Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1518.
FOOTNOTES
[14] Solis and Herrera say 250; Gomara and Galvano, 200; Peter Martyr, 300, etc.
[15] Torquemada, i. 358, asserts that Montejo furnished his own vessel, and that
Alonso Hernandez Puertocarrero, Alonso Dávila, Diego de Ordaz, and others,
went at their own cost.
[16] As upon this point, that is to say, the orders and their fulfilment, turned the
destiny, not only of Grijalva, but of the conquest, there has been much controversy
over it. ‘Si Iuan de Grijalua supiera conocer aquella buena vẽtura, y poblara alli
como los de su compañia le rogauan, fuera otro Cortes, mas no era para el tanto
bien, ni lleuaua comission de poblar.’ Gomara, Hist. Ind., 57-8. Partisans of Cortés
regard Grijalva with disdain, while no one seems greatly to care for Velazquez.
Bernal Diaz was of opinion that the matter of founding a colony was left to
Grijalva’s discretion; but Las Casas, who had much better opportunities for
knowing, being intimate with the governor, and at special pains to ascertain the
truth of the matter, states clearly that Grijalva’s instructions were positive, that he
should not settle but only trade. ‘Bartolome de las Casas, autor de mucha fe, y
que con particular cuydado lo quiso saber, y era gran amigo, y muy intimo de
Diego Velazquez, dize que fue la instruccion que espressamente no poblasse,
sino q̄ solamente rescatasse.’ Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i. So hold Torquemada,
Solis, and all careful writers on the subject.
[17] Or as he calls himself, ‘capellano maggior’ of the armada. Long before the
soldier, Bernal Diaz, published his ‘True History,’ Juan Diaz had given to the world
an account of the voyage, Itinerario de la isola de Iuchatan, following the Itinerario
de Ludovico de Varthema Bolognese nella Egitto, etc., in a volume printed at
Venice in 1520. Juan Diaz disputes the honor with Bartolomé de Olmedo of having
first said mass in the city of Mexico.
[18] Here again Prescott falls into error in attempting to follow a manuscript copy
of Juan Diaz, without due heed to the standard chroniclers. Mr Prescott writes,
Mex., i. 224, ‘The fleet left the port of St Jago de Cuba, May 1, 1518,’ and refers to
the Itinerario of Juan Diaz in proof of his statement. But Juan Diaz makes no such
statement. ‘Sabbato il primo giorno del mese de Marzo,’ he says, Itinerario, in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 281, ‘de questo sopradito anno parti il dicto capitaneo de
larmata de lisola Fernandina.’ Saturday, the 1st day of May, the armada left the
island of Fernandina, or Cuba. The writer does not intimate that they left the port
of Santiago on that day, which, as a matter of fact, they did not, but the extreme
western point of the island, Cape San Antonio. This Prescott might further have
learned from Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i., ‘Despachado pues Iuan de Grijalua de
todo punto, salio del puerto de Sãtiago de Cuba, a ocho de Abril deste año de
1518;’ from Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 6, who states that all met and attended
mass at Matanzas, the 5th of April, just prior to sailing; ‘Y despues de auer oîdo
Missa con gran deuocion, en cinco dias del mes de Abril de mil y quinientos y diez
y ocho años dimos vela;’ from Solis, Conq. Mex., 25, ‘tardaron finalmente en
hacerse á la mar hasta los ocho de Abril;’ from Robertson, Hist. Am., i. 241, ‘He
sailed from St Jago de Cuba on the 8th of April,’ etc. Ternaux-Compans
perpetrates two gross blunders in the first four lines of his translation of this
Itinerario of Juan Diaz. First he writes March for May, ‘equivocando,’ as
Icazbalceta says, ‘la palabra mazo del original con marzo.’ and, secondly, he
brings the fleet to Cozumel Island on the 4th, when his author writes the 3d, which
is enough, without the palpable absurdity of making Monday the 4th day of a
month wherein the previous Saturday was the 1st. Oviedo states, i. 503, that
‘salieron del puerto de la cibdad de Sanctiago á los veynte é çinco dias del mes
de enero;’ that they were at Matanzas the 12th of February, at Habana the 7th of
April; that they left Matanzas finally the 20th of April, and San Antonio the 1st of
May, in all which, except the last statement, he is somewhat confused.
