School of Engineering & Technology

LAB MANUAL

HARDWARE & NETWORKING

II Semester

B. Tech. (Computer Science & Engineering Group)

(2021-2022)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction to PC Hardware

a. RAM, ROM, Motherboard, SMPS, Processor

2. Hardware installation and assembly of PC

a. Desktop

b. Laptop

3. PC debugging, troubleshooting and Maintenance

4. Software installation and Configuration

a. Installation of operating System (Windows, Linux/UNIX, Server)

b. Basic utility and maintenance software

5. Working and functioning of different Buses, I/O Ports, graphic cards.

6. Installation of printer / modem /scanner and other input and output devices.

7. Configuring BIOS set up, Recovery, Preventive maintenance & Anti-Virus

8. Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired cable and
straight through cable using clamping tool

9. Configuring and Practically implement Network Devices

a. Repeater

b. Hub

c. Switch

d. Bridge

e. Router

f. Gate Way

10. Install and Configure Wired and Wireless NIC and transfer files between systems in LAN and
Wireless LAN.

11. Connect the computers in Local Area Network.

12. Transfer files between systems in LAN using FTP Configuration, install Print server in a LAN and
share the printer in a network

13. Installation of Ms Office 200x.

1. Introduction to PC Hardware
a. RAM, ROM, Motherboard, SMPS, Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

"The CPU or processor is the "brain" of the computer. It performs all the operations that the computer
does, from simple encoding of text to complex rendering of video. So, the faster the speed of your
processor, the faster your computer will run." The most well-known processors are made by Intel and
include the Celeron, Pentium, and Core (i3,i5,i7, etc).

Random Access Memory

"Usually referred to as 'memory', RAM is second to the CPU in determining your computer's
performance. It temporarily stores your computer's activities until they are transferred and stored
permanently in your hard disk when you shut down or restart." RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB), and
the average modern computer has between 4-8 GB of RAM. The more RAM your computer has, the
faster it runs (up to a point).
Hard Disk Drive

"The hard disk drive, more commonly known as the hard drive or hard disk, is where all data and
programs are stored in your computer permanently, unless you delete them. Generally speaking, a hard
disk with a higher capacity is always better."

Motherboard

The motherboard is a large circuit board that connects all the parts of the computer, including the hard
disk drive, CPU, and RAM. The motherboard is like the nervous system in your body - it distributes signals
to and from all the parts and helps coordinate their activities.
Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that converts power using switching
devices that are turned on and off at high frequencies, and storage components such as inductors or
capacitors to supply power when the switching device is in its non-conduction state. Switching power
supplies have high efficiency and are widely used in a variety of electronic equipment, including
computers and other sensitive equipment requiring stable and efficient power supply.
2. Hardware installation and assembly of PC (Desktop / Laptop)

Step 1: Procuring Parts

First you will need to buy the parts necessary to build the computer. The parts we will use in this project
are labeled in figure 1:

1. Processor (CPU)
2. Computer Case
3. Optical Drive (DVD RW and SATA capable)
4. Memory (RAM)
5. Power Supply
6. SATA Cables
7. Motherboard (SATA Capable)
8. Processor Fan
9. Case Fan
10. Hard Drive (SATA Capable)
11. Assortment of case and drive screws (Not Pictured)

Most, if not all of these parts can be bought together in what is known as a “barebones kit”. In this
instance, the case, motherboard, cpu, hard drive, and memory were bought together from
tigerdirect.com as a barebones kit for around $200. The DVD drive and cables were purchased from
newegg.com for less than $30 before shipping. There is an obvious financial advantage to buying parts
bundled together, but less obvious is the benefit you will realize from the amount of time you save trying
to research parts compatibility.

Step 2: Gather Tools and Supplies

Gather the tools you will need for the project:

• Screwdriver (for slotted and Phillips head screws)
• Wire cutters and strippers
• Needle-nosed pliers
• Utility knife
• Small flashlight
• Adjustable wrench
• Small container to hold screws
• Heat sink compound
• Grounding Strap

You may not use every single one of these tools in every installation, but it is best to have all of them
on hand in case you have a use for them.
Step 3: Open the Case

Open the computer case by removing the side panels. Find the screws that hold the side panels in
place and remove them (shown in figure 3 circled in red). The panel is removed by first sliding it back
(figure 4) then lifting it away from the case (figure 5).

