ResearchGate STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) Technical Report Presenaon-Sepenber 2016 ° 146 on Some ten sunorot ns pieation als worngon tse rests poets: su someting mi gear oplancey Oasotn trance onda November 2nRs SF BERT, Ss = a3 TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR (12BC001914) COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE AT DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED PLOT 901(9) BALARABE MUSA CRESCENT, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS SEPTEMBER, 2016 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINNEERING (B.ENG) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 1CERTIFICATION PAGE Thereby certify that this report of Student Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) was prepared and compiled by TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR (Matric Number: 12BC001914) from the department of CIVIL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE for the successful completion of my six(6)months Industrial Training undertaken at DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS. UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: ENGR. OPE OLUWATUYI SIGNATURE AND DATE SIWES COORDINATOR: ENGR. DR. GANA JAMES SIGNATURE AND DATE ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 2Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science & Engineering, Sth September, 2016. Through: The Head, Department of Civil Engineering To: The Coordinator, SIWES unit, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State. Dear Sir, LETTER OF TRANSMISSION In compliance with the requisition of the established authority of Landmark University, Omu-Aran to prepare a detailed report on the student industrial work experience (SIWES) between the periods of 8™ OF FEBURARY 2016 TO 8™ AUGUST 2016, I subsequently have the pleasure of submitting this report Yours Faithfully, TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR, ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 3DECLARATION I hereby declare/ascertain that this compressive report was compiled by me (TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR) and entails precisely what I have done during my SIWES Industrial Training at DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED. I withal declare that this report or its content has not been anteriorly submitted to this or any other institution of earning for the purport of consummating the requisites for the award of any degree. All citations and sources of information’s and research are pellucidly acknowledged by betokens of references. TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 4DEDICATI! I would relish to dedicate this report to The Almighty God, who has been my ultimate source of bliss, vigor, sapience, good health and sustenance for visually perceiving me through and for the prosperous completion of my SIWES programme in one piece. Would additionally want to dedicate this report to my parents Mr. and Dr. Olushola Tunde, my siblings (Ezekiel, Tobi and Busayo), who provided for me and to my sublime cousins the Arowolo’s It is withal dedicated to the Construction Department of Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria) td for all the care, attention and understanding throughout the duration of my industrial training in their reputable organization. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 5ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thereby appreciate God Almighty for giving me the Grace, Opportunity and Strength to complete my industrial training successfully. Tacknowledge my parents; Elder. & Dr, Olnshola Tunde, for being there for me all the time and for providing the necessary support, I appreciate it a lot and I love you. I acknowledge my wonderfll siblings: Ezekiel, Tobi and Busayo. Talso thank the management and staffs of Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria) ltd most especially Engr. Zolthan Bolthazi (te Site Manager of Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria) ltd), Engr. Constantine (Project Manager), Mr. A.O. Tajudeen (Safety Manager’Site Supervisor), Engr. A. Bello (Structural/Resident Site Engineer), Bldr. O. Charles (Clerk of work on site), for their exposure, support and assistance, and a chance to prove myself. You are such wonderful and special people, who inspire and impact jubilance into the lives of others. also like to specifically thank my Dean, the Dean of College of Science & Engineering; Dr. J.0. Ojediran, general SIWES Director; Mrs. 0.0, Sina Olulana, SIWES coordinator/Head of Department; Engr. Dr. Gana James, my course adviser; Enge. LH. Owamah, and my lecturers for the cognizance of Civil Engineering you all have imparted in me. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 6ABSTRACT This report is a summary of the experience I acquired during my six months Students! Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria) limited, Lagos State with highlights majorly on Civil Engineer Building Construction and Project Management, giving a full enlightenment on equipment’s used in Construction, as well as various structural components of Building Construction steps and processes, giving a clear idea of the student involvement in all operational activities carried out in the Construction Firm. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 7TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE. i CERTIFICATION PAGE... LETTER OF TRANSMISSION. iii DECLARATION.......... wiv DEDICATION wv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. VE ABSTRACT. TABLE OF CONTENT. 8 LIST OF FIGURES......0..0c0ccscceeseeseeseeneceseeseessecseuseeiereeseeeeseesereaenee aa LIST OF PLATES. 12 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study 1.2. Brief history of SIWE: 1.2.1 Vision Statement...........ccceeeeeeceeeceseeseeeseteeeseseeenereeene 1.2.2 Mission Statement 20 ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 81.3. Aim of SIWES 14 Objectives of The Study...0..0.0..00000cc0. 19 1.5 Importance of The study..0.0...0.00.0ccccceceetesetesteteeeee 19 1.6 Justification of The Stud; 20 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1: Civil Engineering 21 2.2: Building 21 2.3: Building Occupancy Classification 22 2.3.1: Slab Design ..... 23 2.3.1.1: Solid Slab........... 24 2.3.L.1.1: Design of slab 25 2.3.1.2: Flat Slabs... 26 2.3.1.3: Ribbed Slab... . 27 2.3.1.4: Waffle Slab......... 2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a One-way slab.. 2.3.1.5: Design Summary fora Two-way slab 31 2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a Restrained slab 32 2.3.2: Beam Design : 34 2.3.2.1: Types of Beam Supports. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 92. 2: Analysis of beam 36 2.3.2.3: Design Summary for a Beamt...........000cccce cscs eecees eee 2.3.3: Stair Design... 2.3.3.1: Types of Stair... 2.3.3.2: Design Summary fr Stait..........0..0sssssssssessneeiseeessesvsneseee 40 2.3.4: Column Design. . Al 2.3.4.1: Column Classification. 41 CHAPTER 3: COMPANY PROFILE 3.0: Brief history of the Establishment... 3.1: Organization Address. 43 3.2: Objectives of the Establishment 3.3: Department/sections in the establishment... sees 3.4: Place of Primary Assignment... 3.5: Organizational structure/Organogram of the Establishment. 