[19] Like a good soldier, Bernal Diaz makes the time fit the occasion. ‘A este
pueblo,’ he says, Hist. Verdad., 7, ‘pusimos por nombre Santa Cruz; porq̄ quatro,
ò cinco diaz antes de Santa Cruz le vimos.’ The native name of the island was
Acusamil—Landa, Rel. de Yuc., 20, writes it Cuzmil; Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan,
10, Cuzamil—Swallow’s Island, which was finally corrupted into the Cozumel of
the Spaniards. Mercator, indeed, writes Acusamil, in 1569, although Colon,
Ribero, and Hood had previously given coçumel, cozumel, and Cosumel,
respectively. Vaz Dourado comes out, in 1571, with quoqumell, since which time
the name has been generally written as at present.
[20] Some of the authorities apply the name Santa Cruz to a port; others to a town
found there; but it was unquestionably the island to which they gave this name. ‘A
questa isola de Coçumel che ahora se adimanda Santa Croce.’ Diaz, Itinerario, in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 287. ‘Se le puso nombre á esta ĩsla Sancta Cruz, á la
qual los indios llaman Coçumel.’ Oviedo, i. 504.
[21] This, according to Diaz; Oviedo says they landed on Wednesday, the 5th, and
again on the 6th; and Bernal Diaz affirms that the landing took place on the south
side of the island.
[22] It was the crosses, which the Spaniards here regarded of miraculous origin,
more than any physical feature which after all gave the name to these shores.
Cortés established it for all the region under Aztec sway, and under the viceroys it
was applied to all the Spanish possessions north of Guatemala, including the
undefined territories of California and New Mexico. Humboldt, Essai Pol., i. 6-7,
and others, have even shown an inclination to embrace thereunder Central
America, but for this there is not sufficient authority. See Medina, Chron. de San
Diego de Mex., 227; Lopez Vaz, in Purchas, His Pilgrimes, iv. 1432, and Gottfriedt,
Newe Welt, 74; also Torquemada, from Herrera, and several standard authors.
New Spain was for a long time divided into the three kingdoms of New Spain, New
Galicia, and New Leon, each composed of several provinces. Under the
administration of Galvez, this division gave way to intendencias, among them
Mexico and a few provinces, and New Spain came to be limited in the north by the
Provincias Internas, though including for a time at least the Californias. With the
independence the name New Spain was replaced by Mexico, less because this
term applied to the leading province and to the capital, than because the name
was hallowed by association with the traditions of the people, whose blood as well
as sympathies contained far more of the aboriginal element than of the imported.
On Colon’s map the name is given in capital letters, Nova Spaña. Under Nveva
España Ribero writes dixose asì por que ay aquy muchas cosas que ay en
españa ay ya mucho trigo q̄ an lleuado de aca entanta cantidad q̄ lo pueden
encargar para otras partes ay aquy mucho oro de nacimiento. Robert Thorne, in
Hakluyt’s Voy., carries Hispania Noua east and west through Central America,
while Ramusio, Viaggi, iii. 455, places La Nova Spagna in large letters across the
continent.
[24] Puerto Escondido. On the maps of Colon and Hood it is placed as one of the
eastern entrances of the Laguna de Términos, the former writing p. deseado, and
the latter P. desiado; Gomara places the Laguna de Términos between Puerto
Deseado and Rio Grijalva. On Ribero’s map, north of Escondido, isla ger, Vaz
Dourado marking in the same locality p:. seqo amgratriste, Dampier gives Boca
Eschondido, and Jefferys, Boca Escondida.
[25] Velazquez had instructed his captain to sail round the island of Yucatan.
