SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY-HINUNANGAN CAMPUS

Brgy. Ambacon, Hinunangan, Southern Leyte

ETHICS

PORTFOLIO

“The most important human endeavor is the striving for

morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our
very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions
can give beauty and dignity to life."

Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Physicist and Nobel Laureate

2ND SEMESTER A.Y. 2023-2024

BS AGRICULTURE 2B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
INTRODUCTION
BODY OF THE REPORT
RECOMMENDATION
CURRICULUM VITAE/s
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
 We, the second-year students of BS Agriculture, would like to
express our deep gratitude to those who generously shared their time
and expertise with us. We are also thankful to our Almighty God for
the knowledge, strength, and wisdom that He has granted us. We
acknowledge the presence of the omnipresent, omniscient, and
omnipotent God, who has answered our prayers and provided us with
the necessary strength and wisdom. Thank you, dear God.

We could not have completed this portfolio without the guidance

and assistance of several individuals who contributed to its
preparation and completion. We extend our heartfelt appreciation to
our esteemed and dynamic professor, Dr. Rey C. Miralles, for providing
us with the opportunity to create this compendium and for his valuable
professional guidance and support. We will continue to apply the
knowledge and skills we acquired from him as we strive to become
licensed professional agriculturists in the future.

We also want to thank our classmates from Section B for their

contributions and ideas, despite their busy schedules. They went above
and beyond by sending us the necessary materials through Facebook,
which helped us finalize this project within the limited timeframe.

Our family deserves special thanks for their moral and financial
support. We are especially grateful to our beloved parents, who always
stood by us and provided us with their unwavering support.

Once again, we express our gratitude to everyone who helped us.

May God bless us all forever!
 We are honored to dedicate this project to our esteemed mentor, Dr.

Rey C. Miralles, whose unwavering support and expertise have been

instrumental in our development. Your invaluable insights and feedback have

been the driving force behind our pursuit of academic success. Your belief in

us has been a constant source of inspiration, and we are grateful for the

sacrifices you have made during our classes, even when we have been

intermittently noisy. We are forever indebted to you for the time and effort

you have invested in our growth. Thank you, Sir Rey, for being an

indispensable part of our journey!

REY C.MIRALLES, EdD,PhDc

 INTRODUCTION

It's interesting to consider the concept of ethics and what it means to be moral.
While some may think that doing the right thing means following one's heart or intuition,
it's important to remember that emotions can be misleading. Others suggest that
following the law or societal norms is the morally right thing to do, but these can be
flawed as well. Ultimately, being ethical means doing what is right based on virtues,
fairness, responsibilities, obligations, and moral beliefs that are derived from cultures
and family backgrounds. The importance of ethics is paramount in all aspects of life,
including business, academia, and social structures. It's not enough to simply follow legal
rules or predominant cultural norms, as these can sometimes be unethical. Academic
dishonesty is also a form of unethical behavior, as it involves gaining an unfair advantage
over others. The family plays a crucial role in shaping our ethics and morals, and it's
important to stay dedicated to our individual values to achieve success.
BODY OF THE REPORT
GROUP 1 1:
GROUP

Gato, April Jhon

Bansig, Ma Luz
Evacitas, Chona
Acinas, Rodly
Madronero, Glenda

• Significance of the Study of Ethics

• Ethics in Moral Life
• Ethics and the People
• Four Ethical ‘isms’
• Meaning of Ethics and Morality

TOPIC OVERVIEW:

• Understand the significance of ethics in moral life.

• Differentiate the four ethical ‘isms’ useful in moral issues.
• Identify the different key concepts in the study of ethics.

Ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide

individuals and societies in determining what is right and wrong. It
involves making decisions and judgments about what actions are
morally acceptable and what actions are not. Ethics often involves
considering the consequences of one’s actions, as well as the rights
and well-being of others. It provides a framework for individuals to
navigate complex moral dilemmas and make ethical choices.

THE ORIGINS OF ETHICS

SOCRATES
➢ The Father of Ethics
➢ founder of ethics
➢ He seeks to create an ethical system that would not be based
on religious doctrine but instead of human reason.

IMMANUEL KANT
• the German Philosopher
• considered as the Father of Modern Ethics and one of the
great philosophers in the history of philosophy.
• he wanted to establish a firm foundation for moral
philosophy.

