2020-14 Matangalute Utbhavakatha

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tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan sI. BÀ. cma³ \¼q-Xncn F³tUmhv
saâ v(1992), {]Ya Aar-X-IoÀ¯n ]pc-kvImcw (2001), tIcf _me-
km-lnXy C³Ìn-äyq«v AhmÀUv(2002), tIcf kmln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan
ka-{K-kw-`m-h\ ]pc-kvIm-cw(2008) XpS§n \nc-h[n kwØm\ þ
A´Àkw-Øm\ ]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä¡v AÀl-\m-bn. PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-
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_À 16þ\v bix-i-co-c-\m-bn.
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]pcq-cp-hÊpw DÀh-inbpw
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aX-§-fpsS DÛ-h-I-Y
BUn kn _pIvkv
malayalam language
Mathangalude Uthbhavakatha
Study
by Narendrabhooshan
Rights Reserved
First Published August 2013
publishers
D C Books, Kottayam 686 001
Kerala State, India
Online Literature News Portal:www.dcbooks.com
Online Bookstore: www.onlinestore.dcbooks.com
e-mail: customercare@dcbooks.com
distributors
D C Books-Current Books
Export Sales D C Press (P) Ltd., Kottayam, Kerala
D C Books Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Binu M. Pallippadu.
Avar kunjine thodumbol/Binu M. Pallippadu.
112p., 21cm.
ISBN 978-81-264-4042-9.
1. Malayalam poem. I. Title.
8M1*—dc 22.
*(This is local variation of DDC number for Malayalam literature-Avar kunjine thodumbol.).
No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without prior written permission of the publisher.
isbn 978-81-264-4042-9
Printed in India
at D C Press (P) Ltd., Kottayam 686 012
D C Books: The First Indian Book Publishing House to get ISO Certification
~. 80.00
21/13-14-Sl.No. 12645-dcb 5429-0500-5370-06-13-Sir. 18.1-p sj-r sd-d bs
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B-cw-õw-: h±-e-a-X-º-;-tS-Æw °-dw-ô Cv-f|-c°-......... 7

-b-+-Z-a-X-=w C-ñn-®w-............................................................ 13
?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-tÂ ue-ç-I³-
b-+-Z-ô-e-ª-a-X-º-jo²-..................................................22
-e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ B-[n-cw tte-Zo-I-[±-a-w-
e-ª-Ìw !-Xo-b-a-X-=w-....................................................33
-b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-tÂ A-So-Ùn-\w ]n-ûo-a-Xw-................. 42
-]n-ûo-a-X-=w tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w- .......................................... 72
-D-]-hw-in-cw-............................................................................131
aX=w Æ2oÆw Hç ]T\w............................................136
-B-cw-õw-
h±-e-a-X-º-;-tS-Æw °-dw-ô Cv-f|-c°-
-a-X-º-;-tS D-V-e-Ùn-\w G-Xn-Wm? G-tX-¹o-êw a-X-eo-uf-g-¿o-

tÂ-b-È, G-Xo-tÂ A-en-Ð-c-è-]-an-bn-uWn eo-eo-[ a-X-º³ \o-d-
\o-ò-Á-Xm, B a-X-¿o-tÂ °-d-è-]w F-eo-tS \o-Án-ü-¾n-b-Xm?
hn-[n-c-W-bn-bo Cv uNn-Zy-¿o-Ì c-1-¿-cw d-õo-Ðn-=-Á-Xn-Wm.-
1. a-X-¿o-tÂ °-dw ttZ-e-an-Wm.-
2. A-Xo-tÂ D-V-ew a-Ì-gy-\o²- \o-Án-Wm.-
-H-Án-a-u¿-Xm, C-Á-t¿ a-X-º-;-tS eo-In-h-¿o-Ìw e-j±-Ñ-Íw a-Ì-
gy-ç-tS e-±u\-Xo-in-h-=w, ¨-eo-õn-K-¿o-tÂ eo-uf-g-X-I-;w e-do-b
u5-c-W tN-ê-¿o-bo-å-t¾-Á-Xo-t\ Xo-c-¾-co-%-Áo-È. a-X-º-;-tS
°-d-In-c-Ww ttZ-e-an-tW-è Xp±-K-]-l-Æ-tÁ-uÁ-Æ-=.-
-Rn-\o-eo-tS Cv a-i-¿|-ua-lo-b 5-T-t¿ Ð±-B-an-bo ]-co-ufn
-[o-Ñm D-¿-cw I-t¾-¿o-¿-è-tIn-Én-ta-tÁn-èw 5-Xo-Ç
tN-å-Áo-È. F-tÂ D-uË-fyw ¨-a-7-d-¿o-td eo-eo-[-a-X-º-;-tS
Xn-c-X-ay-]-T-\-¿o-ë-tS \-ep-\-a-X-º³ !-cn-X-\-a-X-º-jo²-\o-è-
¾n-b-Xn-tW-èw, Cv !-cn-X-\ a-X-º-tj-Ã-Êo A-e-ub-Ðn³ 5n-Np-
\-an-b a-X-º-jo²-\o-Ám A-lo-bn° I-ko-Æ-ta-èw, C-º-t\ D-¿-
ucn-¿-cw ]-co-ufn-[o-® tN-;-uÄn³ a-Ì-gy-e±-\-¿o-tÂ 5n-Np-\-
X-a-an-b ]-eo-^-[±-a-¿o-td-¿o-uÑ-cn° I-ko-Æ-ta-èw I-t¾-K-I-
bn-Wm. Cv A-u\|-g-W-5-?o-b-bo² \-®-Ðm d-õo-%-Á a-tÊn-c-lo-em,
a-X-º-;-tS D-V-e-¿o² !-¿° I-1-]o-â-¿-º-tjn-èw u5-c-W
tN-ê-¿o-bo-½o-tÈ-Á-Xn-Wm. a-X-º-;-tS ®-Jy-ho-ªn-Ð-º³ A-Y-en
a-X-hn-cw -_ an-\-e-Pn-Xo-ubn-jw ]-k-Ð-®-É-Xn-Wm. a-Ì-gy-tÂ-Æ-Éo²
[n±--a-o-I-Çn-\-_p-Pw ½-wo-Æ-tS H-S-Ð-¿o²-¿-tÁ ttZ-ew
eo-X-®-e-Ño-ç-è, F-Ám C-Xo²-\o-è ho-ªo-%-è. Cv Çn-\-¿o-
tÂ _p-Pw an-\-e-e±-\-¿o-tÂ r-×-Ó-c-bo-td ]-k-Ð-ua-lo-b-tX-è
G-e-çw h-Å-Xo-%-Á #-Xo-bn-b ue-Z-¿o² In-Wnw.-
h-¸±-B-Çn-\-¿o-tÂ-Æw °-d-In-c-Ww Cv-f|-c-\n-tW-è
h-Å-Xo-Ðn° B-Òo-I±-Ðn±-%w a-So-Æ-¾n-Io-È. an-^-a-È, [n±-ao-I
-Çn-\-¿o-tÂ In-cy-¿o² C-Xm ¹-â-X² ]-c-an±-Q-=-an-Wm.
]n-Ln-Xy- X-¿|-Çn-\o-I-jo² 5-®-J-\n-b uZ-In±-¿m (Descartes)
Cv-f|-c-hw-_-áo-bn-b Çn-\-t¿-Ã-Êo C-º-t\-tb-?-H-è: “Rn°
No-Ðo-%-uÐn-cw ¹-â-X² Ê-V-an-bo F-\o-%-l-Ãn-!-Á-Xm, Cv No-Ð
7
a-X-º-;-tS D-V-e-I-Y-
F-tÂ a-\ô - o² \o-èj - -en-bX

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I-=w. A-º-t\ Hn-ucn-èw. A-Xo-\n² Rn-\p B-fb-¿o-tÂ
uîn-X-ô-tÈ-è à-ww. C-tX-tÂ a-\-ôo² ]-Xo-®e-Ñ-Xm ttZ-e-
an-bo-co-Ðnw.’’ Cv \o-cp-¸-W-º-jo² H-u½tl h-Xy-®-t¾-Ám \-®-Ðm
ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ Y-W-ô-h|-õn-e-º-tj-Ã-Êo-Æ-É A-lo-eo-\m a-Ê-lo-=-I-tj
-uÃn-td an-Ê-uan !-ucn-K-Xo-ubn D-¾n-!-Áo-tÈ-Á e-Ó-X-bo²-
\o-è ey-2-an-!-è. Cv-f|-c° \yn-b-In-co-Æw \-î \o-l-¼-e-Ìw,
Z-bn-ê-=w, h±eÇ-Ìw, h±-e-f-2-Ìw, A-\-Ð-Ìw uI-ed-Ìw
a-e-an-tW-Ám \-®-Ð-lo-bnw. Cv Y-W-K-W-º-tj-Ã-Êo a-Ì-gy-\-lo
-eo-Èn-Xo-ç-Á In-d-b-j-ue D-¾n-bo-ç-Áo-È. B-Zo-Ind-t¿ E-go
-an± ttZ-e-t¿ C-¿-cw eo-uf-g-W-º³-tIn-¾m Ó-Xo-Ño-ç-è.
B-¿-\o-I X-¿|-Çn-\o-uÐn ttZ-e-fn-Ö-Ç-u\n ¹-â-X-dn-bo e-È
eo-uf-g-W-º-;w I-t¾-¿o-b-Xn-bo A-õo-an-\o-Ðn° I-ko-Æ-uan? a-e
eo-g-b-º-jo-td-Ènw \-½-tS A-lo-em A-Ì-?-aw eo-I-ho-Ð-ue,
Cv-f|-c-hw-_-áo-bn-b \-½-tS A-õoÇ-X H-co-S-K-X-tÁ \o-ò-I
-bn-Wm. \n-;-I³ I-S-è-u]n-!-uÐn-cw \-½-tS fn-Öp-b-an-b A-lo-em
hp-an-Xp-X-an-bo e±-ªo-%-I-Æw C-è-e-tc I-t¾-¿n-¿ A-W-
X-º³ ]-d-Hw I-t¾-K-I-Æw tN-åw. F-Án² ttZe-t¿
hw-_-áo-Ñm “!-Xo-b’’ H-c-lo-=w H-co-Ð-êw \-®-% I-t¾-¿n°
B-=-I-ub C-È. \-®-Ðm Cv-f|-c-tÂ Y-W-º-tj hw-_-áo-Ñm C-Á-
u¿-Xo-ê-]-co u_n-[o-Ðn-Ìw Cv-f|-c-t\ Ð±-B-an-bo A-Ì-¨-X
-an-%-en-Ìw I-ko-u¼-%-ta-¹o-êw Cv-f|-c-tÂ H-ç \-ep-\-Y-Ww
I-t¾-K-en° H-co-Ð-êw I-ko-Æ-I-bo-È. F-Ñ-tIn-¾m? Cv-f|-c-t\
hw-_-áo-Ñ Çn-\w a-Ì-gy-a-\-ôo-tÂ av-do-I-X-b-tÈ-Á-H-X-tÁ.-
-ttZ-e-t¿ hw-_-áo-Ñ A-lo-eo-t\-Ã-Êo ]-l-à e-Á-tX-Ènw
a-X-]-c-an-b A-lo-eo-t\ hw-_-áo-®w f-co-bn-Wm. a-X-¿o-tÂ ua-J-
d-bo² !-Xo-b I-1-]o-â-¿-tan-èw D-¾n-bo-½o-È. D-¾n-=-I-Æw C-È.
[p -F-Ñm.-]o. Õ-en-emIo-Æ-tS f-co-bn-b 5-Òn-ew u\n-&:-
“!-Xo-b a-X-uan !-Xo-b h-Xy-uan I-t¾-¿o-b H-ç a-X-Ùn-]-
I-Ìw B-cy, th-ao-Êo-Im, A-Y-en â-ln-\o-b° eo-õn-K-º-jo-udn A-\y-
^-ubn D-¾n-bo-½o-tÈ-Ám 5-f-Ò ]-7o-X-în± ]-d-çw ]-l-¼o-å-¾m.
Cv a-X-Ùn-]-I-tc-Ènw ‘5-u¸-]o-Wo’-I-jn-Wm. av-do-I-Y-ç-Ð-în-
c-È. A-Xo-\n-dn-Wm Un. d-t\, I®-C-g-ho-t\ a-X-Ùn-]-I-t\-è
eo-jo-Ðn-tX a-X-5-Nn-c-I-t\-è eo-jo-Ðn° A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ en-%-
I³-X-tÁ ]-I±-¿o-b-Xm...-” Rn° ttI-an-c-Á-uX-Æ-=. F-\o-Ðm
!-¿-t\n-èw c-No-Ðn-\n-eo-È. Rn° Ð±-eo-I-co² eo-f|-ho-%-è,
8
A-Xo-\n-d-e-tc hmu\-io-%-è.’’ (t5n-^. an-Om a{-d± h-b°-hm

Hn-^m lo-do-P-\o² D-ª-co-Ñ-Xm.)1 an-Om a{-d± C-º-t\-Æw ]-l-Æ-è-ô
“udn-uIn-Zmõ-ew ®-X² C-è-e-tc Xp±-Kw !-Xo-b-Xn-tbn-ç a-X-=w
D-¾n-bo-½o-È.’’2
-Cv en-%-I-jo²-\o-Ám \-®-Ðm Ùo-cp-I-co-Ðn-=-Á-Xm a-X-º-;-tS
D-V-e-Ùn-\-t¿-Ã-Êo A-lo-bn° [-ao-%-uÄn³ \nw Cv-f|-c-
\o-ud-% tN-uÁ-Xp-è F-Án-Wm. a-e eo-[-¿o² ]-l-¼n² a-Xw
Xp±-Kw Cv-f|-c-\o²\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-Wm.-
C-uÃn-tkn-ç uNn-Zy-®-Á-bo-uÑ-Ðnw. F-Èn a-X-º-;w Zo-ey-X-bo²
H-dy-an-uWn? udn-I-¿o² ]-c-à-cw a-È-So-%-Á a-X-º-tj-Ènw
H-ç-u]n-td h-Xy-an-uWn? D-¿-cw A-Ì-¹-d-=w 5-Xo-¹-d-=-an-Wm.
C-è \o-d-\o-ò-Á Cv a-X-º-jo-td-Ènw !-ul h-Xy-®-¾m. A-Xm Zo-ey-
an-Wm. !-ul tX-e-I-;-¾m. A-e a-Ì-gy-ç-uS-Xn-Wm. F-Án² [-ªn-
Ð±-ew Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Òn² h-Xy-¿o-tÂ °-d-uîn-X-ôm ue-Z-º-jo²
D-t¾-è I-t¾-¿nw. Cv a-X-º-jo² ]-c-à-c-eo-ç-ª-an-b ]-d-H-
®-t¾-¹o-êw No-d h-Xy-ho-ªn-Ð-º-;-tS In-cy-¿o² A-e±-Ð-õo-
5n-bey-Xyn-hw G-H-ua-bo-È. B ho-ªn-Ð-º-;-tS D-l-eo-Sw ue-Z-º-
jn-Wm.3 I-â-¿ A-õo-5n-b-ey-Xyn-h-º-jn-I-t½, A-So-Ùn-\-]-c-an-bo
H-è-X-tÁ-bn-bo-co-%-ta-èw A-e-Æ-tS B-eo±-õn-e-In-c-Ww, B a-X-
º-;-tS °-d-Ð-Èn-b ue-Z-¿o-td h-Xy-¿o²\o-è-¾n-b ey-Xo-N-
d-\-º-ujn tX-Êo-ªn-c-W-I-ujn \o-ao-¿w D-¾n-bo-e-Á-Xn-tW-èw
r-io-Ðnw.-
F-Èn a-X-º-;-tS-Æw D-V-e-uîn-X-ôm ue-Z-º-jn-tW-èw B uîn-
X-ôo-²-\o-Án-Wm a-X-]-c-an-b Çn-\-[n-c Pmthn-cn-Ïo-b°-ô-Á-X,
_v-ª, ?o-Ó-ô-®-i-Å-Zm a-X-º-jn-!-Á !-dy-I-jo-ë-tS 5-e-io-Ñ-tX-
èw Ùn-]o-Ðn° [-ao-Ðnw. Cv A-Ö 5-®-J a-X-º-;-tS In-cy-ua
]-co-K-Wo-%-è-=. a-e-É-e C-e-bo² G-tX-¹o-êw H-Áo-tÂ-ubn
]-d-Xo-tÂ-ubn fn-J-I-jn-bo-co-%w. D-Zn-i-c-Ww ]-l-bnw. ttP-\-a-Xw
e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ è-]n-Ð-c-an-Wm. I-_p± \n-\-Im, Zn-È F-Áo-e-ç-tS
h-º-Zn-b-º³ ®-Jy-an-bo io-Û-a-X-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-+-an-bo ®-i-Å-È-a-X-
¿o-tÂ-Æw ao-[o-X-º-jn-Wm. ~-1-h-an-Pw io-Û-ô-?o-Òy° ao-[-W-
an-Wm. C-º-t\ Hn-ucn tN-c-h-º-Zn-b-=w.-
1 Secret Doctorine; Vol 1., Introduction pp. XXXVI-VII
2 Chips from a German Workshop; Vol. I Perface p X:
3 B-bo-cw u]±-%w h|p-In-cy-an-b ue-Z-a-Xw h|p-In-cy-=w ]-c-à-c-eo-ç-ª-=w
I-+o-X-=w A-h-Xy-=w A-[±-a-=-an-b-Xm A-h|p-In-cy-=-an-Wm. (h-Xyn±-Y-
5-In-fw)-
9
-F-º-t\-bn-Wp eo-eo-[ a-X-h-º-Zn-b-º³ \o-d-eo²-e-Á-Xm?

5-[n-\-tÃ-½ H-c-So-Ùn-\-a-X h-Xyw h|n±-Qo-I-jn-b !-ucn-io-X±
a-l-®-e-Í-uÄn-ukn P-\-º-;-tS A-Çn-\n-á-In-c-¿o² a-l-à-
u]n-!-uÄn-ukn B h-Xy-t¿ D-b±-¿o-Ão-So-®-tIn-¾m H-ç a-in-a-Ì-
gy° 5-Xy-¸-tÃ-½m A-Xo-Ì hw-õ-eo-Ñ tte-è-]y-t¿ an-e-I-ubn a-l-
\p-%-I-ubn tN-Òm h-Xy-t¿ Ð±-B-an-bo 5-In-fo-Ão-%w. C-º-t\
F-Èn a-X-º-;-tS-Æw H-S-Ð-¿o², \o-d-eo-do-ç-Á a-X-t¿ ]-co-l-co-
Ðn° h-Å±-Ëw tN-ê-¿o h-Xy-t¿ a-l-®-e-Í-Á-Xo-u\n-Sm F-Xo±-Ó
5-I-So-Ão-%-Á-H In-Wnw. tte-Zo-I G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-¿o-Ì eo-ç-ª-
an-bo _-*-ttZ-e-en-Zw 5-N-co-Ñ-uÃn³ ào-Xn-an-Pm h-c-w-Ö° F-Á
5-en-N-I° G-uI-f|-c-en-Zw 5-N-co-Ão-®. ‘A-*-c‘-t\ an-^w Ð-Po-
Ðn-Ìw _-*-ttZ-e-º-tj Xo-c-¾-co-Ðn-Ìw ]-To-Ão-®. C-H-u]n-td
tte-Zo-I-a-Xw !-¿-ko-¼m b-Ç-\n-a-¿o² hn-¿-Pp-eo-I-tj _-do-
\-ín-Ìw an-\-e-h-a-X|-en-Z-¿o-Ì ]-I-cw Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù \o-d-\o±-
¿n-Ìw H-S-ºo-b-uÃn³ [p-e-ª-tÂ A-Xo-f-2-an-b f-p-®-b±-è.
Pp-eo-X-I-ªo, A-[x-#-X-ucn-Sm Hv-Á-Xy-¿o-ud-%-b-cn° B-i|n-\w,
ao-¾n-5n-Wo-I-ujn-âm A-Ì-I-Ä F-Áo-e e-ª° °-dy-º-jn-bo F-â-K.
ub-I-?o-Ó Á-X-a-t¿ I-ª-an-%-en° b-Uo-®. ?o-Ó-a-Xw eo-r-in-
cn-[-\-Æw A-á-eo-f|n-h-º-;w-tIn-¾m A-I-ª-an-b-uÃn³ ®-i-Å-Zm
\-_o X-tÂ I-ª -G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-=-an-bo cw-K-t¿-¿o. a-e a-X-º-j-tS
D-V-e-=w C-º-t\-X-tÁ. \-½-tS \n-½o-td I-_p±, \n-\n-Im, Zn-È,
ttN-X-\y° ®-X-dn-b-e-tc-Ènw A-X-H-In-d-¿m _-*-ttZ-e-en-Zw,
eo-r-in-cn-[-\, A-á-eo-f|n-h-º³ F-Áo-e-bn² Pp±-Bo-®
u]n-bo-ç-Á io-Û-a-X-t¿ ]-co-l-co-Ðn° b-Uo-Ñ-e-cn-Wm. C-º-t\
F-Èn a-X-Y-ç-Ð-în-çw _- ue-W-ta-¹o² A-e-tc 5-en-N-I-tc-è
eo-jo-®-tIn->- _ av-do-I-an-bo ]-co-l±-¿n-Ð-jn-bo-ç-è. A-e-tc-Ènw
\-î-Æ-tS h-uÀ-f-=-an-bo e-Á-e-cn-Wm. \o-d-eo-ê-É-Xo²-\o-Ám Xo-î-
tb an-Êo \-î-tb 5-Xo-~o-Ðn° F-¿o-b-e-cn-Wm. ]-u¸, A-e±-
Ðn±-%w-X-tÁ ue-Z-º-;-tS 5n-Np-\-a-X-¿o-tÂ ]-ca-I-ªo-tb
te-Èn° I-ko-¼o-½o-tÈ-è \-®-Ðm e-ko-ub a-\-ôo-dn-Ðnw.-
-B-c 5-®-J a-X-º-;-tS In-d-b-j-em
-®-i-Å-È-a-Xw, ?o-Ó-a-Xw, e-ª-a-Xw, Á-X-a-Xw, Pmthn-cn-Öo-b°-a-Xw,
ue-Z-a-Xw F-tÁ-?-H-uÄn³ A-e In-d-?-a-a-Ì-h-co-Ñm A-â-Ðo
F-?-Xo-b-Xn-tW-Ám en-b-\-Ðn±-Ðm eo-uf-g-¼-N-\ \-í-W-ta-Áo-È.
®-i-Å-Zmô-?o-Ó-ô-a-X-º-uj-Ðn³ ]-k-Ðw e-ª-a-X-¿o-\n-tW-èw,
ue-Z-a-Xw Pmthn-cn-Öo-b° a-X-u¿-Ðn³ ]-k-b-Xn-tW-èw \o-L-b
-an-Wm. F-Án² C-Ðn-cy-º³ A-^ 5-ho-ª-a-È. A-Xo-\n² C-e-Æ-tS
10
]-c-à-c-]-k-Ð-t¿-Ã-Êo A-+w F-?-Xo-tÐn-É-t½.-