Step 4: Prepare the Case for Assembly

Three things need to be done before assembly begins:
• Remove any parts or packaging materials that may have been shipped inside the case (figure
6).
• Remove the cover for the optical drive. On our case, we will be removing the cover on the
highest drive bay to mount our DVD drive as shown in figure 7. Do this by pressing in the
retaining tabs shown in figure 8.
• Make note of the cables pre-installed in the case. These should be front panel connections for
features such as the power switch, audio jacks and usb ports. If they are not labeled, consult
the manufacturer’s documentation and label them yourself now before other parts are
installed in the case (figure 8).

Step 6: Install Motherboard

To install the motherboard we need parts that should have been included with your purchased
components:
• I/O Bezel is a trim panel installed in the back of the case that surrounds the interface ports on
the motherboard. It should be included with the motherboard. Figure 12 shows the contents of
the motherboard box.
• Standoffs are installed in the case screw holes to create a riser that separates the case and
motherboard. The screws install into the standoffs as shown in figure 13. Screws and standoffs
should be included with the case, but it is a good idea to order these items just in case they
aren't included.
Follow these steps to install the motherboard in the case:
1. Install the I/O bezel plate into the opening in the back of the case (figure 14). It pushes in from
the inside.
2. Install standoffs in the case. The standoffs screw into the motherboard mounting holes shown
in figure 14. Check the screw hole locations on the motherboard for exact placement.
3. Lower the motherboard into the case and align with the I/O bezel.
4. Install the screws.
Figure 15 shows the motherboard installed in the case. It works best to leave the screws loose until all
of them have been started and the board is aligned with the bezel.
Step 7: Install Hard Drive

The hard drive is the device that stores all of your data. It is 3.5" wide and needs to be mounted so that
you can gain access to the cable connections on the back (figure 16). If that is not possible you may
need to connect cables before you install the drive. To mount the drive:

1. Find a 3.5" drive bay to install the drive in. If you have trouble finding a place to mount the
drive consult your case documentation for suggestions.
2. Slide the drive into place until the screw holes on the sides are lined up with the holes in the
case.
3. Install the screws.

Step 8: Install Optical Drive

The optical drive is 5.25" wide and is installed in the drive bay that we removed the cover from in a
previous step. Cable access considerations apply to this drive also. To install the drive:

1. Slide the drive into the drive bay until the screw holes are lined up and the front of the drive is
flush with the front of the case (figure 18). Make sure that it is orientated correctly.
2. Install the screws.

Step 9: Install the CPU

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is installed on the motherboard in the socket shown in figure
20. To install the CPU:

1. Find the corner marking that designates pin 1 of the CPU as shown in figure 19. On this AMD
brand processor, the corner is marked with an arrow. Consult the manufacturer's
documentation for specific information about your processor.
 2. Lift the small metal rod next to the socket as shown in figure 20.
3. Find the corresponding marking on the CPU socket and insert the CPU so that the markings are
lined up.
4. Push the rod down to lock the processor in place (figure 21).

Step 10: Install RAM

The RAM is the temporary memory location that the processor works from. Permanently stored data is
pulled from disks and stored in RAM while the processor works with it. The memory is easy to install:

1. Set the RAM board in the socket as shown in figure 22. Check to see that the notch in the
board is in the correct location. If it is not, turn it around 180º.
2. Press firmly on both ends of the board to set it into the socket. Make sure the tabs lock into
place as shown in figure 23.
Caution: Pressing the boards in when the tab is not aligned could cause damage to the RAM boards as
well as the motherboard.
Step 11: Install the CPU Fan

The CPU fan is really a combination of a heat sink and fan together. The unit draws heat away from the
CPU . To install the fan:
1. Place thermal compound to the CPU following the instructions provided with the compound.
2. Set the fan assembly on the CPU with mounting tabs aligned.
3. Pull the locking rod down on the fan assembly to lock into place.
4. Connect the fan assembly's power connector to the motherboard. Consult the manual to
determine proper placement.

Step 12: Install Case Fan

The case fan is usually installed on the back panel of the case. If the fan mount is not obvious consult
the case documentation. To mount the fan:

1. Align the mounting holes by holding the fan to the mounting pad on the inside of the case as
shown in figure 25. The fan needs to be mounted so that it blows air out of the case.
2. Insert the screws from the outside of the case and tighten.

