Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
AL-Turath University
English Department

Social Class and Its Effect on Love:

"Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronte

Submitted by
Abdul Karim Youssef Karim

Supervised by
Dr. Wissam Ahmed
 Acknowledgments

Writing a dissertation is a challenging and time-consuming task that requires

dedication, hard work, and perseverance. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to
the people who have supported and helped me throughout this journey First and foremost,
I would like to express my profound appreciation to my Supervisor, for their guidance,
support, and encouragement. Their expertise and knowledge in my field of study were
invaluable, and I am deeply grateful for their willingness to mentor me throughout the
entire process of researching and writing my dissertation I am also grateful to the librarians,
staff, and faculty of the AL-Turath University for their support and assistance throughout
my research I am also thankful for the support and encouragement of my family, friends,
and colleagues, who have supported me both emotionally and practically throughout the
process of researching and writing my dissertation I express my gratitude to all of you and
will forever be in your debt.

Thank you
 Dedication
I dedicate this research paper to my parents. Without their patience, understanding,
support and most of all love, the completion of this work would not have been possible.
 Abstract

This research delves into the portrayal of social class dynamics and their profound impact

on love within Emily Bronte's iconic novel, "Wuthering Heights." Through an examination

of key themes, including Social Class as a Determinant of Identity, Love Constrained by

Social Expectations, and The Impact of Social Class on Relationships, the study sheds light

on the complex interplay between societal stratification and romantic pursuits within the

narrative. By elucidating how characters' identities, romantic choices, and relationships are

shaped by their socioeconomic backgrounds, this research offers valuable insights into

Bronte's exploration of love amidst the constraints of social norms and expectations in

"Wuthering Heights."
 Introduction
Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights" stands as a timeless classic not only for its
intricate narrative and compelling characters but also for its profound exploration of themes
that resonate with the human condition across generations. Among the myriad of themes
woven into the fabric of Bronte's masterpiece, the role of social class in shaping love and
relationships emerges as a central and enduring motif. In this research, we delve into the
multifaceted portrayal of social class dynamics and their consequential effects on love
within the pages of "Wuthering Heights."

Through a comprehensive analysis of the novel, this study aims to elucidate three key
dimensions of the interplay between social class and love: Social Class as a Determinant
of Identity, Love Constrained by Social Expectations, and The Impact of Social Class on
Relationships. By examining these thematic threads, we seek to unravel the complexities
of Bronte's exploration of love amidst the rigid societal hierarchy of nineteenth-century
England.

Bronte intricately intertwines social class distinctions with the identities of her characters,
illustrating how socioeconomic backgrounds shape their aspirations, desires, and
behaviors. Within this framework, characters such as Heathcliff and Catherine emerge as
exemplars of individuals whose identities are deeply intertwined with their social standing,
paving the way for an exploration of how class influences their experiences of love and
relationships.

Furthermore, the novel vividly portrays the constraints imposed by social expectations on
the expression and pursuit of romantic love. Through the lens of societal norms and
conventions, Bronte examines the barriers that individuals face in defying class boundaries
and following the dictates of their hearts. This aspect of the narrative invites a critical
examination of the tensions between personal desires and societal constraints in matters of
love and affection.
 Chapter one
1.1 Emily Brontë

Best for its novel withering heights (1847), Emily Bronte also written more than 200
poems, who thought his sister Charlotte Bronte, there was a peculiar music - wild,
melancholy and elevator "Emily was the fifth of the six children of Patrick Bronte, Irish-
born perpetual curate of the remote Yorkshire moorland parish of Haworth. After the death
of their mother Maria when Emily was three, the children were given an inspiring and
wide-ranging liberal and academic education by their father and thoroughly instructed in
domestic ‘order, method and neatness’ by their aunt, Elizabeth Barnwell. For amusement
the siblings invented imaginary worlds, drawing maps and writing stories and magazines
– all in tiny micro-script, as if written by their miniature toy soldiers. Charlotte and
Barnwell created the kingdom of Angria; always stubbornly independent, Emily created
the breakaway island of Gondal with her younger sister Anne. Surviving poems about this
fantasy world show the influence of Wordsworth, Walter Scott and Byron. By then Emily
was the tallest of the sisters, slim and graceful with – in the words of family friend Ellen
Nussey – ‘kindling liquid eyes’. She was, however, very reserved, and it soon emerged that
she was unsuited to life away from Haworth. ‘Stronger than a man’, Charlotte wrote,
‘simpler than a child, her nature stood alone.’ Emily's work first appeared in print when, at
Charlotte's urging, a collection of the three sisters' poems was privately published in 1846
under the names Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; Among them, Emily's "No coward soul is
mine" stands out Wuthering Heights, which was published in 1847, is reminiscent of
Gondal in its moorland setting and passionate war between two families. One review
dismissed it as ‘coarse and loathsome’. Emily began another novel, but it was destroyed by
Charlotte after Emily’s death, aged 30, from tuberculosis in December 1848. Wuthering
Heights was only rescued from obscurity in the 1880s, championed by Algernon
Swinburne, Matthew Arnold, and G K Chesterton, who described it as ‘written by an