-tt_-_o-j-Ì-h-co-Ñm t]-Âo-Ê{-Ðo-tÂ eo-\-X c-N-bo-Xn-en-b
uan-f P-\o-Ñ-Xm 1571 _o.-ho.-bo-dn-Wm. 1491ô² ttZ-e-eo-jo-Æ-¾n-bo.
t]-Âo-Ê{-Im (]-k-b \o-b-a-¿o-td 5 A-[yn-bw) c-No-Ñ-Xm uan-f-b-
tÈ-Á en-Zw Aw-Kp-I-co-Ñn², 450 _o.-ho.-bo² F-î-bn-W-Xm c-No-Ñ-
tX-Á en-Zw Aw-Kp-I-co-Ð-Ww.-
th-À-e-Ò ¹-â-X² 5n-Np-\-an-Wm. Un-+± àp-K-do-tÂ A-õo-5n-
b-¿o² 1900 _o.-ho.-bo² Pp-eo-Ñ A-~-in-ao-tÂ h-a-In-dp-\-
\n-Wm Pmh-c-w-Ö°, A-Xn-b-Xm uan-f-Æm 400 e±-gw ®°-]m. H-Ánw
Î-Ên-¾o-td 5-f-Ò No-^-In-c-\n-b 8o-\o uc-J-tÃ-â-¿o-bo-co-%
Á-Xm D-ª-co-®-tIn-¾m uUn-+± in-Km F-?H - è
- . “uan-fÍ
- w e-j-tc ®°-]m,
h-i-în-p-º³ ®°-]n-Wm Pmh-c-w-Ö° Pp-eo-Ño-ç-tÁ-Ám 8o-\o.
_-uln-h-hm F-Á _n-_o-udn-Wo-b° N-co-^-In-c-\n-I-t½, Pmh-ç-w-
Ö-t\ _n-_o--udn-Wo-b° cn-Pn-en-bo No-^p-I-co-%-è. _o.-ho. 2200
Ìw 2000 Ìw a-u[y _n-_o-udn-Wo-b õ-co-Ñ-X-uË-i-an-bo-ç-Á-u^.
]n-ûo-I-;-tS eo-I-ª-r-×-º-tj-Ã-Êo ]-l-b-ue in-Km ]-cn-a±-fo-%-è:
“uan-f-Æ-tS In-dw ®-X² (_o.-ho. 1500ô1300). X³-°-Uo-Im hn-io-Xy-
¿o-tÂ In-dw (F.-Uo. 960) e-tc-Æ-É 2400 e±-g-¿o-\o-S-bo-dn-Wm Á-X-
ç-tS eo-I-ª-hn-io-Xy-®-S-td-â-¿-Xm. Pmthn-cn-Öo-b° hn-io-Xy
-¿o-\m Cv K-W-\-b-Ì-h-co-Ñm _o.-ho. 2800ô² c-N-\n-cw-õw !-lo-uÐ-
¾-Xn-Wm. ]n-ûo a-X-Ùn-]-I-tÂ In-d-t¿-Ã-Êo rp-%-In± eo-f|-ho-
%-Á-Hw Cv In-d-K-W-\-Æ-an-bo t]n-ç-¿-ua-tl-Æ-¾m.’’-
5n-Np-\ rp-% hn-io-Xy-In-c-în-ç-tS hn-¸y-=w C-Xo-Ì-¾m. A-co-
u$n-½o-êw Æ-uUn-O-æw, u8-uÊn-Æm 6000 e±-gw ®°-]n-Wm Pmh-c-w-
Ö-tÂ In-d-ta-Á ]-¸-Ðn-cn-tW-¹o² a-e No-d± uçn-P° Æ-ª-¿o-
Ìw 5000 e±-gw ®°-t]-Á ]-¸-Ðn-cn-Wm.-
]n-ûo-I-jn-I-t½, C-Xo-td-Ènw e-do-b ]-k-Ð-an-W-e-In-f-tÃ-â-Á-Xm.
G-Xn-bn-êw t]-Âo-Ê{-Ðo-Ìw ®°-]n-Wm th-À-e-Ò-tb-Á-Xm ?o-Òyn-
\o-I-;w Aw-Kp-I-co-uÑ Xp-è.-
ue-Z-¿o-\m th-À-e-Ò-tb-Ðn³ ]-k-Ð®-t¾-Á-Xm B-çw \o-ug-
[o-%-ta-è uXn-è-Áo-È. \-½-tS E-go-an-cn-I-t½, A-Xo-tÂ B-eo±-
õn-ew an-\-e-½-wo-Æ-tS H-S-Ð-¿o-dn-tW-Á eo-f|n-h-Ðn-cn-Wm.
C-tX-Ðn-bn-êw a-Ì-gy-tÂ !-Ò-I-fn-d-bo² C-Xo-êw ]-k-Ð-®-É
r-×-ao-È. t5n-^. an-Oma{-d± ]-l-Æ-è: “hn-io-Xyn-e-fo-w-ta-Á
\o-d-Æm a-Ì-gy-N-co-^-¿o-tÂ 5n-Np-\-X-bo-ud-Ðm G-Ê-=w ¹-â-X²
11
É-c-¿o² a-Ì-gy-t\ \-bo-Ðn° ue-Z-a-Èn-tXn-è-ao-È.’4 th-À-e-Ò-

Æ-tS ]-co-õn-g-I-\n-b l-e. F².-F-Ñm. ao²-hm ue-Z-¿o-\m ¹-â-X²
]-k-Ðw Aw-Kp-I-co-%-è. “th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS Ð±-e-õn-K-an-b Kn-Y-I-jo²
In-ü-Á ao-^-tÂ-Æw h-Jn-Ð-;-tS-Æw A-õn-ew th-À-e-Ò, ]-k-b
E-%-I-uj-Ðn³ e-j-tc B-¿-\o-I-an-tW-Á \o±-W-b-¿o-ud-Ðm
\-tÅ \-bo-%-è.’’-
4 Chips from a German Workshop; Vol.1, page 4
12
1
-b-+-Z-a-X-=w C-ñn-®w-
®-i-Å-È-a-Xw ®-Jy-an-bo b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-êw õn-Ko-I-an-bo b-+-Z-a-X-

¿o-tÂ A-So-Ùn-\-an-b Pmthn-cn-Öo-b° a-X-¿o-ê-an-Wm A-So-Æ-
l-Ão-Ño-å-É-Xm. b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-dn-Wm C-ñn-ao-tÂ A-So-¿-l-tb-Á-Xm
®-ñp-º³ \o-cn-I-co-%-Áo-È. 5-en-N-I° b-+-Z-a-X-¿o² eo-eo-[
]-co-ln-c-º³ e-ç-¿o-tb-uÁ ®-ñp-º³ A-e-In-f-tÃ-â-è-=. c-1
a-X-º-;-tS-Æw eo-f-Z-an-b Xn-c-X-ay-]-T-\w, eo-f-Znw-f-º-jo²-u]n-êw
5-en-N-I° Á-X-a-X-¿o-\m F-^-u¿n-jw h-ap-]-an-tW-Á e-Ó-X
te-jo-tÃ-â-Kw. av-do-I-an-bo 5-[n-\-tÃ-½-tXn-å-uan e-j-tc-ubn A-e-
In-f-tÃ-Sn-\o-tÈ-èw ey-2-an-!w.-
-uUn-+± uh² Cw-up-go² V±-B° ]-co-õn-g-tÃ-â-¿o-bo-å-¾m.
A-Xo-\-uË-i-ta-?-Xo-b ]-7o-uXn-No-X-an-b B-®-Jw Cv eo-g-b-
t¿-Ã-Êo-Æ-É A-lo-eo-tÂ J-\o-bn-Wm. \-®-Ðm A-Xo²-\o-Ám B-e-
fy-an-b-Xm hw-õ-co-Ðnw.-
1. ½-wz-Xm]-¿o-
-Cv ½-wo B-Zy-u¿-Hw A-e-hn-\-u¿-H-an-tW-Á eo-f|n-hw
Á-X-a-X-¿o-tÂ h-eo-uf-g-X-bn-Wm. a-e c-1 5-®-J a-X-º-jn-b
?o-Ó, C-ñnw-a-X-º³ C-Xo-uî² ]-â-K-b±-¿o-bo-co-%-è. ttZ-
e-¿o-tÂ I-+-\ \o-ao-¿w J-\y-X-bo²-\o-Ám ½-wo B-eo±-õ-eo-®
F-Á eo-f|n-h-=w Á-X-a-X-¿o²-\o-è I-Sw-tIn-¾-Xn-Wm. B-Z-®w
i-F-Æw G-Z°-uXn-½-¿o² eo-d-Ðo-b I-\o-tbn-ko-tI F-Ñw A-Ì
-õ-eo-Ðn-Ì-É h|n-X-Ôy-u¿n-tS ]n±-K-e-c-ue h±-Ã-è-]-¿o²
e-Á hn-¿n-tÂ 5-udn-õ-\-¿o-Ì e-ko-tÃ-½m B I-\o Xo-Á-H
\o-ao-¿w A-e±-Ðm ]-c-Zp-h \-w-tÃ-½-Á I-Y-Æw Á-X-r-×-º-jo²-
\o-Ám F-â-¿-Xn-Wm.-
-A-H-u]n-td-bn-Wm a-Ì-gy-uc-Ðn³ D-Á-X-çw ¼-¸-ma-ô-]-eo-^-ô-
A-lo-f-cp-co-I-;w, õ-¸-W-=w 5-P-\-\-?o-b-I-;-ao-Èn-¿-e-çw, B-#-
Xo-uõ-Z-=w 5-?-¿o-uõ-Z-=w D-É-e-ç-an-b a-d-%-I³, ^-co-Ò-I³,
®-X-dn-be -D-t¾-è ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw. C-e-co² 5-®-J-cn-Wm Po-~p-êw,
ao-Jn-Cv-êw, C-în-Cv-êw, A-h-ln-^p-êw. uUn-+± uh² F-?-H-è:
“-a-d-%-I-tj hw-_-áo-Ñ-tX-Ènw ®-i-Å-È-\-_o b-+-Z-co²-\o-è
h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm. b-+-Z-cn-I-t½ C-e-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ-tX-Ènw ]n-ûo
-I-jo²-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-tW-Ám h-Å-Xo-%-è-®-¾m.’’ V±-B-\o
13
dn-I-t½, Xn-W-e±-\-¿o²-t]-â-Á Po-è-I-;-tS A-Òo-X|-®-t¾-Ám

]-To-Ão-%-è-¾m. C-e± A-lo-f-cp-co-I-;w !-tl-&-So Û-d-f-cp-co-
I-;w õ-¸-W-]n-\p-b-º³ I-ko-%-Á-e-çw h-Ðn-u\n-Xm]-¿o
\-S-K-Á-e-çw ±-Xz-eo-\m A-[p-\-ç-an-Wm. “Cv eo-Nn-c-K-Xo, ug-Uow
F-tÁn-ç-X-cw hn-¿n-în-ç-t¾-Á b-+-Z-eo-f|n-h-u¿n-Sm e-j-tc
t]n-ç-¿-®-É-Xn-Wm.’’ F-Ám uUn-+± uh² F-?-H-è.-
2. 5-j-b-=w a-co-Ñ-e-ç-tS D-bo±-Ów-
B-Zn-em A-\-f|-c-an-tW-Ám ®-ñp-º³ eo-f|-ho-%-è. a-co-®-u]n
-b-e± A-e-ç-tS \-î-Xo-î-I-;-tS ^-dw ttI-Ã-e-Á-Xo-Ì-ue-¾o D-bo±-
t¿-?-uÁ-ò-Á H-ç Zo-\-®-t¾-èw A-e± eo-f|-ho-%-è. C-tX-Ènw
b-+-Z-co²\o-èw h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm.-
a-co-Ñ-e-ç-tS D-bo±-Ãm
-No-d ud-J-I-în± ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm Cv D-bo±-Ãm B-Zn-eo-\n-tW-Á-u^.
F-Án² hn-an-\y-eo-f|n-hw f-cp-c-=w B-Zn-=w D-bo±-t¿-?-uÁ-ò-
ta-Án-Wm. Np-¼-?-Io-uÃn-b f-cp-cw F-º-t\ D-bo±-t¿-?-uÁ²-%-
ta-Á hw-f-bw \yn-b-an-Æw D-Á-bo-Ðn-=-Á-Xn-Wm. F-Án² ®-i-Å-
È-\-_o h-[-ªw f-cp-c-¿o-tÂ H-ç õn-Kw æ-c-¸o-X-an-Ðo-e-Ño-å-¾m.
a-e õn-K-º³-tÐ-Ñw hw-õ-eo-Ð-t½, e-çw-In-d-¿m f-cp-cw D-bo±-%-
uÄn³ A-So-Ùn-\ L-S-I-an-ubn !-jo-Ão-Ðn-Ì-É D-l-u]n-d-ubn e±-
¿o-Ðn° ue-¾o-bn-Wo-Xm. A-uË-iw ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm H-c-Ùo-tbn-ko-tI
a-tÊ-Ènw a-Bo² uN-ç-ta-Án-Wm. “A² A-Pm_m’ F-Á Cv A-Ùo-Ðm
\nw ua-ç-Z-7w (Oscoceygis) (C-jo-tb-Èm) F-è ]-l-Æ-è. a-Ì-gy-f-cp-
c-¿o² G-Ê-=w B-Zyw D-¾n-!-Á-Xm Cv F-Èn-I-bn² A-Ðo-a-\n³
e-tc A-H \o-d-\o-òw. A-Xo-t\ B-à-Z-an-Ðo uf-go-%-Á f-cp-c-=w
\o±ao-%w. C-Xm ttZ-ew t]-Ço-%-Á \n-+-H Zo-e-h-t¿ a-k-Í-uf-g-an-
bo-co-%w. Cv a-k ¨-ao-tb ]-Ô-1-an-lm B-k-¿o² ®-%w. f-cp-c-º³
tN-So-I-tj-uÃn-td ®-j-®-t]n-Ñw. C-eo-tS-Æw \-_o-Ðm b-+-Z-ucn-â
I-S-Ãn-â-¾m. A-e± ‘ë-km‘ F-Á A-Ùo-tb-Ã-Êo C-º-t\ ]-l-¼o-å-¾m.
A-eo-tS A-+w ey-Xyn-hw D-¾m. ®-ñp-º³ a-k-tb-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-uÄn³
b-+-Z± ]-I-cw H-ç °-S²-a-¼o-t\ h|p-I-co-%-è. C-Xm ¨-ao-bo-td
a-Bo-t\ D-Xm]n-Z-\-¸-a-an-%w.-
-D-bo±-Ão-tÂ d-¸-W-º³-
-!-\-ç-Qn-\ (D-bo±-Ãm) ¿o-tÂ \n³ h-ap-]o-%-uÄn³ No-d d-¸-
W-º³ In-Wnw. 1. ¼-cy° ]-So-¼n-c-Zo-%w. 2. Z-Ãn² F-Á ±-Kw
5-Xy-¸-tÃ-âw, A-Xo-eo-No-^-an-b B-#-Xo-Æ-É Cv ±-Kw C-ñn-ao-tÂ
h-Xy-º³ A-l-_o-õn-g-bo² A-lo-bo-%w. tt_-_o-jo-td-eo-tS-ubn
14
-b-+-Z-a-X-=w C-ñn-®w
(te-jo-]n-Sm) In-ü-Á eo-No-^-±-K-º-;-an-bo C-Xo-Ì hn-ay-®-t¾-

Á-u^ uUn-+± uh² F-?-H-Á-Xm. 3. a-i-Zo-Æ-tS B-K-a-\w. 4. ¼±
F-Á In-i-jw °-Án-?-¿o Dv-H-I.-
Cv B-f-b-º-tj-Ènw G-l-%-tl b-+-Z-co²-\o-tÁ-â-¿-Xn-Wm.
A-H-u]n-td, !-\-ç-Qn-\-¿o-Ì-uf-gw \yn-b-eo-[o-%-®°-]m I-â-¿
¼-cy-Xn-]-¿o²-\o-Ám !-\-ç-Qn-\w tN-Ò-e± 5-Xp-¸o-uÐ-¾-Xn-
Æ-¾m. A-Ám ¼-cy° A-e-ç-tS X-d-Í ®-I-jo² G-Xn-Ìw ®-kw D-b-c-
¿o² \o-òw.-
-\yn-b-Zo-\w-
-B-;-I³ \o-Lo-X-Zo-e-hw e-tc C-º-t\ 5-Xp-¸o-®-I-ko-Æ-uÄn³
\yn-b-eo-[o ]-l-bn° ttZ-ew 5-Xy-¸-an-!w. A-uÃn³ 5-en-N-I-\n-b
®-i-Å-Zm \-_o ‘f-^p‘ (a-[y-Ù°) F-Á Ùn-\w h|p-I-co-%w.
A-uÃn³ Hn-ucn ey-2o-ubn-âw A-e-tÂ Pp-eo-X-¿o-td I±-a-º-
tj-Ã-Êo uNn-Zo-%w. f-cp-c-¿o-td Aw-K-5-Xyw-K-º³tIn-¾m tN-Ò
È-o-Xy-º³ A-eo-tS-e-Ñm Hn-ucn-ç-¿-çw h-Å-Xo-%-ta-Án-Wm No-d-
ç-tS A-õo-5n-bw. Hn-ucn a-Ì-gy-Ìw Hn-ucn !-Ò-Iw D-¾m. A-Xo²
A-e-\-e° tN-Ò-tX-Ènw F-?-Xo-bo-co-%w. C-în-Cv² F-Á ttZ-e-
É-X° ]o-So-Ño-co-%-Á ^n-ôo² Cv !-Ò-Iw I-%w. !-Wy-¿o-tÂ
X-å-Xn-ü Io-S-Án² u\-uc h|±-\-¿o-d-b-Íw. ]n-]-¿o-tÂ X-å
Xn-ü-Io-S-Án² \-c-I-¿o-êw. Cv B-f-b-=w b-+-Z-co²-\o-Ám ttI-
tÐn-¾-Xn-Wm. uUn-+± uh² F-?-H-è: “A-Ðo-a-\n-jo² in-P-cn-
%-Á !-Ò-I-t¿-Ã-Êo-Æw A-H I-%-Á ^n-ôo-t\-Ã-Êo-Æw !-cn-X-\
b-+-Z-ud-J-I± e±-Bo-Ño-å-¾m.’’ (Midrash Yalkut Shemum Page 153)
b-+-Z± C-H h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xm Pmh-c-w-Ö-co²-\o-Án-Wm. C-ç-¹-½-çw C-H
]-k-b-\o-b-a-¿o-t\ A-So-Ùn-\-an-Ðo è-]-tÃ-â-¿o-b-Xn-In-ta-Ám
uUn-+± uh² ]-l-Æ-è. (!-l-Ãn-Sm 32.32ô33, Zn-\o-b² 7ô10, 5ô27,
te-jo-]n-Sm 20ô12) ^n-ôo-tÂ eo-g-b-¿o² ®-ñp-º-;-tS-Æw ]n-ûo-I-;-
tS-Æw eo-f|n-h-º³ X-Åo² e-do-b hn-ay-®-¾m. \yn-b-eo-[o \n-jo²
ta-i±, h-ç-gm F-Áp ttZ-e-É-X-în± ]n-d-¿o-uî² \o-ò-ta-Á-e±
eo-f|-ho-%-è. C-e± ]n-dw I-S-%-Á Hn-ucn-ç-¿-t\-Æw ]-cp-¸o-
%w. B-Zy-t¿ É-X° Cv-f|-cp-b-Z-b-Æ-tS 5-Xo-\o-[o-bn-bo Hn-ucn-
ç-¿-tÂ-Æw I±-aw I-Ðo-u\n-Ðn° ^n-uô-Ðo \o-òw. Cv É-X-tÂ
¼-N-\-b-Ì-h-co-Ñn-Wm ttZ-ew I-+o-%-Á-Xm. !-Wy-¿o-tÂ X-½m X-d-
®-So-\n-ucn-j-ta-¹o-êw Xn-ü-Io-S-Án² h|±-\-¿o-ud-% eo-âw. ]n-]-
¿o-tÂ X-½n-Wm Xn-S-tX-¹o² c-¾n-a-t¿ É-X° ]n-d-¿o²-\o-Ám
\-c-I-¿o² X-Éo-bo-âw.-
-h|±-\-I-en-S-¿o² H-ç ]n-d-®-¾m. C-Xo-\m ®-i-Å-Zm\-_o ‘A²
15
ho-cn-Xm‘ F-è u]-co-½o-co-%-è. \-c-I-%-ko-% ®-I-jo-dn-Wo-Xm. X-d-