Step 13: Install Power Supply

Consult your case documentation for details and then follow these directions to install the power
supply:
 1. Align the mounting holes in the case and power supply as shown in figure 26.
2. Insert screws and tighten.

Step 14: Connect Cables

With all of the components installed in the case, the jungle of wires can be daunting. It is important to
consult the motherboard manual in order to make sure proper connections are made. There are two
kinds of connections, power and data.
• Every device that has been installed needs power. In figure 27, the power supply connectors
are shown. The motherboard has two power connections, and there are two connectors
specifically for SATA devices (drives). The other connectors will run fans and other non-SATA
devices.
• Data cables connect drives and front panel devices to the motherboard. Please consult the
motherboard documentation for the exact placement of connectors.

Step 15: Wrap-up

Now that the components are completely installed, the last thing to do is to reinstall the side panels on
the case. The computer is now ready to be turned on and to have software loaded on it. If the
computer has problems starting up, check all component connections and mounting to make sure that
you have hooked everything up correctly. Consult individual component manuals for specific
troubleshooting information if problems persist.
4. Software installation and Configuration
a. Installation of operating System (Windows)
Booting to the Windows 10 Installer

Make sure your Windows 10 installation media is connected. In order for you to install Windows
10, your Windows 10 installation file must be loaded onto a disc or flash drive, and the disc or flash
drive must be inserted into your computer.

If you haven't yet downloaded the Windows 10 installation tool, follow the instructions from this
Microsoft support page: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10

Open the Start menu. Either click the Windows icon in the bottom-left corner of the screen, or
press the ⊞ Win key.

Click the power icon. This is the circle with a line through its top that's in the bottom-left corner of
the Start window.
4

Click Restart. It's in the pop-up menu above the power icon. Doing so will restart your computer.

Press and hold Del or F2 to enter setup. This key may also be a different key—most computers will
display a message on startup that says "Press [key] to enter setup" or something similar, so look for
this message when your computer restarts to confirm the key you should press to access the BIOS.

Navigate to the Boot tab. You'll use the arrow keys to select it.

• The Boot tab may instead say Boot Options, depending on your computer's
manufacturer.
7

Select a device from which to boot. You have a couple of options here:

• For a USB flash drive, select the Removable Devices option.

• For a disc installation, select the CD-ROM Drive option.

Press the + key until your boot option is first. Once either Removable Devices or CD-ROM Drive is
at the top of the list, your computer will select your choice as its default boot option.

• On some computers, you'll instead press one of the function keys (e.g., F5) to navigate an
option up to the top of the menu. The key will be listed on the right side of the screen.

Save your settings. You should see a key prompt (e.g., F10) at the bottom of the screen that
correlates to "Save and Exit"; pressing it should save your settings and restart your computer.

• You may have to press ↵ Enter to confirm the changes.

10

Wait for your computer to restart. Once your computer finishes restarting, you'll see a window
here with your geographical data. You're now ready to begin setting up your Windows 10
installation.
Part2

Installing

Click Next when prompted. You can also change the options on this page (e.g., the setup language)
before continuing if need be.

Click Install Now. It's in the middle of the window.

3

Enter your Windows 10 key, then click Next. If you don't have a Windows 10 key, instead
click Skip in the bottom-right corner of the screen.

Click the "Accept" box and click Next. This will indicate that you accept the terms of use.
5

Click Upgrade. It's at the top of the "Which type of installation do you want?" window. This option
installs Windows 10 while preserving your files, apps, and settings.

• You can click Custom instead to clean install Windows 10 on your computer. Doing so will
prompt you to select a partition to format before continuing.

Wait for Windows 10 to install. This process may take anywhere from half an hour to several
hours, depending on your computer's previous operating system and processing speed.

• If prompted to press a key in order to boot from a CD, do not press a key.
• 7

Follow the on-screen setup instructions. Once Windows 10 has been installed on your computer,
you'll be able to customize its settings (e.g., your region, your preferred language, location settings,
etc.). Once you finish this process, you will be taken to your computer's desktop.

• You can also click Express Settings to set up Windows 10 with the recommended
settings.
4. Software installation and Configuration
b. Installation of operating System (Linux)
Repeat steps 1-3 as in previous exercise and boot your PC with a Linux Bootable Drive.

1. Wait for the Linux installation window to appear. Once your computer finishes restarting and
you're back at the desktop, you should see the installation window appear. This will usually
happen within a few minutes.

