Passage 3:

Changing Our Understanding of Health

A. The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These
meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in
Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and
expanded in new ways.
B. For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That
is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill
health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been
defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this
view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and
illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation
and housing.

C. In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically
oriented view of health. They stated that 'health is a complete state of physical, mental and
social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease' (WHO, 1946). Health and the
person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.

D. The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising
the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were
seen to increase the risk of diseases, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating
habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health
promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and
lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the
wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment
or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was
largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely
ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.

E. During 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as
the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being
viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live.
This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-
ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion
held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a
viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity.
Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986).

It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging
healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore,
the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation,
natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic
and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately
or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the
complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health. A
broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a
strong social, economic and environmental focus.

F. At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for
health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In
exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an
important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental,
behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986).
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health
promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The
overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and
approaches is one of 'enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health'
(WHO, 1986).
Questions 1-5

Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

Example Answer

Paragraph A v

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

5 Paragraph F

List of Headings

i Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion

ii Holistic approach to health

iii The primary importance of environmental factors

iv Healthy lifestyles approach to health

v Changes in concepts of health in Western society

vi Prevention of diseases and illness

vii Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

viii Definition of health in medical terms

ix Socio-ecological view of health

Questions 6-9

Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

19. In which year did the World Health Organization define health in terms of mental, physical
and social well-being?

20. Which members of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach to health?
21. Name the three broad areas which relate to people's health, according to the socio-
ecological view of health.

22. During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health?

Questions 10- 14
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 8?
In boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the information.

NO if the statement contradicts the information.

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage.

23. Doctors have been instrumental in improving living standards in Western society.
24. The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health awareness
programs.
25. The socio-ecological view of health recognises that lifestyle habits and the provision of
adequate health care are critical factors governing health.

26. The principles of the Ottawa Charter are considered to be out of date in the 1990s.
27. In recent years a number of additional countries have subscribed to the Ottawa Charter.
 Passage 1:

In Crisis! freshwater

A . As in New Delhi and Phoenix, policymakers worldwide wield great power over how water
resources and managed. Wise use of such power will become increasingly important as the
years go by because the world’s demand for freshwater is currently overtaking its ready supply
in many places, and this situation shows no sign of abating.

B . That the problem is well-known makes it no less disturbing: today one out of six people,
more than a billion, suffer inadequate access to safe freshwater. By 2025, according to data
released by the United Nations, the freshwater resources of more than half the countries across
the globe will undergo either stress- for example, when people increasingly demand more water
than is available or safe for use-or outright shortages. By mid-century, as much as three-
quarters of the earth’s population could face scarcities of freshwater.

C . Scientists expect water scarcity to become more common in large part because the world’s
population is rising and many people are getting richer (thus expanding demand) and because
global climate change is exacerbating aridity and reducing supply in many regions. What is
more, many water sources are threatened by faulty waste disposal, releases of industrial
pollutants, fertilizer runoff, and coastal influxes of saltwater into aquifers as groundwater is
depleted.

D . Because lack of access to water can lead to starvation, disease, political instability, and
even armed conflict, failure to take action can have broad and grave consequences.
Fortunately, to a great extent, the technologies and policy tools required to conserve existing
freshwater and to secure more of it are known among which several seem particularly effective.
What is needed now is action. Governments and authorities at every level have to formulate and
execute plans for implementing the political, economic, and technological measures that can
ensure water security now and in the coming decades.

E . The world’s water problems require, as a start, an understanding of how much freshwater
each person requires, along with knowledge of the factors that impede supply and increase
demand in different parts of the world. Main Falkenmark of the Stockholm International Water
Institute and other experts estimate that, on average, each person on the earth needs a
minimum of 1000 cubic meters (m3) of water. The minimum water each person requires for
drinking, hygiene, and growing food. The volume is equivalent to two-fifths of an Olympic-size
swimming pool.

F . Much of the Americas and northern Eurasia enjoy abundant water supplies. But several
regions are beset by greater or lesser degrees of “physical” scarcity-whereby demand exceeds
local availability. Other areas, among them Central Africa, parts of the Indian subcontinent, and
Southeast Asia contend with “economic” water scarcity limit access even though sufficient
supplies are available.

