store manager might assess the risk of staying open late as 'high' for
security concerns and 'medium' for employee overtime costs. Based on this assessment, the
manager can decide whether the late hours are worth the potential risks.
20. What is the role of employee training in preventing data breaches?

The role of employee training in preventing data breaches is crucial. It educates employees
about security protocols, how to recognize potential threats, and the correct actions to take.
Good security awareness training can prevent common mistakes, like clicking on harmful
links or sharing sensitive information improperly.
For example, a company might regularly train its employees to identify phishing emails. This
training paid off when an employee spotted a suspicious email and reported it, preventing a
potential data breach that could have exposed confidential client information.
21. What is the difference between a virus and a worm?
Definition of Virus:
A program with the ability to reproduce by modifying other programs to include a

copy of itself. A virus may contain destructive code that can move into multiple
programs, data files or devices on a system and spread through multiple systems
in a network.
Worm:
A programmed network attack in which a self -replicating program does not attach
itself to programs, but rather spreads independently of users’ action.
A virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to a program or file, spreading only when the
user opens or runs the infected file. It often requires some interaction by the user to activate.
On the other hand, a worm is a standalone malware that replicates itself and spreads across
networks without needing any user action.
For example, imagine receiving an email with an attachment. If the attachment contains a
virus, it only affects your computer when you open it. However, if it's a worm, it can start
spreading to other computers on its own, without you even opening the attachment.

22. What are ‘zero-day’ vulnerabilities, and why are they significant?
Definition of Zero-day vulnerability:
A vulnerability that is exploited before the software creator/vendor is even aware

of it's existence.
Zero-day vulnerabilities are security flaws in software that are unknown to the people who
should fix them. They're significant because hackers can exploit these flaws to attack systems
before developers have a chance to fix them. This makes them a big risk for cyber attacks.
For example, if a new flaw is found in a popular internet browser that the creators don't
know about yet, hackers could use this flaw to steal people's personal information. This
makes it crucial for companies to quickly find and fix these vulnerabilities to protect their
users.
23. What are the different levels of data classification?
Definition of Data Classification:
The assignment of a level of sensitivity to data (or information) that results in the
specification of controls for each level of classification. Levels of sensitivity of
data are assigned according to predefined categories as data are created,
amended, enhanced, stored or transmitted. The classification level is an indication
of the value or importance of the data to the enterprise.
Data classification involves sorting data int o different categories based on its
sensitivity and the security needed. The common levels are: Public, for information
that can be openly shared; Internal, for data that's restricted within an
organization; Confidential, for sensitive information that cou ld harm if disclosed;
and Highly Confidential, for the most sensitive data requiring the highest security.
For instance, a company might classify its released product details as Public, employee
emails as Internal, customer information as Confidential, and trade secrets as Highly
Confidential.

24. What measures would you take to ensure confidentiality in handling sensitive
data?
Definition of confidentiality:
Preserving authorized restrictions on access and disclosure, including means for

protecting privacy and proprietary information.
To ensure confidentiality in handling sensitive data, I would use strong passwords and
encryption to protect the information. I'd also implement access controls, so only authorized
people can view the data. Regularly updating security software is important to guard against
new threats. Training staff on data privacy is crucial too, as human error can lead to breaches.
For example, a hospital uses encryption to protect patient records. Only doctors and nurses
caring for a patient can access their information. This prevents unauthorized access and
keeps the patient's data confidential and secure.
25. What are the key considerations when implementing a BYOD policy?
Definition of BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)
An enterprise policy used to permit partial or full integration of user -owned

mobile devices for business purposes.
When implementing a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy, the key considerations are
ensuring strong security measures, defining clear usage guidelines, balancing employee
privacy with company security, and providing support for a range of devices. It's important to
make sure that employees' personal devices are safe to use for work without risking
company data.
For example, a company might require all personal devices to have updated antivirus
software and secure passwords. They could also restrict access to sensitive company
information on these devices to prevent data breaches.

26. What is the importance of data security in today's digital world?
Definition of Data security:
Those controls that seek to maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability of

information.
Data security is really important in today's digital world because it keeps our personal and
business information safe from hackers and other threats. With everything online, from bank
accounts to personal emails, strong data security helps prevent identity theft and fraud.
For example, when a company like Equifax keeps your credit information safe, it means
hackers can't easily steal your identity or money. But when Equifax faced a data breach in
2017, millions of people's personal information got exposed, showing just how crucial good
data security is.
27. What measures would you suggest to protect sensitive data in the cloud?
To protect sensitive data in the cloud, use strong, unique passwords and two-factor
authentication for an extra layer of security. Encrypting data before uploading it to the cloud
keeps it safe. Regularly updating security software and being cautious about who has access
to the data are also key steps. Ex: Company storing customer information in the cloud could
encrypt this data. They would give access only to employees who need it, and require two-
step verification for logging in, making it much harder for hackers to access the information.
28. Explain the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption.
Definition of Symmetric encryption:
System in which a different key (or set of keys) is used by each pair of trading
partners to ensure that no one else can read their messages. The same key is used
for encryption and decryption.
Asymmetric encryption:
A cipher technique in which different cryptographic keys are used to encrypt and
decrypt a message
Symmetric encryption uses the same key to lock (encrypt) and unlock (decrypt) data, making
it fast but challenging to share securely. Asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys, one
public key to encrypt data and a different private key to decrypt it, which is safer for sharing
over the internet.
For instance, when you send a confidential email, it may be encrypted with the recipient's
public key, but can only be decrypted with their private key, ensuring only they can read the
message.
29. What are the implications of quantum computing on cybersecurity?
Definition of Quantum computing:
Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field comprising aspects of computer

science, physics, and mathematics that utilizes quantum mechanics to solve
complex problems faster than on classical computers.
Quantum computing could break many of the encryption methods we currently

use to keep information secure. This means cyber security experts need to
develop new quantum-resistant encryption techniques. The power of quantum
computers could solve complex prob lems much faster than today's computers,
which is both a huge opportunity and a security challenge.
For instance, a quantum computer might one day crack passwords and encryption keys
almost instantly, making current security measures obsolete. That's why organizations like
banks are researching quantum-safe encryption to protect financial data.

30. How do digital certificates work?
Definition of Digital certificate:
An electronic credential that permits an entity to exc hange information securely

via the Internet using the public key infrastructure (PKI)
Digital certificates work like a digital passport for websites. They prove a website's identity
and help keep information exchanged with that website private. A trusted organization,
called a Certificate Authority, checks the website's identity and issues the certificate. When
you visit a secure website, your browser checks this certificate to make sure it's safe.
For example, when you shop online and see a padlock icon in your web browser, that's a
digital certificate in action. It's assuring you that your connection to the store is secure and
your payment details are encrypted.
31. What is the significance of SSL/TLS in web security?
What is SSL and TLS:
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): A protocol used to transmit private documents

through the Internet.
Transport Layer Security (TLS): A cryptographic protocol that provides secure

communications, endpoint security and privacy on the Interne t.
SSL/TLS is important in web security because it encrypts data sent over the internet, making
sure that only the intended receiver can understand it. It protects sensitive information from
being stolen by hackers. SSL/TLS also verifies the identity of websites, ensuring that users are
not visiting fake sites.
For instance, when you log into your email, SSL/TLS keeps your username and password
private. You know it's working when you see "https://" and a padlock symbol in your
browser's address bar.