Meaning of Ethics and Morality

_____________________________________________________________________________
What is ethics?

• Ethics provides a framework for understanding and

evaluating moral principles and values. It emphasizes the
importance of respect, fairness, honesty, accountability,
consideration of consequences, autonomy, and
environmental responsibility. By adhering to ethical
principles, individuals and societies can strive to create a
more just, compassionate, and sustainable world.
• It comes from the Greek word ethos which means custom,
habit, character, or disposition.
• It involves systematizing, defending, and recommending
concepts of right and wrong behavior.
• defined as the study of judgment of value, of good and evil,
right, and wrong.
• In its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles.

Ethics covers the following Dilemmas:

• How to live a good life,

• Our rights and responsibilities,
• The language of right or wrong,
 •Moral decisions – what is good and bad?
•Our concepts of ethics have been derived from religions,
philosophies, and cultures.
WHAT IS MORALITY?
• comes from the Greek word mos or moris or in Latin
moralitas which means manner or characteristics.
• It refers to the rightness or wrongness of an action.
• The terms ethical and moral are being used interchangeably.

Difference between Ethics and Morality

Ethics:
• Refers to the rules that a social system provides us with
• May vary between environments.

Morality:
• Our own principles.
• Rarely Change.

Ethical theories divided into three general subject areas:

• Meta – ethics -deals with the nature of moral

judgment.
• Normative ethics -is concerned with the content of
moral judgments and the criteria for what is right or
wrong.
• Applied ethics - looks at controversial topics like
war, bioethics and capital punishment.

Significance of the Study of Ethics

• It is very evident in contemporary societies the
manifestations of continuing collapse in the standards of
morality.
• Ethical issues are becoming huge, complicated, subjective,
and eventually confusing so much so that people begin to act
not in accordance with the ethical norms.
• This becomes the main concern of today’s sociologists and
social philosophers.
• They are driven to reassess the main structures of morality
and rebuild necessary measures to address the present
characteristics of moral issues today.
• It requires a rigid reevaluation of the norms of morality
which seem to be acceptable and easily applicable in all
 situations during the past decades compared to the types of
people to whom these norms are expectedly applied.

A. Guidance
• Framework for moral decision-making
• principles for distinguishing right from wrong

B. Social Order
o -shared ethical foundation
o -fostering social cohesion and order

C. Personal Development
o enhancing self-awareness
o reflecting on values and actions

Ethics in Moral Life

 A. Personal Ethics
Moral principles in personal life.
 B. Professional Ethics
Ethical standards in various professions
Ensuring integrity and responsibility
Ethics in moral life.
 Ethics needs to provide answers.
 Ethics can provide a moral plan.
 Ethics can identify a disagreement.
 Ethics does not give right answers.
 Ethics can give several answers.

Ethics and the People

 A. Cultural Variation - the rich diversity in social practices
that different cultures exhibit around the world.
 B. Social Responsibility - a moral obligation on a company
or an individual to take decisions or actions that is in favor
and useful to society.

Ethics and the People

 Ethics is about the “other.”
 Ethics as source of group strength.
 Good people as well as good actions.
 Searching for the source of right and wrong.
Four Ethical 'Isms'
a. Moral realism b. Subjectivism c. Emotivism d. Prescriptivism
GROUP 2
TOROTORO, JOHNEL

BURILA, BEVELAICA

DEDASE, CHARMEE

BUGAIS , CARLO

TOPIC OVERVIEW:
• Ethics Perception of the Importance of Rules
• Differences Between Moral and Non-moral
Standards
• What are Moral Dilemmas?
• Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas
• Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts
• Reason and Impartiality as Minimum Requirements
for Morality
 PERCEPTION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS RULES

1. Rules protect social beings by regulating behavior -

Rules is to build boundaries that pace limit on behavior.
Rules are usually coupled with means to impose
consequences on those who violate them, one of the reason
people follow accepted rules is to avoid negative
consequences.

2. Rules help to guarantee each person certain rights and

freedom. - Rules from frameworks for society. A nation is
generally a nation of laws, and the governing principles are
outlined. In what is called constitution. Because the majority
has agreed to follow the consent to be governed by such a
constitution, the freedom outlined exists. One of the
advantages of such a system is that each person is
guaranteed on a certain right as the government in its limited
in its power ensure that it does not become powerful enough
to suppress liberty.

3. Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings -

Rules are needed in order to keep the strong from
dominating the weak, that is, to prevent exploitation and
domination. Without rules, shames on which those with
power control the system, would take over. In effect, rules
generate as stable system that provide justice , in which even
the riches and ,most powerful have limitations on what they
can do. If they transgress rules such as law and ordinance
and take advantage on people, there are consequences both
social and criminally.

