Kit Arduino

Electronics
Starter Kit
Electronics Starter Kit r.00 www.plusivo.com

Table of Contents
Introduction 5
Lesson 1: Lighting up an LED 5

1.1 Overview 5
1.2 Components Required 5
1.3 Component Introduction 5
1.4 Circuit 9
1.5 Circuit Explanation 10
1.6 Example Picture 11
Lesson 2: Lighting up an LED When Pressing a Switch 12

2.1 Overview 12
2.4 Circuit 13
Lesson 3: Blink LEDs With Transistors (Astable Multivibrator) 15

3.1 Overview 15
3.4 Circuit 20
Lesson 4: Light up an LED in Darkness With Transistor and Photoresistor 22

4.1 Overview 22
4.4 Circuit 23
Lesson 5: Transistor Touch Sensor 26

5.1 Overview 26
5.3 Circuit 26
Lesson 6: Flip Flop With Transistors 28

6.1 Overview 28
6.3 Circuit 28

Lesson 7: On / Off Touch Switch with Transistors 31
7.1 Overview 31
7.3 Circuit 31
Lesson 8: Toggle Switch with Transistors 34

8.1 Overview 34
8.3 Circuit 34
Lesson 9: LED Flasher with NE555 37

9.1 Overview 37
9.4 Circuit 39
Lesson 10: Dual LED Flasher with NE555 42

10.1 Overview 42
10.3 Circuit 42
Lesson 11: RGB LED Flasher in Two Colors 45

11.1 Overview 45
11.4 Circuit 46
Lesson 12: Up/Down Fading LED with NE555 49

12.1 Overview 49
12.3 Circuit 49
Lesson 13: RGB LED with NE555 52

13.1 Overview 52
13.3 Circuit 53
2

Lesson 14: Bistable Button Controlled Flip/Flop with NE555 55

14.1 Overview 55
14.3 Circuit 55
Lesson 15: Toggle Switch with NE555 58

15.1 Overview 58
15.3 Circuit 58
Lesson 16: Single Tone Buzzer with NE555 62

16.1 Overview 62
16.4 Circuit 63
Lesson 17: Traffic Light with NE555 66

17.1 Overview 66
17.3 Circuit 66
Lesson 18: Short Beep 70

18.1 Overview 70
18.4 Circuit 71
Lesson 19: Audio Tone/Siren with NE555 74

19.1 Overview 74
19.3 Circuit 74
Lesson 20: Controlling a DC Motor Speed with PWM Using a Potentiometer 76

20.1 Overview 76
20.3 Circuit 76
3

20.4 PWM (Pulse width modulation) 77
Lesson 21: Break Beam Detector Buzzer with NE555 and Photoresistor 80
21.1 Overview 80
21.3 Circuit 80
Lesson 22: Light Reactive Theremin with NE555, Photoresistor and Buzzer 84
22.1 Overview 84
22.3 Circuit 84
Lesson 23: Doorbell 86

23.1 Overview 86
23.3 Circuit 87
Lesson 24: Timer/Delay 89

24.1 Overview 89
24.3 Circuit 90
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Introduction
In this guide, you are going to learn how to use electronic components (LED, resistor, transistor,
NE555, etc), without using microcontrollers and programming. You will learn how to make your
own smart circuit and how to modify it. You will only need a few components to build a smart
system.
Lesson 1: Lighting Up an LED
1.1 Overview
In this lesson you will learn how to light up an LED.
1.2 Components Required

1 x Breadboard Power Supply
1 x 9V Battery
1 x 9V Battery Connector
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
2 x M-M wires (Male to Male jumper wires)
1.3 Component Introduction

Resistors
Resistors resist the flow of the current, which means higher value of the resistor means that the
more it can resist and less current will flow through it.
The unit of resistance is Ohm with this symbol Ω. We also represent the values of resistors in
kΩ (1,000 Ω) and MΩ (1,000,000 Ω), called kilo-ohms and mega-ohms.
Resistors are not polarized, so no matter if you connect the first lead to the positive of the
battery and vice versa.

Below you can see how to read the value of the resistor using the color system.
Below you can see the schematic symbol.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)

It is Light Emitting Diode, the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.

It is a PN junction, so it allows the current to flow through it only in one direction, from Anode to
Cathode. If you connect it in the opposite direction no current will flow through it, below you can
see the schematic symbol.
We should connect an LED and a resistor in series to determine the current flows through it.
There are three ways to determine the positive leg:
1. The longer leg is the positive leg (but sometimes it is trimmed so you can use this way
only for new LEDs).
2. Locate the flat edge on an LED, the leg nearest the flat edge is the negative leg.
3. If you look inside the LED, the thick wire is the negative leg.

