Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"A state of well-being where a person can realize his or her own abilities to one’s characteristics, abilities and accomplishments
cope with the normal stresses of life and work productively." (WHO) one’s place in the world
Balance in person’s internal life and adaptation to reality. Ineffective:
State of well-being in which a person is able to realize his potentials. interpersonal relationship
coping or adaptation to the events in one’s life
Criteria for Mental Health:
Self-awareness
Ability to: MENTAL ILLNESS
recognize one’s thoughts feelings, asset potentials and weakness. A state in which an individual shows deficit in functioning and is unable to
experience genuine feelings as anger, happiness, resentment maintain personal relationship.
leads to self-acceptance, self-understanding in order to understand State of imbalance characterized by a disturbance in a person’s thoughts,
others feelings and behavior
Autonomy: ability to function independently and function with others Factors that increase the risk are: Crises, Abuses, Poverty
Perceptive ability
Awareness of stimuli, reality orientation.
Orientation to: Time, Place, Person Historical View of Mental Illness
Integral capacity: Ability to harmonize psychic forces (id, ego, super ego). In the past, mental illness has been viewed as:
Self-actuation Demonic possession
Ability to adopt to life changes, happy to work with others Influence of ancestral spirits
Satisfaction in every endeavor Result of violating taboo or neglecting cultural, ritual, and spiritual
Genuine cooperation condemnation
Period of Enlightenment (1745-1886)
Mastery of one’s environment: Awareness of the changes around him
Lunatics were restrained in iron menacles
Mentally ill were exhibited as diversion and entertainment for the
MENTAL HYGIENE public
a science that deals with: Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative Establishment of asylums
aspects of care. Opening of state hospitals for mentally ill.
Period of Scientific Study
Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud
MENTAL DISORDER Psychotropic Drugs (1950)
A medically diagnosable illness which results in significant impairment of Use of chlorpromazine and imipramine
one's cognitive, affective or relational abilities and is equivalent to mental Mental illness is caused by chemical imbalance in the brain.
illness. The Decade of the Brain (1990)
Focused on the connections between mental illness and biological
Criteria for Mental Disorder: malfunction in the brain and the neuroendocrine-immune system.
Types of Admissions:
Voluntary Management:
Persons admit themselves Acknowledge the feelings
Client consents to all treatment Reorient to reality
Client can refuse treatment, including drugs, unless danger to self or Provide distractions
others
Involuntary Neologism - pathological coining of new words
Judicial process
Circumstantiality - over inclusion of details
Initiated when someone files a petition
Word salad - incoherent mixture of words and phrases
Certification of the likelihood of serious harm to self or others, or
Flight of ideas - shifting of one topic from one subject to another in a
unable to care for self
somewhat related way
Under 18, parents can confine with confirmation by a neutral fact
Looseness of Association - shifting of a topic from one subject to another
finder
Must be released at end of statutory time or put on voluntary in a completely unrelated way
status or have a hearing Verbigeration - meaningless repetition of word or phrases
‘ Perseveration - persistence of a response to a previous question
Echolalia - pathological repetition of words of others
Judicial Precedents Clang association - the sound of the word gives direction to the flow of
Unless incompetent, client maintains all previous rights thought
Delusion - false belief which is inconsistent with one's knowledge and
Insanity as a Defense culture
Insanity : determined in court; legal terminology Grandeur - is an exaggerated belief of identity
Nihilistic - the client denies the existence of self or part of self
McNaughten Rule Persecution - belief that he or she is the object of environmental
“At the time of the crime, the individual didn’t know the nature and quality of the attention and being singled out for harassment
act or didn’t know right from wrong.” Self-depreciation - worthlessness or hopelessness
Somatic - false belief to body function.
Message
Acknowledging or giving I noticed that you've fixed your bed.
recognition
Asking direct questions How does your wife feel about your
hospitalization?
(Channel)
(Context) Clarifying
Confronting or presenting
I'm not sure that I understand what you are
trying to say.
I see no bats flying in this room.
Therapeutic Communication: a way of interacting in a purposeful manner to reality
promote the client’s ability to express his thoughts and feelings openly. Encouraging comparison Has this ever happened before?
Encouraging description How do you feel when you take your
Essentials for a Therapeutic Communication: medication?
Genuineness
E
Respect G R A T Encouraging evaluation Does participating in group therapy enable you
Empathy to discuss your feelings?
Exploring Tell me more about your job. Would you
Attentive listening
describe your responsibilities?
Trust (rapport)
Focusing (assisting a patient to explore specific topic)
Giving broad openings or Is there something you'd like to do?
asking open-ended
Barriers to a Therapeutic Communication questions
Belittling Informing (giving needed facts)
Interrupting / ignoring I'll be your nurse for today, from 7:00 until 3:00
Giving advice this afternoon.
Making observations You appear to be angry. / I noticed that you're
Social response trembling.
Changing the subject Offering general leads Go on. / You were saying…
Approving / disapproving Restating Client: I can't sleep, I stay awake all night.
Moralizing Nurse: You can't sleep at night, (restating)
Summarizing During the past hour, we talked about your plans
for the future, they include...
Using silence (to induce thought, pacing, acceptance)
Stages:
Possible problems:
Compulsive need to be clean and orderly.
3 Psychic Energies Frugality and stinginess
Greed
Id Insistence on doing things at one's own rate at the expense of others
Ego Rigid training
Nursing implications:
Accept child's sexual interest Stages:
Help the parents answer child's questions about birth or sexual differences.