4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic system - Without

rules regulating business, power would centralize around
monopolies and threaten the strength and competitiveness
of the system. Rules are needed to ensure product safety,
employee safety, and product quality. Copyright and patents
help protect people’s intellectual property.
MORAL STANDARDS VS. NON-MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards - involve the rules people have about the kinds of
actions they believe are morally right and wrong, as well as the
values they place on the kinds of objects they believe are morally
good and morally bad. Some ethicists equate moral standards with
moral values and moral principles.

Non-moral standards - refer to rules that are unrelated to moral

or ethical considerations. Either these standards are not necessarily
linked to morality or by nature lack ethical sense. Basic examples of
non-moral standards include rules of etiquette, fashion standards,
rules in games, and various house rules.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MOR AL STANDARDS THAT

DIFFERENTIATE THEM FROM NON-MORAL STANDARDS

• Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant

benefits.
• Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.
• Moral standards are not established by authority figures.
• Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
• Moral standards are based on impartial considerations.
• Moral standards are associated with special emotions and
vocabulary.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE MORAL STANDARDS

Our own moral principles

Values imbibed in us through our church (Religious Values)
Values passed on to us by our parents
Values taught to us in school (Education Values)
Behavior of others
Cultural Standards
Experiences

DILEMMA
Ethical dilemmas (Greek: δίλημμα "double proposition")
also known as moral dilemmas, is a problem offering two
unrelated possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously
acceptable or preferable. Time and/or the perception of time
would also strongly influence the decision-making.
The dilemma is sometimes used as a rhetorical device; in the
form you must accept either A or B here A and B would be
propositioning each leading to some further conclusion.

THE THREE LEVELS OF DILEMMAS

Individual
Organizational
Structural

Freedom as the Foundation of Moral Acts

Freedom - the power or right to act, speak or

think as one wants without hindrance or
restraint

Types of Freedom:
1. Freedom of association
2. Freedom of belief
3. Freedom of speech
4. Freedom to express oneself
5. Freedom of the press
6. Freedom to choose one’s state in life
7. Freedom of religion
8. Freedom of bondage and slavery
9. Freedom to bear arms

Moral Act - An action that is freely chosen and

comes into existence through our exercise of reason
and will.

Consists of 3 elements:
1. The objective act
2. The subjective goal or intention
3. Concrete situation or circumstances in which we
perform the act.
Reason and Impartiality as Minimum Requirement for
Morality

Reason - is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or

conviction. As a quality, it refers to the capacity for logical,
rational, and analytic thought; for consciously making sense
of things, establishing, and verifying facts, applying common
sense and logic, and justifying, and if necessary, changing
practices, institutions, and beliefs based on existing or new
existing information.

Impartiality- involves the idea that everyone’s interests and

point of view are equally important. It is a principle of justice
holding that decisions ought to be based on objective
criteria, rather than based on bias, prejudice, or preferring
the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
GROUP 3

Dana Bagood

Francis Lebajan

Christopher Donayre

Mark Allan Bacol

TOPIC OVERVIEW:

➢ THE MORAL AGENT

➢ Meaning of Culture

➢ Can we ever have an idea of a man without a culture?

➢ Can we have a man having characteristics, customs and
tradition that are not part of any existing culture?
Culture - A set of values that are shared and deeply held by an
organization. It consists of human beliefs, behaviors ,objects and
other characteristics common to all people that gather in place and
particular period in history.

“Culture makes humans distinct from animals. It is one distinguishing

mark of being human” - Chester Hunt

Culture and its Role in Moral Behavior

Different cultures have different moral codes” Rachels, 2007

Rachels, states that one’s culture has distinct morals. Also, it

concludes that there is no way to criticize or improve the moral
beliefs of a culture.

Man as a Moral agent: His Role in Moral Development

Aristotle identifies three natures of man:

➢ Vegetative or Physical nature
➢ Sentient or Animal nature
➢ Rational or Mental nature

Why is cultural relativism not Tenable in Ethics?

The following are claims made by the relativists (Rachels,
2007):
▪ Different societies have different moral codes.
▪ The moral code of a society determines what is right within
society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a
certain action is right, then that action is right, at least within
the society.
▪ There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one
society’s code as better than another’s. In other words, there
is no “universal truth” in ethics; there are no moral truths
that always hold for all people.

Asian and Filipino understanding of moral behavior: Strength and

Weaknesses

Is there a Filipino understanding of right and wrong? why is

there interpretation? What are its influences?

Philippine Culture and Our Moral lives (Moga, 2004)

Religion is a value in Philippine culture.