• Depending on your security settings, you may need to log into your computer before the
desktop appears.

• If you're using a USB flash drive and the Linux installation window doesn't appear,
restart your computer and open the BIOS, then find the "Boot Order" section, select the
USB drive option (usually Removable Devices) with the arrow keys, and press
the + button to move the USB flash drive to the top.

Select a language, then click Continue. Click the language that you want to use for Ubuntu, then
click Continue in the bottom-right corner.
3

Click Install Ubuntu. It's on the right side of the window.

Check both boxes on the "Preparing to install Ubuntu" page. Check the "Download updates while
installing Ubuntu" box and the "Install third-party software for graphics..." box.
5

Click Continue. It's in the bottom-right corner of the window.

Check the "Erase disk and install Ubuntu" box. This option is at the top of the window.
7

Click Install Now. It's in the bottom-right corner.

Click Continue when prompted. Doing so will begin the Ubuntu installation process.
8

Select a region, then click Continue. Click a time zone block on the world map to select a region.

Select a keyboard layout, then click Continue. To do this, click a language on the left side of the
window, then click a version of the language (e.g., US) on the right side.
10

Enter your user information. Fill out the following fields:

• Your name - Your first and last name.

• Your computer's name - The name that you want your computer to use. Make sure that
this isn't too complicated.

• Pick a username - Type in a username that you'd like to use for your Ubuntu profile.

• Choose a password - Enter a password. This is what you'll use to sign into your
computer.

• Confirm your password - Re-enter the password.

11

Select a login option. Check either "Log in automatically" or "Require my password to log in" in the
middle of the page.

12

Click Continue.

13

Click Restart Now when prompted. Doing so will bring up a screen on which you can select your
preferred operating system (e.g., Ubuntu or Windows).
14

Select Ubuntu and press ↵ Enter. This will boot your computer into Ubuntu Linux rather than
opening Windows again. You now have Linux installed on your Windows computer.
5. Working and functioning of different Buses, I/O Ports, graphic cards.
To learn about different ports and how to connect devices to them. This diagram shows different
ports available on the back panel of the PC.

Parallel port (LPT parallel port):

As shown in the diagram parallel port with 25-pins can be used to connect a parallel port printer.
Previously dot matrix, ink jet, bubble jet printers etc were connected to parallel port. Now a days
parallel port is used to connect Dot-Matrix printers.

Serial port:
As shown in the diagram serial ports with 9-pins protruding outwards can be used to connect
modem but it can also be used for connecting mouse, provided serial port mouse is available.
VGA Port:
VGA port which has 15-pins is used to connect a monitor.

PS/2 Port:
Two 6-pin PS/2 ports are there, one is violet to which keyboard is connected and other is Light
green to which mouse is connected.

USB Port:
Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple — you find the USB connector on the back of your
machine and plug the USB connector into it. USB ports are used to connect to Inkjet printers, Web
Cams, Scanners etc.

Ethernet Port:
Ethernet port is used to connect a computer on network through RJ-45 connector.

Game Port:
Game Port is used to connect joystick, which is usually used in video games.
Three more ports are available for multimedia connections. Green port is used connect speakers,
blue port is used to connect headphones and light Orange is used to connect microphone.

Sound card:
A sound card or audio board, which allows computers to output audio signals through speakers
and or headphones.

Video card:
The video card is responsible for creating all that you see on your computer monitor.
 Network card:
This piece of hardware allows your computer to be connected to a network of other computers
(known as a LAN or Local Area Network)

Procedure to install a sound card

1. Remove any unnecessary temporary metal plates. Only remove the metal plates from the slots
you are going to use. If you do not remove these, you cannot install any PCI components. Most
either unscrew or pop out.
2. Locate PCI Slots on Motherboard. Your PCI Slots should look similar to the ones in the image
below
3. Line up component with PCI slot and install. Simply line up the component with the slot and
gently press down on both sides until it slides in place.
4. Insert screw. There is only one screw needed to secure each PCI component in place.
5. Give it CD Sound. Remember that audio cable from the CD-ROM drive? Now we will connect the
other end of it. If you want to hear audio when play a cd in your CD-ROM, you need to connect the
CD-ROM to the Sound Card (or motherboard if your sound card is integrated in) using the audio
cable as seen below. Refer to your sound card owner’s manual for correct placement. If you did not
purchase a sound card and you have one integrated into your motherboard, refer to your
motherboard owner’s manual for correct placement
6. Repeat for any other components. Every component is different but as long as its PCI
compatible, it is installed the same way (except for the audio cable. It is installed only on sound
cards and motherboards.)
6. Installation of printer / modem /scanner and other input and output devices.
Both the devices printers and scanners use the same process for installation and configuration. It is
a step by step process as given below:

Step 1 : Attach the device using a local or network port and connect the power

The device is to be set up on a flat stable surface first after which it is to be connected to host
computer with its power off or to the network. Once this is done, connect power to it using power
adapter that comes with it or with A/C power cord if the device has built-in power supply and finally
the device is to be turned on.