Breadboard 830p
In a breadboard, you can prototype your circuits quickly without the need to solder the
connections. You can see below an example of a breadboard.
These breadboards have various sizes and configurations. The simplest is just a grid of holes in
a plastic block, where strips of metal inside provide electrical connection between the holes in
the shorter rows. If you push the legs of two different components into the same row, they will be
joined together electrically. The deep channel running down the middle indicates a break in
connections there, which means placing a chip in with the legs at either side of the channel
does not connect them together.
Some breadboards have two strips of holes (also called rails) running along the long edges of
the board separated from the main grid, with strips running down the length of the board inside
that enable you to connect to the voltage source.
While breadboards are great for prototyping, they have some limitations due to potential poor
connections. Because the connections are temporary, they are not as reliable as soldered
connections.
Breadboard Power Supply

It is a good way to get constant 5V for your circuit, it is compatible with the breadboard.

It provides 5V or 3.3V from Input voltage 6 V to 12 V, you can change between 5V and 3.3V by
moving the connector as you can see below.
1.4 Circuit
Note:
In this guide we are going to use GND symbol and VCC symbol instead of using power supply
symbol.
So we use these symbols as wires connected to the power supply.

Schematic
Wiring diagram
1.5 Circuit Explanation

Red LED takes 2V, and it needs current 10-15 mA to be in a good brightness, so we cannot
connect it directly to 5V, we need a resistor in series with the LED.
To calculate the value of this resistor: 5 𝑉 − 2 𝑉 = 3 𝑉
Then we are going to use Ohm’s Law:

𝑉=𝐼×𝑅
3𝑉
𝑅 = 0.0125 𝐴
𝑅 = 240 Ω
And there is no standard resistor with this value, so we are going to use the closer one which is
220 Ω.
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If we calculate the current with 220 Ω resistor, it will be: 3 𝑉 ÷ 220 𝑉 = 0. 0136 𝐴 = 13. 6 𝑚𝐴
13.6 mA is in our range 10-15 mA
1.6 Example Picture
11

Lesson 2: Lighting Up an LED When Pressing a
Switch
2.1 Overview
This lesson is the same as the previous lesson, the only difference is that we are going to use a
push button to light up an LED.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x push Button

Push Button
Push buttons are simple components, we use it to control the circuit, if you press on it the
current will flow through it, if you release it, no current will flow through it.
Below you can see the schematic symbols.
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There are only two electrical connections inside the push button: pins B – C and A – D are
connected together.
2.4 Circuit
Schematic
13

Wiring diagram

This circuit is the same as the previous lesson, but we are going to add a push button in series,
so when you press on it, the current will flow through it then to the circuit.
2.6 Example Picture
14

Lesson 3: Blink LEDs With Transistors (Astable
Multivibrator)
3.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to flash two LEDs without push buttons.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
2 x 5mm red LED
2 x 220 Ω resistor
2 x 100 KΩ resistor
2 x 2N2222 NPN Transistor
2 x 10 uF Capacitor
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with three terminals.
15

In this guide we are going to use BJT type of transistors. There are two types of BJT which are
NPN and PNP, the terminals are Collector, Base and Emitter (C,B,E).
Below you can see the schematic symbols of NPN and PNP transistor.
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There are three operation modes for the transistor:
1. Cut-Off
In the Cut-Off mode IB = 0 , IC = 0.
Transistor does not connect anything.
2. Sauration
In the Saturation mode IB = High Value , IC = High as much as the source can give.
The transistor connects the higher current for the load.
3. Active Region
In the Active Region mode IB = Medium Value , IC = HFE . IB.
HFE = β = Gain of the Transistor.
If we use the transistor in Cut-Off and Saturation modes, it will be as a switch ON / OFF.
If we use the transistor in Active Region mode, it will be as an amplifier.
In this guide most of the circuits are going to be in the first two modes.
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In NPN transistors the base voltage should be higher than the emitter voltage by 0.7V to
turn the transistor ON.
In PNP transistors the base voltage should be lower than the emitter voltage by 0.7V to
turn the transistor ON.
For both of them: IC = IE - IB
Capacitor
A capacitor is an electronic device that stores electric energy. It is similar to a battery, but can be
smaller, lightweight and a capacitor charges or discharges much quicker.
Capacitors are usually made with two metal plates that are on top of each other and near each
other, but that do not actually touch. When powered, they allow energy to be stored inside an
electrical field. Because the plates need a lot of area to store even a small amount of charge,
the plates are usually rolled up into some other shape, such as a cylinder.Capacitors come in
many sizes.All capacitors have two connections, or leads.
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While capacitors can store energy, as batteries do, capacitors can release all their stored energy
very quickly.
Some types of capacitors are polarized like Electrolytic and some of them are not polarized like
Ceramic. Farad is the unit of capacitor, it is really a big value, it is rare to find a capacitor whose
value is near to 1 Farad.
The most common values for Capacitors are Microfarad(µF), Nanofarad(nF) and Picofarad(pF).
Microfarad = 10-6 Farad
Nanofarad = 10-9 Farad
Picofarad = 10-12 Farad
Below you can see an Electrolytic capacitor, it is easy to read its value, for example the one
below is 4700µF.
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Below you can see a Ceramic capacitor. its value is 10nF.
As you can see in the picture above the first 2 digits is the value in pF and the third one is the
multiplier so: 10 pF x 103 = 10 nF
Below you can see the schematic symbols.
3.4 Circuit
Schematic
20