32. What are the key components of an effective incident response plan?
What is Incident Response Plan (IRP):
The operational component of incident management. Scope Notes: The plan

includes documented procedures and guideli nes for defining the criticality of
incidents, reporting and escalation process, and recovery procedures.
An effective incident response plan includes preparation for security breaches, detection of
incidents, containment to prevent further damage, eradication of the threat, recovery of
affected systems, and lessons learned to improve future response. Communication
throughout the process is also crucial.
For instance, when a retail company experiences a data breach, their incident response plan
would guide them to quickly isolate affected systems, remove the malware, restore data from
backups, and analyze the attack to prevent future incidents.
33. How do you protect a network against ransomware attacks?
What is a ransomware:
Malware that restricts access to the compromised system until a ransom demand
is satisfied.
To protect a network against ransomware attacks, regularly back up data, and keep those
backups separate from the network. Use antivirus software, keep systems updated, and train
users to recognize phishing attempts. Limit user access rights to what's needed for their
work.
For instance, a hospital might use off-site backups for patient records, so if an attack
happens, they can restore data without paying a ransom. They also conduct regular staff
training on not clicking suspicious links and use strong firewalls and antivirus programs to
block ransomware.

34. What are the common security protocols?
What is a protocol:
The rules by which a network operates and controls the flow and priority of
transmissions.
Common security protocols are rules and processes designed to protect data
communication over the internet. They encrypt and safeguard the data being transmitted,
ensuring it can't be read by anyone who isn't supposed to. Examples include HTTPS for
secure web browsing, SSL/TLS for secure communication, and WPA2 for protecting Wi-Fi
networks.
For instance, when you see "https://" at the beginning of a web address, it means the
website is using a security protocol to keep your visit safe from eavesdroppers, especially
when entering sensitive information like credit card numbers.
35. What are the main security concerns in cloud computing?
What is cloud computing?
Convenient, scalable on-demand network access to a shared pool of resources that

can be provisioned rapidly and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.
The main security concerns in cloud computing include data breaches, where sensitive
information is exposed; data loss, where data could be erased or corrupted; and insecure
access, where unauthorized users might gain entry. There's also the risk of service downtime,
which can make data unavailable when needed.
For example, a company might use cloud services to store customer data. If that cloud
service is hacked or goes down, the company could lose vital customer information or be
unable to access it, which can be both damaging and costly.

36. What is the role of patch management in cybersecurity?
What is patch management?
An area of systems management that involves acquiring, testing and installing

multiple patches (code changes) to an administered computer system to maintain
up-to-date software and often to address security risk.
Patch management in cybersecurity is about keeping software updated to fix security gaps. It
involves regularly checking for updates, downloading them, and installing them to protect
against hackers. This process helps prevent security breaches by ensuring systems are not
vulnerable to known threats.
For instance, when a company like Microsoft releases a security update for Windows, patch
management ensures that this update is applied to all computers in a network as soon as
possible to keep them secure.
37. What is a security audit and how is it conducted?
What is an audit?
A formal inspection and verification to check whether a standard or set of

guidelines is being followed, records are accurate or efficiency and effectiveness
targets are being met. Scope Notes: May be carried out by internal or external
groups.
A security audit is a thorough check to see if an organization's information system is secure.

It involves reviewing security policies, systems, and controls to make sure they protect
against threats. Auditors look for vulnerabilities and recommend ways to fix them. The audit
can include software scans, examining user access controls, and evaluating physical access to
systems.
For instance, a hospital might have a security audit to make sure patient records are safe. The
audit would check who can see the records, that data is encrypted, and that the hospital's
network is protected against hackers.

38. How would you secure sensitive data on a mobile device?
To secure sensitive data on a mobile device, use strong passwords and enable biometric
locks, encrypt the device's data, install security apps, and regularly update the operating
system and apps. Always download apps from trusted sources and avoid public Wi-Fi for
accessing sensitive information.
For instance, a healthcare professional may use encryption and a fingerprint lock to protect
patient records on a tablet, ensuring that even if the device is lost, the data remains
confidential and inaccessible to unauthorized users.
39. What is endpoint security and why is it important?
What is an Endpoint device?
A device that can communicate with a connected network.
Endpoint security is the protection of internet-connected devices like computers and

smartphones from cyber threats. It is important because it blocks malicious attacks,
preventing hackers from accessing and stealing data. By securing these points of entry, it
helps keep the entire network safe.
For instance, a company might install antivirus software on all its employees' laptops. This
way, if someone tries to download (knowingly/ unknowingly) a virus, the endpoint security
will detect and stop it, keeping the company's data safe.
40. What are the challenges in securing IoT devices?
Securing IoT devices is challenging because they often have limited processing power, which
makes it hard to use strong security measures. They also come from many different
manufacturers with varying security standards, and they need to be regularly updated to
protect against new threats. Plus, IoT devices collect a lot of data, which needs to be securely
stored and managed.
For instance, a smart home thermostat can be vulnerable to hacking if not properly secured,
potentially allowing a hacker to control home temperatures or access a home network.
41. Can you explain what cross-site scripting is?
What is a Cross-site scripting?
A Injection of malicious scripts into otherwise benign and trusted websites . Scope
Notes: Cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks occur when an attacker uses a web
application to send malicious code, generally in th e form of a browser-side script,
to a different end user. Flaws that allow these attacks to succeed are widespread
and occur anywhere a web application uses input from a user within the output
that it generates without validating or encoding it.
Cross-site scripting, or XSS, is a security issue that lets attackers put harmful code into
trusted websites. This code is then run in a user's browser when they visit the infected page.
The goal is often to steal information or take control of the user's session.
For instance, if you log into a website and an attacker has placed a malicious script on that
site, the script could steal your login details or perform actions on your behalf without you
knowing.
42. How do you ensure compliance with data protection laws?
To ensure compliance with data protection laws, you must understand and follow the
regulations that apply to the information you handle, like GDPR or HIPAA. Regularly training
employees, conducting audits, and implementing security measures like encryption are key
steps. It's also important to keep records of data processing activities and have clear policies
in place.
For instance, a hospital must protect patient records, so it encrypts the data and restricts
access only to authorized medical personnel, complying with health data protection laws.
43. What is a brute force attack and how can it be prevented?
What is Brute force?
A class of algorithms that methodically try all possi ble combinations until a
solution is found.
A brute force attack is when someone tries many passwords or passphrases with the hope of
eventually guessing correctly. The best ways to prevent a brute force attack include using
strong, complex passwords, enabling account lockout policies after a few failed attempts,
and using multi-factor authentication.
For instance, a website might lock an account for an hour after three wrong password
attempts, stopping hackers from trying thousands of passwords quickly. This is like a door
that locks itself if someone keeps trying the wrong key too many times.
44. What are the key steps in securing a database?
To secure a database, first, encrypt the data to protect it from unauthorized access. Next, use
strong passwords and change them regularly. Also, limit who can access the database and
monitor it for any unusual activity. Finally, keep the software updated to protect against new
threats.
For example, a bank uses encryption to secure its customer data, ensuring only authorized
personnel can access it. They regularly update their database software to prevent security
breaches.