Step 2 : Install and Update the Device driver and calibrate the device

Boot up the computer and wait for it to recognize the device and the wizard that appears helps in
the configuration process of driver for printer/scanner or CD-ROM that comes with the device can
be inserted which guides through the device driver installation procedure.

The device functions once the driver is installed but some devices such as inkjet printers or scanners
require to calibrate the device.

Calibration is the process by which a device is brought within functional specifications.

Step 3 : Configure options and default settings

Once the driver is installed, default settings and options for printers and scanners can be configured
as required.

Step 4 : Print/scan a test page

Once all the steps above are completed, can test the output of printer/scanner by printing a test
page. Windows has a built-in function for doing this.

Scanners are required to run the scanning software and place a single page on the scanner and press
scan button and see that the scanned output on the PC is correct.
7. Configuring BIOS set up, Recovery, Preventive maintenance & Anti-Virus
Press and hold Del or F2 to enter setup. The key you're prompted to press might also be different;
if so, use that key instead.

• You'll typically use the "F" keys to access the BIOS. These are at the top of your keyboard,
though you may have to locate and hold the Fn key while pressing the proper "F" key.

• You can look at your computer model's manual or online support page to confirm your
computer's BIOS key.

Adjust Settings
Familiarize yourself with the BIOS controls. Since BIOS menus don't support mouse input, you'll
need to use the arrow keys and other computer-specific keys to navigate the BIOS. You can usually
find a list of controls in the bottom-right corner of the BIOS homepage.

Change your settings carefully. When adjusting settings in your BIOS, be sure that you certain what
the settings will affect. Changing settings incorrectly can lead to system or hardware failure.

• If you don't know what you want to change coming into the BIOS, you probably shouldn't
change anything.

Change the boot order. If you want to change what device to boot from, enter the Boot menu.
From here, you can designate which device the computer will attempt to boot from first. This is
useful for booting from a disc or flash drive to install or repair an operating system.

• You'll typically use the arrow keys to go over to the Boot tab to start this process
Change your date and time. Your BIOS’s clock will dictate your Windows clock. If you replace your
computer's battery, your BIOS clock will most likely be reset.

Change fan speeds and system voltages. These options are for advanced users only. In this menu,
you can overclock your CPU, potentially allowing for higher performance. This should be performed
only if you are comfortable with your computer’s hardware.
Save and exit. When you are finished adjusting your settings, you will need to save and exit by
using your BIOS' "Save and Exit" key in order for your changes to take effect. When you save and
restart, your computer will reboot with the new settings.
8. Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the
cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool
To connect two or more computers or networking devices in a network, network cables are used.
There are three types of network cables; coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic.

Coaxial cable

This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the braiding, the
braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor.

The following image shows these components.

Sheath

This is the outer layer of the coaxial cable. It protects the cable from physical damage.

Braided shield

This shield protects signals from external interference and noise. This shield is built from the same
metal that is used to build the core.

Insulation

Insulation protects the core. It also keeps the core separate from the braided shield. Since both the
core and the braided shield use the same metal, without this layer, they will touch each other and
create a short-circuit in the wire.

Conductor

The conductor carries electromagnetic signals. Based on conductor a coaxial cable can be
categorized into two types; single-core coaxial cable and multi-core coaxial cable.
A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while a multi-
core coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires. The following image shows both types
of cable.

Twisted-pair cables

The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also known
as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.

This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two wires are twisted
around each other to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs. Each pair has one solid color and one
stripped color wire. Solid colors are blue, brown, green, and orange. In stripped color, the solid
color is mixed with the white color.

Based on how pairs are stripped in the plastic sheath, there are two types of twisted-pair cable;
UTP and STP.

In the UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single plastic sheath.