Wiring diagram

We have two capacitors in this circuit so the circuit will charge and discharge them to make the
LEDs flashing, to understand how this circuit works let's suppose that C1 is already charged and
C2 is empty, C1 connected to the base of TR2, so this capacitor will make the transistor (TR2) in
the saturation mode and LED2 will light up, at the same time C2 will charge, it will get the
positive side through R1 and will get the negative side through TR2, until C2 gets fully charged
C1 will be empty, C2 connected to the base of TR1, so this capacitor will make the transistor
(TR1) in the saturation mode and LED1 will light up, at the same time C1 will charge, it will get
the positive side through R2 and will get the negative side through TR1, and so on.
Note:
If you want to change the time of flashing, there are two ways:
1. Changing R1 and R2 to a bigger value so the time of flashing will be longer, and vice versa.
2. Changing C1 and C2 to a bigger value so the time of flashing will be longer, and vice versa.
You can change them individually, for example you can change only R1 or C1 and you will get a
different time for each LED.
3.6 Example Picture
21

Lesson 4: Light up an LED in Darkness With
Transistor and Photoresistor
4.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to build a smart system, this circuit will light up an LED in the dark.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x Photoresistor (Photocell)

Photoresistor
We can say LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), it is simple to use, has only two terminals.
The resistance of the LDR will fall with increasing light intensity and vice versa.
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In the daylight we get around 1KΩ - 20KΩ, In the dark we get around 200KΩ - 1MΩ. Below you
can see the schematic symbol.
Note:
We designed the circuit in our light circumstances, so that it considers the light around 6KΩ and
it considers the dark around 600KΩ.
4.4 Circuit
Schematic
Wiring diagram
23

In this circuit we made a voltage divider using a 100 KΩ resistor and a Photoresistor (LDR).
We can use voltage divider law to calculate the output voltage in the daylight and in the dark.
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉 ·
𝑖𝑛
( 𝐿𝐷𝑅
𝐿𝐷𝑅 + 100 𝐾Ω )
In the dark: 𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 5𝑉 · ( 600 𝐾Ω
600 𝐾Ω + 100 𝐾Ω ) = 5𝑉 · 0. 86
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 4. 3 𝑉
In the daylight: 𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 5𝑉 · ( 6 𝐾Ω
6 𝐾Ω + 100 𝐾Ω ) = 5𝑉 · 0. 057
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 285 𝑉
In the daylight, voltage on the base of the transistor will be less than 0.7V so the transistor will
be in the Cut-Off mode, and the LED will be off. But in the dark, voltage on the base will be
higher than 0.7V so the transistor will be in the Saturation mode, and the LED will light up.
Note:
To calculate Rfixed which is 100KΩ, we need to achieve 3 conditions:
● 0. 7 𝑉 ≤ 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 in the dark
● 0. 7 𝑉 > 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
in the light
● The current of Vout should be more than 20µA in the dark because it is the base current. If
we consider the gain of the transistor “150”
○ 𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐵 · β = 20 𝑢𝐴 · 150
○ 𝐼𝐶 = 3𝑚𝐴
So we need at least 20 𝑢𝐴 on the base, to make the LED light up a little bit in the dark.
We are going to use the voltage divider law to achieve the first 2 conditions.
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The first condition:
0. 7 𝑉 ≤ 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 in the dark
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
≤𝑉 𝑖𝑛
· ( 𝐿𝐷𝑅
𝐿𝐷𝑅 + 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
)
If we considered 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 0. 7 𝑉 and LDR = 600KΩ
0. 7𝑉 ≤ 5𝑉 · ( 600𝐾Ω
600 𝐾Ω + 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
) , 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
≤ 3. 685𝑀Ω
The second condition:

0. 7 𝑉 > 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 in the dark
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
>𝑉 𝑖𝑛
· ( 𝐿𝐷𝑅
𝐿𝐷𝑅 + 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
)
If we considered 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 0. 7 𝑉 and LDR = 6KΩ
0. 7𝑉 > 5𝑉 · ( 6𝐾Ω
6 𝐾Ω + 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
)
, 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
> 36. 857𝐾Ω
So 3. 685𝑀Ω ≥ 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
> 36. 857𝐾Ω, but 3.685MΩ will not work, because it won’t give
enough current on the base to make the LED light up.
The third condition:

𝑉 − 0.7 𝑉 5 𝑉− 0.7 𝑉
𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
< 𝑖𝑛
20µ𝐴
,𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
< 20µ𝐴
,𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
< 215𝐾Ω
So 215 𝐾Ω > 𝑅 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑

> 36. 857𝐾Ω, thus, any value between 215KΩ and 36.857KΩ will
work.
4.6 Example Picture
25