®-So-\n-co-u\-Ðn³ ¼-K-=w en³-¿-d-ub-Ðn³ \o-fo-X-=-an-b Cv
]n-d-¿o-ë-tS \-_o-Æ-tS ]o-Án-ud æ-K-a-an-bo A-Ð-tc-tb-¿nw.
È-w-în± In²-e-?-Xo X-d-!-¿o \-c-I-e-6-¿o² ep-ü-u]n-!w.
b-+-Z-çw \-c-I-Ãn-d-t¿-Ã-Êo C-º-t\X-tÁ e±-Bo-%-è. A-e
-ç-tS ]n-d-¿o-\m Î-do-u\-Ðn³ ep-Xo-bo-È. Cv B-f-b-¿o-\m
b-+-Z-çw ®-ñp-º-;w Pmh-c-w-Ö-ucn-Sm I-S-tÃ-½o-co-%-è. A-Ðo-a-Zo-\-
¿o² G-e-çw ‘No-\-e-Z‘ ]n-dw I-S-Ð-W-ta-Á-uË-iw ]-To-Ão-%-è.-
-]-c-Zp-h-ô-h|±-\w-
‘A²-ho-cn-Xm‘ ]n-dw I-S-Án² D-S-t\-X-tÁ [±-a-n-Zn-Ð³ G-knw
B-In-f-K-É h|±-\-¿o-td-Kw. ®-ñp-º-;-tS h|±-\w A-Xo-æ-À-c-
an-b H-ç-Zyn-\-an-Wm. A-eo-tS A-ç-eo-I-;-¾m. P-d-[n-c-I-;-¾m. uX-t\n-
?-!w \-Zo-I-;-¾m. h|±-B-¿-So-Æ-É a-c-º-jo² h|n-Zo-b-Á ^-d-º-
;-¾m. h±-uFn-]-co +-c² A-Ç® F-è ]-l-Æ-Á eo-fn-dn-¸o-I-;w
a-u\n-i-co-I-;-an-b \-e-Æ-e-Xo-I³ F-?-]-H-u]-ç-¾m. Cv e±-B-\-
I³-tÐ-Ènw I-S-Ãn-Sm b-+-Z-ucn-Sn-Wm. A-e-çw !-Wyn-Zn-Ð-;-tS
\o-en-h-Ùn-\w G-knw B-In-f-¿o-td æ-À-ucn-Zyn-\-an-tW-è
e±-Bo-%-è. (Gemar Tanith P. 25. Midran Labbath P. 37) A-Xo² °-è
I-en-S-º-;w \n-ê \-Zo-I-;-®-¾m. \-Zo-I-jo² ]n-dm, a-Zo-c, ]-k-h-¿m,
uX° F-Á-e-tbn-?-!-è. (Mibrash, Yalkut. Shewine)
-b-+-Z± Cv e±-B-\-I³ Pm-hc-w-Ö-co²-\o-è ]-I±-¿o-b-Xn-
enw. A-e-çw C-uX ttf-do-bo²-¿-tÁ-bn-Wm h|±-\w e±-Bo-%-Á-
Xm. uUn-+± uh² F-?-H-è: “]n-ûo eo-Z|n-în± !-Wyn-Zn-Ð-;-tS
]o²-Ðn-d Pp-eo-Xn-e-Ù-tb-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw ®-i-Å-Zm\-_o-Æ-tS
B-f-b-º-;w X-Åo² A-+w A-Ð-c-ua-Æ-=. A-e± h|±-\-¿o-\m
_o-io-fmXm F-èw ao-Î F-èw ]-l-Æ-è. C-Xo-\±-Qw ç-So-I-a-Wo-
tb-Án-Wm. [±-a-o-~-cn-b B-Zn-Ð³ C-eo-tS-¿o B-\-À-õ-co-X-an-b
Pp-eo-Xw \-bo-%w. eo-uf-go-®w I-co-¹-C-I-;-É +-ln-u\ _o-io-
fmXm F-Á h|±-\p-b c-a-Wo-I-;-an-bo h-i-e-ho-Ðn-\n-=w. Cv æ-À-
co-I³ Pmh-ao-bn-Zm F-Á ttZ-e-É-X-în-ç-tS hw-c-¸-W-¿o-dn-Wm.
C-eo-tS \o-Án-Wm V±-B-\o-td +-lo-I³ e-tÁ-¿o-b-Xm.’-
C-eo-tS ]n-ûo-I-;-tS (Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS) \n-an-ao-in-en-Zm F-Á
5-nNp-\-r-×-¿o²-\o-Ám A-+w ]-I±-¿nw. “h|±-\-¿o-td G-Ê-=w
Xn-S eo-õn-K-¿o² e-ho-%-Á-e± F-Èn hnw-hn-co-I æ-J-º-;w
A-Ì-õ-eo-%-è. æ-À-co-I³, Zn-h-în±, Zn-ho-I³, anw-hw, a-Zo-c,
e-Ö-º³, eo-co-Ó-I³, A-d-¹n-c-e-Ó-Ð³ ®-X-dn-b-e-tb-Ènw; C-eo-tS
A-e eo-Ò-co-Ð e-Ç.’’-
16
-\-c-Iw-
-C-H-u]n-td-bn-Wm \-c-I-e±-B-\-Æw. A-eo-tS eo-eo-[ bn-X-\-I-;-¾m.
\-c-Iw G-kn-bo eo-õ-Po-Ð-tÃ-½o-co-%-è. h|±-\-=w \-c-I-=w X-Åo²
ue±-Xo-co-%-Á ‘A² tF-cn-^m ‘ F-Á a-Xo² D-¾m. C-tX-Ènw b-+-
Z-ç-tS r-×-º-jo-êw In-Wnw.-
3. ttZ-e-=w hn-¿n-Ìw-
-C-ñn-ao-td-Æw b-+-Z-ç-tS-Æw ttZ-e-h-¹-+-º³ ao-Ð-en-cw H-Án-Wm.
\-î-Æ-tS 5-Xo-\o-[o-Æw Xo-î-Æ-tS 5-Xo-\o-[o-Æw B-b c-1 f-2o
-I³ _ ttZ-e-=w hn-¿n-Ìw _ D-t¾-Á B-f-b-=w b-+-Z-co²-\o-è
h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm. tt_-_o-jo-êw V±-B-\o-êw ]-l-Æ-Á G-uI-f|-c-en-
Z-¿o-t\ A-So-Ño-ç-K-Á Cv B-f-b-=w b-+-Z± ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-è
h|p-I-co-®. ]n-ûo-I³ Cv f-2o-I-tj b-Yn-?-aw à-Ðn-a-\z F-èw
Aw-Ko-cn-a-\zw F-èw eo-jo-%-è. !-ul-Ð-ko-¼m \nw C-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo
e-j-tc eo-Ò-co-® N±-Ñ-tN-åw. ue-Z-¿o-td ‘!-Wy-]n-] hw-rn-a-=w‘
C-H-an-bo A-uÃn³ Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Çnw. C-Xm ?-ua-W c-1 f-2o-
I-jn-bo è-]n-Ð-cw 5n-]o-Ñ-Xm ]n-ûo-I-jo-ë-tS-bn-W-Ám A-uÃn³
a-\-ôo-dn-Ðnw. hn-¿n° ttZ-e-u¿-Ðn³ A-+w an-^w Xn-T \o-ò-
Á-uX-Æ-=. C-tXn-ç 5-[n-\-tÃ-½ eo-g-b-an-Wm. C-H N±-Ñ tN-å-
uÄn³ ue-Z-º-jo²-\o-èw th-À-e-Ò-bo-ë-tS ]-d-Hw tt_-_o-jo-êw
V±-B-\o-êw F-º-t\ F-¿o-uÑ±-tÁ-è a-\-ôo-dn-Ðnw.-
4. a-Xn-Ì-~n-\-º³-
-Çn-\-In-7 hw-_-áo-bn-b ®-Jy-ho-ªn-Ð-º³ ®-ñp-º³ h|p-I-
co-Ñ-Xm b-+-Z-co²-\o-Án-tW-è \nw I-1. C-\o I±-aIn-7-¿o-tÂ
a-Xn-Ì-~n-\-º-;-tS-ô-D-l-eo-S-t¿-Ã-Êo-Æw A-u\|-go-Ðnw.-
-Hn-ucn ®-h²-an-Ìw \o±-_-áo-X-an-bo A-Ì-~o-uÐ-¾ \n-ê I±-a
º-jn-Wm \o-Ân-cw (5n±-Q-\) ucn-uP (D-]-en-hw) ttJ-cn-Xm (Zn-\w)
i-Pm (a-Ð-bo-ud-Ðm Xp±-Q-bn-^) F-Áo-e.-
-\o-¾n-cw-
-]n-ûo-I-;-tS ‘Z-hn-Xp-cp‘-tÂ G-Xn-Ìw e-N-\-º³ F-?-Xnw. A-e
C-ñn-ao-tÂ \o-¾n-c-h-a-b-t¿ Aw-K-N-d-\-=w a-e-an-bo F-º-t\
t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-½o-co-%-tÁ-è u\n-%-I.-
“5n±-Qo-%-uÄn³ ]-eo-^-Ìw e-ªo-an-Ì-an-b H-cn³ ®-Áo²
\o-ñ-Ww. a-tÊ-Èn-e-çw ]o-Áo-êw. 5n±-Qo-%-Á-bn³ C-ç-ttI-I-;w
¹-½o-uÑ±-¿m \o-e±-è-\o-ñ-Ww. ]o-tÁ Xn-uk-Ðm !-\o-b-Ww. \o-d-¿m
®-½o-uî² Io-S-Ð-Ww. ]o-tÁ F-?-uÁ-Êm u\-uc-\o-Ám H-ç ttI X-d
-bo² e-Æ-Ww. ]o-Áp-Sm X-d D-b±-K-I. X-É-eo-c-ê-I³ uN±-Ðn-tX
17
ttI-I³ ¹-½o-uÑ±-%-I. X-É-eo-c-ê-I³ I-C-I-jo² uN±%-uÄn³

eo-c-ê-I³ X-d-bo² tXn-â-we-B-ao-co-Ð-Ww, X-d t\-Õo-ud-%
!-\o-Ño-å-b±-K-I. \o-d-K ®-å-a-S-Ðo-bo-ç-Ám ttI-I³ !-¿o t\-Êo
\o-d-K ®-½o-Ño-½m ®-J-¿o-tÂ C-ç-e-f-=w \o-d-K tXn-â-eo-%-I.
]o-tÁ \p-1 \o-e±-Ám I-a-T Io-S-Ám t\-Õm Xn-tk ®-å-uen-jw
ttI-I³ A-I-e-I. ]o-tÁ H-S-I-;w A-I-e-I. ®-å-I-jo² !-\o-Æ-I.
tXn-?-Á ttI-I-jo² t\-Êo-b-a±-K-I. Cv \-a-¾n-cw ttZ-e-¿o-\-
Èn-tX a-Ên±-%w tN-Ç-ç-Xm.’’ (bn-hn° u]-Pm 59ô61)-
-®-ñp-º³ ImAm_-bo-ud-Ðm Xo-co-¼m \o-¾-co-%-Á h-º-Zn-b-
¿o-Ìw b-+-Z-ucn-Sm I-S-Ãn-â-¾m. A-e-çw X-º-;-tS ®-Jw b-è-f-ud-ao-
td uZ-en-d-b-¿o-ud-Ðm Xo-co-Ñn-Wm 5n±-Qo-%-Á-Xm. uUn-+± uh²
F-?-H-è: “B-ul-?-an-hw (18 F-è No-d±) ®-i-Å-Zm\-_o-%w A-Ì-
bn-bo-I³-%w Io-Õ b-è-f-ud-an-bo-ç-è. A-Xn-b-Xm ImAm_-tb
Io-Õ-bn-%-Á-H-e-tc.’’ 5n±-Q-\-Í ®°-]m a-C-tIn-u¾n te-Éw-
tIn-u¾n I-ªo-e-ç-K-Á h-º-Zn-bw b-+-Z±-%w ]n-ûo-I³-%w
D-¾n-bo-ç-è. æ-Á-¿m, b-+-Z h-º-Zn-b-an-tW-Á-Xm 5-ho-ª-an-Wm.-
-ucn-uP (D-]-en-hw)-
-ucn-uP-tb-Ã-Êo ®-i-Å-È-\-_o-Æ-tS \o±-uË-f-º³ e±-Bo-Ð-ue, uUn-
+± uh² b-+-Z-h-º-Zn-bw ú-¾o-Ðn-å-è-¾m. A-uË-iw F-?-H-è:
“b-+-Z± D-]-en-hw F-â-%-uÄn³ ¼-ucyn-Z-bw ®-X² A-Ò-a-\w
e-tc õ-¸-W-]n-\p-b-º³ an-^-a-È Öp-uh-e-Æw F-B-uX-Ów D-u]-
¸o-%-è. cn-ô-bo-dn-I-t½ b-uY-ww õ-¸-Ww I-ko-%-I-Æw a-ew
tN-å-è.-“
-ttJ-cn-Xm (Zn-\w)-
-C-Xm c-1 X-c-¿o-ê-¾m. h-Ðn-Kw h-ZmIn-Æw. C-Xo-Ìw eo-uf-g-\o-
b-a-º³ \o±-ªn-co-X-an-Wm. C-Hw b-+-Z±-Ðo-S-bo² \o-d-eo-do-ç-Á-
Xn-bo uUn-+± uh² 5-Òn-eo-%-è.-
-i-Ãm
-ta-Ðn-bn-^-Æm b-+-Z-ç-an-bo _-á-ao-È. eo-r-in-cn-[-I-cn-b A-l-_o-
I-;-tS A-e-fo-wnw-fw an-^-an-Wo-Xm. ta-Ð-bo-td u¸-^w A-e±-Ðm
e-j-tc 5-[n-\-an-bo-ç-è. A-Xo-t\ \o-ug-[o-%-Á-Hw ]-co-e±-¿-\w
e-ç-K-Á-Hw Æ-2-an-tW-Ám \-_o I-ç-Xo-bo-È.-
5. \o-go-ª-I±-aº³-
-ú-H-I-jo, a-Zy-]n-\w, ]-do-f-en-º², No-d e±-Po-X anw-h-º³ õ-¸o-
%-I ®-X-dn-b-e ®-ñp-º³-%w Á-X-în±-%w H-ç-u]n-td e±-Py-an-Wm.
A-õ-¸y-anw-h-º-tj-Ã-Êo V±-B-tÂ A-ç-j-Ãn-Sm C-º-t\-bn-Wm:
18
f-ew, c-2w, ]-Áo-anw-hw, A-Èn-*-e-Èn-¿-e±-%-ue-¾o A-c-¿-Xm,

f|n-hw ®-½o-Ñ-¿-Xm, X-Èo-tÐn-Á-Xm, D-b±-Á Ùn-\-K \o-è-ep-Wm
N-¿-Xm, a-e ±-K-º³ tIn-Ù-tIn-¾m !-¿o-tÐn-Á-Xm, È-w-P-Ñ-Ð³
e-[o-® Xo-Á-Xm...-_ow-_-º-;-tS h-Áo-[o-bo² _-do-b±-Ão-Ð-tÃ-½-Xm
C-e-tb-Ènw \o-º³-% \o-go-ª-an-Ðo-bo-co-%-è. (V±-B° 5ô3)
uUn-+± uh² F-?-H-è-ô “b-+-Z-ç-tS [±-a-r-×-º-jo² C-e-tb-Ènw
\o-ug-[o-Ño-co-%-tÁ-è 5-ho-ª-an-W-uÈn. C-e-Í-]-co-bn-bo uan-f
A-Ì-e-Zo-Ðn-Xo-ç-Á No-d e-Ó-Ð³ Xo-Án° \-_o A-Ì-e-Zo-Ño-
å-¾m.-1-
6. hn-°-io-I ey-e-Ù-I³-
-®-ñp-º-;-tS hn-°-io-I-ey-e-Ù V±-B-\o-êw b-+-Z-ç-uS-Xm ‘]-Ý-
\n-ua‘ F-Á r-×-¿o-ê-an-[n-co-X-an-Wm. C-e X-Åo-ê-É hn-ayw
C-\o F-?-H-Á-Xo²-\o-è ey-2-an-!w.-
1. _-*-eo-en-iw-ô C-ç-¹-½±-%w D-¾m. F-Án² ®-ñp-º³-Ðm H-uc-h-
a-bw \n-do-d-[o-Iw eo-en-iw ]n-So-È. C-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo uUn-+± uh²
F-?-H-è: “F-Bw Ùo-c-an-%-Á-Xo-\m ®-i-Å-È-\-_o b-+-Zn-Nn-cy-în-
ç-tS ey-e-Ù-tb A-Ì-I-co-Ñm \n-td-è \o-P-tÃ-â-¿o. (Marmon in
Halachath Ishath c 14) ]-u¸, A-e-ç-tS fn-Ö-º-jo² Cv F-Bw
Bo-Ñ-tÃ-â-¿o-bo-½o-È.-
2. X-dn-Im (eo-en-i-uan-N-\w)-ô Cv h-º-Zn-bw c-1 a-X-º-jo-ê-®-¾m.
C-ñn-ao-êw b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-êw C-Xo-Ì hn-ay-®-¾m. eo-en-i-uan-N-\w
I-ko-¼ Öp !-\±-eo-en-i-¿o-\m °-è-an-hw In-¿o-co-Ð-Ww. C-Xo-\m
C-Ë-Xm F-è ]-l-Æ-è. C-Ðn-d-¿o-\-Iw A-e³ K±-õo-Wo-bn-tW-è
Xo-½-an-bn² 5-h-ew-e-tc eo-en-iw ]n-So-È. uUn-+± uh² F-?-
H-è: Cv \o-b-a-=w b-+-Z-co²-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm. A-e-ç-tS
h-º-Zn-b-a-Ì-h-co-Ñm õ±-¿n-= Xy-Po-Ð-ubn eo-[-e-bn-=-I-ubn
tN-Ò Öp-Ðm tXn-D-c Zo-e-hw I-ko-u¼ !-\±-eo-en-iw ]n-â-=.’’
“Öp-I-;-tS an-h-®-l-Ðn-d-t¿ A-I-ªo, Zn-ho-tb õn-cy-bn-Ð² No-d
_-á-º-;-É-e-ucn-Sm eo-en-i-e±-P-\w F-Áp eo-g-b-º-jo² C-ñn-
ao-tÂ-Æw b-+-Z-ç-tS-Æw D-]-uZ-f-º³-% X-Åo² hn-ayw !-l-e-È.’’-
7ô-tN-lo-b hn-ay-º³-
1. B-G-bo² H-ç \o-Lo-X-Zo-e-hw eo-uf-g Cv-f|-ucn-]n-h-\-Í
1 H-½-Iw A-b-eo-l-%-è F-¹o-êw !-j-Ù ]o-j±-Á-X-Èn-É-tIn-1 A-H \o-º
³-% A-I-ªw. ®-b² A-b-eo-l-%-è F-¹o-êw !-j-Ù ]o-j±-Á-X-Èn-É-bn²
A-I-ªw. ]-Áo !-j-Ù ]o-j±-Á-H-X-tÁ F-¹o-êw A-b-eo-l-%-Á-X-Èn-É-bn²
A-H \o-º³-Ðm A-I-ªw. C-e-Æ-tS anw-hw \o-º³ Xo-Á-ç-Xm. ]o-Ww
tXn-â-I-Æw A-ç-Xm. (]-k-b-\o-b-aw ud-ey 11ô4)-
19
-ue-¾o an-Êo-e-Í-Á-Xm b-+-Z-h-º-Zn-b-an-Wm. A-e±-Ðm f-\o-bn-G-

bn-Wm ]-co-I-ªw, ?o-Òyn-\o-I³-Ðm Rn-b-ln-G-Æw. C-ñn-ao-dn-I-t½
C-H c-1w ue-t¾-è I-ç-Xo te-Éo-bn-G ]-co-I-ª-\n-jn-bo B-N-co-
Ðn° ®-i-Å-È-\-_o B-Çn-]o-Ño-co-%-è.-
2. V±-B-\o-td 5-ho-ª-an-b °-d-ho-ªn-Ðw “dn C-dn-im C-Èo-Èn-im’’
(A-Én-e-Èn-tX a-tÊn-cncn-[y-\o-È) F-Á-Xm b-+-Z-ç-tS “u\-hmuX-
Pmh-Zm a-K± b-PmhmZn’’ F-Á-Xo-tÂ a-c-è-]w an-^-an-Wm.-
3. H-ç-In-cyw ¹-So F-?-H-Á-Xm D-No-X-an-Wm. H°-]-Xnw A-[yn-b-tan-
ko-tI a-tÊ-Ènw A-[yn-b-º-;w V±-B-\o² B-cw-õo-%-Á-Xm “_o-êo-
Èn-im A-cml-i-an-u\ l-ip-am’’ F-Án-Wm. C-Xm b-+-Z± h|-Ðw r-×-
º-jn-cw-õo-%-uÄn-tk-?-H-Á “_-\nw b-Pmhm Znw _-Jmfo-f-K-c-Zn-Zn±’’
(]-c-a-Z-bn-ê-en-b ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ \n-a-¿o²) F-Á-Xo-tÂ è-]n-Ð-c-
an-Wm.-
8ô-Á-ç-Ðw-
-C-^-Æw F-?-Xo-b-Xo²-\o-Ám, C-ñn-ao-td ao-Ð-en-cw a-X-ho-ªn-Ð-º-
;w A-Ì-~n-\-º-;w hn-°-io-I-ey-e-Ù-I-;w G-lo-b-]-¦w b-+-Z-a-X-
¿o²-\o-èw H-t½-Ènw ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o²-\o-èw h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-tW-è
a-\-ôo-dn-Ðnw. A-H-tIn-¾m, V±-B° !-Xo-tbn-ç te-jo-]n-Sn-tW-
uÁn !-Xo-b Cv-f|-cn-Ç-Æ-tS \o±-e-i-W-¿o-Ì ue-¾o-bn-tW-
uÁn ]-l-à-¹-Sn. V±-B-\o-td G-uI-f|-c-en-Zw b-+-Z-ô-?o-Òy° a-X-
º-jo-ud-Xo-u\-Ðn³ ]-eo-^-=w D-¿-a-=w B-tW-Ám ®-ñpw h-uin-
Z-c-º³ ]-l-u¼-Ðnw. ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o² c-1 ttZ-e-º-;-É-Xo-\n²
A-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-I-ub ue-t¾-èw ]-l-u¼-Ðnw. Cv-f|-c-t\
hw-_-áo-Ñ ?o-Òy° h-¹-+w V±-B-\o-t\ A-u]-¸o-Ñm u[-~-an-
Wm. ?o-Òyn-\o-I³ X-º-;-tS ttZ-e-t¿ ¹-â-X² [±-a-5o-b-Ìw Z-bn-
ê-=w ]-eo-^-Ìw hmu\-i-°±-¿o-Æ-an-bo e±-Bo-Ño-co-%-è. F-Án²
?o-Òyn-\o-I-;-tS B-Òo-Iy-en-Zw ®-ñp-º-;-uS-Xo-t\ A-u]-¸o-Ñm
Xn-W-X-c-an-tW-Á-Xo² h-uÀ-i-ao-È. ?o-Òyn-\o-I³ ô-X|-¿o-tÂ
e-2n-Ð-jn-Wm. ^-d-¿o² C-Xo-\±-Qw °-è ttZ-e-º-;-tS A-Òo-
X|w an-\o-%-I-tb-Á-Xn-Wm. C-H-an-bo Xn-cX-ay-tÃ-â-K-uÄn³
V±-B° ¹-â-X² õ-¼-an-b G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-an-Wm 5-N-co-Ão-%-Á-Xm.
F-Án² C-H-tIn-¾m b-+-Z-a-X-u¿-Ðn³ ta-Ñ-an-b B-Òo-Iy-en-Z-
an-Wm V±-B-uÂ-tX-è e-ç-Áo-È. F-tÐ-Án² C-ç-¹-½-çw H-è-Io²
G-uI-f|-c-en-Zo-I-ujn A-tÈ-¹o² ttZ|-X-en-Zo-I-ujn B-Wm. C-ç-e-
çw hn-¿n-t\ G-Xn-¾m ttZ-e-¿o-Ì h-a-an-bo-¿-tÁ f-2o-Æ-
É-e-\n-bo Aw-Kp-I-co-%-è. C-H-tIn-¾m X-º-;-tS G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-
¿o-\m A-I-ªo ]-e-è. C-ç-e±-%w Cv-f|-c-hw-_-áo-bn-b eo-Nn-cw
20
H-dy-an-Wm. b-+-Z-ç-tS ‘b-uin-e‘-Æm a-Ì-gy-ç-tS Y-W-º-;-¾m.

N-Õ-d-No-¿-\n-Wm. 5-Xo-In-cw tN-åw. V±-B-\o-td A-Èn-*-=w
G-Xn-¾m h-an-\-\n-Wm. A-h-io-â-en-b uh|-±n-[o-]-Xo-tb-uÃn-
td A-uË-iw In-ô-c-I-tj [±-a-Æ-ªw tN-Òm hw-i-co-Ðn° h|-Ðw
B-cn-[-I-ucn-Sm B-Çn-]o-%-è-¾m.-
-C-\o ]n-ûo-a-X-Ðn-ç-tS Cv-f|-c-en-Zw F-tÐ-è u\n-Ðnw. b-+-Z-ô-
®-ñpw Cv-f|-c-en-Z-t¿-Ðn³ X-cw-Xn-W-X-Èo-Xm. ^n-Z± F².-F-Ñm.
ao²-ho-tÂ A-õo-5n-b-¿o² “C-è-e-tc D-¾n-bo-å-É ]-c-a-]-eo-^-
No-Ðn-[n-c-I-jo² “A-*-c-a-PmhmZn’’ Æ-uS-Hw D³-tÃ-âw, C-Xn-Wm V±-
B-\o-td-Æw tt_-_o-jo-td-Æw ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ av-do-I-è-]-ta-èw
\o-ôw-f-bw ]-l-bnw.’’ (th-À-e-Ò 3 38, SBE Series) C-Xo-t\ hw-_-
áo-Ñm \-®-Ðm ¹-â-X² eo-f-Z-an-bo ]o-Áp-â N±-Ñ-tN-Çnw.-
G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-t¿ hw-_-áo-Ñ ®-i-Å-Zm\-_o-Æ-tS fo-¸-Ww
A-Á-t¿ A-e-Ù e-®-u\n-%-uÄn³ F-^-ubn a-i-¿|-an±-Á-
Xn-Wm. ?o-Òyn-\o-I-;w A-Á-t¿ A-l-_o-I-;w tN-Òo-ç-Á _-*-ttZ-
e-Ð-P-tb, A-Xo-Ì-Éo² \o-Án-W-uË-iw F-Xo±-K X-I±-¿-Xm.
X-tÂ h-a-In-dp-\-tc A-u]-¸o-Ñm e-j-tc u[-~-an-b D-]-uZ-f-º-jn-
bo-ç-è \-_o-Æ-uS-tX-¹o-êw V±-B-\o-td Cv-f|-c-en-Zw b-+-Z-ç-tS
Cv-f|-c-en-Z-t¿-Ðn³ u[-~-a-È-X-tÁ. A-Xo-\n² b-+-Z-ô-]n-ûo
a-X-º-uj-Ðn³ D-¿-a-an-b Cv-f|-c-en-Zw ]-To-Ão-%-Á-Xo-Ì-ue-¾o-
bn-Wm V±-B° B-eo±-õ-eo-Ñ-tX-Ám A-e-bo²\o-è-X-tÁ D-¾n-b
V±-B-tÂ A-e-In-f-en-Zw \o-d-\o-+o-Èn-¿-Xn-tW-è ho-ªo-%-è.-
21
2
-?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-tÂ ue-ç-I³-
-b-+-Z-ô-e-ª-a-X-º-jo²-
“C-è ?o-Ó-a-X-ta-è ]-l-b-tÃ-â-Á-Xm 5n-Np-\ P-\-º-jo-êw 5-N-do-