3.6: Major Function Of Place of Primary Assignment .. CHAPTER 4: SERVICES RENDERED AND EXPERIENCE GAINED 4.0: Services Rendered weet cee 49 ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 104.1: Marriott Site. 4.3: Construction terms and techniques experienced on site............. wee SO) 4.4: Few list of equipment’ s/machineries used on Marriott site.................... 4.5: General experience acquired ..........sccsssssssssssssssssssseesssvessesessnsseeensO2 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION, 5.1: Challenges of SIWES 64 5.2: Recommendations...........0000000c0cccccesesceeeeeceeeeceeeseseeeereterseeesereee nO) 5.3: Conelusion....... 66 References 67 ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 11LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.0: TYPES OF FLAT SLAB. FIGURE 2.1: TYPES OF RIB SLAB FIGURE 2.2: WAFFLE SLAB UNDER CONSTRUCTION. FIGURE 2.3: ONE WAY SLAB ........c:sccccceereteetees FIGURE 2.4: TWO WAY SLAB FIGURE 2.5: DIFFERENT BOUNDARY EDGE CONDITION FOR A. RESTRAINED SLAB. FIGURE 2.6: A STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM, BENDING. (SAGGING) UNDER UDL. FIGURE 2.7: DIAGRAM OF T AND I-BEAM .........00:000005 : FIGURE 2.8: CANTILEVER BEAM ........0..0.0....00000000cceeeeeeecceeee FIGURE 2.9: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM FIGURE 2.10: OVERHANGING BEAM . FIGURE 2.11: FIXED BEAMS FIGURE 2.12: CONTINUOUS BEAM ........cccscseseeseeeeseeteessntteteeteersees 27 29 30 31 ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 12FIGURE 2.13: TYPICAL SECTION OF A T-BEAM. 35 FIGURE 2.14: STAIR DESCRIPTION .................. FIGURE 2.15: TYPES OF STAIR.......... EEE EEEEEESEESEEESESESESNT |) FIGURE 3.0: DCEN ORGANOGRAM. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 13LIST OF PLATES PLATES 2.0: RIB SLAB AT LAGOS MEGACITY: THE GARDEN ATRIUM APARTMENT. LAGOS. eee 2D PLATE 2.1: RECTANGULAR COLUMN WITH REBAR. 41 PLATE 4.0: BACKFILLING WITH SOIL..ssssssssseuesseesseeseesceeecseseesensennnsnnnanneind L PLATE 4.1: PICTURE SHOWING BEAM ..........ccsececeseeseteeeeeseeeee ee L PLATE 4.2: PICTURE SHOWING CANTILEVER. soveeeeee D2 PLATE 4.3: PICTURE SHOWING BLOCKWORK SETTING 53 PLATE 4.4: PICTURE SHOWING FRENCH DRAIN ............0.0...0...........53 PLATE 4.5: PICTURE SHOWING TYROLEAN.........0000:eccceseeeeteeee enone 4 PLATE 4.6: PICTURE SHOWING COLUMNS. ........c0:e0cccssstntee terrence 4 PLATE 4.7: PICTURE SHOWING DUCTS 55 PLATE 4.8: PICTURE SHOWING CHALK-LINE 55 PLATE 4.9: PICTURE SHOWING SCAFFOLD...... PLATE 4.10: PICTURE SHOWING FORMWORKS . 57 PLATE 4.11: PICTURE SHOWING BACKHOE-LOADER.. ........02.00e0010158 ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 14PLATE 4.12: PICTURE SHOWING BULLDOZER. 58 PLATE 4.13: PICTURE SHOWING TOWER CRANE.......00000005.0.000000...59, PLATE 4.14: PICTURE SHOWING TELESCOPIC HANDLER... PLATE 4.15: PICTURE SHOWING BATCHING PLANT AND CEMENT SILO. PLATE 4.17: PICTURE SHOWING CONCRETE MIXER.......... seserseeeeee OL ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 151.1 Background of Study Students” Industrial Wor sxperience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) programme which was introduced in 1974 due to the inability of engineering and technology students in Nigeria universities and polytechnics to meet the practical aspects of their training That is, the needs to enable students match their theoretical school knowledge with the practical aspect of their training in industry. The Training lasts for six months. According to Ekpenyong (2011), one of the principles underlying any industrial work experience scheme for students in institutions of leaming is the desire to marry the practical with the theoretical learning which characterizes conventional classroom situations with a view to striking a balance between theory and practice. The author stressed further that it was in realization of this that the ITF when it was established, set out to study the extent to which the theoretical knowledge that students in engineering technology and other allied fields in Nigerian institutions offering technology based courses related to the kind of work experience expected of them by employers. The result of the ITF survey showed a great disparity between students’ knowledge and their ability to apply it in relevant jobs. In order to bridge the gap between the two, the ITF in 1974 established a co-operative internship programme, which enabled students of technology to spend some part of their courses for relevant on the-job practical experiences in appropriate areas of the Nigerian industry (Ekpenyong, 2011). The author further stressed that the internship programme, SIWES, can therefore be seen as that which is intended to give Nigerian students studying occupationally ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 16related courses experience that would supplement their theoretical learning as a well of equipping the students with the needed skills to function in the world of work. This need to combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills in order to produce results in the form of goods and services or to be productive is the essence and rationale for industrial training, and a basic requirement for the award of BEng. 1.2. Brief history of SIWES In recognition of the shortcomings and weakness in the formation of SET graduates, particularly with respect to acquisition of relevant production skills (RPSs), the Industrial Training Fund (which was itself established in 1971 by decree 47) initiated the Students’ Industrial Work- experience Scheme (SIWES) in 1973. The scheme was designed to expose students to the industrial environment and enable them develop occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to national economic and technological development after graduation, Consequently, STWES is a planned and structured programme based on stated and specific career objectives which are geared toward developing the occupational competencies of participants In spite of the challenges faced by SIWES in the four decades of its existence, the Scheme has not only raised consciousness and increased awareness about the need for training of SET students, but has also helped in the formation of skilled and competent indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing the technological resources and industrial sectors of the economy. Participation in SIWES has become a necessary condition for the award of degrees and diplomas ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 17to SET students graduating from higher institutions in Nigeria. It is therefore, not in doubt that SIWES is a veritable means or tool for National Economic Development. The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to stimulate human performance, improve productivity, and induce value-added production in industry and commerce. Through its SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training Programmes, the Fund also builds capacity for graduates and youth self-employment, in the context of Small Scale Industrialization, in the economy. The Industrial Training Fund is a grade “A” parasternal operating under the aegis of the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. It has been operating for 42 years as a specialist agency that promotes and encourages the acquisition of industrial and commercial skills required for national economic development. 