G. More than half of the precipitation that falls on land is never available for capture or storage
because it evaporates from the ground or transpires from plants; this fraction is called blue-
water sources-rivers, lakes, wetlands, and aquifers-that people can tap directly. Farm irrigation
from these free-flowing bodies is the biggest single human use of freshwater resources, but the
intense local demand they create often drains the surroundings of ready supplies.
H . Lots of water, but not always where it is needed one hundred and ten thousand cubic
kilometers of precipitation, nearly 10 times the volume of Lake Superior, falls from the sky onto
the earth’s land surface every year. This huge quantity would easily fulfill the requirements of
everyone on the planet if the water arrived where and when people needed it. But much of it
cannot be captured (top), and the rest is disturbed unevenly (bottom). Green water (61.1% of
total precipitation): absorbed by soil and plants, then released back into the air: unavailable for
withdrawal. Bluewater (38.8% of total precipitation): collected in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and
groundwater: available for withdrawal before it evaporates or reaches the ocean. These figures
may not add up to 100% because of rounding. Only 1.5% is directly used by people.
I . Waters run away in tremendous wildfires in recent years. The economic actors had all taken
their share reasonably enough: they just did not consider the needs of the natural environment,
which suffered greatly when its inadequate supply was reduced to critical levels by drought. The
members of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission are now frantically trying to extricate
themselves from the disastrous results of their misallocation of the total water resource. Given
the difficulties of sensibly apportioning the water supply within a single nation, imagine the
complexities of doing so for international river basins such as that of the Jordan River, which
borders on Lebanon, Syria, Israel, the Palestinian areas, and Jordan, all of which have claims to
the shared, but limited, supply in an extremely parched region. The struggle for freshwater has
contributed to civil and military disputes in the area. Only continuing negotiations and
compromises have kept this tense situation under control.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 1-5
on your answer sheet, write
TRUE If the statement is true
FALSE If the statement is false
NOT GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage

1 The prospect for the need for freshwater worldwide is obscure.

2 To some extent, the challenge for freshwater is alleviated by common

recognition.

3 Researchers arrive at the specific conclusion about the water crisis based on
persuasive consideration of several factors.

4 The fact that people do not actually cherish the usage of water scarcity.

5 Controversy can’t be avoided for adjacent nations over the water resource.
Questions 6-10
The readings Passage has eleven paragraphs A-I
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

6 The uneven distribution of water around the world.

7 other factors regarding nature bothering people who make the policies.

8 Joint efforts needed to carry out the detailed solutions combined with various
aspects.

9 No always-in-time match available between the requirements and the actual

rainfall.

10 The lower limit of the amount of fresh water for a person to survive.
Questions 11-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More
than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 11–13 on your answer sheet.

Many severe problems like starvation and military actions etc result from the storage of
water which sometimes for some areas seems 11 because of unavailability
but other regions suffer another kind of scarcity for insufficient support. 12
of the rainfall can’t be achieved because of evaporation.

Some other parts form the 13 which can be used immediately. Water to
irrigate the farmland takes a considerable amount along with the use for cities and
industries and the extended need from the people involved.
 Passage 2:
Tackling Obesity in the Western World