X-an-bo-ç-è. A-Xm \-c-e±-\-¿o-tÂ H-S-Ð-¿o² C-Èn-bo-ç-Á-uXn,
?o-Ó, f-cp-c-[n-c-Ww tN-Ó-e-Á-Xo-Ì-uf-gw H-S-ºo-b-uXn A-È.
\o-d-\o-Áo-ç-Á h-Xy-a-X-t¿ ?o-Ó-e-Á-H ®-X² A-uÃ-co² eo-jo-
tÃ-å H-S-ºo.’’ (th-Âm A-K-$o°)-
-b-+-Z-ô-?o-Ó-a-X-º³-
-?o-Ó-a-Xn-Ì-bn-bo-I³ h-Å-Xo-%-Á-H-u]n-td B a-X-¿o-td ho-ªn-
Ð-º-tj-Ènw b-+-Z-a-X-¿o²-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ-e-bn-Wm. ]-k-b-\o-b-aw
ttZ-e-en-Wo-bn-tW-Ám ?o-Òyn-\o-I-tj-uÃn-td b-+-Z-în-çw eo-f|-
ho-%-è. b-+-Z-\n-bo-ç-Á ?o-Ó b-+-Z-a-X-t¿ C-Èn-Xn-Ðn-u\n
!-Xo-tbn-ç h|-Ð-a-Xw Ùn-]o-Ðn-u\n [-ao-Ño-È. A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ
æ-5-ho-ª-an-b a-d-®-I-jo-td æ-eo-uf-g-¿o² ]-k-b -a-X-u¿n-â-É
X-tÂ a-u\n-õn-ew 5-I-S-an-%-è-¾m.-
-“Rn° \yn-b-5-an-W-t¿-ubn 5-en-N-I-în-tc-ubn \p-uÐ-¾-
Xo-Ì e-è F-è \o-è-]o-Ð-ç-Xm. \p-%-en-\-È \o-e±-¿o-Ãn-\-u^
Rn° e-Á-H. h-Xy-an-bo-å Rn° \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-è: B-In-f-=w
¨-ao-Æw H-ko-à-u]n-!w e-tc h-I-d-=w \o-?-¿o-bn-!-uen-jw \yn-b-
5-an-W-¿o²- \o-è H-ç e-Éo F-¹o-êw !-Éo F-¹o-êw H-ç-\n-;w
H-ko-à u]n-I-bo-È. B-I-bn² Cv G-Ê-=w tN-lo-b I-+-\-I-jo²-
\o-Ám A-ko-Ð-Æw a-Ì-gy-tc A-º-t\ ]-To-ÃoÐ--Æw tN-å-Á-e°
F-è eo-jo-Ð-tÃ-âw. A-e-tb B-N-co-Ð-Æw ]-To-Ão-Ð-Æw tN-å-Á-e-
u\n h|±-\-cn-Py-¿o² e-do-b-e° F-è eo-jo-Ð-tÃ-âw.’’ (a-¿n-bo
5.17ô19)-
A-uÃn³ ?o-Ó-a-X-=w b-+-Z-a-X-=w X-Åo² ey-Xyn-h-tan-èw
C-uÈ F-è uNn-Zo-Ðn-=-Á-Xn-Wm. H-Áo-t\ a-uÊ-Xo²-\o-è ue±-Xo-
co-%-Á-tXn-èw C-tÈ-uÁn? tth-ªn-Ðo-I-uan B-[yn-Zo-I-uan
B-b uõ-Z-tan-è-ua C-e X-Åo-do-È F-Án-ü-¿-cw. ?o-Ó !-¿°
ho-ªn-Ð-º-tjn-èw ]-To-Ão-Ño-È. F-Án² ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td tt\-
Xo-I-fo-¸-W-º³ b-+-Z-5-en-N-I-ç-tS-Xo-u\-Ðn³ e-j-tc D-Á-
X-=w u[-~-=-an-Wm.- ®°-]m H-ç õn-Kw D-ª-co-Ñ, a-d-®-I-jo-td æ-eo-
uf-g-¿o² ?o-Ó Cv ey-Xyn-hw eo-f-Z-an-bo te-jo-en-%-è-¾m:
“\o-º-;-tS \p-Xo fn-Öo-an-ç-tS-Æw ]-cp-f-în-ç-tS-Æw \p-Xo-tb I-eo-
22
?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-tÂ ue-ç-I³- b-+-Z-ô-e-ª-a-X-º-jo²-
Æ-Áo-tÈ-¹o² \o-º³ h|±-\-cn-Py-¿o² I-S-Ð-bo-È F-è Rn°

\o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-è.’’ (So.20)-
“!-d tN-Ç-ç-H F-èw B-tc-¹o-êw !-d tN-Òn² \yn-b-eo-[o-%
ubn-Ky-\n-!w F-èw Ð±-F-în-ucn-â A-ç-jo-tÑ-Ó \o-º³ uI-½o-å
-¾-uÈn. Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-H h-uin-Z-c-u\n-â uIn-]o
-%-Á-e° F-Ènw \yn-b-eo-[o-% ubn-Ky-\n-!w. h-uin-Z-c-u\n-â
\o-ôn-c° F-è ]-l-¼n-udn \yn-bn-[o-]-h-õ-Æ-tS ®-Äo² \o-dmuÐ-
¾o-e-çw. °-Vn F-è ]-l-¼n-udn A-lo\-c-I-¿o-Ì ubn-Ky-\n-!w.
B-I-bn² \o-tÂ e-ko-]n-â bn-K-]p-T-¿o-¹² tIn-1-e-ç-uÄn³
h-uin-Z-c-Ì \o-tÂ u\-uc e-È-Hw D-t¾-è A-eo-tS-e-® Hn±-Å-e-
Án² \o-tÂ e-ko-]n-â A-eo-tS bn-K-]p-T-¿o-tÂ ®°-]o²-te-uÑ-®,
H-Án-a-H tN-è h-uin-Z-c-u\n-â \o-c-èm tIn³-I, ]o-tÁ e-è
\o-tÂ e-ko-]n-â I-ko-Ð. \o-tÂ 5-Xo-ubn-Ko-ubn-â-¹-tS e-ko-bo²
D-É-uÃn³-X-tÁ ue-K-¿o² A-e-u\n-â C-W-ºo-tÐn³-I, A-Èn-
¼n² 5-Xo-ubn-Ko \o-tÁ \yn-bn-[o-]...-uN-e-I-t\-èw G-+o-Ño-å
\p X-S-eo² B-bo-uÃn-!w. H-â-eo-d-t¿ In-I-u]n-êw tIn-â-K
Xp-ç-uen-jw \p A-eo-tS-\o-è !-l-K e-co-I-bo-È F-èm Rn°
h-Xy-an-bo-å \o-uÁn-â ]-l-Æ-è. ey-õo-Nn-cw tN-Ç-çHm F-è A-ç-jo
-tÑ-Ò-H \o-º³ uI-½o-å-¾-uÈn. Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-Hm:
Öp-tb uan-io-uÐ-¾-Xo-è A-e-tj u\n-%-Á-e° F-Ènw ,-Z-bw
tIn-1 A-e-ujn-â ey-õo-Nn-cw tN-Ó-u]n-bo. F-Án² e-d-¹-C \o-\-
%m C-S±-Ñ-e-ç-K-è F-¹o² A-Xo-t\ ú-tÁ-â-K F-lo-à -I-j-I.
\o-tÂ f-cp-cw ®-?-e-Ìw \-c-I-¿o² ep-?-Á-Xo-t\-Ðn³ \o-tÂ
A-e-b-e-º-jo² H-è \-fo-%-Á-H 5-ubn-P-\-a-u^. e-d-tt¹
\o-\-%m C-S±-Ñ e-ç-K-tÁ-¹o² A-Xo-t\ te-½o-tb-lo-à I-j-I.
\o-tÂ f-cp-cw ®-?-e° \-c-I-¿o² ep?-Á-Xo-u\-Ðn³ A-e-b-e-º-
jo² H-è \-fo-%-Á-Xm \o-\-Ðm 5-ubn-P-\-a-u^. B-tc-¹o-êw õn-cy-
tb D-u]-¸o-Ñn² A-e³-%m D-u]-¸-W-]-^w tIn-â-Ð-t½ F-èw
A-ç-jo-tÑ-Òo-å-¾-uÈn. Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-H: ]-c-hw-Kw
ui-H-en-bo-½-Èn-tX õn-cy-tb D-u]-¸o-%-Á-e-t\-Ènw A-e-tjtÐn
-1 ey-õo-Nn-cw tN-Ço-%-è. D-u]-¸o-Ñ-e-tj B-tc-¹o-êw eo-en-iw
I-ko-Ñn² ey-õo-Nn-cw tN-å-è.-
I-É-h-Xyw tN-Ç-ç-H F-èw h-Xyw tN-Ò-H I±-¿n-eo-Ì
\o-e±-¿o-uÐ-Ww F-èw Ð±-F-în-ucn-â A-ç-jo-tÑ-Ó \o-º³
uI-½o-å-¾-uÈn:-ô Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-H A-uf-gw h-Xyw
tN-Ç-ç-H. h|±-\-t¿-tÐn-1 A-ç-H, A-H ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ how-in-
h-\w. ¨-ao-tb-tÐn-1 A-ç-H, AH AetÂ ]nZ]pTw tbçfud
23
aot\tÐn1 AçH, A-H a-in-cn-Pn-eo-tÂ \-K-cw. \o-tÂ X-d-tb

-tÐn-1, h-Xyw tN-Ç-ç-Hm, H-ç ucn-a-=w te-;-Ão-Ðn-u\n I-c-Ão-
Ðn-u\n \o-\-% I-ko-Æ-I-bo-È-uÈn. \o-º-;-tS en-% D-Fm, D-Fm
F-èw, C-È, C-È F-èw B-bo-co-Ð-t½, C-Xo² A-[o-I-an-b-H È-w-
\o² \o-è- e-ç-è.-
-I-Bo-Ì- ]-I-cw I-Cw ]-Èo-Ì ]-I-cw ]-;w F-è A-ç-jo-tÑ-Ò-H
\o-º³ uI-½o-å-¾-uÈn. Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-H È-w-u\n-â
F-Xo±-Ð-ç-Hm, \o-tÁ e-d-t¿ tN-Io-½-K A-So-%-Á-e-Ì a-uÊ-H,
Xo-co-® In-Wo-Ð. \o-uÁn-â ey-e-i-co-® \o-tÂ e-Öw F-â-Ãn°
C-±o-%-Á-e-è \o-tÂ !-X-Ów eo-å-tIn-â-%-I. H-ç-¿° \o-tÁ
H-ç \n-ko-I e-ko u]n-!-en° \o±-_-áo-Ñn² c-1 A-e-u\n-â-¹-tS
u]n-I. \o-uÁn-â bn-No-%-Á-e-è tIn-â-Ð. en-Ý en-©-en° C-±o-
%-Á-e-t\ H-ko-à I-j-b-ç-H.-
¹-å-In-c-t\ hmu\-io-Ð F-èw f-û-eo-t\ ]-I-Ð F-èw A-ç-
jo-tÑ-Ò-H \o-º³ uI-½o-å-¾-uÈn. Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-Hm
\o-º-;-tS f-û-Ð-tj hmu\-io-Ão°. \o-º-tj D-]-¼-eo-%-Á-e-Ì-ue-
¾o 5n±-Qo-Ão°. h|±-\-Ù-\n-b \o-º-;-tS ]o-Xn-eo-Ì !-^-în-
cn-bo Xp-uc-¾-Xo-è-X-uÁ; A-e° È-w-în-ç-tS ua-êw,.... \p-Xo-tI-½-
e-ç-tS ua-êw a-k t]-Ço-%-I-Æw tN-å-è-e-uÈn. \o-º-tj hmu\-io-
%-Á-e-tc hmu\-io-Ñn² \o-º³-%m F-Ñ 5-Xo-^-dw. Á-¹-Ðn-çw
A-º-t\-X-tÁ tN-å-Áo-È-ubn? h-uin-Z-c-în-tc an-^w e-À-\w
tN-Òn² \o-º³ F-Ñ eo-uf-gw tN-å-è. Pn-Xo-I-;w A-º-t\-X-
tÁ tN-å-Áo-È-ubn? B-I-bn² \o-º-;-tS h|±-\p-b-]o-Xn-= h²-
Y-W-Ð±-B° B-bo-co-%-Á-H-u]n-td \o-º-;w h²-Y-W-Ð±-B-cn-!-
eo°.’’ (a-¿n-bo 5.20ô48)-
C-tXn-èw av-do-I-an-bo ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-uÂ-X-È. e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ
h|n-[p-\w C-e-bo-ê-¾m.-
?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td _v-ª-X-¿|-º³.
-_-á-¿o-tÂ e-ko-
“?o-Ó-ô-e-ª F-Áp c-1 a-X-º-;-tS-Æw ho-ªn-Ð-=w fo-¸-W-=w
X-Åo-ê-É t]n-ç-¿w In-ü-uÄn³ C-e c-1w X-Åo² e-j-tc-
Ðn-dw A-â-¿ _-áw !-d±-¿o-bo-ç-è-te-Ám hw-f-bo-Ðn-=-Á-
Xn-Wm.’’ F-Ám [p. B±.-ho. Z-¿m ‘ho-eo-do-uh-g° C° F°-gy-Âm
C°-Uy‘ F-Á !-Ò-I-¿o-td-?-H-è. (en-dyw 2. u]-Pm 328.) rp-ho²
_v-ª-fo-¸-Ww ?o-Ó-eo-Ìw e-j-tc ®°-]m tN-tÁ-¿o-bo-ç-è.
A-ufn-I-N-?-e±-¿o-Æ-tS Ko±-\n± fo-dn-ud-J-bo²-\o-Ám A-uË-i-
¿o-tÂ In-d-¿m ‘hp-co-bn-uZ-f‘¿m _v-ª-5-Nn-c-I-tc A-b-Ño-ç-
24
tÁ-è a-\-ôo-dn-Ðnw. H-Ánw Î-Ên-¾o-td 5-f-Ò N-co-^-In-c-\n-b

8o-\o G-g°-hm F-tÁn-ç a-X-eo-õn-Kw ]n-d-$p° 5-uZ-f-K-É-
Xn-bo uc-J-tÃ-â-K-tÁ-Ám [p. B±.-ho. -Z-¿m F-?-H-è. Cv-Po-
Ño² G-g-u\-ho-tÂ fn-J-Ðn-cn-b tX-ln-]z-Smhm F-tÁn-ç eo-õn-
K-Ðn-ç-®-¾n-bo-ç-Á-u^. ?o-Ó-eo-\m H-ç Î-Ên-1 ®°-!-¾n-bo-ç-Á
C-e± _v-ª-cn-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám K-ue-g-W-º³ tX-jo-bo-Ño-å-¾m. ‘?o-Ó-
eo-tÂ Pp-eo-Xw‘ F-Á r-×-¿o-tÂ I±-¿n-en-b tl-\-t\-uÃn-ê-
É-e± C-e± _v-ª-cn-tW-è h-Å-Xo-%-è. A-uË-i-ta-?-H-è:-ô
“ô-udn-bo-td tX-ln-]z-å-I³ G-g-u\-ho-tÂ fn-J-bn-Wm. G-g°-
ho-tÂ rp-% X±-Ão-a-bn-Wp-]-Zw-1 C-Xo² \o-è \-®-% r-io-Ðn°
I-ko-Æ-Á-Xm, ?o-Ó-eo-tÂ P-\-\-In-d-¿m ]n-d-Òp°, ho-lo-b, Cv-Po-
Ñm F-Áo-eo-S-º-jo² e-ª-a-Xw 5-N-co-Ño-ç-tÁ-Áw ]n-d-Òp-\o²
G-g°-hm _v-ª-e-N-\-º³ hn-[n-c-W ep-å-e±-¿-an-\-an-Ðo-bo-ç-
tÁ-è-an-Wm. ho-lo-b-bo-td e-ª-a-Xw c-1 Î-Ên-1-I³-%-uf-gw
e-cn-\o-co-%-Á ?o-Ó-fo-¸-W-º-;-tS ®-uÁn-So-bn-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám ao-X-
en-Zo-I-jn-b No-d ?o-Òyn-\o-I³ h-Å-Xo-%-Á-Xn-bo t5n-^-h±
a-in-ô-tb D-ª-co-®-tIn-¾m [p B±. ho.-Z-¿m F-?-H-è. ?o-Ó-eo-
tÂ ®°-Kn-ao-bn-b Ýn-]-I-ubn-i-Án° G-g° ho-ªn-Ð-º-;-an-bo
No-c-]-co-No-X-\n-bo-ç-è. A-uË-iw G-g° B-bo-ç-tÁ-èw No-d-c-õo-
5n-b-tÃ-â-è-¾m.-2
ub-I-?o-Ó Ýn-]-I-ubn-i-Án-\o²-\o-Ám _v-ª-fo-¸-W-º³
]-To-Ñ-Xn-bo-co-Ð-W-ta-Á \o-K-a-\w !-tl-&-So Æ-2o-õ-¼-an-bo-co-%w.
C-ç a-X-º-;w X-Åo-ê-É _-á-¿o-tÂ e-ko A-lo-bn° C-^-Æw
In-cy-º³ a-Xo-bn-!-ta-è I-ç-H-è.-
-D-]-uZ-f-º-jo-td h-an-\-X-
-_-á-\-¿o-tÂ e-ko ú-¾o-Ðn-½o-b-H-tIn-¾n-bo-È-uÈn. C-ç-e-ç-tS-
Æw D-]-uZ-f-º³ X-Åo-ê-É hn-ayw õn-g-bo-êw õn-e-¿o-êw F-Ðn-
tW-è t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-â-¿o In-Wo-Ðnw.-
e-ª°- ?o-Ó-
1. a-S-bn! P-S-Æw ±-K-u¿n-êw [-co- 1. I-]-S-õ-2o-Ðn-cn-b fn-Öo-an-
Ño-t½-Ðm? \o-tÂ A-I-uan a-do-\w. çw ]-cp-f-în-ç-an-Æ-uÉn-uc! \o-
!-l-ua h|-±-X-Æ-tS B-Uw-_-c- º³-% in I-ww! te-É-uX-Ñ
=w. ([-Å-]-Zw 394)- f-e-Ð-È-l-I-ujn-â \o-º³ H-¿o-
co-%-è. A-e !-l-ua A-k-In-bo
1- [p. B±.-ho. Z-¿o-tÂ !-Ò-Iw; en-dyw 2, u]-Pm 337
2 Bunsen’s Angel Messiah of Budhists.
25
2. uZ|gw uZ|gwtIn¾m Hco ufn-õo-%-è-te-¹o-êw A-I-ua

Ðêw ÉcpIcoÐneXÈ. hmu\ N-¿-e-ç-tS A-Ùo-I-;w h-I-
iw tInu¾ B>. AXotÂ d-eo-[ A-I-ªo-Æw \o-l-¼o-co-
h|õneau^ AXm. \nw B\Àw %-è. A-º-t\ X-uÁ !-l-ua
\ol¼ecnIWw. \uÅnâ \o-º³ \p-Xo-an-în± F-è a-Ì-
eoucn[o%Áeucnâ \nw eoucn gy±-% uXn-è-è. A-I-ta-ubn
[oÐçXm. \tÅ uZ|go%Á I-]-S-õ-2o-Æw A-[±-a-=w \o-l-
eçtS au[y BboçÁnêw \nw ¼-e-c-u^. (a-¿n-bo 23.27)- -I±-
uZ|gcioXcnbocoÐWw, ¿n-em A-e-u\n-â ]-cp-f-în-cn-b
u?n[t¿ hmu\iwtIn1w \o-º³ Io-¾o-Io-B-º-;-tS !-lw
Xoîtb \îtIn1w \nw Pbo te-So-Ãn-%-è. \o-º-;-tS D-Éo-
ÐWw. ([-Å-]Zw 5. 197, 223) udn I-e±-Ñ-Æw È-w-X-Æw \o-l-
¼o-co-%-è. (ë-uÐn-hm 11ô39)-
3. iowh, iXy, Al%I,
_áo%I, I%I, AhXy 2. Rn-u\n \o-º-ujn-â ]-l-Æ-Á-H
õngWw NXo, In]Syw, \oc± \o-º-;-tS f-û-Ð-tj hmu\-io-
QI!ÒI]ncnbWw, ]cÖp Ão°. \o-º-tj D-]-¼-eo-%-Á-e±-
Ka\w ®Xdnb ]n]º³ aÌ %-ue-¾o 5n±-Qo-Ão° (a-¿n-
gyt\ ]XoX\n%è (æ¿\o bo 5.44)-
]nXw A\oKáæ¿w)- 3. È-Lo-Ð, !-d-]n-X-Iw, ey-õo-Nn-
4. N-Ð-®-É-Hw e±-B-f-_-j-=-ta cw, ]-c-hw-Kw, uan-g-Ww, I-É-
-¹o-êw a-W-ao-Èn-¿ Ð-u]n-td hn-¸yw, É-g-Ww F-Áo-e ,-Z-b-
bn-Wm, ua-\o ]-l-Æ-I-Æw A-Xo ¿o²-\o-è !-l-tÃ-å e-ç-è.
-t\n-K 5-e±-¿o-Ðn-¿-H-an-b a-Ì-gy-t\ A-I-ª-an-%-Á-Xm
a-Ì-gy-tÂ \o-c±-Q-I en-%-I³ C-X-u^.-
([-Å-]-Zw 51)- 4. B-I-bn² A-e± \o-º-ujn-â
5. h±-F-a-Ì-gy-çw fo¸-tb õ-b- ]-l-Æ-Á-Hm H-tÐ-Æw 5-an-Wo-®
%-è. Pp-eo-X-t¿ hmu\-io-Ð tN-bmeo°. A-eç - t
- S 5-?¿
- o-I³-
Æw tN-å-è. \p-Æw A-e-co-tdn- u]n-td tN-Ç-ç-H-Xn-Ìw. A-e±
ç-e-t\ -uÁn±-%-I. \p iow-ho- ]-l-Æ-Á-X-Èn-tX tN-å-Áo-È-uÈn.
Ð-ç-Xm tIn-Èo-Ð-Æ-a-ç-Xm.- (a-¿n-bo 23ô3)-
-([-Å-]-Zw 130*-)-
5. a-Ì-gy° \o-º³-% tN-uÇ-
6. A-\y-tÂ uZn-gw In-ü-Á-H Ww F-è \o-º³ C-±o-%-Á-H-
h-i-Pw -X-tÁ. F-Án² u]n-td X-uÁ A-e±-%w tN-bm
X-tÂuZn-gw In-Wn° eog-a-=w. eo°. (ë-uÐn-hm. 6.31)-
*C-5-In-cw a-in-õn-c-X-¿o-êw-ô-
26
A-b²-Ðn-c-tÂ uZn-gw ]-Xo-ç 6. F-Án² h|-Ðw -I-Bo-td