45. What is the role of AI and machine learning in cybersecurity?
AI and machine learning helps computers learn from past attacks to better spot and stop
future threats. These tools can quickly analyze lots of data to find unusual patterns that
might be signs of a cyber attack. They can also predict new kinds of attacks and improve
security systems over time. This helps companies and users stay safer online.
For example, banks use AI to spot unusual transactions that might be fraud. If someone in
another country suddenly tries to access your account, AI can flag this as suspicious and take
action to protect your money.
46. How do you manage access controls?
What is an access control?
The processes, rules and deployment mechanisms that control access to

information systems, resources and physical access to premises.
To manage access controls in cybersecurity, start by identifying who needs access to what
resources, like data or systems. Then, assign permissions based on their role and what they
need for their job. Regularly update these permissions, especially when someone's role
changes. It's important to give the least access needed to do the job, which helps prevent
unauthorized access. Regularly checking and auditing these controls ensures they are still
appropriate and effective.
For example, in a company, an employee in the finance department would have access to
financial records but not to confidential engineering documents. If they move to the
engineering department, their access would change accordingly. Regular audits would check
if this change was made correctly.

47. What are the ethical considerations in cybersecurity?
In cybersecurity, ethical considerations include respecting privacy, protecting data, and being
honest. This means not misusing personal information and keeping data safe from
unauthorized access. It's important to follow laws and company policies. Ethical behavior
involves not harming others through your actions in cyberspace.
For example, a cybersecurity expert should not exploit vulnerabilities they discover in a
company's system for personal gain. They should report these issues to the company so they
can fix them, keeping the data and users safe.
48. What is a security policy and why is it important?
What is a security policy?
A high-level document representing an enterprise’s information security

philosophy and commitment.
A security policy is a set of rules that protect an organization's digital assets/ information. It
tells employees how to handle sensitive data and use technology safely. This policy is
important because it helps prevent data breaches and cyber attacks, keeping the company's
and customers' information secure.
For example, a bank might have a security policy that requires strong passwords and regular
updates. This ensures that customer accounts and financial information stay safe from
hackers. This policy is a key part of keeping the bank's online services secure and
trustworthy.

49. How do you approach network segmentation?
Define network segmentation:
A common network security implementation technique that segments an

enterprise network into zones that can be separately controlled, monitored and
protected.
To approach network segmentation, first identify and classify the different types of data and
services in the network. Then, divide the network into smaller parts, or segments, based on
these classifications. Each segment should contain resources that share similar security
requirements. Use firewalls and access controls to regulate traffic between these segments.
This setup improves security by limiting access and reducing the impact of potential
breaches.
For example, a company might separate its employee data from its customer database. If
there's a security breach in the customer segment, the employee data stays safe because it's
on a different segment.
50. What is the significance of backup strategies in cybersecurity?
Backup strategies ensures the copies of the data in case of cyber attacks, like hacking or
viruses. Having backups lets quickly recover lost or damaged data. This keeps businesses
running smoothly and protects sensitive information. Regularly updating backups is key to
having the latest data safe.
For example, imagine a big company hit by a ransomware attack, locking all their data.
Because they had recent backups, they could restore everything quickly without paying the
hackers. This shows the real-world importance of backups in cybersecurity.

51. Can you explain the OSI model and its relevance to cybersecurity?
The OSI model is like a map for understanding how computers talk to each other over a
network. It's split into seven layers. Each layer has a specific role in handling network
communication.
1. Physical Layer: This is about the physical equipment, like cables and switches, used for data
transfer.
2. Data Link Layer: This layer makes sure data transferred over the physical layer is error-free.
It's like making sure your message isn't jumbled.
3. Network Layer: This layer is about routing data to its destination, like a GPS guiding data
where to go.
4. Transport Layer: Here, data is broken into smaller parts for easy sending and reassembled
correctly at the destination.
5. Session Layer: This manages sessions in communication, ensuring data is synced and
organized.
6. Presentation Layer: It translates data between the network and the application layer, like
an interpreter.
7. Application Layer: This is what users interact with, like web browsers or email programs.
Each layer has unique security concerns. For instance, securing the Physical Layer involves
protecting the actual hardware, while the Application Layer security might focus on
protecting against software-based threats like viruses.
A real-world example: When you use a website, your data travels through these layers.
Cybersecurity measures at each layer protect your information, like encryption in the
Transport Layer or firewalls at the Network Layer.

52. What is a Zero Trust architecture?
Define Zero trust:
A security model anchored in the assumption of breach, which means that

anything outside or inside the network cannot be trusted and anyone who tries to
access the network needs to be verified in advance
Zero Trust architecture is a cybersecurity approach that assumes no one can be trusted by
default, whether inside or outside a network. It requires verifying every user and device
before granting access to network resources. This method doesn't just rely on a single
defence point, like a firewall, but uses continuous monitoring and validation throughout the
network. The main idea is: never trust, always verify. This approach reduces the chance of
unauthorized access and data breaches.
For a real-world example, consider a bank. In a Zero Trust model, even employees with high-
level access must verify their identity every time they access sensitive systems. This extra
layer of security helps prevent potential internal and external threats.
53. How do you detect and prevent insider threats?

Define insider threat:
Threats to an enterprise that come from individuals within the enterprise, such as
employees or Contractors.
Insider threats come from people within an organization, like employees or contractors, who
may harm the company. This harm can be intentional or accidental and includes stealing
data or damaging systems. To detect these threats, monitor user activities and look for
unusual behaviour. Use software that tracks how users access and use company data.
Training staff on security practices is also key. Teach them to recognize and report suspicious
activities. For prevention, limit access to sensitive information. Only give necessary access to
employees based on their job roles.
A real-world example is a bank employee who has access to customer data. If they start
downloading large amounts of data suddenly, it could be a sign of an insider threat. The
bank should investigate this to prevent possible data theft.