Lesson 5: Transistor Touch Sensor
5.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a simple touch sensor.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x 2pcs Male Pin Header
5.3 Circuit
Schematic
Wiring diagram
26

When you touch the probes, the LED will light up.
So when you touch the probes, indeed you are making a resistor between 5V and the base of
the transistor (TR2),it will be in the Active Region because the IB(TR2) current is not enough to
make it in the saturation mode, so we will take the IC (TR2) current which is much higher to the
base of the transistor (TR1) through 10KΩ resistor.
5.5 Example Picture
27

Lesson 6: Flip Flop With Transistors
6.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a flip flop circuit using two transistors and two push buttons.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
2 x 5mm red LED
2 x 1 KΩ resistor
2 x push Button
6.3 Circuit
Schematic
28

Wiring diagram

when you click on the push button it will light up the farther LED and storage the value of each
one, to understand how this circuit works let’s suppose that LED1 is already lighting up, so
indeed there is a small current come through R2 to the base of TR1 to make it in the saturation
mode, maybe you ask why does not the same thing happens with TR2; the current coming
through LED1 has two ways, through R1 which indeed a big value, or through TR1 which is
much easier because it is already in the saturation mode and connected directly to GND.
29

When you press on S1 the current coming from R2 will go directly to GND, So TR1 will be in the
Cut-Off mode and LED1 will be off, so the current coming from LED1 (very small current) will go
through R1 to the base of TR2 and make it in the saturation mode, LED2 will light up.
6.5 Example Picture
30

Lesson 7: On / Off Touch Switch with Transistors
7.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a switch using two touch probes one is ON and the other
one is OFF.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x 2N2907 PNP Transistor
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
7.3 Circuit
Schematic
31

Wiring diagram

When you touch ON probes you are making a resistor between 5V and the base of TR2, when
TR2 works it will allow the current to go out from the base of TR1 (PNP transistor) so it will be in
the saturation mode and the LED will light up, but we need a feedback current to keep the LED
ON when you release your finger, we get this feedback through R1 resistor it will keep TR2 on
the Active Region mode and TR2 will keep TR1 on the Saturation mode.
When you touch OFF probes you are making a resistor between 5V and the base of TR4, when
TR4 works it will make TR3 on the saturation mode, when TR3 be on the saturation mode, it is
connected directly to GND so all of the Feedback current will go directly to GND, TR2 will be on
Cut-Off mode accordingly TR1 so the LED will turn OFF.
32

7.5 Example Picture
33

Lesson 8: Toggle Switch with Transistors
8.1 Overview
In this lesson we are coint to make a toggle switch using push button and transistors.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x push Button
1 x 2N2907 PNP Transistor
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
2 x 1 MΩ resistor
1 x 100 nF Capacitor
8.3 Circuit
Schematic
34

Wiring diagram

We have two modes for this circuit, to understand how this circuit works, let’s suppose the LED
is OFF, when the LED is OFF, the 100nF capacitor will be charged because it is connected to
5V through 2 MΩ resistors and connected directly to GND (All of the transistors are in
Cut-Off mode).
When you press on the push button, the current will flow from the capacitor to the base of
TR2, it will be in the saturation mode, immediately TR1 will be in the saturation mode too,
because the current will start to flow from the base of TR1(PNP) to the collector of TR2, we
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get a Feedback line from the collector of TR1 to the base of TR2 and TR3 so all of the
transistors will be in the saturation mode and the LED will light up, we use TR3 to discharge
the capacitor and make sure that it is empty.
When you press on the push button again, the Feedback signal which is making TR2 in the
saturation mode will go directly to the capacitor, so TR2 will be in the Cut-Off mode,
accordingly TR1 and TR3, the LED will turn OFF,and the capacitor will charge again.
8.5 Example Picture
36

Lesson 9: LED Flasher with NE555
9.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to use NE555, to make LED flasher.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 10 uF Capacitor

NE555 Timer
We call it a 555 timer because there are three 5kΩ resistors inside of it, as you can see in the
block diagram below.
37

You can take a look on the block diagram, and it is okay if you do not understand it well.
Let us take a look at the pins of NE555:

1- Ground: We connect it to the GND.
2- Trigger: When the voltage falls at this pin, the Output pin (3) goes high and a timing interval
starts.
3- Output: We call this output Push-Pull, because when it is high, it will give 5V, when it is low, it
will give GND.
4- Reset: Timing interval will Reset if we connect this pin to GND, and it will not start again until
the voltage on this goes to 0.7V or higher.
5- Control: It is connected to the internal voltage divider (three 5kΩ resistors), but in this lesson
we will not use this pin, so we connect it to the GND using a small value capacitor, so we ensure
if there is any noise will go directly to GND.
6- Threshold: If the voltage on this pin is higher than Control pin (5), the timing interval ends.
7- Discharge: We use this pin to discharge the capacitor.
8- VCC: We connect it to 5V.
Below you can see the numbering of NE555 timer pins.
38