I-Êo-¿o-co-%w-u]n-td Xo-co-®-In uIn² Hn±-Ðn-tX h-uin-Z-c-tÂ
-å-è. X-tÂ uZn-g-t¿-bn-I-t½ I-Bo-td I-c-â u\n-%-Á-Hm
N-Xo-b° ú-HI-jo-Ðn-c-tÂ ®° F-Ðm? (a-¿n-bo 7ô3)
-]o² uXn-Ê ]-Io-S- a-l-Íw-u]n-td
a-l-® I-j-Æ-è.-([-Å-]-Zw**)-
C-5-In-cw B-Ð-co-I-]-eo-^-X, ±-È-d-X, ¸-a, h|-õn-e-I-ªo, A-]-In-
c-¿o-Ì-]-I-cw D-]-In-cw tN-É C-Xyn-Zo _v-ª-[±-a-¿o-êw ?o-Ó-
[±-a-¿o-êw H-ç-u]n-td D-]-uZ-fo-Ño-co-%-Á-Xm \nw I-1. !-Xo-b
\o-b-a-¿o-td D-]-a-I³-%w e-ª-tÂ D-]-a-I-ujn-â hn-Ê-fy-®-¾m. A-e
]-I±-¿o-b-H-an-enw. [p. B±. ho. Z-¿m F-?-H-è. ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-
tÂ eo-In-h-¿o² e-ª-a-X-ho-ªn-Ð-º³-% ]-¦-t¾-Ám Aw-Kp-I-
co-Ðn° tte-®-Jy-®-É ul-\° b-+-Z-a-X-¿o² ?o-Ó-eo-Ì h|p-I-co-
Ðn° tIn-Én-=-Á D-]-an-ttf-do-tbn-èw C-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-èw a-lo-Ñm
_v-ª-r-×-º-jo² !-Xo-b-\o-b-a-¿o-ê-É Ê-wn-Ð-I-Y-I-ujn-â X-K-
dy-an-b-e F-Än-â-®-t¾-èw F-?-H-è-¾m.-*** C-eo-tS Cv X-K-dy-X-
tb-Ènw F-?-Xn° Ù-dn-õn-e-®-¾m. õ-c-Z|n-P æ-¿-¿o-td I-Y-I-;w
ubn-i-Án-tÂ æ-eo-uf-gw V.14ô-Dw X-Åo-êw [-\o-b æ-¿-¿o-td
[-\o-b-tÂ D-]-a-Æw ë-uÐn-ho-tÂ æ-eo-uf-gw 12. 16ô-Dw X-Åo-êw
Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Çn° en-b-\-Ðn-ucn-â \o±-uË-f-Ðn-u\ I-ko-Æ-è-=.-
-eo-in-c-º-;w B-Nn-c-º-;w X-Åo² hn-ayw-
-õn-c-Xp-b en-Ó-fo-+-¿o-tÂ D-Á-X B-[o-In-co-I e-2n-en-b
U: t^±-Y-h® In-l-jo-bo-td _v-ª-Y-in-u¸-^-t¿-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-Á-
tX-?-Xnw. C-Xo-tÂ ]-k-Ðw 78 _o.-ho. bn-tW-Á-uË-iw Xo-½-tÃ-â-
K-è. “C-Xo-td tI-½o-S-¿o-\m 5n-Np-\ ?o-Òy°-]-Éo-Æ-tS B-#-
Xo-bn-ü-É-Xm. \-â-Ðm \p-j-¿o-tdn-ç fn-d. A-Xo-Áo-ç-e-f-=w e-ko.
C-e-Æ-tS A-Ê-¿m uKn-jn-#-Xo-bo-ê-É F-â-Ãm. A-Xo-Ì Á-ew e-ko.
Xn-c-X-ay-¿o-Ì-ue-¾o-Ã-l-¼n² tI-½o-êw A-j-eo-êw u\n±-eo-Ñm
-]-b-Xnw [cm-a-hcm-e-h|w \-X|n-ttN-en-e-[n-cy-Xn-am.-
-B-Z-\x 5-Xo-¹-dn-\o ]-uc-gn-Á h-an-N-uc-Xm.-
- ([±-a-¿o-tÂ B-tI-K-I uI-½n-êw. uI-½-Xo-u\n-tSn-½o-\o-ñ. X-\o-%
ç-No-Ðn-¿-X-\y±-% \-í-ç-Xm.)
**C-5-In-cw Nn-W-Iy-\p-Xo-bo-êw-ô-Jdx hcm]an^nWo ]coOo¼nWo
]-fy-Xo B-Z-u\n _o-d|-an-^n-Wo ]-fy-Á ]o-\ \ ]-fy-Xo. (È-w°
A-\y-tÂ I-â-uIn-jw uZn-gw ú-¾o-Ðn-åw. In-j-ubn-jw e-do-b X-tÂ uZn-gw
I-¾n-êw In-ü-I-bo-È.)
***?o-Ó-eo-tÂ I-Y X±-Ã-a u]-Pm 36ô² \o-Ám G°-gy-Âm C°-Uy en-dyw
2 u]-Pm 333ô² ]-I±-¿o-b-Xm.-
27
I-¿p-%-êw uI-\o-td A-_-ubn-gm uin-Åmhm (Abbayeaux Hommes)

F-Á ]-Éo-bo-td Kn-\-fn-d-ubn-âw e-j-tc t]n-ç-¿-®-É-Xn-Wm.
c-¾n-a-t¿ tI-½o-S-¿o-td _-niy C-S-\n-ko-I³ H-ko-en-Ð-W-ta-
uÁ-Æ-=. uKn-jn-#-Xo-bo-td F-â-Ão-Ì Xn-tk ?o-Òy° ]-Éo-I-jo-td
A³-¿n-c Ùo-Xo-tN-å-Áo-S-¿m Zn-uKn-] 3-Ùo-Xo tN-å-è.’’-
-[p -B±.-ho. Z-¿m F-?-H-è:-ô “_v-ª-ç-tS-Æw uln-a° I-u¿n-
do-Ðn ?o-Òyn-\o-I-;-tS-Æw a-Xn-Nn-c-º-;-tS hn-ay-¿o-Ì ®°-]o²
en-Ó-fo-+-hn-ayw H-è-ua-b-È. So-_-Êo² I-¾ In-G A-u{-i{ F-Á
uln-a° I-u¿n-do-Ðn ao-g-\-lo-tb B-L-cy-N-Io-X-\n-Ðo. A-uË-iw
F-?-Xo: “\-Å-;w _v-ª-ç-an-bo e-j-tc-b-â-¿ hn-ay-an-ü-É-Xm.
u]n-Ão-uÂ-H u]n-ê-É tXn-Ão, Z-7m, !-Ãn-bw, h-Õ-co-%-uÄn-?w
A-Èn-¿-uÃn-?w te-jo-bo² e-È a-X-I±-a=w A-Ì-~o-%-uÄn-?w [-co-
%-Á e-Ö-eo-uf-g-º³ 5n±-Q-\-bo² c-1-e-co-bn-bo \o-ò-Á
Kn-b-I-hw-Lw õ-P-\-Kn-\w, ¨-X-\o-ln-h-\-¿o--Ì-É Dv-¿m, A-Ö
Kw-J-d-I-jo² Io-S-%-Á h|-bw A-S-Æ-I-Æw H-l-%-I-Æw tN-å-Á
eo-j-%-I³, e-d-H-ttI D-b±-¿o X-d-bo²-e-Ñm A-Ì-bn-bo-I-tj A-Ì-
r-io-Ð², X-d-bo-d-Wo-Æ-Á Ð-an-d, A-eo-en-io-X-cn-bo I-ko-b²,
@-X-Zo-\-º-jo-td G-In-Ð-Pp-eo-Xw, a-in-Zn-Ð-tj Ð-Po-Ð², D-]-
en-hw, uLn-g-bn-^-I³, a-Ôn-dn-]w ]-eo-^-P-dw-ô’’ Cv J-7o-I
[p. Z-¿m D-ª-co-Ñ-Xm B±-X± do-do-Æ-tS !-Ò-I-¿o² \o-Án-Wm.
do-do H-S-ç-è-ô “\-È-e-\n-b A-u{-i{ Cv hn-a-\-X-I-;-tS ]-½o-I
®-?-ao-Ño-È. C-\o-Æw F-^-tb-¹o-êw A-uË-i-¿o-Ì ¹-½o-uÑ±-Ðn
-an-bo-ç-è. !-Ä-hn-cw, fo-ucn-®-7-\w, 5-Xp-I-Ð-P, I-È-l-Í ®°
-]o-êw A³-¿n-c-bo-êw an-d-Æw Xo-co-Æw-e-Æ², 5-Xo-a-I³-e-b m-Ð²,
!-co-fm, h|-Òo-I F-Áp No-ê-º-;-tS 5-ubn-Kw, A-ttZ|-X-¿o²
tt^-X-ho-ªn-Ðw, uZ-ep-Ð-P, [n±-ao-I-r-×-º³ ¨-co-]-¸-¿o-Ì
a-\-ôo-dn-In-¿ õn-g-bo² Ð-P-Í-]-ubn-Ko-Ð², e-ª-tÂ-Æw !-Wy-
en-j-în-ç-tS-Æw 5-Xo-a-Í fo-ucn-]-co-ue-gw, Io-cp-Sw, uZ-e-É-X-în-
ç-tS No-l-Im, @-Xw, ]n-]-¿o-Ì fo-¸, te-Õn-a-c-=w eo-f-lo-Æw,
u]n-Ãm, I±-Zo-\n³, _o-g-]m H-S-ºo-b eo-eo-[ !-ucn-io-X-u[-Wo-I³,
]-Éo-I-jo-td-Æw eo-in-c-º-jo-td-Æw eo-eo-[ en-Ó-fo-+ hn-ay-X-
I³...’’ Cv ]-½o-I-Æ-tS ¹-tS _n²-u^n-c-I-;-tS tth-uBn-]p-Uo-b
Hn-^m C°-Uy C-^-Æw ¹-tS uN±-%-è-ô “D-c-Ðm (c-¸) tI-½²,
Hv-g-[-º³, Xo-j-©-Á Nn-b-¿o-ê-É Ð-Pn-r-×-º³ uXnw-h-tÂ
3 _v-ª-eo-in-c-º-jo² e-ª-tÂ-ubn a-e a-in-Zn-Ð-;-tS-ubn A-Ùoubn
]-uÈn ®-So-ubn a-uÊn Ùn-]o-%-Á Ù-d-¿o-\n-Wm Zn-uKn-]n A-Y-en
Zn-uKn-en F-è ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm. Cv ]-Zw X-Xm K±-õx F-Á hw-Á-X-]-Z-¿o-tÂ
eo-I-d-è-]-an-Wm.-
28
C-È-uî-Ê± Hn-^m ttN-\ C-^-Æw-¹-So-ô-an-uan-Zp-hn, D-e-e-º-;w

a-co-Ñ-e±-Ðm hn-°-io-I [-ªn-Ýdp-_-do-I-;w--4
®°-]-½o-I-bo² F-?-Xo-b an-uan-Zp-h ?o-Òyn-\o-I³-%w _v-ª±-
%w h-an-\-an-Æ-É-Xn-Wm. C-H av-do-I-an-bo _v-ª-an-tW-Á
In-cyw Xp±-Ñ. e-ª-a-X-¿o² C-Xm ‘A-õo-ug-I’-an-Wm. Ýn-]-I-ubn-
i-Án° C-Xm ]n-d-Òp-\o-td G-g°-hm F-Á _v-ª-co²-\o-è h|p-
I-co-Ño-co-Ð-Ww. ?o-Ó ubn-i-Án-t\ I-1-®-½o Ýn-\w h|p-I-co-Ñ-H-
®-X² C-Xm ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td A-So-Ùn-\-N-S-ºn-bo. Çn-\-Ýn-\w
h|p-I-co-%-Á ?o-Òyn-\o, ]o-Xn-em, !-^°, ]-co-I-ªn-Zn-em F-Áp
ô-X|-t¿ h|p-I-co-Ð-Ww. _v-ª° e-ª°, [±-a-w, hw-Lw F-Áp
^-o-X|-t¿ A-õo-ug-I-¿o² ttI-tÐn-=-Á-H-u]n-td.-
e-ª-a-X-Ðn± uln-a° I-u¿n-do-Ð-co²-\o-Ám Cv B-Nn-c-]-ª-
Xo-I-tj-Ènw I-SwtIn-¾-Xn-tW-Ám So-_-Êo-êw ttN-\-bo-êw h-Õ-
co-Ñ B-Zo-?o-Òy° ao-g-W-lo-an± uc-J-tÃ-â-¿o-e-®. A-^-I-¾m
hn-ayw C-e-Í-¾n-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám [p Z-¿m H-S±-tÁ-?-H-è. “_v-ª±
?o-Ó-eo-tÂ P-\-\-¿o-Ì-®°-]m, ]±-F-X-º³ te-½o-tÃn-jo-Ñm eo-fn-
d-a-Ào-c-º-;w a-ew \o±-Åo-Ño-ç-è. ]n-Êm\-Æ-â-¿m \n-j-À-bo² e-do-
tbn-ç _v-ª-eo-in-c-=w, [-\-h-Ä-Á-=w 5-Nn-c-I-h-°-i-®-¾n-bo-
ç-Á-Hw eo-Z|n-în± \o-l-¼-H-an-b H-ç h±-F-I-dn-fn-d-Æw Ùn-]o-
Ño-ç-è. A-Ám Ç-uln-Ão² C-tXn-èw uI-å-uI³-eo-u]n-êw C-Èn-bo-
ç-è. C-Ðy-bo² e-ª-a-Xw ¸-bo-® H-S-©-uÄn³ So-_-Êo-êw ttN-
\-bo-êw eo-É-c-uZ-f-º-jo-êw e-ª-a-X-=w B-Nn-cn-uLn-g-]-ª-Xo-I-;w
\n-j-À-bo²-\o-Ám 5-N-co-Ão-Ð-tÃ-å I-ko-¼o-ç-è. Ç-uln-Ã-Ám, 5n-#-
X-Pn-Xo-I-;-tS B-?-a-W-¿o²-\o-è ®-2-an-bo-ç-Áo-È. ^{-U²
h-º-Zn-b-=w cp-Xo-I-;w ]-Éo-I-;w \o-b-a-º-;w A-eo-tS 5n-_-dy-
¿o² e-Áo-ç-è-ao-È.’’ eo-Z|n-\n-b ud-J-I° A-e-hn-\o-Ão-%-Á-Xo-
º-t\-bn-Wmô “]-Éo- a-X-¿o-tÂ-Æw Ùn-]-\-º-;-tS-Æw A-[o-In-c-
¿o-tÂ-Æw hn-ayw e-®-u\n-%-uÄn³ ]n-Ln-Xy± C-e Io-k-%-\o-Ám
]-I±-¿o-b-Xn-Wm. ]-So-¼n-c-\o-è Io-k-uÐn-å e-Á-X-È.’’-
-e-ª-tÂ-Æw ?o-Ó-eo-tÂ-Æw
Pp-eo-X-¿o-td hn-ay-º³-
-_v-ª-tt?-Ò-e [±-a-º³ X-Åo² D-t¾-è In-Wn° I-ko-¼
hn-ay-º³ Xo-I-®w B-L-cy-I-c-an-bo-co-tÐ A-e-Æ-tS Ùn-]-I-ç-tS
Pp-eo-X-¿o-êw hn-ay-º-;-t¾-è e-Án-udn? Kv-X-a-e-ª-tÂ-Æw
?o-Ó-eo-tÂ-Æw P-îw Zo-ey-an-bo-ç-è. C-ç-e-ç-tS-Æw P-\-\-h-a-b-¿m
\-È f-!-\-º-;-¾n-bo. \-¸-^-®-Zo-®. e-ª-tÂ In-cy-¿o² C-H
4 Budhism & Christendem page 202 G°-gy°-hm C°-Uy-bo² \o-è-ª-co-Ñ-Xm.-
29
Ð-bw (!-gy) \-¸-^-an-bo-ç-è. Kv-X-a-tÂ P-î-t¿-K-S±-Á

A-ho-X-t\-Á E-go fo-I-eo-t\ In-Wn° I-uªn-Z-\-tÂ A-â-K-
tN-è. C-H-u]n-td !-Xo-b \o-b-a-¿o² F-?-Xo-b-H u\n-%-I:
“tti-ucn-Zn-cn-Pn-eo-tÂ In-d-K ub-I tb-+-Zy-bo-td u_-¿mud-
ui-ao² P-\o-Ñ-uf-gw Io-k-%-\o-è eo-Z|n-în± b-è-f-ud-ao²
F-¿o-b b-+-Z-în-ç-tS cn-Pn-en-bo ]o-l-Á-e° F-eo-tS? R-º³
A-e-tÂ \-¸-^w Io-k-%-I-1 A-e-t\ \-a-¾-co-Ãn° e-Áo-co-%-è
F-è ]-l-à’--5
-e-ª-\n-!-Á-Xo-Ì-®°-]m an-ôn F-Á È±-¨-Xw Kv-X-a-t\ 5-udn-
õo-Ão-Ñ-Hw ?o-Ó-eo-t\ hn-¿n° 5-udn-õo-Ão-Ñ-Hw-6 h-an-\-an-Wm.
e-ª-Ìw ?o-Ó-eo-Ìw ]-Ô-1-ep-Xw fo-gy-în-ç-¾n-bo-ç-è. C-ç-e-
ç-tS-Æw ,-Z-b-¿o² eo-f|-eyn-]o-Æw aw-K-j-a-b-=-an-b hmu\-iw H-;-
Äo-bo-ç-Á-Xo-\n² Pn-Xo-uõ-Z-ta-u\y F-Èn a-Ì-gy±-%w h-uXyn-]-uZ-
fw \-ío. Cv eo-No-^-an-b hn-ay-º³ ?o-Ó-a-X-I-Y-I-;-tS-Æw B-Nn-
c-eo-Nn-c-º-;-tS-Æw 5-õ-e-Ùn-\w e-ª-a-X-an-bo-ç-tÁ-è te-jo-
en-!-è.-
-hn-cw-
-?o-Ó-eo-tÂ P-\-\-In-d-¿m ]n-d-$p-\o² e-ª-a-Xw 5-N-co-Ão-Ño-
ç-tÁ-èw, Ýn-]-I-ubn-i-Án° ®-uJ-\ ?o-Ó-uZ-e° A-H-an-bo
_-á-tÃ-å-te-èw tX-jo-Æ-è. ¹-Sn-tX ?o-Ó-ô-e-ª-a-X-º-;-tS
ho-ªn-Ð-º³, B-Nn-cn-uLn-g-º³, en-Ó-fo-+-º³ Ùn-]-I-ç-tS
Pp-eo-X-º³ F-Áo-e-Íw B-L-cy-P-\-I-an-b hn-ay-®-t¾-èw tX-jo-
bo-®. C-tX-Ènw B-I-êo-I-an-uWn? ao: l-bmhmuU-eo-Umhm F-?-H-
è-ô C-tX-Ènw B-I-êo-I-an-tW-¹o² Cv B-I-êo-I-X X-tÁ e-do-
tbn-ç A-W-X-an-Wm. A-Xm ]-Xo-\n-bo-cw A-W-X-º³-% h-an-\-
an-Wm.’7- \o-L-b-an-Æw Cv e-Ó-X-I-;-tS A-Òo-X|w \o-d-\o-dmtÐ
?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-Ì e-ª-a-X-u¿n-â I-S-Ãn-So-tÈ-è \o±-B-bo-Ðn°
A-hn-[y-an-Wm. t5n-^. an-Oma{-d-tc-uÃn-ê-É ?o-Òy° ud-J-I±-
u]n-êw C-Xw-Kp-I-co-Ðn° \o±-_-áo-X-cn-bo. ?o-Ó-a-X h-Xy-º³-
Ðm A-\y-a-X-º-jo-ê-É ®°-I-Ðw In-å-Á tX-jo-=-I³ H-Áo-Ì-!-l-ua
H-Án-bo-e-Á-uÃn³ A-uË-iw A-W-Xw ¹-lo: “F-Ðo-\p h-Xy-º-
tj-Ènw ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o²-\o-è I-Sw tIn-1? F-Ñ-tIn-¾m ?o-Ó-
a-X-t¿-¿-tÁ-b-© h|p-I-co-Ño-È?’’-8 a-tÊn-c-e-h-c-¿o-êw A-uË-iw
5 a-¿n-bo 2.1.2
6 a-¿n-bo 4.1.11
7 Hibbert Lectures P. 193 (1881)
8 Gifford lectures Pp 10-11
30
Cv cp-Xo-bo² A-W-Xw ¹-c-è-¾m. Xp±-Kw \-ep-\-ta-uÁn av-do-I-

ta-uÁn ]-l-bn-=-Á H-Ê-a-X-=w udn-Inw-cw-õw ®-X-do-uÁn-jw D-¾n-bo-
½o-È. C-H \-Å³ à-w-an-bo H-ç X-e-W a-\-ôo-dn-Ðo-bn². e-j-tc
ao-^-º-tj B-L-cy-tÃ-â-¿o-b th-Âm A-K-$o-tÂ en-%-I-;-tS
t]n-ç-jm \-®-%w a-\-ôo-dn-!w. B en-%-I-jo-Xn:-ô C-Ám ?o-Ó-a-X-
ta-è ]-l-b-tÃ-â-Á-Xm 5n-Np-\ P-\-º-jo-êw 5-N-do-X-an-bo-ç-è.
A-Xm a-Ì-gy-e±-\-¿o-tÂ H-S-Ð-¿o² C-Èn-Xo-ç-Á-uXn ?o-Ó
f-cp-c-[n-c-Ww tN-Ó-e-Á-Xo-Ì-uf-gw H-S-ºo-b-uXn A-È. \o-d-\o-
Áo-ç-Á h-Xy-a-X-t¿ ?o-Ó e-Á-H-®-X² A-uÃ-co² eo-jo-Ð-tÃ-å
H-S-ºo.’’ Cv B-f-b-u¿n-tSn-Ãw ?o-Ó, uIn-Ã± F-Á uh-\n-]-
Xo-ubn-â ]-l-¼ en-%-I³-¹-So b-+-Z-tc N-Io-X-cn-Ðo-b en-%-I³
uI-½n-ud f-co-bn-b A±-Yw u_n-[o-%-I-Æ-=. uI³-%-I: “Io-k-%w
]-So-¼n-cw \o-Ám e-j-tc a-Ì-gy± a-co-Ð-Æw A-e± h|±-\-hn-Àn-Py-
¿o² A-~n-iw “C-h-ln-Cv²’ bn-&-_m F-Áo-e-ucn-tSn-Ãw C-co-
%-I-Æw tN-åw’’-9-
-C-Xm à-w-an-%-Á-tX-tÐ-Án², ?-ua-W ]n-Ln-Xy± Io-k-Ðo-
u\n-â-É I-S-Ãn-Sm Aw-Kp-I-co-%-tÁ-Án-Wm. “_°-h° hp-Uo²,
do-]o H-S-ºo-b No-d F-?-K-In± ?o-Ó-a-Xw e-ª-a-X-¿o²-\o-Ám
u\-co-½m B-eo±-õ-eo-® F-Á a-X-Ðn-cn-Wm.’’ F-Ám [p Z-¿m F-?-
H-è. C-tXn-ç A-Xo±-I-eo-¼ A-õo-5n-b-an-tW-è ]-l-bn-tX-e-Ç.
?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-\m e-ª-a-X-u¿n-â-É-Xo-d-[o-Iw I-S-Ãn-Sm b-+-Z-a-X-
¿o-u\n-Sn-Wm. F-Án² b-+-Z-a-X-¿o²-\o-Ám ?o-Ó-a-X-t¿ ue±-
Xo-co-%-Á L-S-I-an-b D-Á-X [n±-Åo-I-u_n-[w e-ª-a-X-¿o-ud-Xn-
tW-è \o-ug-[o-Ño-å In-cy-ao-È. [p Z-¿ F-?-H-è: “]n-d-$p-\o²
G-g°-hm 5-N-co-Ão-Ño-ç-Á e-ª-a-X-¿o-t\-bn-Wm ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td
h-Zn-Nn-c-]-c-=w tth-ªn-Ðo-I-=-an-b In-cy-º³ A-e-dw-_o-Ño-co-
%-Á-Xm.’’-10-
-5-f-Ò-X-¿|-No-Ð-I-\n-b ugn-Ãm\-c-tS en-%-I³ ]-I±-¿o-
tÐn-¾m Cv A-[yn-bw A-e-hn-\o-Ão-Ðnw. “H-ç e-Éo-tÑ-So B-dw-
_-¿o-\n-bo eo-#-Xn-#-Xo-Æ-É Òw-õ-¿o² ]-S±-è-I-b-lo-bn²
I-Wo-tÂ B-#-Xo a-l-Æn-tX e-Éo-tÑ-So-Æ-tS hv-À-cy-t¿ 5-In-
fo-Ão-%w-u]n-td æ-À-c-Ê-fyw In-G-e-Í-Á-Xn-Wm tt?-Ò-e-[±-a-w.
C-Ðy°-eo-Çn-\-¿o²-\o-è è-]w-tIn-¾m Á-X-a-X-¿o-tÂ Òw-õ-
an-!-Á eo-uZ-f-?-¸-¿o² ]-S±-è-I-b-lo-b C-Xm ?-¸-¿o-tÂ
A-ô² è-]w e-j-tc-tbn-èw a-l-Í-Áo-tÈ-è an-^-a-È, e-j-tc ]-co-
9 Ancient India Vol.II P 329
10 So. u]-Pm 340
31
e±-¿-\-u¿n-tS Pp-eo-X-¿o-tÂ-Æw h-Xy-¿o-tÂ-Æw i-co-X-Iw