• Hospitality is a Philippine value.
• Pakikisama is a Philippine value.
• Authority figures are very important in Philippine culture.
• Saving “face” is very much part of Philippine culture.
• Family is very important in Philippine culture.
• Cleanliness is generally a value in Philippine culture

Developing Virtue as Habit: Towards Moral Character

Development

What is virtue?
How can we act according to virtue?

Virtue is a trait of character manifested in habitual actions. -

Aristotle: Virtues such as courage, self-control, generosity, and

truthfulness.

Some theories as cited by Rachels (2007) are:

• Ethical Egoism - in which moral decision making should be
guided entirely by self-interest.
 • Utilitarianism - a theory of morality that advocates actions
foster happiness and oppose actions cause by unhappiness.
• Kant’s theory - theory that referred to respect to a person.
(Categorical imperative)
• Social Contact Theory - people together in society in
accordance with an agreement that establish moral and
political rules of behavior.

Stages of Moral Development

Kohlberg’s six stages of moral development was an extension of

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory which propose that
“Moral Development is a continual process that occurs throughout
the lifespan.”

Three levels of Personal Moral Development

Level 1: Pre-conventional Follow rules to avoid punishment.
Acts in own interest. Blind obedience to authority.

Level 2: Conventional Lives up to expectations of others.

Fulfill duties and obligations of social systems.
.
Level 3: Post-conventional (Principled) follows internalized
universal principles of justice and right. Concern for self with
concern for others and the common good. Acts in an
independent and ethical manner regardless of expectations
of other

The Stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Stage 1: Punishment – Avoidance and Obedience

Stage 2: Exchange of favor
Stage 3: Good Girl/Good Boy
Stage 4: Law and Order
Stage 5: Social Contract
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle
Conscience and Its Role in Moral Decision Making

What is conscience?
Conscience is the proximate norm of morality. As it believed to be
innate in man, and it directly confronts an action as good or evil.
( Agapay, 1991)
A Latin word “conscientia” which means “ trial of oneself”.

Conscience is an act of the practical judgment or reason deciding

upon an individual action as good and to be performed or as evil and
to be avoided. (Panizo)
SEVILLA – SAMALCA- CASERO- PASADAS- TAGANA - WALES
GROUP 5

JOASH GORPIDO
ERICA JEAN DAGUPLO
JERICHO LURA
MARL NESTLE MALBAS

TOPIC OVERVIEW:

➢ Moral Theories & Moral Frames

➢ VIRTUE ETHICS (ARISTOTLE)
➢ VIRTUE AS HABIT
➢ HAPPINESS AS VIRTUE
➢ NATURAL LAW ; ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
➢ HAPPINESS AS MORAL & VIRTUE
➢ DEONTOLIGAL ETHICS
➢ CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
➢ DIFFERENT KINDS OF RIGHGTS (RIGHT THEORIST)
➢ MORAL
➢ UTILITARIANISM
➢ BUSINESS FASCINATION WITH UTILITARIANISM
GROUP 7

 Carlito Casas
 Judy Ann Escoro
 Anjelyn Burlaza
 Jerciel Alas
 Jhunna Coronado
 Angelica Anduyan
 Dave Suan

TOPIC OVERVIEW:
The challenges of pluralism and fundamentalism.
A. Globalization and pluralism: New challenge to ethics
b. The challenge of millennials
c. The religion regime: The role of religion in ethics
 Globalization and Pluralism: New Challenges to Ethics

• It is noteworthy that globalization did not only change human lifestyle

but more importantly, our value system. As international trade and
cultural exchanges became swifter, ethical, and moral norms were
modified and reshaped to fit the needs of the time. It is a very
challenging period to stand up unperturbed by the call to compromise
for the sake of blending in, or for unity and diversity. Nonetheless, with
all its perks and whatnot, globalization has its drawbacks, as we have
eagerly wanted to have more and be better.
• While human history started simple at best, our interest to get in touch,
and be one with the world around us, made us hungrier to be connected
to the bigger world, inclusive of the human exchanges of culture,
commodities, and products, to which we were introduced.
• This hunger to break those barriers that hinder the integration and
interaction of people from all over the world, hampering us from being
at one with humanity across all borders, gave birth to globalization a
promising, yet, challenging concept, since if not cautiously considered,
will dramatically alter if not defy the moral virtues and the values that
served as humanity's guiding light since time immemorial.

Globalization is a process of increased interdependence across

nations. It is the “Intensification of worldwide relationship which link
distant localities in such way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice versa”

PLURALISM

Generally, pluralism is a philosophical theory that there is more than

one basic substance or principle. In epistemology, pluralism is the
position that there is not one consistent means of approaching truths
about the world, but rather many.