Below you can see the schematic symbol.
9.4 Circuit
Schematic
39

Wiring diagram

In this circuit we connected the pins 4 and 8 to 5V (it is okay if we did not connect pin 4), we
connected pin 5 to a 100nF capacitor to remove the noise through it to GND if exists (it is okay if
we remove it), pin 1 to GND, pin 3 to a resistor then to the LED, to understand how this circuit
works,let us suppose that C1 is empty, so the voltage on pin 2 is almost zero, the led will light
up, when the output is high, pin 7 will be almost 5V on it so C1 will start to charge.
When the capacitor gets charged the voltage on pin 2 will be high, so the output will be zero, the
LED will turn OFF, and pin 7 will be 0V so the capacitor will discharge.
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When the capacitor gets almost empty, the voltage on pin 2 will be low, so the LED will light up,
and the capacitor will recharge because the voltage on pin 7 is almost 5V, and so on.
Note:
1- Changing R1 to a bigger value so the time of flashing will be longer, and vice versa.
2- Changing C1 to a bigger value so the time of flashing will be longer, and vice versa.
9.6 Example Picture
41

Lesson 10: Dual LED Flasher with NE555
10.1 Overview
This Lesson is the same as the previous Lesson, the only difference is that we are going to flash
two LEDs.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 5mm blue LED
2 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 10 uF Capacitor
10.3 Circuit
Schematic
42

Wiring diagram

we remove it), pin 1 to GND, pin 3 to a resistor and a red LED, to understand how this circuit
works, let us suppose that C1 is empty, so the voltage on pin 2 is almost zero, the output is high,
pin 7 will be almost 5V on it so C1 will start to charge, and the blue LED will light up, because it
is already connected to GND, it is in need only to 5V to light up.
43

When the capacitor gets charged the voltage on pin 2 will be high, so the output will be GND (it
is a Push-Pull output), the blue LED will turn OFF and the red LED will light up, because it is
already connected to 5V through 220Ω resistor, it is in need only to GND to light up, and pin 7
will be 0V so the capacitor will discharge.
When the capacitor gets almost empty, the voltage on pin 2 will be low, so the blue LED will light
up and the red LED will turn OFF, and the capacitor will recharge because the voltage on pin 7
is almost 5V, and so on.
10.5 Example Picture
44

Lesson 11: RGB LED Flasher in Two Colors
11.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a flasher using RGB LED.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x RGB LED Common Cathode
2 x 220 Ω resistor
2 x 10 uF Capacitor

RGB LED
It is the same as the normal LED, but there are three LEDs inside of it (Red, Green and Blue).
All of the LEDs are sharing the Cathode or the Anode, so there are four terminals for the three
LEDs, below you can see the schematic symbols for both of them.
45

Indeed you can get any color you want by mixing those three colors.
11.4 Circuit
Schematic
46

Wiring diagram

We have two capacitors in this circuit so the circuit will charge and discharge them to make the
RGB LED flashing, to understand how this circuit works let's suppose that C1 is already charged
and C2 is empty, C1 connected to the base of TR1, so this capacitor will make the transistor
(TR1) in the saturation mode and Green LED will light up.
At the same time C2 will recharge, it will get the positive side through R2 and will get the
negative side through TR1.
47

Until C2 gets fully charged C1 will be empty, C2 connected to the base of TR2, so this capacitor
will make the transistor (TR2) in the saturation mode and Blue LED will light up, at the same
time C1 will recharge, it will get the positive side through R1 and will get the negative side
through TR2, and so on.
Note:
1- Changing R1 and R2 to a bigger value so the time of flashing will be longer, and vice versa.
2- Changing C1 and C2 to a bigger value so the time of flashing will be longer, and vice versa.
You can change them individually, for example you can change only R1 or C1 and you will get a
different time for each LED.
48

Lesson 12: Up/Down Fading LED with NE555
12.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to fade an LED up and down.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 5mm blue LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 1 MΩ resistor
2 x 10 uF Capacitor
12.3 Circuit
Schematic
49

Wiring diagram

we remove it), pin 1 to GND, pin 3 to a 1 MΩ resistor then to the base of the transistor, to
understand how this circuit works,let us suppose that C1 is empty, so the voltage on pin 2 is
almost zero, so the output is high, pin 7 will be almost 5V on it so C1 will start to charge, and the
transistor won’t be directly ON, because the current will prefer to go to C3 (empty capacitor) and
it will start to charge, when the voltage starts to be 0.7V the transistor will be in the Active
region, and the LED will start to light up, the more C3 charges, the more IB on the base of the
transistor we get, so the LED will increase the brightness.
50