In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional metal shield, then
all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.
Fiber optic cable

This cable consists of a core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from thin strands of
glass or plastic that can carry data over a long distance. The core is wrapped in the cladding; the
cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the jacket.

• Core carries the data signals in the form of light.

• Cladding reflects light back to the core.

• Buffer protects the light from leaking.

• The jacket protects the cable from physical damage.

Fiber optic cable is completely immune to EMI and RFI. This cable can transmit data over a long
distance at the highest speed. It can transmit data up to 40 kilometers at the speed of 100Gbps.

Fiber optic uses light to send data. It reflects light from one endpoint to another. Based on how
many beams of light are transmitted at a given time, there are two types of fiber optical cable; SMF
and MMF.

SMF (Single-mode fiber) optical cable

This cable carries only a single beam of light. This is more reliable and supports much higher
bandwidth and longer distances than the MMF cable. This cable uses a laser as the light source and
transmits 1300 or 1550 nano-meter wavelengths of light.

MMF (multi-mode fiber) optical cable

This cable carries multiple beams of light. Because of multiple beams, this cable carries much more
data than the SMF cable. This cable is used for shorter distances. This cable uses an LED as the light
source and transmits 850 or 1300 nano-meter wavelengths of light.
Practical implementation of cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool.

Procedure:

To do these practical following steps should be done:

1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be very careful
at
this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so could alter the
characteristics
of your cable, or even worse render is useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If
there are any, just whack the whole end off, and start over.
2. Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other hand. You
do
not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket. Category 5 cable must only have
1/2
of an inch of 'untwisted' wire at the end; otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you
obviously
have ALOT more than 1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.
3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a pre-made cable,
with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the crossed over end. Below
are
two diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. Decide
at
this point which end you are making and examine the associated picture below.

➢ Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection

➢ Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

➢ Ethernet Cable Tips:

• A straight-thru cable has identical ends.
• A crossover cable has different ends.
• A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet connections.
• A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for connecting two hubs.
• A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with the Green set.
• Odd numbered pins are always striped; even numbered pins are always solid coloured.
• Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on the right, and pin 1 is
on the left.
• No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will be susceptible to
crosstalk.
• Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not staple, do not run parallel with power cables,
and do not run Ethernet cables near noise inducing components.
9. Configuring and Practically implement Network Devices
a. Repeater

b. Hub

c. Switch

d. Bridge

e. Router

f. Gate Way

1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal
and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction,
so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot be use to connect
for more than two devices

2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a device
for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them act
as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device
is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a
jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects
network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data
at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the
network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2) of
the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves
according to the IEEE 802.1 D standards. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a
bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge.
Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given
packet to another segment of the network.

5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address
information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same
network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple
routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information
about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred
paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

6. Gateway: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another
network that uses different protocols. A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators,
impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to
provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable
administrative procedures between both networks.
A protocol translation /mapping gateway interconnects networks w i t h different network protocol
technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

7. Firewall - Software or combination of software and hardware, used to protect users’ data from
unintended recipients on the network/internet
10. Install and Configure Wired and Wireless NIC and transfer files between
systems in LAN and Wireless LAN.
Network Interface Card (NIC) Installation

Short for Network Interface Card, a NIC is also commonly referred to as a network adapter and is an
expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as a home network and/or
the Internet using a Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.

Installation Process in Windows

1. First step is to read the user's guide and familiarize yourself with the new card.

2. Power down PC and remove the AC power cord.

3. Open the computer case.

4. Find an available Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot on the motherboard and
remove slot insert if one exists.

5. Carefully remove the network card from its static-proof plastic envelope, and slide it into
the slot.
6. Seat the card in the slot firmly with gentle pressure along the length of the card, especially
right about the slot itself.

7. Snugly, screw the card to the computer frame, but do not over tighten.

8. Close the computer case.

9. Plug your computer in and power it up.

10. Click Start, then click Control Panel.

11. In Category View (vs. Classic View) click Performance and Maintenance.

12. Click "System" icon at bottom of window.

13. Click the Hardware tab.

14. Click the Device Manager button.

15. Double-click Network Adapters.

16. Beneath it should appear the name of your Ethernet card.

17. Next, double click the name of your Ethernet adapter.

18. If the text in the "Device Status" box says "This device is working properly.", then you
successfully installed the card and are finished.
 19. If the text in the "Device status" box doesn't say "This device is working properly.", then
write down on a piece of paper what it says and continue with next step.