1.2.1 Vision Statement To be the prime Skills Training Development Organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the world, 1.2.2 Mission Statement To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and commercial skills training and development, using a corps of highly competent professional staff, modem techniques and technology. 1.3. Aim of SIWES The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary institutions the practical aspect of their field of study by exposing students to machines and equipment, professional work ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 18methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries and other organizations. 1.4 Objectives of SIWES The Industrial Training Fund’s policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to 1) Itprovides an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and experience during their course of study. 2) It expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in their institutions. 3) Itmakes the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students’ contact for later job placements and a chance to evaluate companies for which they might wish to work 4) Itprovides students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work and industrial situations, there by bridging the gap between theory and practice. 5) The programme teaches the students on how to interact effectively with other workers and supervisors under varions conditions in the organization. 1.5 Importance of SIWES to civil engineering 1. Itexposes students to more practical work methods and techniques in civil engineering. 2. It provides students in civil engineering with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge to real life situations. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 193. It enables students in civil engineering to gain experience in handling equipment and machineries. 4. Itprovides an environment whereby students in civil engineering can develop their creativity and interpersonal skills through software design techniques. It is one of the requirements for the award of Bachelors of Science Degree (B.Sc.) in Civil Engineering. 1.6 Justification for choice of industry Theoretical knowledge alone would not usually prepare and prepare an educated person for the world of work. The worker or productive individual must not only be knowledgeable but also be versatile in the application of skills to perform defined jobs or work. Both education and training are important; there cannot be effective education without some training input and there cannot be effective training without some educational input. The productive individual, particularly in this millennium, must be able to combine and utilise the outcomes from the two forms of leaning (Know-How Ability and Do-How Capability) for production of goods and services which is crucial in pursuing careers in science, engineering and technology (SET) disciplines. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 20CHAPTER TWO 2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Civil Engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including architectural engineering, environmental engineering, engineering, control, structural engineering, earthquake engineering, transportation engineering, construction surveying, and construction engineering, etc. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to intemational companies. 2.2 Building A building or edifice is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, stich as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 212.3 Building Occupancy Classification. The following is based on the International Building Code, the most commonly used building code in the United States: * Assembly (Group A) - places used for people gathering for entertainment, worship, and eating or drinking. E.g: churches, restaurants (with 0 or more occupants), theaters, and stadiums. Business (Group B) - places where services are provided (not to be confused with mercantile. below). Examples: banks, insurance agencies, government buildings (including police and fire stations), and doctor's offices » Educational (Group E) - schools and day care centers up to the 12th grade. ‘+ Factory (Group F) -places where goods are manufactured or repaired (unless considered "High- Hazard" (below). Examples: factories and dry cleaners. ‘+ High-Hazard (Group H) - places involving production or storage of very flammable or toxic materials. Includes places handling explosives and/or highly toxic materials (such as fireworks, hydrogen peroxide, and cyanide). + Institutional (Group I) - places where people are physically unable to leave without assistance. Examples: hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons. In some jurisdictions, it may be used to designate Industrial. © Mercantile (Group M) - places where goods are displayed and sold. Examples: grocery stores, department stores, and gas stations. * Residential (Group R) - places providing accommodations for ovemight stay (excluding Institutional). Examples: houses, apartment buildings, hotels, and motels. ‘+ Storage (Group S) - places where items are stored (unless considered High-Hazard). Examples: warehouses and parking garages. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 22Nevertheless, I underlined my priorities into the following even if I know that there is more to eam but I prehended this one’s so tight; SLAB DESIGN > BEAM DESIGN > STAIR DESIGN > COLUMN DESIGN > FOUNDATION DESIGN/BASE AREA DESIGN > QUALITY CONTROL BUILDING & QUANTITY SURVEYING y y BUT FOR THE CAUSE OF THIS REPORT I WILL HIT ON JUST the structural section of the company which include; SLAB, BEAM, AND STAIR Design, as it relates more to my sub — discipline, which is Structural Engineering, and for full justification of my SIWES report guidelines. 2.3.1 SLAB DESIGN A slab is a part of a reinforced concrete structure which more than often than not is subjected to bending (tensile or compression) in most cases slabs are horizontal members but they can be used as vertical members such as walls to infill panels, side walls to drains and sewer etc. slabs that are thicker than 200mm or where action of point of line loads is predominant. Generally slabs are similar to beams except that slabs are: > 1.0m width is generally assumed > The section is mostly Rectangular, hence no Flanges > Shear is generally not considered unless where concentrated or line loads predominant and the slab is thicker than 200mm. > The design considers singly reinforced section, compression rebar are hardly used. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 23Types of slabs are Solid Slab, Flat Slab, Ribbed Floor Slab, Waffle Slab. The type of slab type to be preferred may depend on the following 1. The span of the slab 2. The use of the space which may determine the span The load to be carried and 4, Architectural aesthetics that are, required 2.3.1.1 SOLID SLABS Solid slabs are the most commonly used slab especially residentially areas and offices and are employed when the span does not exceed 6.0m. Research has shown that when the span exceeds 6.0meters deflection is problematic. It has beams at the four edges of the beam which partly increase cost of construction unlike the flat slab. For example having a slab exceeding 200mm is generally un-economical. Solid slabs could be continuous or simply supported. Solid slabs could be categorized as a; > ONE-WAY SPANNING SLAB » TWO-WAY SPANNING SLAB A one-way spanning slab occurs when ly/Ix 2 2.0 and ‘A two-way spanning slab occurs when ly/lx <2.0 Where ly-long span of slab Ix =short span of slab B.S 8110 Code Requirement of Solid Slab Section 3.5.2.3- recommends” the load will suffice if the following conditions are met; > Ina one-way spanning slab the area of each bay exceed 30.0m? ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 24> The Ratio of Characteristics imposed load to the characteristics dead load does not exceed 1.25 > The characteristic imposed load does not exceed Skn/m? excluding partioning SECTION 3.5.5; Recommends design procedures for shear bar, the shear stress of the slab should ‘bd and compared with Ve as shown in Table 3.8 Of the code further information are seen on Table 3.10 of B.S 8110-1997 be calculated from Shear links should be provided in the slabs less than 200mm and bent up bars. In slabs less than 200mm thick where shear is high, the engineer is advised to increase the overall depth of the member to reduce the effect of shear 2.3.1.1. DESIGN OF SOLID SLAB Design is a plan or drawing produced to show the look, functionality, purpose and working of a structure. Hence, slab design is the provision of re-bars to resist flexural stresses (ability to resist deformation under load) for the purpose of its design. Slabs are designed to be functional, economic and safe. Loading of slabs: The first thing to do with any proper design is to determine the functionality of the structure, eg commercial, residential, church, gymnasium, ete. as the loading for these structures are different. The live load and dead load has to be determined in the loading of the slab. Live Load: The live load of a structure is the load that is not permanent on a structure. E.g human beings, firniture’s. The live load of a building can be gotten from Reinforced Concrete Handbook by Reynold and BS 6399-1(1996) code. Live load for residential buildings = 1.5KN/m? 5 KN/m? - 5.0 KN/m? Live load for commercial buildings = The dead load of a structure is the load that is permanent on the structure. The dead load has to do with the self-weight of the structure. The dead load cannot be known unless the self-weight of the structure is known, For structures there are minimum sizes of elements that are used. With this mininmum size, the dead loads can be predicted. 24KNim? The density of concrete ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 25For a residential building, the thickness of slab, h= 150mm = 0.15m. Fora public building. the thickness of slab, = 175mm = 0.175m Wall load = 3.47SKN/m? Weight of partition = 1KN/m?-- 2KN/m? Assessment of partition loads while analyzing partitions there are two conditions, namely; 1, Position Known: It is a condition where the partition is envisaged for in the architectural plan 2. Position not known: It is when the partition is not envisaged in the architectural plan. Finishes: The rendering of properly constructed wall per phase is 13mm thickness. The weight per square metre is 0.6KN/m? of the rendering per phase. The total weight is 0.6KN/m? x 2 = 1.2 KN/m? 2.3.1.2: Flat slabs are beamless reinforced concrete slabs supported directed by columns. They have uniform thickness or deeper thickness around the vicinity of columns carrying the slabs this is called drops .the stability of the flat slab depends upon the monolithic interaction between the supporting columns and the maximum deflection occurs at the middle and when loaded it deflects sway from the column from the column head. To reduce this column can be enlarged at junction of the slab and from what is called column head. Column head could be rectangular or conical in shape. The drops are effective in reducing shearing stress especially where large live load are involved and because ofits enhanced thickness, provides higher moment of resistance for negative moments occurring at the column area. Since flat slabs are beamless, they allow both light and Air circulation within the premises and offer reduced Storey height and they are easy to construct. Codes Requirement: B.S CODE 8110 part 1 section 3.7 ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 26DROPS. drops are considered effective by the code if the smaller dimension is at least on third of the panel smaller dimension. COLUNM HEAD- the code requires that the effective dimension of the column head is lesser of the actual column the column dimension plus 2(d,-40). Where die depth of Head. Flat and Waffle slabs are commonly used in banking halls, malls or market and plazas they can with stand loads in excess of Sku/m’, Fig. 2.0: Shows different types of flat slab 2.3.1.3: RIBBED FLOOR SLAB Ribbed floor is similar to flat used in offices and large spans are expected. They can be whole concrete ribbed floor or ribbed floor with hollow pots in fill. The floor consist of series of T-beams closely the floor consist of series of T-beams closely spaced in most cases, between 400mm- 600mm. the slab is more or less designed as T-beams. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 27Plate 2.0: Rib slab at Lagos megacity: the garden atrium apartment, Lagos. Reinforced concrete floor systems provide an economical solution for virtually any span and loading condition. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 28(A)ELAT PLATE (E] (B)FLAT SLAB (C) ONE WAY JOIST (RIB SLAB) (D) WIDE MODULE JOIST (RIB SLAB) (E) TWO WaY JOIST (RIB SLAB) Fig. 2.1: types of rib slab 2.3.1.4: WAFFLE SLAB DESIGN Waffle slab is an extension of the ribbed floor slab in which the slab is ribbed in two directions. Hence, an inverted pot like hollow is formed which serves as the ceiling for the floor below. Waffle slab is all concrete and the slab thickness may be up to 500mm. Hene they are expensive and should only be used with large spans carrying heavy live load at least 5.0KN/m’ or more, Fig. 2.2: wafile slab under construction Flat and wafiled are used where large and or heavy live loads are required or where their use would be pleasing. Flat slabs span between columns with no beams at all. On the other hand, waille slabs are of two types: ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 29i, Slab and beam waffle: Those with beams from columns to columns on all sides ii, Mushroom waffle: Mushroom type has no beams but with capital columns Slabs of reinforced concrete slabs can be classified as 1, One-way spanning slab or one- way slab. 2. Two-way spanning slab or two- way slab. One Way Spanning Slab: one-way spanning slab is a type of slab where its structural action is in two directions only. BS 8110 classifies a slab according to the aspect ratio and by its support. y For a one way slab; Aspect ratio ~ = > 2 BEANIL t BEAN Fig. 2.3: one way slab 2.3.1.5: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR A ONE- WAY SPANNING SOLID SLAB 1. Select a suitable thickness for the slab on the basis of deflection, durability and fire resistance criteria 2. Compute the dead load of the slab and consequently the ultimate design load. 3. Calculate the ultimate design moment and shear forces of the slab using suitable method of analysis. 4. Determine the quantity and spacing of main and secondary’ distribution reinforcement. 5. Check for deflection, shear and cracking. 