When C1 gets charged the voltage on pin 2 will be high, so the output will be zero, and pin 7 will
be 0V so the capacitor (C1) will discharge, but the LED won't turn OFF, because C3 is charged,
so it will give IB to the base of the transistor and the LED will stay ON, but the capacitor (C3) will
start to get empty so the LED will decrease the brightness.
When C1 gets almost empty, the voltage on pin 2 will be low, so the output will be high, and the
capacitor (C1) will recharge because the voltage on pin 7 is almost 5V, C3 will start to recharge,
the LED will start to light up, and so on.
51

Lesson 13: RGB LED with NE555
13.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to use the circuit in the previous lesson, but we are going to use
three of it at the same time, so we will be able to fade RGB LED Up/Down.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
3 x NE555 Timer
1 x RGB LED Common Cathode
3 x 220 Ω resistor
3 x 10 KΩ resistor
3 x 1 MΩ resistor
4 x 10 uF Capacitor
1 x 4.7 uF Capacitor
52

13.3 Circuit
Schematic
53

Wiring diagram

To make this circuit easy to understand, it is almost the same as the previous lesson, we copy it
three times, and change the frequency for each NE555, (R1, R2, R3) are 1MΩ, but C1 is 10uF,
C2 is 4.7uF, C3 is 2.2uF, so we have a different frequency for each output.
The first one which is connected with the red LED, it is the slower one, then the second one
which is connected to the green LED, and the third one which is connected to the blue LED, it is
the faster one.
So each LED will go from dark to full brightness then go back to dark, each one has its
frequency.
54

Lesson 14: Bistable Button Controlled Flip/Flop with
NE555
14.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to make a bistable circuit using the NE555 timer.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
2 x 10 KΩ resistor
2 x push Button
14.3 Circuit
Schematic
55

Wiring diagram

When you turn the circuit ON, the LED should be OFF, when you click on the SET push button,
the LED should light up, when the voltage falls at the Trigger pin, the Output pin goes high, and
a timing interval starts.
56

When you click on the RESET push button, the LED should turn off, when the voltage falls at
Reset pin, the timing interval will Reset, and the Output pin goes low.
57

Lesson 15: Toggle Switch with NE555
15.1 Overview
In this lesson we will learn how to use the push button as a toggle switch.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 220 Ω resistor
2 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x push Button
15.3 Circuit
Schematic
58

Wiring diagram

At the first time when you turn the circuit ON, C1 will be empty, it gets the negative side directly
from GND, and the positive side from the Output pin(3), when you click on the push button, the
voltage falls at Trigger pin, so the Output pin goes high.
The LED will light up, and the capacitor C1 will charge.
59

So now the capacitor is fully charged, when you click on the push button again, the voltage goes
high at the Trigger pin, so the Output pin goes low.
60

The capacitor will be empty again, the LED will turn OFF, and so on.
61

Lesson 16: Single Tone Buzzer with NE555
16.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to make a simple tone buzzer using NE555.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x Active Buzzer
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 10 uF Capacitor

We have two types of buzzers: Active Buzzer, Passive buzzer.
Both of them have two leads, positive and negative.
The difference between them is that Active Buzzer is able to generate only a sound, but Passive
Buzzer is able to generate many sounds spending on the frequency.
62

16.4 Circuit
Schematic
Wiring diagram
63

we remove it), pin 1 to GND, pin 3 to the Active Buzzer, to understand how this circuit works,let
us suppose that C1 is empty, so the voltage on pin 2 is almost zero, the Buzzer will makes a
sound, when the output is high, pin 7 will be almost 5V on it, so C1 will start to charge.
Buzzer will turn OFF, and pin 7 will be 0V so the capacitor will discharge.
64

When the capacitor gets almost empty, the voltage on pin 2 will be low, so the Buzzer will make
a sound, and the capacitor will recharge because the voltage on pin 7 is almost 5V, and so on.
65

Lesson 17: Traffic Light with NE555
17.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a Traffic Light using NE555.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
2 x NE555 Timer
2 x 10 KΩ resistor
2 x 1 MΩ resistor
1 x 330 Ω resistor
3 x 220 Ω resistor
2 x 10 uF Capacitor
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 5mm yellow LED
1 x 5mm green LED
17.3 Circuit
Schematic
66

Wiring diagram

To understand this circuit, let’s partition it in two parts, the first one is in the blue square, and the
second one is in the green square.
In the first part, when the output is OFF, the red LED will light up and it is connected to 5V, it is
only in need to GND.
67

When C1 and C2 gets empty, red LED will turn OFF, and the second part will start working,
because the output of NE555(1) is connected to the base of 2N2222 NPN Transistor, and the
transistor will activate the second part.
When the second part is activated, the green LED will light up, it is already connected to GND, it
is only in need to 5V.
68

When C3 gets charged, the green LED will turn OFF, and the yellow LED will light up. It is
connected to 5V, it is only in need to GND. When C1 and C2 get charged, the second part will
turn OFF, and the red LED will light up, and so on.
Note:
We added 2.2 uF capacitor(C2) in parallel with 10 uF capacitor(C1), to make the frequency of
NE555(1) lower than NE555(2), so the time of NE555(1) is bigger because F = 1 / T.
So we ensure when red LED is OFF, green LED and yellow LED will light up respectively, before
rel LED will light up again.
69

Lesson 18: Short Beep
18.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a Short beep sound using NE555.