Cortés, in 1519, ordered Escobar to survey this sheet, which was found to be a
bay and shallow. Still the pilots and chart-makers wrote it down an island. It is
worthy of remark that in the earliest drawings, like Colon’s, in 1527, the maker
appears undecided, but Ribero, two years later, boldly severs the peninsula from
the continent with a strait. See Goldschmidt’s Cartog. Pac. Coast, MS., i. 412-14.
The earliest cartographers all write terminos, Ribero marking a small stream
flowing into the lagoon, R:. de x p̅ ianos. Here also is the town and point of
Jicalango. Ogilby calls the lagoon Lago de Xicalango, east of which is the name
Nra Sra de la Vitoria; Dampier places south of Laguna Termina the town Chukabul;
Jefferys writes in large letters, a little south of Laguna de Xicalango or Terminos,
the words Quehaches Indios Bravos. Kohl thinks Puerto Escondido may be the
Puerto Deseado of Grijalva mentioned by Gomara.
[26] Of ‘la isola riccha chiamata Ualor,’ as the chaplain calls it, Diaz, Itinerario, in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 295, ‘descoprir una altra terra che se dice Mulua.’
Alaminos believed New Spain to be another island distinct from Yucatan. The
natives called it Coluá, says Las Casas, Hist. Ind., iv. 428.
[27] On the chart of Cortés, 1520, it is called R:. de Guzalua, and placed west
instead of east of Rio Santa Ana. Ribero writes, R:. de grisalua; Vaz Dourado, Ro.
de grigalua; Hood, R. de Grisalua; Mercator’s Atlas, 1574, has a town, Tausco;
Ogilby, Dampier, and Jefferys employ the name Tabasco. Kohl ascribes the name
of the river San Pedro y San Pablo to Grijalva. Colon has R:. de s. pablo; Ribero,
R. de s:. Pabo; Munich Atlas, No. iv., rio de s. p.; Baptista Agnese, rio de S. paulo;
Hood, R. de S. Pablo; Ogilby, S. Paulo: Dampier, St. Peter, St. Paul, etc. As there
are plenty of streams in that vicinity Herrera gives one to Grijalva and still leaves
the chieftain, Tabasco, his own.
[28] It is Las Casas who testifies to 6,000; Bernal Diaz enumerates 50 canoes;
Herrera speaks of three Xiquipiles of 8,000 men each, standing ready in that
vicinity to oppose the Spaniards, waiting only for the word to be given.
[29] Not ‘Culba, Culba, Mexico, Mexico,’ as Bernal Diaz has it. The natives
pronounced the word Culhua only; but this author, finding that Culhua referred to
Mexico, puts the word Mexico into the mouth of Tabasco and his followers. Long
before the Aztecs, a Toltec tribe called the Acolhuas, or Culhuas, had settled in the
valley of Mexico. The name is more ancient than that of Toltec, and the Mexican
civilization might perhaps as appropriately be called Culhua as Nahua. The name
is interpreted ‘crooked’ from coloa, bend; also ‘grandfather’ from colli. Colhuacan
might therefore signify Land of our Ancestors. Under Toltec dominion a tripartite
confederacy had existed in the valley of Anáhuac, and when the Aztecs became
the ruling nation, this alliance was reëstablished. It was composed of the Acolhua,
Aztec, and Tepanec kingdoms, the Aztec king assuming the title Culhua Tecuhtli,
chief of the Culhuas. It is evident that the Culhuas had become known throughout
this region by their conquests, and by their culture, superior as it was to that of
neighboring tribes. The upstart Aztecs were only too proud to identify themselves
with so renowned a people. The name Culhua was retained among the
surrounding tribes, and applied before Grijalva to the Mexican country, where gold
was indeed abundant.
[30] ‘Das grosse Fest des heiligen Antonius von Padua fällt auf den 13 Juni, und
dies giebt uns also eine Gelegenheit eines der Daten der Reise des Grijalva,
deren uns die Berichterstatter, wie immer, nur wenige geben, genau festzusetzen.’