eagle’

.
1.2 Emily as a writer
Emily Brontë was a gifted writer, who created works of poetry and fiction that have
had a lasting impact on English literature. She was part of the Brontë literary family, along
with her sisters Charlotte and Anne, and the three sisters are known for their contributions
to the genre of Gothic fiction.

Emily's only novel, "Wuthering Heights," is considered a classic of English literature and
is known for its vivid portrayal of love and revenge set against the backdrop of the
Yorkshire moors. The novel is characterized by its intense, passionate and tempestuous
relationships, and its themes of love, jealousy, and retribution continue to resonate with
readers to this day in addition to her novel, Emily also wrote poetry, and her poems reflect
her intense feelings and her deep connection to the natural world. Her poems were
published posthumously, in a collection edited by her sister Charlotte, and they have been
praised for their originality and depth of emotion Emily Brontë's writing is characterized
by its intense, passionate and often dark themes, and she is recognized as a talented and
innovative writer who pushed the boundaries of conventional Victorian literature. Despite
her short life, Emily's legacy as a writer continues to inspire new generations of readers
and writers.

Hagan, J. (1996) pp. 23-43.

1.3 Wuthering Heights

It is a timeless classic of English literature, written by the gifted author

Emily Brontë and first published in 1847. It is a novel that explores the themes of love,
jealousy, and revenge in a powerful and intense way, and its Characters, descriptions of
the natural world, and passionate relationships have captivated readers for generations the
story begins with the arrival of Mr. Lockwood, a tenant at Thrushcross Grange, who visits
his landlord Mr. Heathcliff at the nearby Wuthering Heights. There, he meets the residents
of the Heights, including Heathcliff, Catherine Earnshaw, and Edgar Linton, and he begins
to uncover the tangled relationships and events that have shaped their lives the central
character of the novel is Heathcliff, an orphan who is taken in by Mr. Earnshaw and raised
as one of his own children. Heathcliff falls in love with Catherine, but she marries Edgar
Linton instead, leading to a cycle of love, jealousy, and revenge that drives Heathcliff to
seek revenge on those he feels have wronged him. The novel is also characterized by its
vivid descriptions of the Yorkshire moors, and the power of nature to both soothe and
torment the characters Throughout the novel, the characters are caught in a complex web
of relationships, as they struggle to come to terms with their own emotions and the events
that have shaped their lives. The themes of love and jealousy are particularly prominent, as
Heathcliff and Catherine's intense love for each other is contrasted with Catherine's desire
for a life of comfort and security with Edgar Linton. The love between Heathcliff and
Catherine is both passionate and all-consuming, and their relationship is often portrayed as
being beyond the constraints of society and conventional morality in addition to its vivid
characters and intense relationships, "Wuthering Heights" is also known for its descriptions
of the natural world The novel is set against the backdrop of the wild and tempestuous
Yorkshire moors, and the descriptions of the moors are an integral part of the novel's
atmosphere and themes. The Moors are often portrayed as both a source of comfort and
solace for the characters, as well as a force of nature that can be both beautiful and
dangerous the novel's themes of love, jealousy, and revenge continue to resonate with
readers to this day, and its vivid descriptions of the natural world and powerful characters
have made it one of the most enduring works of English literature. Wuthering Heights is a
novel that explores the human condition in all its complexities, and its impact on the literary
world has been profound. Despite its initial mixed reviews, the novel has since become a
classic of English literature and is widely recognized as one of the greatest works of Gothic
fiction So, "Wuthering Heights" is a timeless classic that continues to captivate readers
with its vivid characters, passionate relationships, and powerful themes. It is a novel that
explores the human condition in all its complexities, and its vivid descriptions of the natural
world and intense relationships have made it one of the most enduring works of English
literature. If you have not read this classic novel, it is highly recommended that you do so,
as it is a truly powerful and impactful work of literature that will leave a lasting impression
on you.
 Chapter two
2.1 The Impact of Social Class on Relationships in ‘Wuthering Heights’
Brontë’s novel is shaped by the prominence of the Industrial Revolution in England,
which had gotten well underway by this point. Amongst unprecedented changes in
manufacturing, the Industrial Revolution caused great disruption in the traditional
relationships amongst social classes. Self-made men who had profited greatly from the
revolution posed a threat to the dominant standing of the gentry in the upper classes.
Although willing to mix socially with manufacturers and industrialists for the sake of
profit-incentivised contacts, the gentry usually resisted marrying into this newly emerging
middle class, largely due to perceived differences in breeding.