1 x BreadBoard Power Supply
1 x 9V Battery
1 x BreadBoard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 1 MΩ resistor
1 x Active Buzzer
1 x Diode

Diode
Diode has two terminals: Anode, Cathode.
70

It allows the current to pass from Anode to Cathode, and it is blocking it in the other direction.
18.4 Circuit
Schematic
71

Wiring diagram

we remove it), pin 1 to GND, pin 3 to the Active Buzzer, to understand how this circuit works,let
us suppose that C1 is empty, so the voltage on pin 2 is almost zero, the Buzzer will makes a
sound, when the output is high, pin 7 will be almost 5V on it, so C1 will start to charge through
R2 because it is lower than R1, so the current will prefer it.
Buzzer will turn OFF, and pin 7 will be 0V so the capacitor will discharge through R1, even
though it is bigger than R2 but the diode will block the current.
72

When the capacitor gets almost empty, the voltage on pin 2 will be low, so the Buzzer will make
a sound, and the capacitor will recharge because the voltage on pin 7 is almost 5V, and so on.
In this circuit we created a path to charge C1, and a different path to discharge C1.
73

Lesson 19: Audio Tone/Siren with NE555
19.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to make a siren audio using NE555.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
2 x NE555 Timer
1 x Passive Buzzer
5 x 10 KΩ resistor
2 x 10 uF Capacitor
19.3 Circuit
Schematic
74

Wiring diagram

As you already know, the passive buzzer needs different frequencies on the input to generate
different sounds.
We used low R5 (10k) and low C3 (100nF) with NE555(2) so we are going to get high frequency
on the output of NE555(2), but it is constant, to make it in 2 different sounds we used NE555(1)
and connect its output to pin 5 of NE555(2), so we have access to the internal voltage divider of
NE555(2) so we are going to change the output frequency of NE555(2) almost each 0.5
Second, and therefore the sound of the buzzer.
75

Lesson 20: Controlling a DC motor Speed with PWM
Using a Potentiometer
20.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to control the speed of a DC motor.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 1 KΩ resistor
1 x 2 KΩ resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 10 uF Capacitor
2 x Diode
1 x DC Motor
1 x Propeller
1 x 10 k Potentiometer
20.3 Circuit
Schematic
76

Wiring diagram
20.4 PWM (Pulse width modulation)

We use PWM to control the speed of the motor or the brightness of an LED for example, it is a
square wave in a high frequency, there are two main values for PWM which are frequency, duty
cycle.
A duty cycle is the fraction of one period in which a voltage is high.
For example if you have 5V on the input, and the duty cycle is 0, so you will get 0V on the
output, but if the duty cycle is 25% you will get 1.25V on the output and so on.
In our case frequency will be constant, we are going to modify the duty cycle.
77

In this circuit we used a small value for C1 which is 100 nF, in addition to the small value of the
potentiometer which is 10K, so we will get high frequency on the output (pin 3).
To modify the duty cycle we created paths to charge and discharge the capacitor (C1).
Charging path
78

Discharging path
So by modifying the potentiometer you are changing the time of charging and discharging the
capacitor(c1) and therefore the duty cycle.
79

Lesson 21: Break Beam Detector Buzzer with NE555
and Photoresistor
21.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to make a Break beam detector circuit.

1 x BreadBoard Power Supply
1 x 9V Battery
1 x BreadBoard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x Passive Buzzer
1 x 5mm white LED
3 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x Photoresistor
1 x 10 uF Capacitor
21.3 Circuit
You should put the LED and the LDR in front of each other.
80

Schematic
Wiring diagram

In this circuit we used a passive buzzer, so we used NE555 to generate high frequency output
on pin 3. But we did not connect pin 1 directly to GND, instead we connected it to the collector
of TR1, so the buzzer will not generate a sound till TR1 be in the saturation mode.
We used the LDR and 10k (R3) resistor to make a voltage divider, and the output of the voltage
divider goes to the base of TR2 amplifies the signal then sends it through its emitter to the base
of TR1.
There are two situations for this circuit, the first one when nothing between the LED and the
LDR.
81

As you already know, in the light we get low resistance for the LDR.
So most of the 5V will be on R3, and TR2 will be on Cut-OFF mode therefore TR1 so NE555 will
be OFF because it needs GND to work, so no sound on the passive buzzer.
But if you put something between the LDR and the LED, for example a paper or your finger,
here is the second situation, it will be dark on the LDR, so we will get high resistance for the
LDR, so most of the 5V will be on the LDR, TR2 will be on Saturation mode therefore TR1 so
NE555 will be ON, so the passive buzzer will generate a sound.
82