Moral Pluralism

The idea that there can be conflicting moral views that are each worthy
of respect. Some values are equally correct and fundamental, yet they
conflict with each other. Some of the values are incommensurable and
there is no objective ordering of them in terms of Importance. Moral
Pluralism is a metaethical theory, rather than a theory of normative
ethics or a set of values.
 MORALPLURALIST
They advocate flexibility when faced with competing perspectives. They
evaluate the issues of various moral standpoints in deciding and acting. Many
of the moral issues are extremely complicated. Knowing that many moral
issues are extremely complicated, they propose that no single philosophical
approach will always provide all the answers.

MORAL ABSOLUTISM: THERE IS ONLY ONE RIGHT ANSWER.

MORAL RELATIVISM: THERE IS NO WRONG ANSWER.

CHALLENGES OF FILINNIALS AND MILLENNIALS

MILLENNIALS

also known as “Generation Y’ or the ‘Net Generation. The 1970s to early

1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending
birth years.

►FILINNIALS

the term used to denote the Filipino Millennials

FILINNIALS’ GENERATION

Increased use and familiarity with communications, media, and digital

technologies.

Even in the Philippines, millennials’ upbringing is said to be marked by an

increase in a liberal. Approach to politics, economics, and morality although
this claim is disputed.

Before-1945

►Traditionalist or Silent Generation

Baby Boomers

1946-1964

►Generation X

1965-1976
 The religion regime: The role of religion in ethics

Religion can be understood as a system of beliefs, practices, and values that

relate to the nature of existence and the universe, and that often involves a
belief in one or more supernatural or divine entities.

• Different religions have different beliefs, practices, and values, and there is
often significant diversity within a particular religion as well.

• Many religions provide a set of moral and ethical principles that guide
behavior and decision-making, helping individuals to navigate complex
ethical issues and make choices that align with their values.

• Religion - is a proposed way of living based, generally, on superstition and

power structures. There are some 4,300 religions in the world. -churches -
denominations -congregations -religious bodies -faith groups -tribes, cultures,
and movements.

The world's 5 largest religions and their number of believers are

1. Christianity (2.1 billion)
2. Islam (1.3 billion)
3. Non-religious (Secular/Agnostic/Atheist) (1.1 billion)
4. Hinduism (900 million)
5. Chinese traditional religion (394 million)
RECOMMENDATION
To whom it may concern;

During the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024, I had the pleasure
of teaching Section B, a second-year BS Agriculture student, in my ETHICS class. BS
Agriculture 2 has demonstrated a keen interest and participation in all fields of ethics
especially on the topics related to morality and its application
APPENDICES
BS AGRICULTURE 2ND YEAR SECTION B
1. ACINAS, RODLY
2. ALAS, JERCIEL
3. ANDUYAN, ANGELICA
4. ANSONG, DEONJAY
5. BAGOOD, DANA
6. BANSIG, MA.LUZ
7. BUGAIS, CARLO
8. BURILA, BEVELAICA
9. BURLAZA, ANJELYN
10. CABILAN, APPLE JEAN
11. CASAS, CARLITO, JR.
12. CASERO, GIDELYN
13. COLONGAN, JANE
14. CORONADO, JHUNNALOU
PHERENICE
15. DAGUPLO, ERICA JEAN
16. DEDASE, CHARMEE
17. ESCORO, JUDY ANN
18. EVACITAS, CHONA
19. GATO, APRIL JHON
20. GORPIDO, JOASH
21. JERVOSO, ANGELA
22. LEBAJAN, FRANCIS
23. LURA, JERICHO
24. MADRONERO, GLENDA
25. MALBAS, MARK NESTLE
26. MARAON, SLIM HEAVEN
27. MASING, CHEREVIE
28. MENDOZA, ROBYL JOY
29. NAMOCO, LEXTER
30. PASADAS, MECO
31. POL, CLARISE ANN
32. SAMALCA, ANIECA
33. SARAOSOS, GLYNIE ANN
34. SEVILLA, RICKY
35. SUAN, DAVE
36. TAGANA, EDWIN
37. TINGA, LAURENCE
38. TOROTORO, JOHNEL
39. WALES, JENELYN
References

1. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pangasinan-state
university/ethics/the-importance-of-rules-to-social-beings/19852611
2. https://www.scribd.com/document/519601294/6
CHARACTERISTICS-OF-MORAL-STANDARDS-THAT-DIFFERENTIATE-THEM-
FROM-NON
3. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/cebu-institute-of-technolog
university/ethics/freedom-as-the-foundation-of-moral-acts
4. https://www.aplustopper.com/ethics-essay