54. What are the challenges in securing remote work environments?
Securing remote work environments has several challenges that includes unsecured
networks. First, when employees work from home, they often use their personal, less secure
internet connections. This makes it easier for hackers to access company data. Second,
there's the problem of personal devices. Employees might use their own computers or
phones for work, which might not have strong security measures. Third, there's the difficulty
in monitoring and controlling security remotely. It's harder to track and manage security
when everyone is working from different locations.
A real-world example is the increase in cyber attacks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many
companies shifted to remote work, and hackers took advantage of weaker home networks
and security systems. This led to a rise in data breaches and cyber threats.
55. What is the difference between black hat, white hat, and grey hat hackers?
Black hat hackers break into computer systems illegally and often steal or damage data.
Think of a thief breaking into a house.
White hat hackers are like security experts who help protect systems from the black hats.
They're like the police who protect the house.
Grey hat hackers are in-between. They might break into systems like black hats, but they do
it to find weaknesses and report them, not to cause harm. They're like someone who finds an
unlocked door, tells the owner, but doesn't steal anything.
Real-world example: In 2017, a black hat hacker group caused a huge internet problem by
using the WannaCry ransomware attack, affecting thousands of computers worldwide. White
hat hackers helped fix the issue.

56. How do you ensure software security during development?
To ensure software security during development, follow these steps:
1. Plan Security from the Start: Integrate security into your project plan from the beginning.
Don't add it as an afterthought.
2. Use Secure Coding Practices: Follow guidelines that help avoid common security flaws, like
SQL injection or buffer overflows.
3. Regular Security Testing: Conduct security tests regularly. This includes penetration testing
and vulnerability scanning.
4. Update and Patch Libraries: Always use updated versions of libraries and frameworks to
avoid known vulnerabilities.
5. Code Review: Have other developers review your code to spot potential security issues.
6. Use Security Tools: Implement tools like static and dynamic analysis tools to automatically
find weaknesses.
7. Train Developers: Ensure that your development team is trained in security best practices.
8. Limit Privileges: Apply the principle of least privilege to your system's operations.
9. Monitor and Update: Continuously monitor for threats and update your software to
address new security challenges.
10. Incident Response Plan: Have a plan for how to handle security breaches.
Real-world Example: A major bank regularly updates its online banking software, conducts
penetration tests, and trains its developers in secure coding practices. This helps prevent
data breaches and hacking incidents, keeping customer information safe.

57. How do you manage vulnerabilities in third-party software?
Managing vulnerabilities in third-party software involves below simple steps:
1. Identify - Know what third-party software you use.
2. Assess Risk - Understand the security risks each software might have.
3. Monitor Updates - Keep track of updates and patches from the software provider.
4. Test - Before applying updates, test them to make sure they don't cause problems.
5. Apply Patches - Regularly update your software with these patches to fix vulnerabilities.
6. Educate Staff - Make sure your team knows about the risks and how to avoid them.
7. Audit - Regularly check your systems to find any unaddressed issues.
8. Have a Plan - If something goes wrong, have a plan to minimize damage.
9. Collaborate with Vendors - Work with your software providers to understand and manage
risks.
10. Stay Informed - Keep up with the latest cybersecurity news and trends.
Real-world example: In 2017, the WannaCry ransomware attack affected many organizations
worldwide. It exploited vulnerability in Microsoft Windows. Microsoft had released a patch
earlier, but many hadn't applied it, showing the importance of timely updates.
58. Is data privacy and data security are same?
What is Data Privacy and Data Security:
Data privacy is focused on the use and governance of personal data —things like
putting policies in place to ensure that consumers’ personal information is being
collected, shared and used in appropriate ways.
Data Security focuses more on protecting data from malicious attacks and the
exploitation of stolen data for profit. While security is necessary for protecting
data, it’s not sufficient for addressing privacy.
Data privacy and data security are not the same, but they are closely related. Data privacy is
about making sure that personal data is used in a fair and responsible way. It focuses on
complying with laws and regulations about how data can be collected, shared, and used.
Data security, on the other hand, is about protecting data from unauthorized access and
breaches. It involves using techniques like encryption, firewalls, and antivirus software to
keep data safe from hackers and other threats.
For a real-world example, think of a hospital. Data privacy in this case means the hospital
must handle patient records according to health privacy laws, ensuring they don't misuse or
improperly share this information. Data security is about the hospital using technology to
protect these records from being stolen or accessed by unauthorized people.
59. What are the challenges of securing legacy systems?
Legacy system: An out -dated computer system.
Securing legacy systems, which are older computers or software, can be tough. These
systems often can't be updated with the latest security patches, making them vulnerable to
new cyber threats. They might not work well with modern security tools, creating gaps in
defence. Legacy systems often use out-dated security practices, which are easier for hackers
to break. Many times, getting expert help is hard. Replacing these systems can be expensive
and disruptive, causing companies to delay upgrades. Keeping these systems secure requires
special attention and sometimes creative solutions.
For example, in 2017, the WannaCry ransomware attack hit many hospitals still using the old
Windows XP system. This caused huge problems because these systems couldn't handle
modern security measures.

60. What is a buffer overflow?
Buffer Overflow:
An anomaly that occurs when a program or process tries to store more data in a
buffer (temporary data storage area) than it was intended to hold. Scope Notes:
Because buffers contain a finite amount of data, excess data can overflow into
adjacent buffers, corrupting or overwriting their valid data. Although it may occur
accidentally through programming error, buffer overflow is also an increasingly
common type of security attack on data integrity. In buffer overflow attacks, the
extra data may contain codes designed to trigger specific actions, which in effect,
send new instructions to the attacked computer that can damage user files,
change data or disclose confidential informa tion.
A buffer overflow is when a program writes more data into a buffer, a kind of temporary
storage, than it can hold. Think of a buffer like a cup for holding data. If the cup is too small
and you try to pour in too much, it overflows. This overflow can cause errors, crashes, or let
hackers take control of the system. It's like filling a small glass with too much water and the
water spills over.
For example, a website might have a form where you enter your name. If the site's code
doesn't check how long the name is, someone could enter a very long name. This might
overflow the buffer, potentially allowing the hacker to access or damage the website's
system.
61. How do you assess the security of a new application?

To assess the security of a new application, first identify what sensitive data it handles. Check
how it stores and transmits this data. Then, look for any vulnerability by doing a security
audit or penetration test. Make sure it's updated and follows best security practices. Review
its source code if possible for hidden issues. Don't forget to check for compliance with
security standards and laws.
For a real-world example, consider a banking app. It must securely handle sensitive financial
data and personal information, often undergoing rigorous security assessments to ensure
data protection and compliance with financial regulations.

62. How do you conduct a penetration test?
What is penetration testing (Pen test) ?
A live test of the effectiveness of security defences through mimicking the actions
of real-life attackers.
To conduct a penetration test, first, you need to plan by defining the test's scope and goals.
This means deciding what systems and networks you will test. Next, you gather information
about your target to understand how it works and find potential weaknesses. Then, you try
to exploit these weaknesses to see if you can get unauthorized access or disrupt services.
After this, you maintain access to see if you can stay undetected. Finally, you analyse your
findings and make a report to show where the system is vulnerable.
A real-world example is testing a company's website security. You might gather information
about the website, like what software it uses, and then try to exploit known weaknesses in
that software to see if you can gain access.
63. What are the key considerations in disaster recovery planning?
What is Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP)?
A set of human, physical, technical and procedural resources to recover, within a

defined time and cost, an activity interrupted by an emergency or disaster.
Disaster recovery planning is about preparing for and fixing big problems in computer
systems. The key points are:
1. Backup Data: Keep copies of important files and information, so they're safe if something
goes wrong.
2. Recovery Plan: Have a clear plan on how to get systems working again after a disaster.
3. Testing: Regularly test the plan to make sure it works.
4. Updates: Keep the plan and software updated to handle new threats.
5. Communication: Make sure everyone knows what to do in a disaster.