The prominence of distinctions between social classes is materialised by the two

properties- Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. The less extravagant of the two
properties, Wuthering Heights, identifies as ‘home’ for the Earnshaws, who may be
categorised as upper-middle class due to owning their own land and being waited on by
servants. The Earnshaw’s position in social class is almost immediately recognised by
Lockwood upon his first visit to the Heights, who offers the description of the place and
furniture reflecting that of a ‘homely, northern farmer’.The adjective ‘homely’ contradicts
Lockwood’s previous notice of ‘villainous’ guns hanging from the walls, suggesting that
the place is fitting for as hostile a character as Heathcliff is.

In contrast, Thrushcross Grange is granted a far more regal description, with Heathcliff and
Catherine’s focus being drawn to the crimson carpets, chairs, and tables, as well as the
ceiling bordered with gold, and hanging glass-drop chandeliers. All of these assets are
indicative of the great wealth of the family whom live there- the Lintons. Importantly, the
description offered about the prestigious Thrushcross Grange is mostly enabled by
Heathcliff and Cathy’s observations from through the window, whereas far more detail is
able to be offered about the interior of the lesser Wuthering Heights. The physical barriers
of the closed windows and doors of the Grange that greatly limit access for the upper-
middle class Catherine, and entirely forbid access for Heathcliff as part of the working
class, can be interpreted as representative of the social immobility and restricted merging
between classes. This division is made explicit in chapter six, where the Lintons take
Catherine in but refuse Heathcliff; forcing him to find his way back from the Grange alone.

Just as social class forces division between Catherine and Heathcliff as children, it
continues to do so years later. Despite Catherine’s confession to Nelly of her lasting love
for Heathcliff, she is insistent that his lesser social standing prevents Heathcliff from being
a suitable husband for her, ‘it would degrade me to marry Heathcliff’. Contextual
understanding is essential in preventing a modern reader from interpreting Catherine’s
response as a shallow excuse; in this period, to marry outside of social class was seen to
betray and dishonour one’s family, and was a cause for women to be completely outcast
and rejected by the ones they loved. At a time when women were typically unable to own
property and other financial assets themselves, financial dependence on their fathers often
ruled out marrying a man who did not meet the approval of the family, as doing so would
put their financial security at risk. As Heathcliff’s working-class position as a manual
labourer renders him unable to offer her this financial security, Catherine attempts to
dismiss her love for Heathcliff; instead opting to marry Edgar Linton for the social
comforts he is able to offer her.

The difficulty of overlooking the importance of social class in favour of genuine passion
and the emotional turmoil involved in doing so translates through many much later novels,
including Ian McEwan’s ‘Atonement’ published in 2001; over 50 years after the
publication of ‘Wuthering Heights’. In ‘Atonement’, Cecilia’s upper class social standing
sets her apart from her childhood friend Robbie Turner, who was sustained genuine love
and adoration for her. Although not outrightly prohibiting a relationship to occur between
the two, Robbie’s inherited lesser position as son of the Tallis’s housekeeper sets him at a
disadvantage with the privileged Cecilia.
2.2 Social Class as a Determinant of Identity:

Social class operates as a potent determinant of identity, shaping the characters'

perceptions of themselves and their place within society. From the outset of the novel, the
stark divide between the affluent Lintons and the lower-class Earnshaws sets the stage for
the unfolding drama, highlighting the rigid hierarchies of 19th-century England.

Heathcliff, the enigmatic protagonist of the novel, epitomizes the impact of social class on
identity. As an orphan of unknown origins, Heathcliff's lack of lineage and social standing
ostracizes him from the privileged circles of society. His arrival at Wuthering Heights
disrupts the established order, challenging the traditional boundaries of class and status.
Despite Mr. Earnshaw's initial act of kindness in adopting him, Heathcliff is subjected to
mistreatment and discrimination from those around him, particularly Hindley Earnshaw,
who resents his presence as a threat to his own inheritance and social standing.