Kohl, Beiden ältesten Karten, 105. Cortés, in his chart of the Gulf of Mexico, 1520,
calls it Santo Anton; Fernando Colon, 1527, R. de la Balsa, with the name G. de s.
anton to the gulf; Ribero, 1529, r: de Sãton; Globe of Orontius, 1531, C. S. ãto;
Vaz Dourado, 1571, rio de S. ana; Hood, 1592, R. de S. Antonio, etc. For Santa
Ana Dampier in 1699 lays down St. Anns, and Jefferys in 1776, B. St. Ann.
[32] Colon gives it, Sierras de San mrtí; Vaz Dourado, seras de S. martin; Hood,
Sierras de St. min; Ogilby, Sierras de S. Martin; Dampier, St. Martin’s High Land,
and St. Martin’s Point. This soldier, San Martin, was a native of Habana.
[33] Herrera makes the Indian name Papaloava; Bernal Diaz, Papalohuna, Cortés,
1520, and Orontius, 1531, give R. d alvarado; Colon, 1527, R: del comendador
aluarado; Ribero, 1529, R:. de Aluarado; Vaz Dourado, 1571, Ro. de Alluorado,
etc. ‘Die Karte von 1527 hat den Rio del comendador Alvarado etwas weiter
westlich, jenseits des Rio de banderas, welches keineswegs mit den Berichten
des Bernal Diaz übereinstimmt.’ Kohl, Beiden ältesten Karten, 106.
[34] Some of the early maps place this stream incorrectly east of the Papaloapan;
where Ribero writes P. delgada, first east from R: de uanderas, Vaz Dourado
writes p:. de hiqada.
[35] The Chaplain Diaz affirms that ten days were passed on the mainland, where
Indians dressed in mantles brought them food, and where they melted their gold
into bars; and that on the San Juan Island they appointed one of the natives
cacique, christening him Ovando. ‘El capitaneo li disse che non volevano se non
oro et loro resposseno che lo portariano laltro giorno portorono oro fondido in
verghe et lo capitaneo li disse che portasseno molto d quello.’ Itinerario, in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 299.
[36] To distinguish it, Herrera says, from San Juan de Puerto Rico. On the chart of
Cortés, 1520, the B:. de Sant Juan is laid down, but no other names are given
except that of Sacrificios Island, which is placed some distance out and called Ys
della creficio. On Orontius’ globe, 1531, three islands are called Insula Sacrifici.
Colon lays down R: de s. Juhan; R. salado; R: de s. x pouae (christobal); villa rica,
and yeo: de sacreficios. Ribero designates R:. de s. Jua; R:. de cãpual; uilla rica,
and y:.a de saćficios. Vaz Dourado writes R.o de Säo (santo) Joáo (Juan);
llaueracrus (la vera cruz), and uilla riqua (villa rica). Hood gives R. de medelin; S.
Jon delua; Laueracruz; Sen Jual; Villa Rica; and marks the point south of Vera
Cruz P. de antonisardo. Mercator gives Villa Rica; Ogilby, S. Juan de Luz, and
north of it Villarica. On another of his maps we find S. Juan de Lua; Pta de Anto
Sardo, I. y Fuerca de la vera Cruz nueva, La Vera Cruz, R. Medelin, and Yas de
Sacrificios. See further Cartography North Am., MS., i. 531. Las Casas confounds
the islands Sacrificios and Ulua, calling them one. The Spaniards supposed the
continent thereabout, far into the interior, was known to the natives as Culhua;
hence we find Velazquez, in his instructions to Cortés, Mendoza, Col. Doc., xii.
227, speaking of ‘una tierra grande, que parte della se llama Ulúa, que puso por
nombre Santa María de las Nieves.’ See also Oviedo, i. 539.
CHAPTER III.
RETURN OF GRIJALVA. A NEW EXPEDITION ORGANIZED.
1518.