A Obesity is a huge problem in many Western countries and one which now attracts
considerable medical interest as researchers take up the challenge to find a 'cure' for the
common condition of being seriously overweight. However, rather than take responsibility for
their weight, obese people have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow
metabolism, a genetic hiccup which sentences more than half the Australian population (63% of
men and 47% of women) to a life of battling with their weight. The argument goes like this: it
doesn't matter how little they eat, they gain weight because their bodies break down food and
turn it into energy more slowly than those with a so-called normal metabolic rate.
B 'This is nonsense,' says Dr Susan Jebb from the Dunn Nutrition Unit at Cambridge in
England. Despite the persistence of this metabolism myth, science has known for several years
that the exact opposite is in fact true. Fat people have faster metabolisms than thin people.
'What is very clear,' says Dr Jebb, 'is that overweight people actually burn off more energy. They
have more cells, bigger hearts, bigger lungs and they all need more energy just to keep going.'
C It took only one night, spent in a sealed room at the Dunn Unit to disabuse one of their
patients of the beliefs of a lifetime: her metabolism was fast, not slow. By sealing the room and
measuring the exact amount of oxygen she used, researchers were able to show her that her
metabolism was not the culprit. It wasn't the answer she expected and probably not the one she
wanted but she took the news philosophically.
D Although the metabolism myth has been completely disproved, science has far from
discounted our genes as responsible for making us whatever weight we are, fat or thin. One of
the world's leading obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, goes so far as
to say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid
obesity, but also everyday overweight. Prof. O'Rahilly's groundbreaking work in Cambridge has
proven that obesity can be caused by our genes. 'These people are not weak- willed, slothful or
lazy,' says Prof. O'Rahilly, 'They have a medical condition due to a genetic defect and that
causes them to be obese.'
E In Australia, the University of Sydney's Professor Ian Caterson says while major genetic
defects may be rare, many people probably have minor genetic variations that combine to
dictate weight and are responsible for things such as how much we eat, the amount of exercise
we do and the amount of energy we need. When you add up all these little variations, the result
is that some people are genetically predisposed to putting on weight. He says while the
fast/slow metabolism debate may have been settled, that doesn't mean some other subtle
change in the metabolism gene won't be found in overweight people. He is confident that
science will, eventually, be able to 'cure' some forms of obesity but the only effective way for the
vast majority of overweight and obese people to lose weight is a change of diet and an increase
in exercise.
F Despite the $500 million a year Australians spend trying to lose weight and the $830 million it
costs the community in health care, obesity is at epidemic proportions here, as it is in all
Western nations. Until recently, research and treatment for obesity had concentrated on
behaviour modification, drugs to decrease appetite and surgery. How the drugs worked was
often not understood and many caused severe side effects and even death in some patients.
Surgery for obesity has also claimed many lives.
G It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for
regulating hunger, among other things. But it wasn't until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman
from Rockerfeller University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese
mouse. Prof. Friedman found that unlike its thin brothers, the fat mouse did not produce a
hitherto unknown hormone called leptin. Manufactured by the fat cells, leptin acts as a
messenger, sending signals to the hypothalamus to turn off the appetite. Previously, the fat cells
were thought to be responsible simply for storing fat. Prof. Friedman gave the fat mouse leptin
and it lost 30% of its body weight in two weeks.
H On the other side of the Atlantic, Prof. O'Rahilly read about this research with great
excitement. For many months two blood samples had lain in the bottom of his freezer, taken
from two extremely obese young cousins. He hired a doctor to develop a test for leptin in human
blood, which eventually resulted in the discovery that neither of the children's blood contained
the hormone. When one cousin was given leptin, she lost a stone in weight and Prof. O'Rahilly
made medical history. Here was the first proof that a genetic defect could cause obesity in
humans. But leptin deficiency turned out to be an extremely rare condition and there is a lot
more research to be done before the 'magic' cure for obesity is ever found.
Questions 1-8
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-H.
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-xi) in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
i Obesity in animals
ii Hidden dangers
iii Proof of the truth
iv New perspective on the horizon
v No known treatment
vi Rodent research leads the way
vii Expert explains energy requirements of obese people
viii A very uncommon complaint
ix Nature or nurture
x Shifting the blame
xi Lifestyle change required despite new findings

1 Paragraph A

2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 Paragraph E

6 Paragraph F

7 Paragraph G

8 Paragraph H
Questions 9-13
Complete the summary of Reading Passage 1 (Questions 9-13) using words from the box.
Choose your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
OBESITY
Example
People with a weight problem often try to deny responsibility.

They do this by seeking to blame their 9 for the fact that they are overweight
and erroneously believe that they use 10 energy than thin people to stay alive.
However, recent research has shown that a 11 problem can be responsible for
obesity as some people seem programmed to 12 more than others. The new
research points to a shift from trying to change people’s 13 to seeking an
answer to the problem in the laboratory.
Weight Exercise Sleep Mind Body
Metabolism Less Behavior More Genetic
Physical Use Metal Consume
Passage 1:

1. The prospect for the need for freshwater worldwide is obscure.

Answer: False
Supporting Statement: That the problem is well-known makes it no less disturbing: today one out
of six people, more than a billion, suffer inadequate access to safe freshwater.