6. Present a neat sketch of slab details ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 30Two way Slabs: A two-way spanni direction. lab is a type of slab where its structural action is in all Aspect ratio = Fig. 2.4: two way slab A two- way spanning solid slab can be either Unrestrained two- way spanning slabs or simply supported and restrained slabs Unrestrained simply supported Two- Way slabs My Mg, = asynhe? 2.3.1.6: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR A TWO- WAY SPANNING SOLID SLAB ly 1. Calculate the aspect ratio”. 1 With the value of the aspect ratio ( 2) trace the value of the bending moment coefficients (asx.& sy) from table 3.13 BS 8110: Part 1- 1997. 3. Using the values of design load, bending moment coefficients and short span dimension, Calculate the moment (Mex. Mss) . M 4. Calculate Area of reinforcement required from Asie, = 5a2r>. Then determine the Ares of ie reinforcement to be provided Check for deflection, shear and cracking. 6. Present a neat sketch of slab details. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 31RESTRAINED SLABS Myy“Bsanle Myy = Bsynl, 2.3.1.7: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR A RESTRAINED SLABS 1. Calculate the aspect ratiog. With the value ofthe aspect ratio () trace the value of the bending moment coefficients (asx & sy) from table 3.13, BS 8110: Part 1- 1997. Using the values of design load, bending moment coefficients and short span dimension, Calculate the moment (Mex, Mey) 4. Calculate the Area of reinforcement required from Aven S55 Then determine the Area of reinforcement to be provided 5. Check for deflection, shear and cracking. 6. Present a neat sketch of slab details. Panelling: A panel is simply the naming of the slab considering its edge condition and dimension. It is termed panel when a slab is designed one at a time. It is termed a bay when 2, 3 or more slab panels are designed together as one. Panels help to comfortably transfer loads from the slab to the beam, When a slab spans into another slab crossing # beam it is known as a continuous slab but when it doesn’t it is termed discontinuous slab. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 32Edge condition: Support conditions for rectangular two-way slabs panel include; Interior panels, One short edge discontinuous, One long edge Discontinuous, Two adjacent edges discontinuous, Two short edges discontinuous, Two long edges discontinuous, Three edges discontinuous (one long edge continuous), Three edges discontinuous (one short edge contimuous), Four edges discontinuous. Fig. 2.5: Different Boundary conditions of two way Restrained slabs ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 332.3.2 BEAM DESIGN aa y bey yy bh Fig. 2.6: A statically determinate beam, bending (sagging) under a uniformly distributed load A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and extemal reactions to these loads is called bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and their material Also a beam is a horizontal member of a building which receives load from the slab and the transmitting them to the column and to the foundation. Generally beams not exceeding 6.0m are designed for a depth of 450mm while between 6.0m and 7.0m has a depth of 600mm i.e. the longer the beam the thicker the depth of the beam, Beams are either rectangular or flanged beams and on the other side flanged beams are divided into: Tee beam- web width plus one-fifth of span or actual flange width Ell beam- web width plus one tenth of the effective span or actual flange width. [= section T- SECTION Fig. 2.7: Diagram of T and -beam Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more efficient cross section for a beam is an I or H section which is typically seen in steel construction. Because ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 34of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is away from the neutral axis, the second moment of area of the beam increases, which in tum increases the stiffizess. An L-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and down looking at the profile as an I-beam. If the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an H where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a square shell) however the most efficient shape for bending in any direction is a cylindrical shell or tube. But, for unidirectional bending, the I or wide flange beam is superior. Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less. Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also used in construction when there are special requirements. 2.3.2.1: TYPES OF BEAMS BASED ON § JPPORTS, > Cantilever — is a beam supported at only one end such that the axis of the beam cannot Fig. 2.8: cantilever beam rotate at that end. > Simply supported beam. this is also known as freely supported beam and it is also supported at both ends. There is no restriction offer to the angular rotation of the ends of the bar at the supports as the bar deflects under load. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 35> Overhanging beam- Is a beam freely supported at 2 points and having one or more both ends extending beyond its supports. (c) Overhmgre Fig. 2.10: overhanging beam ixed beams-is a beam where both ends are rigidly fixed or built into two supporting walls or columns. —s jc} Fined coed Fig. 2.11: fixed beams > Continuous beam- Is a beam that has more than 2 supports or 3 supports. At the extreme the support are called end supports while others are intermediate supports. Sa Fig. 2.12: continuous beam Pa id y —_ ow Fig. 2.13: ypieal section of @ -beam Internally, beams experience compressive, tensile and shear stresses as a result of the loads applied to them. Typically, under gravity loads, the original length of the beam is slightly reduced to enclose a smaller radius are at the top of the beam, resulting in compression, while the same ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 36original beam length at the bottom of the beam is slightly stretched to enclose a larger radius arc, and so is under tension, 2.3.2.2: ANALYSIS OF BEAM When designing a beam manually it is best to analyze the beam to generate maximum moment on the beam this could be determined by first find the reactions ie. the downward reactions if the span of the beam exceeds two then employ three moments or moment distribution. Three moment equation is very limited to just 3 spans maximally 4 spans, so moment distribution is mostly always preferred to any other and besides moment distribution provides moment at the supports. After the analysis a shear force and a bending moment diagram is required to obtain the maximum bending moment. BENDING MOMENT ~ Are the algebraic sum of the moment of external forces to one side of the section SHEAR FORCE- it’s the algebraic sum of all the vertical forces to one side of the section, 2.3.2.