\o-l-à-\o-ñ-Æw tN-å-è. ?-¸-ta-è 5-Xp-X-an-In-ta-¹o-êw b-Yn±-
Q-¿o² A-Xo-tÂ è-]w ey-Xy-Ò-an-Wm.’’-11
11 Religion and other essays-Schoupenhaure, Page 116
32
3
-e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ B-[n-cw tte-Zo-I-[±-a-w-
-e-ª-Ìw !-Xo-b-a-X-=w-
-
I-ko-¼ A-[yn-b-¿o² \nw ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-tÂ ue-ç-I³ uX-So-u\n-
Ðo. A-Xo-tÂ ho-ªn-Ð-º³ b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-êw h-Zn-Nn-c-°-dy-º³
e-ª-a-X-¿o-êw A-[o-~o-X-an-tW-è I-1. thn-cn-é-o-b° a-X-¿o-
ë-tS b-+-Z-[±-a-¿o-tÂ D-Xm]-¿o F-º-t\ tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o²
\o-è hw-õ-eo-tÑ-Ám A-e-hn-\-t¿ c-¾-[yn-b-º-jo² eo-e-co-Ðnw.
Cv A-[yn-b-¿o² N±-Ñ tN-å-Á-Xm e-ª° D-]-uZ-fo-Ñ-Hw ?o-Ó-
a-X-¿o-tÂ A-õz-Qn-\-¿o² e-do-b ]-¦-e-io-Ñ-H-an-b [±-a-hn-cw
F-º-t\ ue-Z-¿o²\o-è-¾n-bo F-Á-Xn-Wm. e-ª-a-Xw ue-Z-eo-ç-
ª-an-tW-è eo-f|-ho-%-Á tte-Zo-I-[±-a-n-Ì-bn-bo-I-tj Cv N±-Ñ
tX-Èm B-L-cy-tÃ-â-¿o-ub-Ðnw. !-Xo-tbn-ç a-Xw Ùn-]o-Ð-W-
ta-Á eo-Nn-cw-u]n-êw e-ª-\o-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-è \o-L-b-an-Wm. e-ª-
uZ-e-t\ !-I-N-Á-Xo² H-å-ua ]o-Áo-d-Èn-¿ [p B±.-ho. Z-¿m ]-l-Æ-
Á-Hw A-uË-i-¿o-\m !-Xo-b Çn-\-d-to-ubn B-eo-l-c-W-uan
C-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-Án-Wm. [p Z-¿m H-S-ç-è: “G-tX-¹o-êw a-X-¿o-tÂ
Ùn-]-I-u\n a-Xn-Nn-cy-u\n B-In° [-ao-® F-è h-¹-+o-%-Á-H-
u]n-êw N-co-^-]-c-an-b tX-Ên-=w. a-lo-Ñm A-Ðy-\o-ao-gw e-tc A-uË-iw
eo-f|-ho-Ño-ç-Á-Xm, io-Û, ~n-1-W, [-a-Wn-Zo-I-;-tS C-S-bo²
5-N-co-Ño-ç-Á-Hw ]o-Áp-â È-go-Ñ-H-an-b [±-a-¿o-tÂ uZn-g-º³
an-Ên-Ì-É 5-Nn-c-an-Wm Xn° \o±-F-io-%-Á-tX-Á-u^. io-Û-Ð-jo²
b-Çn-Zo-I³ \-S-¿n-¿-e-çw h±-F-hw-K-Xyn-Ko-I-;w [yn-\-¿o²
h-a-bw tN-d-e-ko-Ño-ç-Á-e-çw B-b hn-¿-Ð³ D-¾n-bo-ç-è. C-e-tc
õo-E A-Y-en [-a-W± F-Án-Wm ]-l-à-e-Á-Xm. A-Ðn-d-¿m \o-c-
e-[o [-a-W-fn-J-I-;-¾n-bo-ç-è. B [-a-W-co² !-Xo-tbn-ç eo-õn-
K-®-¾n-%-I an-^-an-Wm [p-e-ª° tN-Ò-Xm. Xo-co-Ñ-lo-bn° “fn-Iy
-!-^p-b [-a-W±’ F-Ám A-e-tc eo-jo-®-u]n-è. hw-hn-c-Xyn-Kw,
eo-I-ª-Pp-eo-Xw, ]-eo-^-an-b [n±-Åo-I-I-eo-Nn-cw ®-X-dn-b [-a-uWn-
]-uZ-f-º-;w A-Ì-~n-\-º-;w X-tÁ-bn-Wm e-ª-Ìw \-ío-b-Xm.’’--1
-h|-X-Ô-a-X-an-bo an-lo-b-tX-º-t\?-
-]o-tÁ-º-t\-bn-Wm e-ª-a-Xw h|-X-Ô-a-X-an-bo ]-co-W-ao-ÑtX-Á
uNn-Zyw D-V-eo-%-è. C-X-lo-b-W-ta-¹o² e-ª-tÂ B-eo±-õn-e-
In-d-t¿ tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ A-e-Ù-tb-Ðn-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám A-lo-
1 Ancient India Vol II. PP 181-182
33
b-Ww. e-ª-tÂ P-\-\-In-d-¿o-t\n-å ®°-!-X-tÁ tte-Zo-I-[±-a-

-¿o-tÂ N-co-^-¿o² uLn-cn-á-In-cw eyn-]o-® I-ko-¼o-ç-è.
ue-uZn-]-\o-g-K-I-;-tS 5-f-Ò-[±-a-w A-[x-]-Xo-Ñm \o-c±-Q-I-N-S-
©-I-jo-êw iow-hn-b-Ç-º-;-tS è-]w-tIn-É-do-êw F-¿o-uÑ±-
Áo-ç-è. H-S-Ð-¿o² Y-W-I±-ah|-õn-e-º-tj an-^w B-à-Z-an-Ðo
\o±-B-bo-®-u]n-Á e±-B-ey-e-Ù ew-f-]-c-Ä-cn-K-X-an-b Pn-Xo-
ey-Xyn-h-an-bo ]-co-W-ao-®. C-Xo-tÂ ^-d-an-bo ~n-1-W± P-îw
tIn-1-an-^w e-do-b-e-cn-=-I-Æw A-e-ç-tS Ð±-Fo-I±-Ðm an-\-=w
Ùn-\-=w d-õo-Ðn° In-c-W-an-b ue-Z-n-[y-b-\w, h-ZmY-W-º³
®-X-dn-b-e Xy-Po-%-I-Æw tN-Ó. h-Zn-Nn-c-]-c-=w [n±-ao-I-=-an-b
Cv A-[x-]-X-\w ~n-1-W-co²-an-^w H-H-ºo-bo-È. h-Áyn-ho-
an±-u]n-êw [±-a-Çn-\-=w B-Ð-co-I-]-eo-^-X-Æw a-¿-c-h|-õn-e-=w
a-ew te-So-¼m _n-iyn-Uw-_-c-º-jo²-an-^w [-ªn-ê-Ð-jn-bo.
hn-[n-c-W P-\-º-;-tS h|-õn-e-¿o-êw tte-Zo-I-In-d-u¿-Xo²-\o-è
õo-Á-an-b an-Ê-º³ e-è-uN±-è. A-e± è-]-º-tj B-cn-[o-%-Á-
e-çw uõn-K-udn-ê-]-ç-an-bo. 5n-Np-\n-cy-în-ç-tS hn-X|o-I-uõn-P-\-
¿o-tÂ Ùn-\w anw-hn-in-c-ua-tÊ-â-K. fn-hmu^n-2-ta-Á-u]-co²
b-Ç-¿o² ±-K-_-do-Æw anw-hn-*-Xo-Æw H-S-ºo. e-ª-tÂ In-d-an-
b-uÃn-uk-%w C-º-t\ an-lo-Ð-ko-¼o-ç-Á Á-e-]n-â-I³ I-¾m A-uË-
iw No-Ðn-[p-\-\n-bo. ±-K-_-do-Æw Pn-Xo-uõ-Z-=w A-uË-i-t¿ Èx-Jo-
X-\n-Ðo. a-X-¿o-tÂ u]-co² \o-c-]-cn-[o-I-jn-b P-Ñ-Ð-;-tS c-2-
tan-?-%-Á-H h-io-%-en° A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ uIn-a-j-=w hmu\-i
-a-b-=-an-b ,-Z-b-¿o-Ì I-ko-¼o-È. B ]-eo-^n-Zn-em \o-#-w-=w
A-\yn-b-Ð±-B-=-an-b Pn-Xo-uõ-Z-¿o-t\-Xo-tc Æ-ª-¿o-Ì X-Çn-ln-bo.
C-Xo² A-uË-iw a-Ì-gy-e±K¿o-u\n-â b-Yn±-Q-hmu\-i=w A-e-
ç-tS \-î-Æm D-XmI-S-an-b A-õo-dn-g-=w 5-I-So-Ão-®. e-ª-tÂ No-d
Ð±-e-In-do-I ud-J-I±-u]n-êw Cv A-\yn-b-º³ Np-¿-bn-tW-è
]-l-b-¿-Ð-e-Bw A-e 5n-Á-cy-an±-Ão-Ño-ç-è, hn-°-io-I-=w cn-P-
tt\-Xo-I-=w [n±-ao-I-=-an-b In-cy-º-jo-td-Ènw Cv Pn-Xo-uõ-Z-¿o-
tÂ h|n-[p-\w eyn-]-I-an-bo-ç-tÁ-è an-^-a-È; H-t½n-tÐ \o-b-a-eo-u[-
b-=-an-bo-Ð-ko-¼o-ç-è. C-Ðn-d-¿m ~n-1-W-ô-¸-ô-b-ô-tte-fy-ô
J-¼-e±-Kº³-Ðm 5-uXy-Iw \o-b-a-º-;-¾n-bo-ç-è. ~n-1-W-ucn-Sm
A-Ì-No-X-an-b Z-b-=w J-¼-ucn-Sm I-uTn-c-X-Æw In-½o-bo-ç-è. C-tXn-
èw No-c-Ùn-bo-b-È-uÈn. J-¼° F-^-I-¾m \-È-e-\n-bn-êw f-co,
A-e-\m eo-Zyn-5n-Ño-Ðm A-[o-In-c-uan h-°-i-¿o² Ùn-\-uan
C-Èn-bo-ç-è. A-e± Cv N-º-d-I³ t]n-½o-tÑ-lo-bn° A-e-h-cw
u\n-Ðo-Ð-ko-Æ-I-bn-bo-ç-è. Cv _-io-l-c-W-ta-Á A-\yn-b-ey-e-
Ù-Æo-c-bn-b A-e± H-ç ]-co-e±-¿-\-¿o-Ì In-¿o-co-%-I-bn-bo-
34
e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ B-[n-cw
ç-è. eo-fn-d-,-Z-b-cn-b Z|o-P-în-çw (~n-1-W-ô-¸-ô-b-ô-tte-fy±)

A-e-ucn-Sm h-in-Ì-¨-Xo In-½o. A-º-t\ ‘an-Ê‘¿o-tÂ In-dw ]n-I
an-bo. C-º-t\ e-ç-uÄn³ P-\-º³ h|-bw an-Êw-e-ç-¿o N-º-d-I³
t]n-½o-tÑ-lo-Æ-ta-è a-\-ôo-dn-Ðn° e-do-b É-c-Ðn-G ue-¾. A-º-t\
hw-õ-eo-®. a-Ì-gy-tÂ hn-°-io-I-Ùo-Xo-% \o-Zn-\w P-î-a-È,
Y-W-º-jn-tW-Ám cn-P-!-d-Pn-X-\n-b H-ç ¸-ô-b° D-ZmuLn-go-Ñ-
H-uI-½m A-hw-Jyw a-Ì-gy± A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ Á-ew-¹-So. A-h-a-X|-=w
A-So-a-¿-=w h-io-®-I-ko-¼ A-e± F-^ D-en-i-Ð±-e-an-bo-co-Ð-
Ww A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ en-%-I³ uI-½-tX-Ám \-®-Ðm A-Ì-an-\o-Ðnw.
A-e-ucn-tSn-Ãw Z|o-P-în-cn-b H-½-[o-Iw B-cy-P-\-X-Æw-¹-So. A-º-t\
uZ-f-¿o-tÂ H-c-Êw ®-X² a-uÊ-b-Êw-e-tc _v-ª-[±-a-w 5-N-co-®.-
e-ª-õ-K-en-tÂ eo-P-b-¿o-Ìw A-uË-i-ao-±o-Ðn-tX-X-tÁ !-Xo-
tbn-ç a-Xw \-S-Ãn-b-Xo-Ì-®-É b-Yn±-Q In-c-Ww ®°-]m F-?-Xo.
hn-°-io-I ]-co-l±-¿n-Ð-jn-b a-e a-in-!-ç-g-în-tc-uÃn-td e-ª-
Ìw G-lo-b-¹-cw X-tÂ In-d-t¿ ]-co-l±-¿n-en-bo-ç-è. A-eo-ue-I-
Ð±-B-=w \o±-Ë-b-=-an-b ±-K-e-[-t¿-Æw #-ô-a-=w A-eo-I-ª-=-an-b
Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù-tb-Æw hn-i-ho-I-an-bo F-Xo±-%-Á-Xo-Ì [p-e-ª°
h|p-I-co-Ñ an±-\-¿n² h-a-In-dp-\-tc A-uË-iw B-I±-go-®. Cv
Xo-î-I-jo-Èn-Xo-ç-Á In-d-b-j-eo-td-ºn-Ìw P-\o-Ño-ç-tÁ-¹o² C-^-
ub-tl h|n-[p-\w tN-ê-¿n° A-uË-i-¿o-Ì I-ko-Æ-an-bo-ç-Áo-È.
en-Ò-e-¿o² e-ª° A-lo-b-tÃ-â-I-u]n-ê-ao-Èn-bo-ç-è. F-Án²
A-Ðn-d-¿m _-*-h-i-îw P-\-º-tj X-Áo-ud-Ðn-I±-go-Ñ-H \o-ao-
¿w e-ª° !-Xo-tbn-ç [±-a-5-en-N-I-\n-bo A-lo-b-tÃ-å-H-S-ºo.-
-_v-ª-[±-a-¿o-tÂ \o-ug-[n-Z-I Aw-fw-
-_v-ª-[±-a-¿o-tÂ \o-ug-[n-Z-I-an-b õn-K-t¿-Ã-Êo e-j-tc-tbn-
èw F-?-Xn-\o-È. e-ª° c-¾m A-\n-Nn-c-º-tj an-^-ua f-2o-bn-bo
F-Xo±-K-=. [p. Z-¿m F-?-H-è: “Kv-X-a° ep-1-eo-Nn-c-ao-Èn-tX
J-7-\w tN-å-Á B-j-Èn-bo-ç-è. 5n-Np-\-=w \-S-Ão-do-ç-Á-H-an-b
F-Èn h-º-Zn-b-º-tj-Æw A-uË-iw F-Xo±-¿o-È. 5n-Np-\-[±-a-¿o-
\m F-º-t\ A-Ì-¹-d-an-tW-Ám a-\-ôo-dn-en-¿-uXn D-]-ubn-K-ao-
Èn-¿-uXn B-b h-º-Zn-b-º-tj-Æw eo-f|n-h-º-tj-Æw an-^-ua
A-uË-iw F-Xo±-K-=. ~n-1-W-[±-a-t¿ ]o°-H-S±-è e-Á e-ko-
]o-k-Ñ h-º-Zn-b-ta-Ám I-ç-Xo-bn-Wm Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù-tb F-Xo±-¿-Xm.
b-Çn-Zo-tte-Zo-I-I±-aº-tj F-Xo±-¿-Xo-Ì In-c-Ww A-e Xo-I-®w
°-V-Xn-Ð±-B-=w \o-#-w-=w \o-c±-Q-I-=-an-bo A-Á-Ì-~o-® u]n-Á-
Xn-Wm. b-Ç-¿o² A-Ám A-\n-e-fy-an-bo ±-K-º-tj \o±-Ë-bw
35
e-[o-Ño-ç-è.--2
-e-ª-õ-K-en° Cv-f|-c-tÂ A-Òo-X|-t¿-Æw ue-Z-º-tj Cv-f|-cp-
b-Çn-\-an-b 5n-an-Wo-I-r-×-an-Æw Aw-Kp-I-co-Ño-ç-è-uen F-Á
5-Tw 5-h-2-an-Wm. Cv-f|-c-eo-f|n-h-t¿-Ã-Êo-Ã-l-¼n² A-uË-iw
\n-Òo-I-\-Èn-bo-ç-è. H-ç A-uÇ-b-en-Zo-bn-bo-ç-è, F-è-]-l-bnw.
Cv-f|-c-t\-ubn, Cv-f|-cp-Çn-\-an-b ue-Z-º-tj-ubn Aw-Kp-I-co-%-
Á-Xm e-ª-a-X-t¿ hw-_-áo-Ño-S-u¿n-jw A-Xyn-e-fy-ho-ªn-Ð-a-È.
B-Z-hw-b-a-\w, B-Z-h-Ñ-wo ®-X-dn-b-e D-]-uZ-fo-Ñm A-uË-iw
h-Ñ-w-\n-bo. ½-wo-eo-Zy, 5-j-bw, Cv P-K-¿m A-\n-Zo-ubn A-\-
Ð-uan, D-¾n-b-tX-º-t\, H-S-ºo-b a-i-¿|-ua-lo-b 5-T-º³-Ðm
D-¿-cw In-Wn° [-ao-Ñn² H-co-Ð-êw hw-J-Ño \-î-Á D-¿-cw d-õo-
%-I-bo-tÈ-Ám A-uË-i-¿o-\m A-õo-5n-b-®-¾n-bo-ç-è. fo-gy-în±
C-¿-cw 5-T-º-;-Á-bo-Ñ-uÃn-tk-¹o-êw à-w-an-b D-¿-cw \-ío-bo-
u½-bo-È-3 C-¿-cw 5-T-º-;-Á-bo-%-Á-Hw C-e-bo-uî² fn-Ön±-Qw
\-S-K-Á-Hw \o-ç-en-i-tÃ-â-¿o-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám _v-ª-r-×-º-jo²-
\o-Ám ey-2-an-!-è. h-{n-h-_-æ-¿-¿o² C-º-t\ In-ü-è:-
“Rn° ¨-X-In-d-¿o² D-¾n-bo-ç-uÁn F-Á-Xm °-V-tÂ uNn-Zy-
an-Wm. Rn° ¨-X-In-d-¿o² F-Ðn-bo-ç-è? Rn° õn-eo-bo² D-¾n-
bo-co-%-uan C-È-ubn? A-uÃn³ F-tÂ è-]-ta-Ðn-bo-co-%w? C-è
Rn° D-u¾n? A-uXn C-È-ubn? Rn° F-Ðn-Wm? F-tÂ A-Òo-X|-
®-t¾-¹o² Rn° F-eo-tS-\o-è e-è? F-©-\o-è e-è? F-uºn-å
u]n-!-è.’’-
-e-ª-tÂ eo-Nn-cw, \-î tN-å-Á-H-an-^-an-Wm [±-a-w F-Án-bo-ç-è.
I±-aIn-7-hw-_-áo-bn-b õn-K-K-an-^w Ê-wo-e-Í-I-Æw Çn-\
-In-7w-ô-B-[yn-Zo-I-õn-Kw F-Áo-e-ubn-Sm h-Zn D-Zn-hp-\-X 5-I-So-
Ão-%-I-Æ-an-Wm A-uË-iw tN-Ò-Xm. e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ B-cw-õ-¿o-td
G-Ê-=w e-do-b _-d-ip-\-X C-Xn-bo-ç-è. C-¿-cw uNn-Zy-º³
h-i-P-an-Wm. A-e-Æm G-tX-¹o-êw X-c-¿o² D-¿-cw \-î-I-X-tÁ
ue-Ww. C-e-tb \o-cn-I-co-%-Á a-Xw G-Xn-bn-êw A-Xo-\m B-Zn-
eo-tÂ eo-f-Ão-\m B-in-cw \-ín° I-ko-eo-È. ]o²-Ðn-d _v-ª°
2 Ancient India Vol II
3 -H-co-Ð² a-d-Ç-Iy-Iy-!-¿-t\-Á ey-2o C-¿-cw uNn-Zy-º-;-Á-bo-®.
A-uÃn³, e-ª° a-d-Ç-Iy-!-¿! \p e-Ám F-tÂ fo-gy-\n->. Rn°
\o-tÁ Cv hw-hn-cw \o-Xy-uan A-\o-Xy-uan F-Á-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo ]-To-ÃoÐnw.
F-è ]-l-à. a-d-Ç-Iy-!-¿° “5-uõn! A-ºm A-º-t\ ]-l-¼o-u½-bo-È’
F-è-¿-cw ]-l-à. e-ª-\-ç-jo:-ô “]o-tÁ C-¿-cw uNn-Zy-º-tj-Ðo-Ì uNn-Zo-
%-è. A-\n-e-fy-5-T-º³!’’(a-RmQ-a-\o-In-b !-d-ô-a-ë-Iy-en-Zw. Ancient
India Vol. II, pp239ô² D-®-Xw.)-
36
Cv tX-e-Xo-ç-¿o. hw-hn-cw C-è-É-H-u]n-td A-\n-Zo-In-dw