Real-World Example:
In 2017, the WannaCry ransomware attack affected many organizations worldwide.

Companies with good disaster recovery plans were able to restore their data from backups
quickly and keep their operations running.
64. How do you ensure the security of data in transit?
“Data in transit”:
Data in transit is any data that is sent from one system to another. This includes
communication between resources within your workload as well as communication
between other services and your end users. By providing the appropriate le vel of
protection for your data in transit, you protect the confidentiality and integrity of
your workload’s data.
To keep data safe when it's moving across networks, you can use encryption. This means
turning the data into a code that only someone with the right key can understand. A
common method is SSL/TLS, which secures data sent over the internet. Another way is to use
VPNs, which create a private network over a public one. It's also important to regularly
update security protocols and monitor for any unusual activity.
A real-world example is online banking. When you check your bank balance or pay bills
online, your data is encrypted. This keeps your financial information safe from hackers while
it travels across the internet.
65. What is the role of cryptography in securing communications?
Define “Cryptography”
The study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security,
such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication and data origin
authentication.
Cryptography protects information when it's being sent from one place to another. This is
done by changing the information into a form that only people who are supposed to read it
can understand. It's important for keeping data safe from hackers. In cyber security,
cryptography is used to secure emails, online transactions, and messages.
For example, when you buy something online, cryptography protects your credit card
information. So, even if a hacker intercepts it, they can't understand or use your details. This
keeps your online shopping safe.
66. How do you prioritize security alerts?
To prioritize security alerts, first, sort them based on their severity. Alerts with higher severity,
like potential data breaches, should be addressed first. Next, consider the potential impact of
the alert. If it can affect many users or critical systems, it's a high priority. Also, check if the
alert is a false positive. Frequent checks on your security systems can help in this. Finally,
keep an updated knowledge of current cyber threats to identify urgent issues quickly.
For example, in 2017, the WannaCry ransomware attack affected organizations worldwide.
Companies that prioritized alerts about the ransomware quickly were better at preventing or
minimizing damage.
67. What are the implications of blockchain for cybersecurity?
Define “Blockchain”
A distributed, protected journaling and ledger system. Use of blockchain

technologies can enable anything from digital currency (e.g., Bitcoin) to any other
value-bearing transaction.
Blockchain technology greatly impacts cybersecurity. It offers a secure and transparent way
to store data. In blockchain, data is kept in blocks linked together in a chain, making it hard
to change or hack. This increases trust and security in digital transactions.
For example, in the financial world, blockchain can prevent fraud and unauthorized access to
sensitive information. By using blockchain, banks and financial institutions can offer safer
online services. This technology is crucial for cybersecurity professionals to understand, as it's
becoming more common in protecting digital assets.
68. What measures do you take to secure a cloud environment?
To secure a cloud environment, first, use strong, unique passwords for all accounts and
services. Second, enable two-factor authentication (2FA) for added security. Third, regularly
update and patch software to fix security vulnerabilities. Fourth, use encryption to protect
data, both when it's being transmitted and when it's stored. Fifth, set up firewalls to control
incoming and outgoing network traffic. Sixth, monitor for unusual activity, like unexpected
logins or data access (like login in different geographical locations at the same time). Finally,
educate users about security practices, like recognizing phishing mails/ attempts.
For example, a company using Amazon Web Services (AWS) might encrypt their data stored
in AWS, use 2FA for accessing their cloud services, and regularly train their employees to
recognize and avoid phishing emails.
69. How do you address supply chain security risks?
What is “Supply chain security”
“Supply chain security” is management of the supply chain that focuses on risk
management of external suppliers, vendors, logistics, and transportation. It
identifies, analyses, and mitigates risks associated with working with outside
organizations as part of your supply chain. It can include both physical security
and cybersecurity for software and devices. Though there are no established one -
size-fits-all guidelines for supply chain security, a complete strategy requires
combining risk management principle s with cyber defense while also taking
governmental protocols into account.
To address supply chain security risks, first understand all parts of your supply chain. This
includes knowing every company and technology involved. Then, establish strong security
standards and make sure every part of the chain follows them. Regularly check for risks and
update security measures. Educate everyone in the chain about potential threats and how to
avoid them. Use technology to monitor and protect the chain, like encryption and secure
networks.
A real-world example is the SolarWinds cyberattack in 2020. Hackers got into SolarWinds
software, which many big companies and governments used. This showed how important it
is to secure every part of the supply chain.
70. What is the importance of an audit trail in cybersecurity?
What is “Audit Trail”
A logical path linking a sequence of events, in the form of data, used to trace the
transactions that have affected the contents of a record.
An audit trail in cybersecurity is like keeping a detailed diary of everything happening on a

computer or network. It records who did what, when, and how. This helps track any unusual
or suspicious activities, making it easier to understand and fix security issues. For example, if
someone tries to access confidential files without permission, the audit trail shows who it was
and what they tried to do.
In the real world, think of a bank's security camera. It records who comes in and out, helping
to catch thieves. Similarly, an audit trail in cybersecurity helps catch hackers and prevent
future attacks.

71. How do you protect against SQL injection attacks?
What is “SQL Injection”
An attack that results from the failure of an application to appropriately validate

input. When specially crafted user -controlled input consisting of SQL syntax is
used without proper validation as part of SQL queries, it is possible to glean
information from the database in ways not envisaged d uring application design.
To protect against SQL injection attacks, we need to carefully manage the data that users can
input. First, always use prepared statements with parameterized queries. This means the
database knows the code and data are separate. Don't construct SQL queries with user input
directly. Next, validate and sanitize all user input. This means checking the data is what you
expect, like text or numbers, and removing harmful elements. Use web application firewalls
to help detect and block SQL injection attempts.
For example, in 2017, a major company experienced a data breach due to SQL injection.
Hackers used malicious code in a form on the company's website to access confidential data.
This shows how important proper input handling and security measures are.
72. What is network forensics?
Network Forensics:
Network forensics is a science that centers on the discovery and retrieval of