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR BEAM ACCORDING TO BS 8110 Choose or estimate member width (generally 225 but T use 230), and (generally as 450mm, 600mm or 750mm) as depth. > Estimate the flange width, if non-rectangular beam > Analyze the beam to obtain imposed moment as stated above > Design for reinforcement as follows; Moment of resistance, Mu = 0.156Fcubd? K= M/Fcubd? and Z= 0.5+\ (0.25-4/0.9) ‘When M exceeds Mu, design for AS and AS” as follows, usually also when K=0.156, ie. doubly reinforced. AS [-MU/0.95Fy (d-d’), d” can be taken as cover+links+0.5(dia bar) AS= MU/0.95FyZd + AS” > Check for shear stress and design for shear reinforcement where found inadequate ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 37> Cheek for local and anchorage bond stresses > Detail the design 2.3.3 STAIR DESIGN A staircase is a set of steps or flight leading from one floor to another. Stairs could be constructed by timbers, stone/concrete (reinforced). Each stair consists of horizontal portion or tread connected to the front part known as the Riser. The going in a stair is the horizontal distances between the faces of two consecutive risers. While the riser of a step is the vertical distance between the tops of two consecutive treads. BS 5395-1:2000 (STAIRS) - recommends sizes for straight stairs and winders irheight siting Gaps in balustrade watt sting ik. Openings between aaeng adjacent reads [> newt skirting Fig. 2.14: stair terminology ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 382.3.3.1: TYPES OF STAIRS Stairs can be constructed of reinforced concrete, steel and timber. > Straight flight- a flight between the two floors to be accessed without intermediate landing. > Half-turn (180deg) Stair- two flights between the floors with an intermediate landing known as half landing. This stair is also known as dogleg. > Free standing -it’s similar to half turn but with a suspended half landing i.e. the half turn is supported by the two flights. This calls for more rigorous design for torsion at ends of the star. > Quarter-turn (open well stair) - three flight between the two floors with two intervening landing. > Helical stair-this is usually common in the building of the affluent. It occupies less space than others. It has a curved like shape it is always a straight flight but turning as it rises. It also experiences great torsion as it curves. > Cantilever— in this type of staircase, there is a central reinforced concrete spine wall and each Ostep cantilevers out of this wall. Each landing are designed as double cantilever like a beam in turn a cantilever. > Spiral stair- this is the most economical stair to design in terms of space utilization and in terms of cost. Consist of series of cantilever step jotting out like leaves from a central circular column, The landing spans from the supporting column to the wall. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 39SOACOP ERS WELLS SANTWEVEREO Stain ee ners FIGURE 2.15: TYPES OF STAIR 2.3.3.2: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR STAIR Althongh different stairs have their different ways of been designed, here are few tips for half tum stair and straight flight. > I got to understand that a stair could be similarly designed as a slab especially the landing part of the stair. First load your stair. > With seli/ own weight=waist x unit weight of concrete followed by steps own weight 0.5(waist x unit weight) and your finishes. > Slope factor (s.f) = VR? + T°T WHERE R=riser; T=going Fe (self-weight x width)x s.f+steps) x 1.4+(imposed load) x 1.6 > Determine your moment WLS ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 40» Asusual from above methods for slab and beam do your Calculation for K, Z and AS > The above is stated method works for straight stairs but for half turn stair there is a second calculation for 2" flight which implores a similar step. A column is a vertical load bearing member the ratio of its lateral dimension less or equal to 4:1 that is the greatest lateral dimension is not more than four times its lateral dimension. The primary fanction of a column or wall is to act as a vertical support to suspended members and to transmit loads from these members to the foundation below. Hence, its strength lies in the capacity of the resist compressive stress. 2.3.4.1: Column Classification A column could be short or slender. A short column is when the effective length is not more than 15times its lateral dimension for braced columns or 1Otimes for unbraced column, otherwise the column is said to be slender, Slender columns in addition to any axial load or moment are subjected to moment due to their slenderness. These are usually added to the imposed moment on the column and slenderness should be checked in both x axis and may not be slender in y axis and vice versa ‘The effective length of a column is defined as ylo Where lo is the actual length of the column And ¥ is a function of the end restraints of the column, In analysis it is adequate to classify your column as either of the following: A Braced Column- where lateral loads are resisted by the walls or some other form of bracing ‘Unbraced column- where the lateral loads are resisted by the bending action of the column. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 41From B.S code 8110:1997, clause 3.8.1.5 Defines braced columns as those lateral loads supported by walls, buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered as unbraced. With braced columns the axial forces and moment s are caused by the dead and by the imposed load only, whereas with an unbraced column the loading arrangement which includes the effect of the lateral loads must be considered, COLUMNS are loaded differently basically on how they bend towards the x axis or towards the y axis with respect to their moment and are; Plate 2.1: rectangular column with rebar ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 42CHAPTER THREE 3.0 COMPANY PROFILE In line with the objective of this program, T was privileged to undergo the industrial training with Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) limited, Lagos (DCEN), Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) Itd is a leading provider of construction services here in Nigeria, With more than a decade of experience, the company was formed by the diversity of the construction division of Dori construction & engineering (Israeli) Itd and has been in operation for over eight years. The company is represented in Nigeria in Building construction apart from Construction, DCEN also has a Building development and Project Management works. DCEN has continued to pursue and erect building structures across Nigeria. The company have grown from providing services in the state of Lagos, with additional permanent location in Abuja, and to a national contractor over years of existence. Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) Itd construction’s success over the past 20years is due to its employees ‘dedication to excellent work, customer service that exceeds expectations, and a safety program that has led to millions of zero-accident hours. Honesty and open communication have empowered DCEN construction’s workforce since day one, and it shows in our work. Although the equipment and the projects have grown in size, DCEN’s mission remains the same 3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL ADDRESS, Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) Itd is located in Lagos State Nigeria, where it started off as a Civil Engineering and Construction Company way back in August the 14", 1996 when it commenced in Nigeria. DCEN has it Head Office located at plot 901(9) Balarabe Musa Crescent, ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 43Victoria Island, P.O. Box $4173 Falomo, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria, with second office located at No. 34 Nelson Mandela St. Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria 3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT To become a highly recognized company that architects, clients and competitors alike will see us as one of the first choice contractors in the construction industry. To achieve this objectives we believe in the following: 1. To improve construction quality and productivity to levels comparable with those in developed counties. . To ensure building safety, well-managed and maintained buildings, and administer a progressive regulatory framework. 3. To build an organization that fosters teamwork and innovation and develops our staff to their ‘maximum potential. 4, To building lasting and suecessful relationships with clients and architects. . Promotion of power saving and environmentally friendly construction best practices and materials to be implemented among housing development industry 3.3 THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENT IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 1, Administrative Department: This department is responsible for providing administrative aid in five areas of a business: information management systems, human resources, payroll, acquisition and commmnication. The goal of the administration department is to keep all departments within a business operating at maximum capacity. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 442. Construction & Project Management Department: CPM departments entails the employment of total quality management concept through planning, coordination, and supervision of every project work. CPM is aimed at meeting a client's requirement in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project. 3. Developers and Building Department: This is a multifaceted business process, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, create, imagine, control and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end. 3.4 PLACE OF PRIMARY ASSIGNMENT In Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) Itd, I worked in the Construction & Project Management department as a student trainee. I worked alongside other engineers and foremen on site work, Moreover, the department is responsible for supervising all onsite and offsite constructions to monitor compliance with building and safety regulations, and also coordinate and direct construction workers and subcontractors. The sector ensures quality construction standards and the use of proper construction techniques for every given project work. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 453.5 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT In order to accomplish the objectives stated above, DCEN has a chain of officers who foresee different sectors of the organization, GENERAL \ MANAGER PROJECT MANAGER HSE TEAM, i (HSE MANAGER) | HSE OFFICER sive. MANAGER PROJECT/SITE ENGINEER EMPLOYEES Fig. 3.0: Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) limited organogram PROJECT/SITE ‘SUPERVISOR ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 463.6 MAJOR FUNCTION OF CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT. It involves Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, selecting project participants and maximizing the resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment. The units/section I fully participated in during the time of my six-month internship under Construction & Project Management Department are: 1) Structural Section: This section demands proper understanding and calculations involving the stabilit trength and rigidity of built structures and nonbuilding structures, to develop designs and integrate their design with that of the designers, and to supervise construction of projects on site, 2) Structural iron & Steel Worker Section: This section is responsible for laying out and fabricating structural steel and metal sheet in order to build metal structures. Welds and cuts steel, interprets blueprints, and works with concrete reinforcing steel bars 3) Quality Control Section: This section is responsible for managing and performing the daily quality control responsibilities of DCEN projects to ensure the project is constructed in accordance with the established minimum standards, and ensuring incorporated materials on construction projects are in compliance with the plans and specifications 4) Masonry Section: This section entails the use of concrete by placing, finishing, protecting and repairing concrete in engineering and construction projects. Conerete finishers are often responsible for setting the concrete forms, ensuring they have the correct depth and pitch. 5) Quantity Surveying Section: This section provides expert advice on construction costs. They help to ensure that proposed projects are affordable and offer good value for money, helping ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 47the client and the design team assess and compare different options, and then track variations, ensuring that costs remain under control as the project progresses. This section offers professional advice on all factors affecting existing buildings such as building defects, alterations, renovations and extensions. They work mostly on site to monitor the performance of structures and devise ways to improve them or comect flaws in their design. Surveyors work alongside local planning bodies, clients, construction workers, and other professionals to ensure projects meet the relevant safety. sustainability and preservation standards. 7) HSE Section: The role of the health and safety team is to promote a positive health and safety culture in the workplace. They are primarily responsible for ensuring that risks in the workplace are controlled and that organizations are successfully meeting safety standards. 8) Carpentry Section: This section involves the principal work performed by carpenters in the cut shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings and conerete formwork, ete. 9) Plant/Equipment Section: This module deals with understanding the operations of construction plant as well as their importance in the construction industry. 10) Workshop/Labour Section: This section involves cleaning and preparing a job site, loading and delivering materials, and using a variety of tools and machines such as blowtorches, forklifts, levels, lifts, power drills, grinders, saws, pressure washers, and water spraying equipment. Laborers set up and take down ladders, scaffolding, and other temporary structures. They help carpenters, masons, and other specialized contractors on site ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 48CHAPTER FO) 4.0 SERVICES PROVIDED In the quest for excellence and the development of the engineering practice, the firm constantly maintains close association with relevant societies of civil and structural engineering, engineering departments in institution of higher learning, as well as keeping up with modern technologies and codes of practice in the profession. We offer the following services: > Civil and structural engineering design services » Construction > Developers & Building project Managers 4.1 MARRIOTT SITE Icommenced LT at Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) Itd on the 8th of February 2016 and concluded my LT on the 8th of August 2016. At that point I remotely keaned what civil engineering