Click the Troubleshoot. Button and follow instructions. Double check you followed the directions
above. Install the most up to date device drivers.
11. Connect the computers in Local Area Network.
Connection and transfer of data are some of the invaluable uses of a computer. A lot of technology
has arisen from this dire need. Between computers, one effective method is via the use of Ethernet
or LAN cables. Here we walk you through all the steps to establish a LAN cable connection between
two Windows 10 PCs for file-sharing or data transfer.

Advantages of LAN Cable Connection

One of the main advantages with connecting two Windows 10 laptops or computers is that it
provides a medium to share files when you don’t have access to a wireless network.

If you do not trust the available Wi-Fi network, then you can make use of a LAN cable to connect
the Windows 10 PCs and share files between them. The process is simple, and you only need to
connect both the PCs with LAN cable and tweak a few network settings. It is a nice way to share
files locally.

Choosing Between Straight or Crossover Cables

To know which cables will get the work done, you should first determine which devices you want to
connect: are they the same kind of devices (two computers, for example) or different kinds of
devices (a computer to a network switch or Ethernet hub, for example).

When two like systems share files, one outputs the data while the other receives it as input.
Intentionally crossed wiring in the crossover cable connects the transmit signals at one end to the
receiver signals at the other end. This makes crossover cables more ideal for an Ethernet
connection between similar systems, like two computers.

How to Connect Two Windows 10 PCs with a LAN Cable

With a crossover cable in hand, connect both the PCs. Once done, follow the steps below.
 1. 1. Go to “Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> Change
Adapter Settings.”

2. Click on “Change Adapter Settings.” This will reveal different connections. Select the appropriate
connection for your LAN. Usually, but not necessarily, the connection will be called Ethernet.

3. Right-click on the connection and select “Properties.” The local area’s connection properties
window will appear.

4. Under the network tab, select “Internet protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4),” then click on “Properties.
In the Properties menu, set the IP address and subnet masks of the first computer to:

• IP – 192.168.0.1

• Subnet Mask – 225.225.225.0

Repeat all the above steps for the second computer and set the IP address and subnet Mask as
follows:

• IP – 192.168.0.2

• Subnet Mask – 225.225.225.0

File & Printing Sharing
You can also tick the File and printer sharing option. This would allow the other Windows 10 PC to
access the files and printers shared on the network.

8. Right-click on the drive you want to share. Scroll to the “Give access to” option and click
“Advanced Sharing.” Under the sharing tab, click the “Advanced Sharing” button.
This reveals the advanced sharing window. Check the “Share this folder” checkbox and click “Apply
-> OK.”
Transferring Files

You can now transfer specific folders or files between the two connected Windows 10 PCs. To share
specific folders or files from Computer A (ADMIN-HP) with Computer B, follow the steps below:

1. Right-click the desired folder or file in Computer A. Scroll to the “Give access to” option and click
“Specific People.”
21. In the newly opened Network Access windows, select “Everyone” from the drop-down menu.
Next, click “Add” and click “Share.”

3. Similarly on Computer B, you need to open This PC and click on the Network option in the left
pane. Here you will see the names of connected computers, part of the network. In this case,
Computer A is ADMIN-HP. Double-click on it and all files shared will be displayed. At this stage, you
can use the normal copy and paste to move the desired content.

4. If you wish to copy files from Computer B to Computer A, you have to perform the same steps,
but this time the steps previously performed on Computer A needs to be performed on Computer B
and vice versa.
13. Install Microsoft Office 2010 for PC
Before the installation of Microsoft Office 2010, make sure that the PC meets the system
requirements:
● 500 MHz or higher processor
● 256 MB of RAM; 512 MB recommended
● 3.5 GB of minimum disk space
● Windows XP SP3 (supports only 32-bit Office), Vista SP1, Windows 7, Server 2003, Server 2008,
Server 2008

Step 1: When inserting the CD a prompt should show

Click Run SETUP.EXE

Step 2: Enter the 25 character product key on the MSU CD case and then click Continue.

Step 3: Check the I accept the terms of this agreement box and then click Continue button to
proceed to the next step.
Step 4: Here, you have two options: Install Now or Customize. Clicking the Install Now button will
begin installing Office 2010 on your Windows drive.

Step 5: Everything is complete and you are now able to access Microsoft Office 2010.