2. To some extent, the challenge for freshwater is alleviated by common recognition.

Answer: False
Supporting Statement: That the problem is well-known makes it no less disturbing: today one out
of six people, more than a billion, suffer inadequate access to safe freshwater.

3. Researchers arrive at the specific conclusion about the water crisis based on
persuasive consideration of several factors.

Answer: True
Supporting Statement: Fortunately, to a great extent, the technologies and policy tools required to
conserve existing freshwater and to secure more of it are known among which several seem
particularly effective.

4. The fact that people do not actually cherish the usage of water scarcity.

Answer: Not Given

Explanation: There has been no relevant information given related to the question statement in the
paragraphs. So, the correct answer is Not Given.

5. Controversy can’t be avoided for adjacent nations over the water resource.

Answer: True
Supporting Statement: The world’s water problems require, as a start, an understanding of how
much freshwater each person requires, along with knowledge of the factors that impede supply and
increase demand in different parts of the world.

6. The uneven distribution of water around the world.

Answer: F
Supporting Statement: Much of the Americas and northern Eurasia enjoy abundant water supplies.
But several regions are beset by greater or lesser degrees of “physical” scarcity-whereby demand
exceeds local availability. Other areas, among them Central Africa, parts of the Indian subcontinent,
and Southeast Asia contend with “economic” water scarcity that limits access even though sufficient
supplies are available.

7. other factors regarding nature bothering people who make the policies.
Answer: I
Supporting Statement: Waters ran away in tremendous wildfires in recent years. The economic
actors had all taken their share reasonably enough: they just did not consider the needs of the
natural environment, which
suffered greatly when its inadequate supply was reduced to critical levels by drought.

8. Joint efforts needed to carry out the detailed solutions combined with various
aspects.

Answer: D
Supporting Statement: Fortunately, to a great extent, the technologies and policy tools required to
conserve existing freshwater and to secure more of it are known among which several seem
particularly effective. What is
needed now is action. Governments and authorities at every level have to formulate and execute
plans for implementing the political, economic, and technological measures that can ensure water
security now and in the
coming decades.

9. No always-in-time match available between the requirements and the actual rainfall.

Answer: H
Supporting Statement: Lots of water, but not always where it is needed, one hundred and ten
thousand cubic kilometers of precipitation, nearly 10 times the volume of Lake Superior, falls from
the sky onto the earth’s land
surface every year. This huge quantity would easily fulfill the requirements of everyone on the planet
if the water arrived where and when people needed it.

10. The lower limit of the amount of fresh water for a person to survive.

Answer: E
Supporting Statement: Main Falkenmark of the Stockholm International Water Institute and other
experts estimate that, on average, each person on the earth needs a minimum of 1000 cubic meters
(m3) of water. The
minimum water each person requires for drinking, hygiene, and growing food. The volume is
equivalent to two-fifths of an Olympic-size swimming pool.

Question 11)

Answer: Physical
Supporting Statement: Much of the Americas and northern Eurasia enjoy abundant water supplies.
But several regions are beset by greater or lesser degrees of “physical” scarcity-whereby demand
exceeds local availability.

Question 12)

Answer: Capture of shortage

Supporting Statement: But much of it cannot be captured (top), and the rest is disturbed unevenly
(bottom). Green water (61.1% of total precipitation): absorbed by soil and plants, then released back
into the air: unavailable for withdrawal.

Question 13)
Answer: Blue water
Supporting Statement: Bluewater (38.8% of total precipitation): collected in rivers, lakes, wetlands,
and groundwater: available for withdrawal before it evaporates or reaches the ocean. These figures
may not add up to 100%
because of rounding.