information surrounding a cybercrime within a networked environment. Com mon
forensic activities include the capture, recording and analysis of events that
occurred on a network in order to establish the source of cyberattacks.
Network forensics is the process of capturing, recording, and analyzing network traffic to find
out what is happening on a network. It helps in detecting and investigating cybercrimes by
looking at the data moving through a network. This includes emails, websites visited, and
files transferred. Network forensics is useful for finding security breaches, malware attacks,
and unauthorized access. It's like a detective looking at clues to solve a cybercrime.
For example, in a real-world scenario, a company might use network forensics to find out
how a hacker got into their system. They can look at the network data to trace the hacker's
steps and prevent future attacks. This helps keep the company's data safe and secure.
73. How do you evaluate the security of third-party vendors?
Third party:
A natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body, other than the data
subject, controller, processor and persons who, under the direct authority of the
controller or processor, are authorized to process personal data.
Evaluating the security of third-party vendors is important in cybersecurity. First, check their
security policies and procedures. Are they strong and up-to-date? Next, look at their history.
Have they had security breaches before? Then, consider their compliance with relevant
cybersecurity standards. It's also good to see if they have regular security audits. Finally,
assess how they handle data privacy and protection.
For example, when a big company like Google chooses a vendor, they check if the vendor
follows strict security rules. They'll see if the vendor has had any major security issues in the
past. This helps Google ensure their own data and their users' data stays safe.
74. What are the best practices in email security?
To keep emails safe, follow these best practices in email security:
1. Use strong passwords that mix letters, numbers, and symbols.
2. Change passwords regularly and don’t reuse them.
3. Be careful with email attachments and links, especially from unknown senders.
4. Use multi-factor authentication (MFA) for extra security.
5. Keep your email software updated to protect against new threats.
6. Be aware of phishing scams that trick you into giving away personal information.
7. Encrypt sensitive emails to protect the information in them.
For a real-world example, consider a company that experienced a data breach because an
employee clicked on a malicious link in an email. This could have been prevented with
proper training on recognizing suspicious emails and by using updated email security
measures.
75. How do you secure an e-commerce website?
To secure an e-commerce website, start by installing an SSL certificate to encrypt data. Use a
secure and updated e-commerce platform. Regularly update all software and plugins to fix
security gaps. Implement strong, unique passwords for all accounts and use multi-factor
authentication (MFA). Regularly back up your website data. Educate your staff about
cybersecurity best practices. Finally, conduct regular security audits to find and fix
vulnerabilities.
A real-world example is Amazon. They use HTTPS for secure communication and regularly
update their systems. They also have a dedicated security team that continuously monitors
for threats and vulnerabilities.
76. What are the risks associated with wireless networks?
One of the risk of Wi-Fi is unauthorized access. This means people who shouldn't can use
your network. Another risk is data interception. This is when someone secretly sees the data
you send over the network. Also, there's the risk of attacks like Denial of Service (DoS), which
can make your network stop working.
A real-world example: In 2017, a major hotel chain's Wi-Fi was hacked. The attackers could
access guests' information and even control hotel systems. This shows how serious wireless
network risks can be.

77. How do you address security in software updates?
To address security in software updates, always check for authenticity. Use secure, encrypted
channels to deliver updates. Ensure updates come from a trusted source, like the original
software provider. Scan updates for viruses and malware before installation. Test updates in
a controlled environment first, to check for any issues. Keep a backup of your system before
applying updates, in case you need to revert.
In 2017, Petya ransomware spreaded through a compromised software update from a

Ukrainian tax software company, affecting thousands of computers worldwide. This shows
the importance of verifying and securing software updates.
78. What are the best practices for securing sensitive information?
To secure sensitive information, always use strong, unique passwords and change them
regularly. Encrypt your data, which means converting it into a code to prevent unauthorized
access. Keep your software and systems updated to protect against new threats. Use firewalls
and antivirus programs to block malicious attacks. Be cautious with emails and links, as they
can be phishing attempts. Train employees on security practices and conduct regular security
audits.
A real-world example is a bank. They encrypt customer data and use strong firewalls. Regular
training for staff on security protocols is also common.
79. How do you handle data breaches in compliance with the law?
Data breach:
Any accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure or

access of a subject’s data.
To handle data breaches legally, first, report the breach to authorities if required by law.
Second, notify affected people quickly and honestly about the breach and its impact. Third,
investigate how the breach happened and fix any security gaps to prevent future breaches.
Fourth, follow specific laws and guidelines for data breaches in your country, like GDPR in
Europe. Fifth, document everything about the breach and your response for legal and audit
purposes.
For example, in 2017, Equifax, a large credit bureau, faced a massive data breach. They had
to inform millions of people, work with law enforcement, and strengthen their security to
comply with laws and regain trust.
80. What are the security considerations for APIs?
When dealing with APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) in cybersecurity,
1. Ensure strong authentication; this means verifying who is accessing the API.
2. Use authorization controls to limit what each user can do.
3. Encrypt data sent to and from the API to protect it from prying eyes.
4. Check inputs to prevent harmful data or code from entering the system.
5. Monitor the API for unusual activity, as this can signal a security breach.
In the real world, think about a banking app's API. This API must securely handle sensitive
information like account details and transactions. Strong security measures protect
customers' data and the bank's reputation.
81. How do you maintain security in a DevOps environment?
DevOps:
A combination of the terms: “development” and “operations.” An enterprise

software development phrase used to denote a type of agile relationship between
development and Information Technology (IT) operations. The goal of DevOps is to
change and improve the relationship between development and operations by
advocating better communication and collaboration between these two business
units.
To maintain security in a DevOps environment, integrate security measures throughout the

development and operations process. Start by incorporating security checks into the early
stages of software development. Use automated tools to scan for vulnerabilities in code and
infrastructure. Educate the team on security best practices and ensure everyone is aware of
security protocols. Regularly update and patch software to protect against new threats.
Monitor systems continuously for any suspicious activities. Finally, ensure quick response to
any security incidents.
For example, a major bank might use automated tools to scan their banking app's code for
security flaws. If a vulnerability is found, the team quickly fixes it before the app update is
released to customers. This helps prevent data breaches and keeps customer information
safe.
82. What is the role of encryption in database security?
Encryption in database security is like putting a lock on your personal information. It turns
data into a secret code, so only people with the right key can read it. This keeps hackers from
stealing or changing your data. In databases, encryption protects information like customer
details, financial records, and confidential business data.
For example, when you buy something online, your credit card information is encrypted. This
means only the store and your bank can see the real details, keeping it safe from thieves.
Encryption is a powerful tool to protect sensitive information in the digital world.

83. How do you handle the decommissioning of hardware?
When decommissioning hardware, first, make sure you've backed up any important data.
Then, wipe the device's storage to remove sensitive information, following your
organization's data destruction policies. Physically secure the hardware to prevent
unauthorized access. Next, document the decommissioning process, including details like
serial numbers and the methods used for data destruction. Finally, dispose of or recycle the
hardware responsibly, in line with environmental regulations and company policies.
For example, a bank decommissioning old servers would first transfer customer data to new
servers. They'd then use specialized software to securely erase all data on the old servers
before sending them to an authorized e-waste recycling facility.
84. What are the security challenges in virtualization?
Virtualization:
The process of adding a guest application and data onto a virtual server,
recognizing that the guest application will ultimately be removed from the
physical server.
Virtualization in computing means creating virtual versions of things like operating systems,
servers, or networks. The security challenges in virtualization are:
1. Isolation: Keeping different virtual machines separate is tough. If one gets attacked, others
can be at risk.
2. Visibility: It's hard to monitor all virtual environments for threats.
3. Configuration: Setting up virtual systems securely is complex.
4. Updates: Keeping all virtual machines updated and patched is challenging.
Real-world example: In a company, if one virtual server gets a virus, it can quickly spread to
others on the same physical machine. This happened with the WannaCry ransomware, where
one infected system led to many others being compromised across networks.