was and what it entails as a whole but at least I knew it involved structural analysis and structural design but I did not know how this is done cause all I was edified in school was just the theoretical prospect of civil engineering integrated with the fact that AutoCAD was just like a closed book to me having the mindset that I might never utilize that software called AutoCAD cause the few times I optically discerned people utilizing it was like as I verbalized earlier a mystery but I thank God for L-T. but at the same I always ask myself how many people/engineers have the little experience I have or know more about what they are taught in school as a COURSE. My first day at work which was on a Monday, I resumed on Marriott Site, on the perpetual building project of the company. On my advent to the site, I was given orientation about the company by ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 49the site supervisor, after that, my First work to do was to explore the ongoing building project for the whole day. After sightseeing, the site supervisor availed me to arrange my priorities in accord. Marriott Intemational, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Marriott Hotel, Tkeja is a 251 room/key development located in Ikeja GRA an estimated site area of over 7,000sqm that can be accessed from Oba Aladejobi Ster and Joel Ogunaike Street. It is a 7-storey project and Is being developed by Sifax Group. Marriott Ikeja was also designed by G1 Architecture, however Dori Construction & Engineering are the main contractors. Sifax group hosted a ground-breaking ceremony for the Marriott Hotel Ikeja in August 2014 and completion is expected in 2018, however completion dates typically change. 4.2 CONSTRUCTION TERMS AND TECHNIQUES EXPERIENCED ON SITE, The Construction techniques and terms described in this report involves the various methods of construction carried out in the course of building construction for both structural and non- structural elements of the building. While onsite, certain terms were used during the construction. These terms could be referred to as technical terms or site terms or language being used by the site workers. As a Civil Engineer, adequate knowledge of these terms must be paid attention to in order communicate effectively with the workers. Below are some site terms and definitions used on site: 1, Backfill - The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against a basement crawl space foundation wall ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 50Plate 4.0: shows a backfilling activity 2. Beam - A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to another. Sometimes called a "girder" PLATE 4.1: showing beams 3. Cantilever- A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at only one end to a (usually vertical) support from which it is protruding. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 51Plate 4.2: shows a cantilever structure 4, BLOCKWORK: This is the process of laying concrete masonry units to form either external walls as in-fills or lock wall which are load-bearing or non- load bearing or internal walls as partitions. These masonry units are commonly hollow sand-crete blocks which are much economical per unit of wall area. The standard sand-crete block wall is explained below; Sequence of laying of sand-crete block wall: +A bed of mortar is spread on the footing/{loor. “The first course of blocks for a lead is laid on the mortar. The mortar for the head joint is applied to the end of each block with the trowel before the block is laid. +The Lead is built higher. Mortar is normally applied only to the face shells of the block and not to the webs. +As each new course is started on the lead, its height is checked with either a folding rule or a story pole marked with the height of each course. +A line is stretched between the lead*s on line blocks. “The course between the leads are laid rapidly by aligning each block with the stretched Line. +The last block to be installed in each course of infill blocks, the closer must be inserted between, blocks that have already been laid then the block is lowered carefully into position ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 52Plate 4.3: Block-work setting 5, FRENCH DRAIN It is a trench filled with gravel or rock or containing a perforated pipe that redirects surface water and groundwater away from an area. A French drain can have perforated hollow pipes along the bottom to quickly vent water that seeps down through the upper gravel or rock. Plate 4.4: french drain ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 536. TYROLEAN Tyrolean is a cementitious cement based render incorporating silicone technology. Applied using a hand operated or open-hopper spraying machine, the unique ‘honeycomb’ texture is built up using several strokes from different angles until a finished thickness of 4mm — 6mm is achieved. Plate 4.5: Tyrolean 7. COLUMN Avertical structural compression member which supports loads. seen in Plate 4.6: columns on 2nd floor, mariott site ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 548. DUCTS: They are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air and exhaust air. A duct system is also called a ductwork. Plate 4.7: shows a ductwork layout 4.3 FEW LIST OF EQUIPMENTS/MACHINERIES USED ON MARIOTT SITE 1) Chalk line- A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk, Used for alignment purposes. Plate 4.8: shows the use of a chalk-line ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 552) SCAFFOLD: A Scaffold is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes, although it can be made out of other materials. The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe place of work with safe access suitable for the work being done. All scaffolds must be equipped with a toe board to eliminate the possibility that tools or debris will be kicked or pushed onto people below. A scaffold must be designed to support four times the weight of the workers and the materials resting on it. Erecting of scaffolds Back on site, scaffolds were erected round the structure as seen in the picture to enable works to be carried out at various parts of the building and at various heights. Plate 4.9: shows a scaffold framework ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 563) FORMWORK Conerete must be given form by casting it in a mould, These moulds are known as “ formwork’ or © shuttering’. A Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent mould into which. concrete or similar materials are poured. Shutters are another type of formwork made of steel metal also known as shutters panels. They are flat metal panels made of steel which are assembled together to make the complete formwork and are specially used to cast concrete columns in high rise reinforced concrete frame structures. They are usually tight enough to prevent the loss of fine materials. Erection of the shutters are usually orderly, simple and all the units are of sizes that can be easily handled. It gives the column a smooth face, Plate 4.10: shows a formwork layout 4) Backhoe loader Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building, powering building equipment, digging holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt and paving roads. ‘SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BC001914 GEC 429 Page 57