Passage 2:
1. Paragraph A/ x Shifting the blame
Giải thích:
However, rather than take responsibility for their weight, obese people have often sought solace in the
excuse that they have a slow metabolism
2. Paragraph B/ vii Expert explains energy requirements of obese people
Giải thích:
Despite the persistence of this metabolism myth, science has known for several years that the exact
opposite is in fact true. Fat people have faster metabolisms than thin people. 'What is very clear,' says
Dr Jebb, 'is that overweight people actually burn off more energy. They have more cells, bigger hearts,
bigger lungs and they all need more energy just to keep going.'
3. Paragraph C/ iii Proof of the truth
Giải thích:
By sealing the room and measuring the exact amount of oxygen she used, researchers were able to
show her that her metabolism was not the culprit.
4. Paragraph D/ iv New perspective on the horizon
Giải thích:
One of the world's leading obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, goes so far as to
say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid obesity, but also
everyday overweight. Prof. O'Rahilly's groundbreaking work in Cambridge has proven that obesity can
be caused by our genes.
5. Paragraph E/ xi Lifestyle change required despite new findings
Giải thích:
He is confident that science will, eventually, be able to 'cure' some forms of obesity but the only
effective way for the vast majority of overweight and obese people to lose weight is a change of diet and
an increase in exercise.
6. Paragraph F/ ii Hidden dangers
Giải thích:
How the drugs worked was often not understood and many caused severe side effects and even death
in some patients. Surgery for obesity has also claimed many lives.
7. Paragraph G/ vi Rodent research leads the way
Giải thích:

It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating
hunger, among other things. But it wasn't until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman from Rockefeller
University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese mouse.
8. Paragraph H/ viii A very uncommon complaint
Here was the first proof that a genetic defect could cause obesity in humans. But leptin deficiency
turned out to be an extremely rare condition and there is a lot more research to be done before the
'magic' cure for obesity is ever found.
They do this by seeking to blame their 9 .....metabolism............. for the fact that they are overweight
and erroneously believe that they use 10 .....less............. energy than thin people to stay alive.
Giải thích: đoạn A,B
(However, rather than take responsibility for their weight, obese people have often sought solace in the
excuse that they have a slow metabolism.
it doesn't matter how little they eat, they gain weight because their bodies break down food and turn it
into energy more slowly than ( use less energy) those with a so-called normal metabolic rate.)
However, recent research has shown that a 11 ......genetic........... problem can be responsible for
obesity as some people seem programmed to 12 .........consume......... more than others.
Giải thích câu 11: đoạn D
(They have a medical condition due to a genetic defect and that causes them to be obese.'
Giải thích câu 12: đoạn G, theo nghiên cứu thì người ta thấy rằng một số người bị béo phì do lỗi gen
không tạo ra hooc môn leptin, hóc môn này có vai trò báo cho chúng ta là chúng ta đã no. Do đó những
người béo phì do bị lỗi gen họ thèm ăn triền miên, họ tiêu thụ nhiều thức ăn hơn người khác
It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating
hunger, among other things. But it wasn't until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman from Rockefeller
University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese mouse. Prof. Friedman found
that unlike its thin brothers, the fat mouse did not produce a hitherto unknown hormone called leptin.
Manufactured by the fat cells, leptin acts as a messenger, sending signals to the hypothalamus to turn
off the appetite.)
The new research points to a shift from trying to change people’s 13 .....behaviour............ to seeking an
answer to the problem in the laboratory.
Giải thích:
(One of the world's leading obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, goes so far as to
say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid obesity, but
also everyday overweight. Prof. O'Rahilly's groundbreaking work in Cambridge has proven that obesity
can be caused by our genes. 'These people are not weak- willed, slothful or lazy,' says Prof. O'Rahilly,
'They have a medical condition due to a genetic defect and that causes them to be obese.')
p3:
Key and explanation
Q1: viii
Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical
terms
Q2: ii
Health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of
disease
Q3: iv
While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy
members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control
over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach
Q4: ix
This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health
Q5: vii
This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health
action today.
Q6: 1946
They stated that 'health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not
merely the absence of disease' (WHO, 1946). (Passage C)
Q7: wealthy members
While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy
members of society),( Passage D)
Q8: social, economic, and environmental
While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social,
economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called
the socio-ecological view of health. (passage E)
Q9: (the) 1970s
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the
importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to
increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were
targeted.
(Passage D)
Q10: NG
Q11: Y
Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and
policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles (Passage D)
Q12: N
It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging
healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. (Passage E)
Q13: N
This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health
action today (Passage F)
Q14: NG