®-X² \-S-è-e-ç-Á, A-Xo-\n-do-Xo-\m î-wn-eo-tÂ B-e-fy-ao-È.
F-Á eo-f-Zp-I-c-W-u¿n-tS e-ª-a-Xw I-ª-\n-Òo-I-a-X-an-bo. Cv
A-õo-5n-bw e-ª-\o-Èn-bo-ç-è. hw-hn-cw \o-Xy-uan A-\o-Xy-uan
F-Á-uË-iw J-7o-X-an-bo ]-l-¼o-È. 5n-cw-õ-In-d-¿m A-uÇ-b-
en-Zo-bn-bo-ç-Á e-ª-a-Xw ?-ua-W a-tÊ-Èn A-uÇ-b-en-Zo-I-tj-Æw
-u]n-td \n-Òo-I-a-X-an-bo-¿p±-è. u\-c-u¿ ]-l-à-e-Á-H-u]n-td.
h-Zn-Nn-c-]-c-an-b ho-ªn-Ð-º-j-^-ub-tl a-i-¿-a-an-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o-êw
[n±-ao-I In-G-Ãn-So² C-tXn-ç e°-É-gy-an-bo-ç-Á-H-tIn-¾m õn-c-
X-¿o² A-Xo-tÂ \o-d-\o-+m C-Èn-Xn-bo. ±-K-_-do, Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù
F-Áo-e-bmtÐ-Xo-tc cw-K-K-e-Ám h-Zn-Nn-c-=w \-î-Æw h±-e-hn-[n-
c-W-Ðn±-Ðm D-]-uZ-fo-Ñm 5-Nn-cw u\-So-b _v-ª-a-Xw \n-Òo-I-a-X-an-
bo-¿p±-Á-uXn-tS Cv uZ-f-K-\o-Ám \o-ln-ho-X-an-bo.-
Cv-f|-c-tÂ h-¿, ue-Z-º³ Cv-f|-c-#-X-uan, F-Áp eo-g-b-º-
jo² e-ª-tÂ No-Ðn-K-Xo uX-eo-Ã-æ-¿-ta-Á r-×-¿o²-\o-è
a-\-ôo-dn-Ðnw. C-Xm Cw-up-go² X±-Ã-a tN-Ò lmtF-hmuZ-eo-Zmhm
(Rhys Davids) B-®-J-¿o² C-º-t\-tb-?-H-è: Cv !-Ò-I-¿o-Ìm
uX--eo-Ã-æ-¿-ta-è u]-ç-¾n-en° In-c-Ww C-Xo² e-ª-t\
‘uX-eo-Ã’ F-Á D-]-\n-aw \-ío e±-Bo-Ño-co-%-tÁ-Á-H-an-^-an-Wm.
‘uX-eo-Ã’ F-Á-Xo-\m ue-Z-Ç-t\-Án-W±-Qw. ]n-do-bo-td tt^-
eo-Zy A-Y-en ^-bp-eo-Ç-Æ-tS A-]-ªw-f-an-Wo--Hm.-
-Cv æ-¿w e-ho-¿°, õ-c-Z|n-P° F-Áp ~n-1-W Æ-en-Ð-;-tS
]-c-à-c-eo-en-Z-=-an-bn-Wm B-cw-õo-%-Á-Xm. ~-1-5n-Ño-Ðm G-Xn-Wm
f-co-bn-b an±-\-ta-Á-Xn-Wm eo-g-bw. A-e-co-ç-e-çw Kv-X-a-e-ª-tÂ
A-â-K-tN-;-è. A-uË-iw C-º-t\ D-]-uZ-fo-%-è-ô “F-^-ub-tl ue-Z
-Ç-\n-b ~n-1-W-\n-tW-¹o-êw f-co, h-Zn-Nn-co-b-tÈ-¹o² ~-1-
5n-Ño-Æ-¾n-=-I-bo-È.’’ Cv æ-¿-¿o-td G-Xn-Ìw e-N-\-º-jo-Xn:-
25. e-ho-¿! °-è ue-Z-º³ ]-To-Ño-åw, a-Ì-gy-t\ ~n-1-W-\n-%-Á
Y-W-º-tj Xo-c-¾-co-Ñn², B Y-W-º-tj h|p-I-co-Ðn-tX, te-c-tX
C-Þ-t\ R-º³ eo-jo-%-è, uhn-a-t\ eo-jo-%-è, e-ç-W-t\ eo-jo-
%-è, Cv-fn-\-t\ eo-jo-%-è. 5-Pn-]-Xo-tb eo-jo-%-è. ~-1-t\
eo-jo-%-è. a-io-ªo-tb eo-jo-%-è, b-a-t\ eo-jo-%-è F-Áo-º-t\
tNn-Èo-tÐn-1-an-^w C-ç-Án² a-Ì-gy-t\ ~n-1-W-\n-%-Á Y-W-
º-tj [n-c-Ww tN-Çn-tX, A-~n-1-W-\n-%-Á Y-W-º-tj [n-cn-
Ww tN-Òm te-c-tX tNn-Èo-tÐn-¾o-ç-Án² e-ho-¿! ±-Xz-eo-Ì-uf-
gw A-bn³ f-cp-cw te-So-Æ-ta-Á-Èn-tX ~-1-t¿ 5n-]o-%-I-bo-È.-
27. e-ho-¿! C-º-t\ A-Ö ]-Zn±-Q-º³ In-a-¿o-ud-% \-bo-%-
37
Á-Xn-Wm. A-e-tb B-cy-hw-b-a-¿o-td _-á-\-ta-è ]-l-Æ-è.-

-uNn-Zyw: B A-Ö ]-Zn±-Q-º³ G-e?-
D-¿-cw: I-Bo-\o-w-=w C-Ä-=w B-\-À-=-an-b-tX-¹o-êw In-a-t¿-Æw
a-Z-t¿-Æw D-¾n-%-Á è-]w, tN-eo-bo² e-ç-Á f-pw, C-H-u]n-td
\n-ho-I r-io-%-Á K-áw, \n-Ðm r-io-%-Á h|n-Zm, X|-Ðm A-Ì-
õ-eo-%-Á à±-fw. C-e-bo²-\o-èw In-uan-Xm]-¿o-Æ-¾n-!-è. C-e-
tb B-cy-hw-b-a-¿o-td _-á-\-º-tj-è ]-l-Æ-è. ue-Z-º³ ]-To-
Ñ-e-cn-b ~n-1-W± C-e-b-Õo-tÂ-Æw Zn-h-cn-tW-¹o² C-e-bo²
D-î-¿-cn-bo-uÃn-!w. ]-Xo-X-cn-!w. B-\-À-Zn-b-I-ta-è I-ç-H-Á C-e
F-^ õb¹cºtjÁ-e-c-lo-Æ-Áo-È.-
28. e-ho-¿! ue-Z-º³ ]-To-Ñ-e-tc-¹o-êw, a-Ì-gy-t\ en-Ò-e-¿o²
~n-1-W-cn-%-Á Y-W-º-jo-Èn-Xo-co-%-I-Æw, A-~n-1-W-cn-%-Á
Cv A-Õm In-uan-Xm]n-Z-I ]-Zn±-Q-º-;-tS Zn-h-cn-bo-co-Ð-Æw tN-
Òn² A-e± ]-Xo-X-cn-Wm. C-e-Æ-tS õ-b-¹-c-è-]-a-lo-bn-tX A-Xo-dn-
\-Ào-%-Á-e± a-c-W-¿o-Ì-uf-gw ~-1-t¿ 5n-]o-%-I A-hw-õ-ew
X-tÁ.-
-C-Xo-Ì-uf-gw [p-e-ª° e-ho-¿-u\n-Sm ~-1-hw-_-áo-X-an-b
G-Xn-Ìw uNn-Zy-º-;-Á-bo-Ñm ~n-1-Wyw u]-co² ¹-½o-b B-;-I-;-tS
Y-W-º-;-an-bo H-d-\w tN-Òm C-º-t\ D-]-uZ-fo-%-è.-
37. f-co, e-ho-¿, u?n-[-=w uZ|-g-=-ao-Èn-¿, hw-b-a-®-É, ]n-]-ao-
Èn-¿, ~n-1-W-çw ~-1-=-an-bo e-È hn-ay-uan, h|-è-]-X-ubn
D-¾n-In-ta-è \p I-ç-H-è-uen?-
“C-È Kv-X-an C-È.’’-
38. f-co e-ho-¿! ue-Zw ]-To-Ñ-Xo-Ì-uf-g-=w ,-Z-b-¿o² u?n-[-=w
uZ|-g-=w [n-c-Ww tN-É-Æw ]n-]o-I-;w hw-b-a-c-io-X-cn-bo-co-Ð-Æw tN-
å-Á ~n-1-W± a-c-W-¿o-Ì-uf-gw u?n-[-ô-uZ|-g-ô-]n-]-c-io-X-=w
hw-b-a-h|-è-]-=-an-b ~-1-t¿ 5n-]o-%-ta-è \p I-ç-H-è-uen?--4
-b-Yn±-Q-õo-E-eo-tÂ I-ª-Pp-eo-X-t¿ e±-Bo-®-tIn-¾m [p-e-ª°
C-5-In-cw D-]-uZ-fo-%-è.-
8. f-co e-ho-¿! u?n-[-ô-uZ|-g-c-io-X-\n-b õo-´V (õo-E) I-ª-No-
¿-Ìw hw-b-ao-Æ-an-Wm, ~-1-=w I-ª-h|-è-]-=w hw-b-a-h|-è-]-
=-an-Wm, F-¹o² I-ª-No-¿-Ìw hw-b-ao-Æw u?n-[-uZ|-g-c-io-X-Ì-
an-b B õo-E a-c-W-¿o-Ì-uf-gw f-cp-cw te-So-¼m X-e|-è-]-an-b
~-1-t¿ 5n-]o-%w.--5
4- _v-ª-æ-¿w (Sacred Books of the East Series Pp. 180-185)
5 So. u]-Pm 203.-
38
-[p-e-ª° ue-Z-\o-À tN-bo-Xo-½o-tÈ-Ám Cv æ-¿-º-jo²-\o-è

ey-2-an-Wm. A-uË-iw \o-Ào-Ñ-Xm ue-Z-Ç-tc-Á-õo-an-\o-%-I-Æw
~n-1-Wy-ao-Èn-Xo-co-%-I-Æw tN-Ò-e-tc-bn-Wm. !-Xo-b-\o-b-a-¿o-td
ud-J-I-ç-an-bo C-Xo-t\ lmtF-hmuZ-eo-Zmhm C-º-t\ Xn-c-X-ayw
tN-å-è-ô-
“[p-e-ª° Cv-f|-c-t\-%-lo-Ñm h-Ào-e-\n-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² Cv-f|-
cp-b-Çn-\-t¿-Æw eo-f|-ho-%-I-bo-Èn-bo-ç-è. A-uË-i-¿o-\m ue-Z
-u¿n-â eo-ucn-[-a-È, D-Zn-hp-\-X-bn-ü-¾n-bo-ç-Á-Xm. Cv D-Zn-hp-\-
X-Í In-c-Ww !-tl-tb-Ènw A-\-õo-Ç-X-Æw !-ul, A-e ±-K-_-do-Æw
Pn-Xo-en-Z-=w D³-tÐn-=-è-te-Á eo-f|n-h-=-an-bo-co-Ð-Ww. A-uË-
iw ue-Z-Ç-Ìw, ue-Z-¿o-td eo-I-ªn±-Qw r-io-Ñm A-Xo-\-Ì-h-
co-Ñm [±-a-5-Nn-cw \o±-F-io-%-I-Æ-an-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² !-Xo-b a-X-Ùn-
]-I-t\-Á-Xo-Ì-]-I-cw B-¿-\o-I-In-d-t¿ h|n-ao Zn-bn-\-À h-c-h|-
Xo-Æ-tS Ùn-\w A-uË-i-¿o-Ì ttI-e-ç-an-bo-ç-è. A-Ðn-d-t¿
a-Ì-gy±-Ðm h-¦-No-X-No-Ð A-+w !-l-en-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o², ue-Z-º-;-tS
b-Yn±-Q fo-¸-W-¿o-tÂ è-]w r-io-Ño-ç-tÁ-¹o², a-tÊn-è
uI³-Ðn-tX h|-a-X-]-co-l-c-W-¿o-Ì b-Uo-Ño-ç-tÁ-¹o² 5n-Np-\-
a-X-¿o-Ì ]-I-cw !-Xo-tbn-tc-Bw D-¾n-=-I-tb-Á A-]-I-Sw H-ko-en-
!-I-Æw õn-c-X-e±-g-¿o² ]o-j±-Ó hw-õ-eo-Ñ-Xo-tÂ ^-d-an-bo c-1
a-X-Ðn-çw X-Åo² e-j-tc-Ðn-dw P|-do-Ão-Ñ Æ-ªn-lo P|-do-Ðn-tX-
bo-co-%-I-Æw tN-bmuX-t\.-
e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ c-N-\n-Z-I-e-fw-
-e-ª-a-X-¿o-tÂ c-N-\n-Z-I-e-f-t¿-Ã-Êo e-j-tc-tbn-èw ]-l-bn-\o-È.
[p-e-ª° tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ eo-io-Xnw-K-º-jn-b B-uZn-Á-Xo,
B-Z-hw-b-aw, h±-F-Pp-e-Pn-d-tta-ô, I-õ-I±-Åw, B-Ð-co-I-eo-
I-ªo F-Áo-e-bn-Wm 5-N-co-Ão-Ñ-Xm. e-ª-tÂ 5-[n-\-tÃ-½ \n-ê-]-uZ-
f-º³ C-e-bn-Wmô-
1.- Pp-eo-Xw Èx-J-a-b-an-Wm. 2. Èx-J-In-c-Ww C-± A-Y-en J-á-bn-Wm.
3. J-á \-fo-Ñn² Èx-J-\o-?-¿o-Æ-¾n-!w. 4. J-á \-fo-Ão-%-Á-Xo-\m
F-å e-ko-Æ-¾m. 1. h-Xy-eo-f|n-hw, 2. h-Xy-In-aw, 3. h-Xy-õn-g-Ww, 4.
h-Xyn-N-c-Ww, 5. h-Xy-Pp-eo-In-hn-[-\w, 6. h-Xm5-?-¿o, 7. h-Xy-
h-¹-+w, 8. h-Xy-eo-Nn-cw--6
-tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-êw Z±-f-\-fn-Ö-hw-_-áo-X-an-b !-Ò-I-º-jo-
êw C-e-Æ-tS e±-B-\n-_n-*-dy-®-t¾-Ám ]-l-ub-¾-Xo-È. D-Zn-i-c-
Wn±-Qw \yn-b-Z±-f-\-¿o-td c-¾nw ¼-^w u\n-%-I:-
6 a-in-en-Kyw 116. (Ancient India Vol II PP 231-231² D-®-Xw)-
39
“Èx-J-P-î 5-?-¿o uZn-g-ao-Yyn-Çn-\n\n-®-¿-ucn-¿-cn-]n-ub

X-Z-\-Ð-cn-]n-bn-Z-]-e±-Kx’’-
-Èx-Jw, P-îw, 5-?-¿o, uZn-gw, ao-Yy-Çn-\w F-Áo-e-bo² H-Áo-
tÂ \n-fw A-Xo-Ì-®°-!-É-e-tb C-Èn-Xn-%-è. Èx-J-¿o-tÂ \o-?-
¿o-bn-Wm ®-2o.-
-ao-Yyn-Çn-\w-tIn-¾m uZn-g-º-;w Np-¿-C-±-I-;w D-¾n-!-è.
A-H-tIn-¾n-Wm P-î-¿o-tÂ 5-?-¿o (P-\o-Ðn-Ì-É B-r-iw)
D-¾n-!-Á-Xm. A-H-tIn-¾n-Wm P-î-ta-â-uÐ-¾-Xn-bo e-ç-Á-Xm. P-î-
an-Wm Èx-J-¿o-tÂ ue-cm. C-º-t\ ?-a-¿o² H-Áo-tÂ \o-?-¿o-Æ-
¾n-bn² A-â-¿-Xo²-\o-èw eo-å-an-lnw. A-Xn-b-Xm P-î-=w Èx-J-=w
X-Åo² _-á-®-¾m. (e-ª-tÂ H-Ánw D-]-uZ-fw) Èx-J-¿o-Ìw P-î-¿o-
Ìw In-c-Ww Pp-eo-X-J-á-bn-Wm. (c-¾nw D-]-uZ-fw) C-±-Æw P-î-5-
?-¿o-Æw C-Èn-Xn-bn² Èx-J-\o-?-¿o-Æ-¾n-!w (°-Ánw D-]-uZ-fw).
C-±-Æw P-î-5-?-¿o-Æw h-Xy-Çn-\wtIn-u¾ \-fo-&. (\n-dnw
D-]-uZ-fw)-
C-\o F-?-H-Á A-Õm B-Ç-I³ F-Ènw _v-ª-çw õo-E-[-
i-Ù uõ-Z-ta-u\y A-Ì-h-co-uÑ ]-f. 1. H-ç Pp-eo-tb-Æw iow-ho-Ð-ç-
Xm. 2. X-cn-¿ hn-[-\w ttI-tÐn-É-ç-Xm. 3. ao-Yyn-õn-g-Ww ]n-So-È.
4. d-i-coe-Ó-Ð³ D-]-ubn-Ko-Ð-ç-Xm. 5. ey-õo-Nn-cw ]n-So-È.-7-
-C-e-b-Öw “e-ho-~-tÂ ]-Õ-]n-X-I-º-jo² \o-Ám D-ç-¿o-co-Ñ-
Xn-tW-è \o-ôw-f-bw’’ F-Ám [p.-Z-¿m F-?-H-è.8 F-Án² C-e-Æ-an-
bo _-á-tÃ-â-u¿-¾-Xm ]-X-Ý-dp-a-i±-go-Æ-tS ubn-K-Z±-f-\-¿o-
td ]-Õ-b-a-º-;-an-bn-Wm F-è I-ç-H-è. ‘A-iow-hn h-XynuÒ-b
~-1-N-cyn-]-co-r-in-b-an-’9 Pp-eo-I-tj iow-ho-Ðn-Xo-co-%-I, A-h-
Xyw ]-l-bn-É, uan-wo-Ðn-Xo-co-%-I. ey-õo-Nn-c-ao-Èn-É, C-Þo-b-udn-ê-
]-X-bo² ep-ü-u]n-In-Xo-co-%-I C-e-bn-Wm A-Ö b-aw.-
-[p-e-ª° 5-N-co-Ão-Ñ a-Xw h-Zn-Nn-ucn-]-uZ-f-a-Èn-tX a-tÊn-è-
a-È. Cv D-]-uZ-f-º-tj-Ènw tte-Zo-I [±-a-r-×-º-jo-ud-H-an-Wm.
[p Z-¿m F-?-H-è:-ô _v-ª-[±-a-w Cv ]-eo-^-an-b tt]-J-I-h-Ä-¿m
5n-Np-\ io-Û-a-X-¿o²-\o-è ttI-tÐn-=-I-Æw A-e-tb h|-Ðw
r-×-º-jo² hw-c-¸o-%-I-Æw tN-Ó. [p-e-ª-tÂ [±-uan-]-uZ-f-
º-tj-Ènw [±-a-¼-^-º-jo² h±-uen-¿-a-=w h±-uen-Xm#-w-=-an-bo
7 [-Åo-I-æ-¿-\o-]n-Xw- Ancient India Vol II PP 262)
8 -e-ho-~-Y-ç ]-l-¼ ]-Õ-a-in-]n-X-I-º³ Y-ç-]-Uo-tb 5n-]o-%-I, d-i-co
-uh-e, i-Xy, uan-g-Ww, ]-Xo-X-ç-an-bo B-Zp-b-uan tte-en-io-I-uan B-b
_-á-Ùn-]-\w F-Áo-e-bn-Wm. (So.-u]-Pm 103)-
9 ubn-K-Z±-f-\w 1.2.30
40
\o±-uË-fo-Ñ-e-bn-Wm.’’10 t5n-^. an-Oma{-d± [p-e-ª-t\-Ã-Êo C-º-t\-

tb-?-H-è:-ô “e-ª-tÂ ~n-1-W-eo-ucn-[w H-u½-tl t]-ç-Ão-® In-½o-b-
Xn-Wm. en-Ò-e-¿o² A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ D-]-uZ-f-º-tj-Ènw D-]-\o-g-
¿o-ud-Xn-tW-Ám \-®-Ð-Á-lo-bnw.’’-11
[p-e-ª° !-Xo-b-a-X-uan \-ep-\-h-Xy-uan 5-N-co-Ão-Ño-tÈ-Ám
\nw I-1. b-Yn±-Q tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-uÂ-X-Èn-¿ No-d É-gy-º-tj
J-7o-%-I an-^-an-Wm A-uË-iw tN-Ò-Xm. B È-gy-º³ ]o-Áp-Sm
e-è-¹-So-b-H-an-Wm. a-e In-cy-º-jo-dn-I-t½, A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ D-]-uZ-fw
tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-\-Ì-½-X-an-Wm. A-Xo-\n² [p-e-ª-tÂ D-Xm#-w
-fo-¸-W-º-tj-Ènw tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o² A-[o-~o-X-an-tW-Ám ho-ªo-
%-è.-
10 So.-u]-Pm 268
11 Three Lectures on Vedanta Philosophy. Pp 113
41
4
-b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-tÂ A-So-Ùn-\w ]n-ûo-a-Xw-
-
\-®-Ðo-\o Á-X-a-X-¿o-ud-% e-cnw. C-Ám A-Ì-bn-bo-I³ H-udnw

!-l-en-tW-¹o-êw udn-I-¿o-td 5-[n-\-tÃ-½ c-1 a-X-º³-Ðm
P-îw \-ío-b-Xm Á-X-a-X-an-Wm. b-+-Z-a-Xw A-Ð±-Fw No-d Xo-c-Á-X
a-Ì-gy-ç-tS a-X-an-bo-uÃn-tb-¹o-êw A-Xo-\m ]o-Ñ-W-Ðn-co-tÈ-Ám
A±-Yan-Ð-ç-Xm. C-ñn-ao-tÂ A-So-¿-l ao-Ð-en-cw b-+-Z-a-X-an-
tW-Ám ®-ñp-º³ Aw-Kp-I-co-%-Á-Xo-t\n-Ãw A-Xm V-ln-\o² uc-J
-tÃ-â-¿o-bo-å-t¾-èw In-Wn° I-ko-Æw. ®-i-Å-Zm \-_o-tb hw-_-
áo-Ñ No-d 5-Òn-e-º³ b-+-Z± h|-Ðw a-X-r-×-¿o²-\o-Ám
\p-Ðw tN-bmtX-èw No-d-tX-Ènw ¹-½o-uÑ±-t¿-èw ®-ñp-º³
B-ucn-]o-%-è-¾m. F-¹o-êw A-e± °-hn-\-_o-tb-Æw ]-k-b [±-a-r-
×-¿o-td a-Êm r-×-I±-¿n-Ð-tj-Æw 5-en-N-I-cn-bo B-Z-co-%-è.
b-+-Z-5-en-N-I±-Ðm Cv-f|-cp-b-Çn-\w d-õo-Ñ-Xm ]n-ûo-I-jo²- \o-Án
-tW-è Ùn-]o-Ðn-Ì-É D-Zy-aw A-e±-Ðm ç-No-uÑ-Ðo-È. C-H-u]n-td
ub-I-eo-tÂ A-ç-j-Ãn-So-\-Ì-h-co-Ñm ?o-Ó-a-X-=w b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-d-e-
dw-_o-X-an-tW-Áo-co-tÐ, b-+-Z-a-Xw Cv-f|-cp-b-Çn-\-an-tW-è
ho-ªn-Ðo-uÐ-¾ _-ª-Ãn-Sm ?o-Òyn-\o-I³-%-®-¾n-enw. 5n-Np-\-
In-d-t¿-Ã-Êo C-è-e-tc \-S-Áo-å-É A-u\|-g-W-K-ue-g-W-º³-
tÐ-Ènw \nw #-X-Ç-cn-bo-co-uÐ-¾-Xm ?o-Òyn-\o-I-ujn-Sn-tW-¹o-êw
Á-X-a-X-¿o-tÂ D-V-e-t¿-Ã-Êo e-do-b A-u\|-g-W-º-tjn-èw
\-S-Áo-½o-tÈ-è In-ü-uÄn³ B-L-cy-tÃ-uS-¾ In-cy-ao-È. b-+-Z
-a-X-¿o-\m ]n-ûo-a-X-u¿n-â-É I-S-Ãn-Sm ey-2-an-Ðn° A-Ð±-Fw
No-d tt?-Ò-e-]-7o-X-în± [-ao-Ño-½o-tÈ-è-ao-È. D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-
¿o-td a-X-]-c-an-b B-f-b-º³ A-e-Ò-1bo²-\o-Ám F-â-¿-Xn-
tW-Á uUn-+± àp-K-do-tÂ A-õo-5n-b-t¿-Ã-Êo t5n-^. an-Oma{-d±
]-cn-a±-fo-%-Á-Xm H-ç-Zn-i-c-W-an-Wm. uUn-+± àp-K-do-tÂ !-Ò-Iw
Cw-up-go² X±-Ã-a-tN-Ò-Xn-b-lo-eo-È \-®-Ð-uX-Ã-Êo A-lo-bn-=-Á-Xm
an-Oma{-d-ç-tS “No-;m Ww Z P±-Å° e±-úgn-]m’’-tÂ H-Ánw en-dy
-¿o²-\o-Án-Wm. uUn-+± àp-K² X-tÂ enZw J-7-\n-Xp-X-an-bo
Ùn-]o-Ñoå-t¾-Á A-õo-5n-bw anOma{-d±-Ðo-È. A-[yn-bn-cw-õ
¿o-td en-Iy-¿o²-¿-tÁ A-uË-iw F-?-H-è: “eo-Z|n-în± H-c-+w
\o-b-an-[o~o-X fo-¸-Ww u\-So-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² F-Ñ \-Án-bo-ç-è!
1 ]nûoI;tS [±ar×w-thÀm AeÒ.
42
!-l-¼-]-¸w hw-õ-ey-=w tX-jo-à-Iko-¼-Hw X-Åo² F-Ð-Ð-