85. How do you secure a multi-tenant environment?
Securing a multi-tenant environment means protecting a system where multiple users or

organizations share resources. First, isolate each tenant's data to prevent access by others.
Use strong authentication methods to ensure only authorized users access the system.
Regularly update and patch software to fix security vulnerabilities. Monitor the system for
unusual activities, signaling potential breaches. Implement strong encryption for data at rest
and in transit, keeping it safe from unauthorized access.
Real-world example: In cloud services like Amazon Web Services (AWS), different companies
use the same infrastructure. AWS isolates each company's data and activities, ensuring they
can't access each other's information. This is a common approach in multi-tenant
environments.
86. What are the risks of cloud storage?
Cloud storage is storing data online, but it has some risks. One big risk is security breaches,
where hackers can steal or damage your data. Another risk is losing access to your data if the
cloud service has problems or shuts down. There's also the risk of privacy issues, where your
sensitive information might not be completely private. Finally, there's a risk of compliance
issues, where the stored data may not meet legal standards.
A real-world example is the 2014 iCloud breach. Hackers accessed private photos of
celebrities, showing how even big companies can face serious security challenges in cloud
storage.
87. How do you address the security needs of small and medium-sized enterprises?
To address security needs in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), start by assessing
their specific risks. This involves understanding what data is critical and where it's stored.
Implement strong, regularly updated security measures like firewalls, antivirus software, and
secure passwords. Educate employees about cybersecurity risks and safe practices, as they
are often the first line of defense. Regularly back up data to prevent loss from attacks like
ransomware. Stay updated with the latest security trends and threats.
For example, a small online retail company could be targeted by hackers. They should use
secure payment systems and train their staff to recognize phishing emails, which are
common ways hackers access sensitive data. Regular security audits can help identify and fix
vulnerabilities.
88. What are the security implications of 5G technology?
5G technology offers faster internet speeds, but it also brings new security challenges. With
more devices connecting to 5G networks, there's a bigger chance of cyber-attacks. Hackers
can target more devices, from phones to smart home gadgets. 5G's complexity also makes it
hard to manage and protect. Network slicing, a 5G feature, can create separate networks,
which might have different security levels.
A real-world example is smart cities. They use 5G to connect traffic lights, cameras, and
public services. If not secured properly, hackers could disrupt traffic systems or access
sensitive data.
89. How do you manage security in a multi-cloud environment?
To manage security in a multi-cloud environment
1. Understand the security measures each cloud provider offers and how they fit with your
needs.
2. Use a centralized management system to control and monitor security across all cloud
platforms. This system should provide a clear view of all security policies and activities.
3. Regularly update and patch your systems to protect against new threats.
4. Use strong, unique passwords and multi-factor authentication for added security.
Example: A company uses AWS and Azure for their services. They use a management tool
like CloudHealth to oversee both platforms, ensuring consistent security policies and quick
response to any threats or vulnerabilities. This setup helps them keep their data safe across
different cloud environments.
90. What is your approach to threat modelling?
Threat Modelling:
A process by which developers can understand security threats to a system,

determine risks from those threats, and establish appropriate mitigations.
Threat modeling is like creating a plan to protect a computer system from possible dangers.
It's like mapping out all the ways a thief could break into a house.
1. Identify what needs protection, like sensitive data.
2. Figure out the possible threats, like hackers or viruses.
3. Find the weak spots in the system where an attack could happen.
4. Develop strategies to strengthen these weak spots and keep an eye out for new threats.
5. Keep updating the plan as new threats emerge.
For example, a bank uses threat modeling to protect its online banking system. They identify
threats like hacking and put measures like firewalls and encryption to protect customers'
information. As new hacking methods appear, the bank updates its security measures.

91. How does a firewall function in network security?
Definition of Firewall:
A system or combination of systems that enforces a bo undary between two or

more networks, typically forming a barrier between a secure and an open
environment such as the Internet.
A firewall is like a security guard for a computer network. It checks data coming in and out of
the network to make sure it's safe. It blocks dangerous or unauthorized data, like hackers or
viruses. The firewall uses rules to decide what to let through and what to block. It's a key tool
in network security, helping to protect sensitive information.
For example, in a company, a firewall might stop employees from accessing harmful
websites. It can also prevent outsiders from accessing the company's private data. This keeps
the network safe and secure.
92. Define what a Security Operations Center (SOC) does
Security Operations Center (SOC):
Team of experts that proactively monitor an organization’s ability to operate

securely. Traditionally, a SOC has often been defined as a room where SOC
analysts work together.
A Security Operations Centre (SOC) is like a team of cyber guards for computer networks. It
constantly watches for suspicious activities and protects against cyber threats. This team uses
special software to monitor and analyse an organization's security status. They quickly
respond to potential threats to keep data and systems safe. Think of it as a high-tech security
system for digital information.
For example, a bank's SOC team closely monitors for any unusual activities, like unauthorized
access to customer accounts. If they spot something odd, they act fast to stop any potential
cyber theft or data breach.

93. What is the principle of least privilege and why is it important?
Principle of least privilege (PoLP):
A principled approach of controlling what someone can do. This is an extension of

need-toknow, whereby individuals are only granted the least amount of system
access necessary to perform their jobs.
The principle of least privilege in cybersecurity means giving users only the access they need
to do their jobs and nothing more. It's like giving a house key instead of a master key; you
only access what you need. This principle is important because it reduces the risk of
unauthorized access or damage. If someone only has limited access, they can't accidentally
or intentionally harm parts of the system they don't need.
For example, think about a bank. Employees have access only to information relevant to their
roles, like a teller can't access loan approval systems. This keeps customer data safer and
operations smooth.
94. How would you secure a server exposed to the internet?
To secure a server exposed to the internet, first, update all software to the latest versions to
fix security holes. Install a firewall to control incoming and outgoing traffic. Use strong,
unique passwords and change them regularly. Encrypt sensitive data to protect it from
unauthorized access. Regularly backup important data in case of a breach. Implement anti-
virus and anti-malware software to detect and remove threats. Finally, monitor server logs to
spot any unusual activities early.
For example, a company like Amazon secures its servers to protect customer data. They
constantly update their systems and use advanced encryption to keep user information safe.
Their team monitors server activities to quickly respond to any security threats.