Heathcliff's lower-class status is reinforced by his physical appearance, described as dark-

skinned and "gypsy-like," further marking him as an outsider in the predominantly white,
aristocratic society of the novel. His identity becomes intertwined with his social status,
fueling his deep-seated resentment and desire for revenge against those who have wronged
him.

In contrast, characters like Edgar Linton and Catherine Earnshaw embod y the privileged
elite, born into wealth and societal privilege. Their identities are shaped by their upbringing
in genteel surroundings, where social status is intrinsically linked to respectability and
refinement. Catherine, in particular, grapples with the conflicting expectations imposed
upon her as a woman of her time. While she shares a profound emotional bond with
Heathcliff, her decision to marry Edgar reflects the societal pressures to conform to norms
of class and respectability.

Throughout the novel, Brontë explores how social class influences individuals' perceptions
of themselves and others, shaping their interactions and relationships. The characters'
identities are defined not only by their own actions and choices but also by the societal
expectations and constraints imposed upon them based on their class background.
2.3 Love Constrained by Social Expectations:

The topic of love bound by social standards runs throughout the story, particularly in the
stormy romance between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw. Set against the backdrop of
19th-century England's rigid social hierarchy, the novel investigates how cultural
conventions and expectations impact people's conceptions of love and influence their
romantic decisions.

Catherine Earnshaw, the novel's central female protagonist, embodies the tension between
love and social expectations. Despite sharing a deep emotional bond with Heathcliff since
childhood, Catherine's decision to marry Edgar Linton, a man of higher social standing,
reflects the societal pressures to prioritize wealth and status over genuine affection.
Catherine herself articulates this conflict when she tells Nelly, "It would degrade me to
marry Heathcliff now," underscoring the perceived stigma associated with marrying below
one's social station.

For Catherine, marriage to Edgar represents a path to social advancement and

respectability, offering her a comfortable life and elevating her status within society. Her
choice reflects the prevailing attitudes of her time, where marriage was often viewed as a
transactional arrangement aimed at securing financial stability and social standing.
Catherine's internal struggle highlights the pervasive influence of social expectations on
individuals' romantic choices, even at the expense of true love and emotional fulfillment.

Heathcliff, on the other hand, experiences the devastating consequences of love constrained
by social barriers. As an outsider of uncertain origins and lower social status, Heathcliff is
marginalized and dehumanized by society, denied the opportunity to pursue his love for
Catherine on equal footing. His inability to conform to societal norms and expectations
further fuels his sense of alienation and bitterness, leading him to seek revenge against
those who have wronged him.
 Conclusion
In the rich tapestry of Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights," the interplay between
social class and love emerges as a dominant and poignant theme, resonating with
readers across generations. Through our exploration of Social Class as a
Determinant of Identity, Love Constrained by Social Expectations, and The
Impact of Social Class on Relationships within the novel, we have gained valuable
insights into the complexities of human nature and societal dynamics.
Bronte masterfully illustrates how social class serves as a defining factor in
shaping the identities of her characters, influencing their desires, aspirations, and
interactions. Characters like Heathcliff and Catherine embody the profound
impact of socioeconomic backgrounds on individual identity, highlighting the
inextricable link between social status and personal identity the novel poignantly
portrays the constraints imposed by societal norms and expectations on the
expression and pursuit of romantic love. Through the lens of social class, Bronte
delves into the conflicts and tensions that arise when individuals defy conventions
and seek to forge connections across class boundaries. The tragic consequences of
such endeavors serve as a stark reminder of the formidable barriers that societal
expectations pose to the fulfillment of personal desires.

Moreover, our examination of the impact of social class on relationships within

"Wuthering Heights" reveals the intricate dynamics at play when individuals from
different socioeconomic backgrounds engage in romantic entanglements. From
power struggles to misunderstandings rooted in class disparities, Bronte captures
the complexities of love amidst a rigidly stratified society.

As we conclude our research, it becomes evident that Bronte's exploration of social

class and its effects on love transcends the confines of its nineteenth-centu ry
setting, offering timeless insights into the human condition. Through her nuanced
portrayal of characters navigating the complexities of love and social hierarchy,
Bronte invites readers to reflect on the enduring relevance of class dynamics in
shaping our relationships and identities.
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