Stage 1:
Period of Life Infant, 0-18 months, (Hope)
Latency Stage (6 to 12 years)
Period of calmness / stable period. Psychosocial Crisis Trust vs. Mistrust
Many of the disturbing behaviors are buried in the subconscious mind. Relationship with Maternal person
Their energies are absorbed by the concerns in school, peers, sports and Positive Resolution o Reliance on the caregiver
other recreational activities o Development of trust in the environment
Negative Resolution o Fear, anxiety and suspicion
Nursing Implication: Help the child have positive experiences.
o Lack of care, both physical & psychological by
Genital Stage (12 years & up) caretaker leads to mistrust of environment
Oedipal feelings are reactivated toward opposite sex
Stage 2:
The person is on his way in establishing a satisfying life of his own
Period of Life Toddler, 18 mos. to 3 years
(Willpower)
Nursing Implication:
Psychosocial Crisis Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
Provide appropriate opportunities for the child to relate with opposite sex.
Relationship with Paternal person
Allow child to verbalize feelings about new relationships.
RAPE
Nonconsensual sexual penetration of an individual, obtained by force or
threat, or in cases in which the victim is not capable of consent.
Kinds of Rape
Power – to prove masculinity
Anger – means of retaliation
Sadistic – to express erotic feelings
Child Abuse
Silent Rape Syndrome Is an act of omission of responsibility or commission in which intentional
Is a maladaptive reaction to rape harm is inflicted on a child.
The victim:
fails to disclose information about the rape Components of Omission:
is unable to resolve feelings about the sexual assault Child abandonment – leaving the child physically
Results to increase anxiety and may develop a sudden phobic reaction. Child neglect - lack of provision of those things which are necessary for the
child's growth and development
Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)
Refers to a group of signs and symptoms experienced by a victim in Types of Commission:
Physical Abuse
reaction to rape
Is an intentional physical harm inflicted on a child by a parent or other
Phases: person.
Acute Phase – shock, numbness, disbelief
Emotional abuse - insult and undermining one's confidence
Denial – refusal to discuss the event
Heightened Anxiety – fear, tension, nightmares Sexual abuse - abuse in the form of sexual contact
Stage of Reorganization
Characteristics of Abusive Parents:
They come from violent families
Battered Wife Syndrome (BWS) They were also abused by their parents
A form of cyclic domestic violence They have inadequate parenting skills
Men: low self-esteem They are socially isolated because they don't trust anyone
Women: Dependent personality disorder
Fixation Rationalization
o An unhealthy mechanism which is an arrest of maturation at certain o An individual finds a justifiable cause and acceptable reasons just to be
stages of development. saved from an embarrassing and anxiety producing thoughts or
o A boy never overcame being fully reliant from his mother. situations.
o A basketball player claims that he missed the shot and lost the game
Introjection because of the distractions made by the audience.
o Symbolic assimilation or taking into oneself a love/hatred object.
Derived from the word "introject" which literally means to take into or Regression
ingest. o Is the turning back to earlier patterns of behavior in solving personal
o Common to depressed clients. conflicts.
o Commonly seen to schizophrenic patients
o A person who becomes ill in the face of disappointment has regressed
Identification to a form of childish behavior.
o An individual integrates certain aspects of someone else's personality
into one's own.
o A young school teacher adopts his former mentor's teaching style when Repression
conducting class sessions. o It is the involuntary or unconscious forgetting of an unpleasant ideas or
impulses.
Intellectualization o During the nurse-patient relationships, patients often unconsciously
o An overuse of intellectual concepts by an individual to avoid expression avoid discussing those experiences producing anxiety which are
of feelings emotionally difficult to verbalize.
o A man who was asked to share a memorable experience about his
grandmother who died discussed the stages of death and dying by Suppression
Elizabeth Kubler Ross. o Permits the individual to store away or consciously forget the
unpleasant, painful and unacceptable thoughts, desires, experiences
Projection and impulses.
o Attributing to others one's unconscious wishes/fear. o "I'll think it about tomorrow", "I'd rather go now", "Can we change the
o Literally, this means to "throw off. topic?"
o A student who failed a subject blames his failure on poor teaching. o A boy walked out from the group and said "I have to go now", when he
was asked what was happened to their relationship with his girlfriend.
Sublimation SEVERE
o The redirection of unacceptable instinctual drive with one that is socially Physical - s/sx becomes the flow of attention
acceptable Cognitive – perceptual field is greatly narrowed, focus of attention is trivial
o Instead of harming his mother, a man expressed his anger by events
composing a song. Emotional – defense mechanism operate
Symbolization PANIC
o Less threatening object is used to represent another Physical – s/sx of exhaustion ignored
o A woman, missing her husband finds comfort in hugging her son who Cognitive – personality disorganized
looks like his father. Emotional – defense mechanism fail
EATING DISORDERS
More common among females.
Causes:
Psychological factors
Parental factors (domineering parents)
Individual factors (conflict about growing up)
Sociocultural factors
Anorexia Nervosa
Main sign: Morbid fear of gaining weight
Other signs:
Sensitivity to cold temperatures
Amenorrhea
Deliberate self-starvation with weight loss
Findings: (for both)
Denial of hunger Weight loss of 15% or more of original body weight
Obvious thinness but feels fat
Amenorrhea
Lanugo all over the body
Loss of scalp hair Social withdrawal and poor family and individual coping
History of high activity and achievement in academics, athletics
Electrolyte imbalance
Bulimia Nervosa Depression / distorted body image
Extreme measures to lose weight
uses diet pills, diuretics or laxatives Nursing Diagnosis:
3 PHASES:
Forgetfulness - difficulty of remembering appointments
Advance - difficulty of remembering past events but not recent events
Terminal - death occurs in 1 year
Nursing Care:
Priority: safety & security
Always reorient the client (clock & calendar)
Use color instead of numbers & letters
Consistency – 1 nurse to lessen confusion
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CONCEPTS ON DEATH AND DYING