83

Lesson 22: Light Reactive Theremin with NE555,
Photoresistor and Buzzer
22.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to make light reactive theremin with NE555, LDR and
buzzer.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x Passive Buzzer
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x Photoresistor
1 x 10 uF Capacitor
22.3 Circuit
Schematic
84

Wiring diagram

In this circuit we used a small capacitor 100nF (C1), so we are going to get a high frequency on
the output, and we used Photoresistor instead of using a resistor, so we get a resistance
between 6KΩ - 600KΩ, so the output’s frequency will change depends on how much light on the
Photoresistor.
The more light we have Photoresistor, the more high frequency we get on the output and vice
versa.
85

Lesson 23: Doorbell
23.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to learn how to make a Doorbell.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
2 x NE555 Timer
1 x 1 MΩ resistor
3 x 10 KΩ resistor
3 x 1 KΩ resistor
1 x 1 uF Capacitor
1 x push Button
1 x Passive Buzzer
86

23.3 Circuit
Schematic
Wiring diagram
87

To understand this circuit, let’s partition it in two parts, the first one is in the green square, and
the second one is in the blue square.
We used NE555(2) to generate high frequency, but it will not work until TR1 gets in the
saturation mode, the base of TR1 is connected to the output of NE555(1).
The first part is a delay circuit, when you press on the push button you are activating TR3, so
you will connect pic 2 to GND, therefore the output will be high, until C3 gets fully charged the
output will turn OFF.
Indeed you get two different frequencies on the output of NE555(2), the first one when you click
on the push button, you are activating NE555(1) therefore NE555(2), and connecting pin 5 of
NE555(2) to 5V through TR2, so we get a different frequency, but when you release the push
button, it will continue in the other frequency, so you will get two different sounds.
88

Lesson 24: Timer / Delay
24.1 Overview
In this lesson we are going to make a timer circuit using NE555.

1 x 9V Battery
1 x Breadboard 830p
1 x NE555 Timer
1 x 5mm red LED
1 x 1 MΩ resistor
1 x 10 KΩ resistor
1 x 220 Ω resistor
1 x push Button
89

24.3 Circuit
Schematic
90

Wiring diagram

To understand how this circuit works, let us take a close look at pins 2, 6 and 7.
When you press on the push button you are making a low voltage on pin 2, so the output will
activate therefore the LED will light up, and the capacitor C1 will start to charge.
When the capacitor C1 gets almost fully charged it will be high voltage on pin 6, so the output
will turn OFF, so the capacitor will discharge through pin 7.
91

Note:
If you want to change the delay of the timer, there are two ways:
1- Changing R1 to a bigger value so the delay of the timer will be longer, and vice versa.
2- Changing C1 to a bigger value so the delay of the timer will be longer, and vice versa.
92

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Electronics

Electronics Starter Kit r.00 www.plusivo.com

Lesson 1: Lighting up an LED 5

Lesson 2: Lighting up an LED When Pressing a Switch 12

Lesson 3: Blink LEDs With Transistors (Astable Multivibrator) 15

Lesson 4: Light up an LED in Darkness With Transistor and Photoresistor 22

Lesson 5: Transistor Touch Sensor 26

Lesson 6: Flip Flop With Transistors 28

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Lesson 8: Toggle Switch with Transistors 34

Lesson 9: LED Flasher with NE555 37

Lesson 10: Dual LED Flasher with NE555 42

Lesson 11: RGB LED Flasher in Two Colors 45

Lesson 12: Up/Down Fading LED with NE555 49

Lesson 13: RGB LED with NE555 52

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Lesson 14: Bistable Button Controlled Flip/Flop with NE555 55

Lesson 15: Toggle Switch with NE555 58

Lesson 16: Single Tone Buzzer with NE555 62

Lesson 17: Traffic Light with NE555 66

Lesson 18: Short Beep 70

Lesson 19: Audio Tone/Siren with NE555 74

Lesson 20: Controlling a DC Motor Speed with PWM Using a Potentiometer 76

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Lesson 23: Doorbell 86

Lesson 24: Timer/Delay 89

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Lesson 1: Lighting Up an LED

1.2 Components Required

1.3 Component Introduction

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Below you can see the schematic symbol.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

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There are three ways to determine the positive leg:

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Breadboard Power Supply

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So we use these symbols as wires connected to the power supply.

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1.5 Circuit Explanation

To calculate the value of this resistor: 5 𝑉 − 2 𝑉 = 3 𝑉

Then we are going to use Ohm’s Law:

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1.6 Example Picture

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2.2 Components Required

2.3 Component Introduction

Below you can see the schematic symbols.

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2.5 Circuit Explanation

2.6 Example Picture

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3.2 Components Required

3.3 Component Introduction

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In the Cut-Off mode IB = 0 , IC = 0.

Transistor does not connect anything.

The transistor connects the higher current for the load.

In the Active Region mode IB = Medium Value , IC = HFE . IB.

HFE = β = Gain of the Transistor.

If we use the transistor in Active Region mode, it will be as an amplifier.