95. Can you explain what phishing is and how one can recognize it?
Definition of Phishing:
This is a type of electronic mail (e-mail) attack that attempts to convince a user
that the originator is genuine, but with the intention of obtaining information for
use in social engineering. Phishing attacks may take the form of masquerading as
a lottery organization advising the recipient or the user's bank of a large win; in
either case, the intent is to obtain account and personal identification number
(PIN) details. Alternative attacks may seek to obtain apparently innocuous
business information, which may be used in another form of active attack.
Phishing is a trick where someone sends fake emails or messages pretending to be a trusted
person or company, to steal your personal information like passwords. You can recognize it
by checking for strange email addresses, spelling mistakes, and urgent or suspicious
requests. It's also a good idea to be cautious with links and attachments from unknown
sources.
For example, if you get an email that looks like it's from your bank asking for your account
details but the email address is strange and the message has typos, it's likely a phishing
attempt. Always double-check with the official source before responding to such requests.
96. Explain the concept of a honeypot in Cybersecurity
Definition Honeypot:
A specially configured server, also known as a decoy server, designed to attract

and monitor intruders in a manner so that their actions do not affect production
systems
A honeypot in cybersecurity is like a trap set for hackers. It's a computer system that looks
real and valuable, but is actually a decoy. The goal is to lure cyber attackers into this system.
When they try to break in, their methods are studied. This helps experts learn about new
hacking techniques and protect real systems better. It's not meant for actual work, just for
monitoring and learning from attackers.
For example, a bank might set up a honeypot that looks like a real financial database.
Hackers who try to steal information from it reveal their strategies, helping the bank improve
its real security systems.
97. What steps would you take to secure a wireless network?
To secure a wireless network,
1. Change the default name and password of the network. Use a strong, unique password.
2. Enable WPA3 encryption, the latest security protocol.
3. Turn on the network firewall to block unwanted traffic.
4. Disable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) as it can be a vulnerability.
5. Regularly update the router's firmware to patch security flaws.
For example, a company might change their Wi-Fi password every month and use WPA3 to
protect sensitive client data from being accessed by unauthorized users. They also regularly
check for router updates to keep their network secure.
98. Describe the process of a network vulnerability assessment
Vulnerability:

process that could expose the system to adverse threats from thre at events
A network vulnerability assessment is like a health check for a computer network. First, it
scans the network to find all the devices connected to it, like computers, servers, and routers.
Then, it looks for weaknesses in these devices, such as outdated software or weak passwords.
It's like checking doors and windows in a house to see if they're easy to break into. After
identifying these weak spots, the assessment suggests ways to fix them, making the network
safer.
For example, imagine a big company's network. A vulnerability assessment might find that
some computers are using old, unsecured software. It would then recommend updating this
software to prevent hackers from getting in.
99. How does public key infrastructure (PKI) enhance security?
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI):
A series of processes and technologies for the association of cryptographic keys

with the entity to whom those keys were issued
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a set of rules and services that help create, distribute, and
manage digital certificates. In simple terms, it's like a system for digital IDs. PKI makes online
activities more secure by using two keys: a public key that everyone can see, and a private
key that only the owner knows. When you send data, you encrypt it with the recipient's
public key. Only their private key can decrypt it, ensuring that the data stays confidential. PKI
also verifies that the people or organizations involved are who they claim to be.
For example, when you shop online, PKI helps keep your credit card information safe. The
website's public key encrypts your data, and only their private key can decode it. This makes
sure that hackers can't steal your information during the transaction.

100. How would you explain the concept of a digital signature?
Digital Signature:
An electronic identification of a person or entity using a public key algorithm that

serves as a way for the recipient to verify the identity of the sender, integrity of
the data and proof of transaction
A digital signature is like a virtual fingerprint used in the digital world. It's unique to a person
or entity and is used to confirm the authenticity of a digital document or message. Imagine
you're sending a secure email. When you use a digital signature, it's like putting a special
seal on your email that only you can make. This helps the receiver know the email really
came from you and wasn't tampered with.
In real life, think about when you get a software update on your phone. The update comes
with a digital signature from the company, like Apple or Google, assuring you it's safe and
really from them. This is crucial in cyber security to maintain trust and security in digital
communications.
101. What are the key elements of a Business Continuity Plan (BCP)?
Business Continuity Plan:
A plan used by an enterprise to respond to the disruption of critical busi ness

processes (depends on the contingency plan for the restoration of critical systems)
A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is a plan that helps a company keep running during and
after an emergency or disaster. The key elements of a BCP are:
1. Risk Assessment: Identifying what risks can affect the business.
2. Business Impact Analysis: Figuring out how these risks can impact the business.
3. Recovery Strategies: Developing ways to minimize the impact and get back to normal.
4. Plan Development: Writing down the steps to handle and recover from these risks.
5. Testing and Maintenance: Regularly checking and updating the plan.

For example, a company might have a BCP for a cyber attack. This plan would include steps
to quickly secure their systems, inform customers, and keep their services running.
Click and Register for FREE Webinar:

Sample Participation Certificate:
Also:
• Downloadable Interview Questions & Answers Collections

• Saturday Interactive Q & A sessions (Interview, Career Growth, Upto date discussion
on Cybersecurity in real world)
• Private technical community
• Self-Paced video programs
STAY VIGILANT! STAY DIGITAL SAFE!! STAY CONNECTED WITH US!!!
ALL THE VERY BEST!!!

Arvbala - 101 Cybersecurity Interview Questions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arvbala - 101 Cybersecurity Interview Questions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C

The protection of information assets by addressing threats to information

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

A weakness in the design, implementation, operation or internal control of a

The combination of the probability of an event and its impact.

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

3. What are the key principles of a secure system?

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

4. How does encryption work, and why is it important in Cybersecurity?

The process of taking an unencrypted message (plaintext), applying a

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Definition of Cyber attack:

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

6. What are the common cyber threats in mobile applications?

Anything (e.g., object, substance, human) that is capable of acting against a n

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

A weakness in the design, implementation, operation or internal control of a

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

8. How do firewalls contribute to Cybersecurity?

A system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between two or

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

A secure private network that uses the public telecommunications infrastructure to

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Definition of data breach:

A data breach is an incident where information is stolen or taken from a system

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Definition of Social Engineering:

An attack based on deceiving users or administrators at the target site into

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

12. What is the impact of quantum computing on cybersecurity?

Define Quantum Computing:

Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field comprising aspects of computer

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

14. What is multi-factor authentication and why is it used?

Definition of Multi-Factor Authentication:

A combination of more than one authentication method, such as token and

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Definition of IDS – Intrusion Detection System:

IPS – Intrusion Prevention System

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Designed to infiltrate, damage or obtain information from a computer system

Malware is a harmful software designed to damage or do unwanted actions on a computer

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

18. What is the importance of physical security in Cybersecurity?

Definition of Physical security:

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

19. Can you give an example of a risk assessment methodology?

Definition of Risk Assessment:

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

20. What is the role of employee training in preventing data breaches?

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

21. What is the difference between a virus and a worm?

A program with the ability to reproduce by modifying other programs to include a

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Definition of Zero-day vulnerability:

A vulnerability that is exploited before the software creator/vendor is even aware

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

23. What are the different levels of data classification?

Definition of Data Classification:

For Interview Questions & Tips: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arvbala/

Preserving authorized restrictions on access and disclosure, including means for