c-®t¾-Ám A-lo-¼o-co-Ð-tb-¹o-êw ue-Ww.-2 A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è-ô “A-e-
Ò-Æt - S ubn-Ky-hÄ
- n-ZI
- Ì
- w A-Ìe
- n-ZI
- Ì
- a
- n-b uUn-+± àp-K² X-tÂ
A-Ðo-a !-Ò-I-an-b “Eran das land Zwischen dim Indus & Tigris’’-tÂ
H-c-[yn-bw Cv 5-T-¿o-\n-bo h-a±-Ão-Ñ-Xm h-uÐn-g-P-\-Ian-Wm.
“Avesta die Genesis order die Bezihomgen der Eranier Zuden Semiten’’
F-Á B A-[yn-bw e-j-tc A-õo-ç-No-ubn-tS en-bo-®-I-ko-¼-uÃn³
]-l-à-u]n-b en-Iy-=-an-bn-Wm Cv A-[yn-bw B-cw-õo-Ñ-Xm.3 t5n-
^-h± an-Oma{-d±-Ðm X-tÂ 5-Xo-ubn-Ko-Æ-tS A-lo-eo-udn ubn-Ky-X-
bo-udn !-l-= I-t¾-¿n° I-ko-Æ-Áo-È. A-uË-iw F-?-H-è, “àp-K-
do-t\-Ã-Êo F-tÐ-¹o-êw A-\n-Z-c-uen-tS ]-l-bn-\-È Rn° [-ao-%-
Á-Xm. A-uË-iw Ð±-B-eo-Z|n-\n-tW-Á-Xo-Ìw !-l-ua A-e-Ò a-\x-]n-T-
an-Ðo-bo-å-É c-u¾n °-uÁn u]-co² H-cn-;-an-Wm. th-ao-Êo-Imõn-g-
bo² eo-Z|n-\n-Wm. ]-k-b-\o-b-a-¿o-td eo-eo-[ !-Ò-I-º-;-tS õn-g,
c-N-\, ud-J-\-ttf-do ®-X-dn-b-e-tb-Ã-Êo h|-X -Ôn-õo-5nw ]-l-bn°
X-Ð-e-Bw ip-Ô-õn-g-bo² \-È Çn-\-=- ®-¾m.’’ F-Áo-åw uUn-+±
àp-K² \-î-Á 5-an-W-º³ ]-cyn-Ñ-a-tÈ-èw C-º-t\-tbn-ç \o-K-
a-\-¿o² F-K-Á-Xm e-j-tc ¼-¸o-®-ue-W-ta-èw D-]-uZ-fo-%-è.
an-Oma{-d-ç-tS en-%-I³ C-5-In-c-an-Wm.
“C-¿-cw h-a-hy-I³ Ð-co-Ão-Ðn-t\n-ç-©-uÄn³ A-So-®-X²
®-So-e-tc B-Æ-[w I-ç-X-Ww. H-cn-?-a-W-¿o-Ìw eo-u[-b-\n-In°
]-?-H tIn-â-Ð-ç-Xm. A-j-è-!-lo-Ñ en-%-I³ 5-ubn-Ko-Ð-Ww. A-So-
b-So-bn-bo ®-uÁ-l-Ww. u\-uc-\-S-Ám d-¸y-¿o-td-¿-Ww. uUn-+±
àp-K-do-t\-uÃn-td H-cn³-Ðm eo-å-ep-G 5-Xp-¸o-Ðn-=-Á-X-È. a-lo-Ñm
tt_-_o³ \o-è-]-W-ta-Á E-t-hn-K-c-¿o² Xn° C-l-Ðo-b
]-S-Ð-Ã-ê-I³-tÐ-Xo-tc è-¸-an-b ]p-c-¹o-Æ-¾-I-;-tS e±-g-an-Wm
¸-Wo-® e-ç-K-Á-Xm.’’--4
-eo-Z|n-\n-b t5n-^. an-Oma{-d-ucn-Sm F-Èn B-Z-c-=w \o-d-\o±-¿o-
tÐn-1-X-tÁ ]-l-b-t½, A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ a-e ud-J-\-º-jo-td-Ènw
D-Á-Xn-f-b-º-;w D-Zn-c-õn-e-º-;w, eo-Õ-X-]-T-\-º-;w A-#-ô-a-an-b
h-Xy-en-Ù-Æw In-Wn° I-ko-Æ-ta-¹o-êw Cv ud-J-\-¿o-do-eo-tS
X-tÂ a-X-t¿ eo-a±-fo-%-Á-Xo-u\n-â-É A-h-iy-X-Æ-tS K-áw
!-l-tÃ-â-è-¾m.-
2 Chips from the German Workshop, Vol, IP. 143.
3 So.- 146
4 So.- 146-147
43
-B-f-b-5-en-i-¿o-tÂ e-ko-
-b-+-Z-a-Xw ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-t\-bn-Wm G-lo-b-¹-cw A-e-dw-_o-%-Á-
tX-è tX-jo-bo-Ðn° b-uY-ww tX-jo-=-I³ D-t¾-Án-Wm \-½-tS
]-¸w. H-Áo²-\o-Ám a-tÊn-Áo-ud-Ðm B-f-b-º-;-tS 5-en-iw D-¾n-
bo-å-t¾-è \o-L-bo-Ð-¿-Ð-e-Bw hn-ay-º-;-tS B-[o-Iy-=w
A-hn-[n-c-W-X|-=w In-ü-è-¾m. C-H \o-cn-I-co-Ðn° t5n-^. an-Om
a{-d±-Ðm I-ko-¼n² B-L-cy-ta-uÁ ]-l-ub-2. F-Án² A-uË-iw
]-l-Æ-è-ô ‘A-¿-cw B-f-b-º³ Xo-c-Æw-®°-]m A-e A-e-Ò-bo²-
\o-Ám D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o-ud-uÐn, D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o²-\o-Ám A-e-
Ò-bo-ud-uÐn G-H e-ko-Ðn-Wm H-?-Io-b-tX-è \o-L-b-an-Æw Xo-½-tÃ-
â-¿-Ww.’-5
-B 5-en-i-¿o-tÂ e-ko \o-ä-bn-hw I-t¾-¿nw. Pmh-c-w-Ö-çw
A-~-in-®w h-a-In-dp-\-cn-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám (?o.-®. 1920ô-tt_-_o-jo-\-Ì-
h-co-Ñm) tX-jo-bo-Ðn° Un. àp-K² [-ao-Ño-å-¾m. an-^-a-È, C-ç-e-çw
A-cmln° A-tÈ-¹o² in-cn° F-Á Ù-d-¿n-Wm e-ho-Ño-ç-Á-Hw.
A-~-inw in-cn-\o-dn-Wm ]n±-¿o-ç-Á-Xm F-è tt_-_o-jo-ê-¾m.
6
-Pmæ-c-w-Ö± ‘B-cyn-\nw tte-K’ F-Áo-S-¿n-Wm ]o-l-Á-tX-è
th-À-e-Ò-bo² In-Wnw. t5n: an-Oma{-d± an-^-a-È ]-d õn-gn-fn-Ö
-Ç-çw ‘B-cyn-\nw tte-K’ A-tÈ-¹o² “B-cy-în-ç-tS _p-Pw’ u]-ûy
-Æ-tS G-Ê-=w Io-k-Ðm Hn-O-hm, ttP-O±-So-hm F-Áp \-Zo-I³-% a-u[y
B-bo-ç-tÁ-èw, C-Ðy°-ô-C-ln-\o-b° ew-f-P-ç-tS °-d-Ùn-\w A-Xn-
bo-ç-Á-Xo-\n² Cv u]-ç-e-tÁ-èw A-õo-5n-b-tÃ-â-è. in-cn°
(A-cmcn°) B-cyn-\nw tte-K-Æ-tS hw-¸o-Ñ-è-]-an-tW-Á-u^ uUn:
àp--K-do-tÂ A-Ì-an-\w. t5n. an-Oma{-d± Cv A-Ì-an-\w f-co-bn-en-
ta-Á A-õo-5n-b-u¿n-tS F-?-H-è-ô “Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS P-\-\-Ù-dw
A-cmln° B-tW-Ám uUn-+± àp-K² ]-l-Æ-è. a-[y-In-dp-\ ®-ñpw
r-×-I±-¿n-Ð³ A-c-O-hm \-Zo-Ð-c-bn-Wo-eo-S-ta-è ]-¸-Ðn-cn-Wm.
A-u¹|-So² U{-]-uln® C-Xo-t\ B-cyn-\nw tte-K-Æ-an-bo t]n-ç-
¿-tÃ-â-K-è.-
Hn-a-hmZm (Cv-f|-c°) H-Án-a-H ½-wo-Ñ Ù-d-¿o-\m th-À-e-Ò
\-î-Á- u]-cn-Wo-Xm. B-cyn-\nw tte-K-Æ-tS Ùn-\w ]-c-Ä-cn-K-X-
an-bo \o±-B-bo-Ño-ç-Á-H-X-tÁ-bn-Wm uUn. àp-K-êw h|p-I-co-%-
Á-Xm. B u]-cm ?-ua-W B-cmln° F-Án-bo an-lo-tb-Á-Xo-u\n-âw
\-a-tÐ-Xo±-Ão-È.-7 F-Án² in-cn-Ìw B-cmln-Ìw H-è-X-tÁ-tb-Ám
5 Chips Vol. 1. Pp. 149
6 D+¿o!ÒIw XII 4
7 Chips Vol. 1. Pp. 149
44
t5n-^. an-Oma{-d±-Ðm A-õo-5n-b-ao-È. in-cn-\o-td ‘i’ B-cmln-\o²

e-Áo-È F-è-an-^-a-È, H-co-S-¿m ‘c’-Æw a-uÊ-Xo² cml-Æ-an-Wm. C-tX-
º-t\ hw-õ-eo-tÑ-Á-uË-iw uNn-Zo-%-è. A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ tte-È-gy-
¿o-\m h-®-No-X-an-b B-Z-c-= \-ío-tÐn-1 ]-l-b-t½. Cv hw-f-b-
¿o-\m \o-d-\o-dmu]-bo-È. Cv c-1 ]-Z-º-;-tS-Æw D-V-e-¿o-Ìw
X-V-e-¿o-Ìw eo-f-Zp-I-c-Ww ue-W-ta-Á A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ \o±-_-
á-¿o-Ì e-k-ºnw. u]±-gy°-õn-g-bo-td A-cmln° Z|o-X|-®-É ‘c’
In-c-an-Wm. ip-¡-eo-td in-cn-\o² Z|o-X|-ao-È. H-ç õn-g-bo²-\o-è
a-tÊn-Áo-ud-% hw-?-ao-%-Á ]-Z-º-jo-td Z|o-X|-uan hw-Æ2-uan
udn-]o-%-ta-Á hn-an-\y-\o-b-aw [-ªo-Ð-Ww. h|-c-º³ ¹-â-X²
5-b-U-cn-io-Xy-®-É-Xn-Ðn-\n-Wm an-\-e-[-aw. C-\o-tb-?-H-Á D-Zn-
i-c-W-º³ C-Ðn-cyw ey-2-an-%w.-
-hw-Á-Xw- 5n-#-Xw-ô-]n-do-ô- io-Ào-
-h±-e- h-{- h-_m -
h-Xy- h-Ñ -h-Nm
-u¸-^- uJ-¿- uJ-Xm
-c-¾nw õn-Kw C-\o eo-f-Zp-I-co-Ðnw. C-tXn-ç I-â-¿ B-u¸-]
-an-tW-è uXn-Áo-ub-Ðnw. ]-u¸, i-In-c-¿o-tÂ Ð±-B-uLn-g-
u¿n-tS D-Ñ-co-Ð² a-e õn-g-bo-ud-% ]-I-ç-uÄn³ an-Êw e-ç-Á-Xm
A-Ð±-e-a-È. th-À-e-Ò-bo-td i-Ò (hw-Á-X-¿o² h-Ñ) u]-ûy-\o²
i-Jo-bn-Wm. hw-Á-X-¿o-td f|-J-c° u]-ûy-\o² V-h± B-Wm.
in-cn-\o² C-Xm H-S-Ð-¿o-td i -bn-tW-è en-Z-®-Á-bo-uÑ-Ðnw.
C-Xo-Ìw D-Zn-i-c-W-º-;-¾m.-
-th-À-e-Ò-bo-td A-wX-tÁ-bn-Wm hw-Á-X-¿o-td A-w-Æw.
u]-ûy-\o-do-Xm i-wm B-Wm. th-Ào-td A-wp-Xo hw-Á-X-¿o-td
A-wo-ô-A-fp-Xo-ô-bn-Wm. u]-ûy-\o-do-Xm i-fmXn-Èw. hw-Á-X-¿o-td
A-Òo (D-¾m) ]n-ûo-bo² i-fmXm A-Òm F-Áp c-1 è-]-¿o-êw
5-Æ-2-an-!-è. ]-k-b th-Àm õn-g-bo²\o-Án-Wm u]-ûy° õn-g-Æ-tS
]o-l-eo-tb-Á-Xm \o-cn-I-co-Ðn-\n-eo-È. A-º-t\-tb-¹o² H-ç uNn-Zy-
®-¾mô Cv ]-Z-º-jo-td ‘i’ In-c-t¿ F-º-t\ eo-f-Zp-I-co-%w?
C-º-t\ an-Êw e-co-tÈ-è ]-l-¼m ]n-ûo-bo-td i-fmXm, A-w-bo²-\o-
èw i-fmXn-Zm th-Ào-td A-gmttS-Xo-bo²-\o-èw D-¾n-b-X-tÈ-èw
a-ew en-Zo-Ðn-\n-!-uan? C-È-X-tÁ. A-Xo-\n² t5n-^. an-Oma{-d-ç-
tS eo-ubn-P-\-%-lo-Ão-\m uUn-+± àp-Ko-do-tÂ A-cmln-Ìw in-cn-Ìw
H-tÁ-Á en-Z-¿o-t\ J-7o-Ðn° I-ko-eo-tÈ-è ho-ªo-%-è.-
t5n-^. an-Oma{-d± Cv 5-en-i-¿o-tÂ e-ko C-º-t\-bn-en-
ta-è \o±-uË-fo-%-è-ô “uUn-+± àp-K² X-tÂ eo-f|n-h-5-In-cw
45
A-~-in-®w Pmhc-w-Ö-çw ]-c-à-cw h-áo-Ño-co-Ðn-=-Á Ùn-\w

\o±-B-bo-Ñ-uf-gw, D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o-êw A-e-Ò-bo-êw h-an-\-an-bo-
Ðn-ü-Á B-f-b-º³ b-+-Z-ç-tS-Æw C-ln°-In-ç-tS-Æw 5-en-N-I-
cn-b A-e-co-ç-e-çw X-Åo² I-1-®-½o-b In-d-b-j-=-®-X² ]-c-à-cw
]-I±-Á-Xn-bo-co-Ðn-ta-Á \o-K-a-\-¿o-td-K-è. A-d-On-;o-bn
\-K-c-¿o²-e-Ñn-Wm ]-k-b-\o-b-aw rp-%-õn-g-bo² X±-Ã-a tN-Ò-Xm.
A-uX-In-d-¿m A-eo-tS-e-®-X-tÁ th-À-e-Ò-Æw rp-Ðo-ud-Ðm õn-gn
-Ð-c-tÃ-â-¿o. A-º-t\ D-Xm]-¿o-!-Ò-I-eo-f|n-ho-I-;w A-e-Ò-eo-
f|n-ho-I-;w X-Åo² _o.-ho. °-Ánw f-X-I-¿o² N-co-^-]-c-an-b
D-l-Ñ-_-áw D-¾n-bo-ç-tÁ-èw A-Xm ]-c-à-cw B-f-b-eo-\o-a-b-¿o-Ì
e-ko-tbn-ç-Ðo-tb-èw \o-L-bo-Ðnw. Cv hw-K-aw A-~-in-ao-tÂ-Æw
Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS-Æw In-d-¿m A-cmln-\o² \-S-Áo-co-Ðnw F-Án-Wm
uUn-+± àp-K-do-tÂ ho-ªn-Ðw.-8
c-1 a-X-º-;w X-Åo² ]o²-Ðn-d-Kw B-f-b-eo-\o-b-aw \-S-Áo-
co-Ðn-ta-Á-Xo-\m C-tXn-ç !-¿° tX-jo-en-In-ta-Á-Èn-tX Pmh-c
-w-Ö-çw A-~-in-®w X-Åo² B-f-bw ttI-an-lo-bo-co-Ðn-ta-Á
uUn-+± àp-K-do-tÂ ho-ªn-Ð-t¿ J-7o-Ðn° ]-cyn-Ñ-a-tÈ-Án-ü
\-½-tS F-jo-b A-õo-5n-bw. t5n-^-h-c-tS A-õo-5n-bw A-d-On-;o-
b-bo² _o.-ho. °-Ánw f-X-I-¿o² Cv r-×-º-;-tS X±-P-a-bn-Wm
\-S-Á-Xm, c-N-\-b-È. D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o-êw A-e-Ò-bo-êw B-f-b-º-
;-tS ]-c-à-c-5-en-iw A-uÃn³ \-S-è F-Á t5n-^-h-c-tS en-Zw
F-º-t\ eyn-Jyn-\o-Ðn-ta-Á-lo-Æ-Áo-È. A-~-in-®w Pmh-c-w-Ö-çw
h-a-In-dp-\-cn-tW-Á àp-K-do-tÂ \o±-B-b-¿o-\m C-ç-e-ç-tS-Æw
B-Nn-c-º-jo-td h-an-\-X-Æw ]o-Ñ-W \-î-è. “]n-ûo B-Nn-c-º-;w
b-+-Zn-Nn-c-º-;w X-Åo² e-do-b hn-ay-®-t¾-Ám uUn-+± àp-K-²
]-l-Æ-Á-Xo-u\n-â Rn-Ìw ubn-Po-%-è. H-ç b-Yn±-Q 5-en-N-I-tÂ
d-¸-W-º³ C-Á-e-bn-bo-c-Ð-W-ta-Á th-a-Êo-Im h-¹-+-u¿n-â
Xp±-Kw t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-â-Á-Xn-Wm, Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS h|-õn-ew. Hn-a-hmÈ
(ttZ-ew)-an-bo u\-co-å _-á-tÃ-Sn° Xo-I-¼ ubn-Ky-X-Æ-É A-uË-i
-¿o-\m Cv-f|-cp-b-Çn-\-¿o-tÂ Hn-ucn en-%w, A-tÈ-¹o² uUn-
+± àp-K-² ]-l-Æw-u]n-td Hn-ucn A-¸-c-=w te-jo-tÃ-½-Xn-Wm.-9
A-e± X-Åo² F-^-u¿n-jw hn-ay-®-¾n-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám uUn. in-Km
F-?-H-è-ô “]-d ®-ñpw r-×-º-jo-êw, eo-fo-gy u]-ûy° \o-L-1-
Ð-jo² Pmh-c-w-Ö-çw A-~-inw 5-en-N-I-Ìw H-cn-jn-tW-è uc-J
8 Chips VoI I Pp 150-151
9 Chips VoI. I Pp, 158
46
-tÃ-â-¿o-bo-å-¾m.’-10
]n-ûo-a-X-X-¿|-º³ b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-ud-% 5-e-io-Ðn° a-tÊn-ç
]-?-Xm _n-_o-udn-Wo-b° _-á-\w F-Á-lo-b-tÃ-â-Á N-co-^-hw-õ-e-
¿o² In-Wnw. ?o. ®. 587ô² t\-e-I-Zmt\-ô± F-Á _n-_o-udn-
Wo-b° cn-Pn-em ]n-d-Òp° B-?-ao-Ñm P-c-h-udw X-I±-K. A-u\-Iw
b-+-Z-c-tc X-S-eo-dn-Ðo. A-e-ç-tS r-×-uf-J-cw \-fo-Ão-®. X-S-=-
In-tc X-tÂ cn-P-[n-\o-bo-ud-% tIn-1-u]n-bo. H-ç Î-Ên-u¾n-jw
I-ko-¼m u]-ûy° cn-Pn-en-b tth-l-hm _n-_o-udn-Wo-b Ip-k-S-Ðo.
G-Xn-Ìw b-+-Z-tc P-c-h-ud-ao-ud-Ðm, \-w-tÃ-½ hn-io-Xy-¿o-tÂ
!-\±-\o±-Ån-W-¿o-Ì-ue-¾o A-b-®. C-e± P-c-h-ud-ao-ud-% a-S-ºo-
Ð-ko-¼n-bo-co-Ð-Ww ?o.-®. 450ô² F-în-Æw t\-i-ayn-=w h-an-
i-co-Ñm ]-k-b-\o-b-a-¿o² uN±-¿-Xm, uan-f-Æ-tS r-×-I±-M-X|w
\o-cn-I-co-%-Á-e-cn-I-t½ A-Á-e± F-?-Xo-uÑ±-¿-Xm t]-Âo-Ê{-´11
B-tW-è ]-l-Æ-è. G-Xn-bn-êw b-+-Z-ç-tS 5n-Np-\-r-×-º³ F-?-
H-I-ubn A-tÈ-¹o² è-]n-Ð-c-tÃ-â-K-I-ubn tN-Ò-Xm ]n-ûo-a-X-Ðn-
ç-an-bo A-e± e-j-tc-\n³ C-S-]-k-Io-Ð-ko-¼-Xo-Ì-uf-g-an-tW-è
ho-ªo-%-è.-
-an-Uw Õ-en-Sm¾o Cv A-õo-5n-b-t¿ H-W-Í-tÁ-è an-^-a-È,
uan-f-Æ-tS I-Y-I-tj-Ènw te-cw h-¹-+-an-tW-èw _n-_o-udn®
cn-Pn-em hn±-K-tÂ I-Y-Æ-tS A-Ì-I-c-Ww an-^-an-tW-tX-èw e-tc
A-õo-5n-b-tÃ-â-è. “F-în t]-Âo-Ê{-Ðo-t\ \-ep-I-co-®...-^-l-uen-tÂ
a-I³ !-jo-Ðn° tt\²-\-Zo-bo-td-¿o-b-uÃn³ Rn-º-W-I³Ðo-S
-bo-td t]-½o-bo² I-¾ !-½o-Æ-tS I-Y uan-f-ubn uan-f-Í-ue-¾o-ubn
F-?-Xo-b-X-È. uan-f-Í ®°-! Pp-eo-Ño-ç-Á _n-_o-udn® cn-Pn-em
hn±-K-tÂ Hn-â-I-jo² uc-J-tÃ-â-¿o-b I-Y-I-jo-do-H In-Wnw.
A-uÃn³ \-®-Ðm \yn-b-an-bo F-Ñ \o-K-a-\-¿o-td-¿nw? uan-f-tb-
Ã-Êo F-în ]-l-Æ-Á I-Y A-uË-iw _n-_o-udn-Wo-b-bo² B-bo-ç-
Á-uÃn³ r-io-Ñ-Hw hn±-K-tÂ u]-co² \o-d-\o-Á I-Y-tb uan-f-Æm
A-d-¹n-c-an-Ðo-b-Hw B-tW-è Xp±-K-]-l-bnw. Á-ç-Ð-¿o² !-l
-Ãn-â-!-Ò-Iw uan-f F-?-Xo-b-X-È. ]-k-b-I-Y-I³ tIn-¾m F-în
!-\x-h-¹-+w tN-Ò-Xn-Wm.’’-12 H-S±-è uPn±-Pm êo-¿o-tÂ A-hp-lo
-b° B-Âo-I|o-Êp-hm F-Á !-Ò-I-¿o-td A-So-%-lo-Ó-I-jo² \o-tÁ
-â-¿ H-ç õn-Kw A-e± F-?-H-è-ô-
10 Dr. Haug’s Essay on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis
Pp. 16.
11 D-Xm]-¿o !-Ò-I-¿o-td B-Zy-t¿ A-Õm A-[yn-b-º-;-tS u]-cm. C-Xo-tÂ
c-N-bo-Xn-em uan-tf-bn-tW-èw A-tÈ-èw A-õo-5n-b-uõ-Z-®-¾m
12 Secret Doctrine Vol. I Pp 319-320
47
‘_n-_o-udn-Wo-b° uan-f-an-b hn±-K-tÂ cn-P-[n-\o A-K-Zo

F-Á a-in-\-K-c-an-bo-ç-è. C-Xo-t\ th-a-Êo-%-I³ \o-uÀn-Zo-tÂ
cn-P-[n-\o-bn-b A-Ðn-Zm F-è-]-l-à e-Á-Xn-bo D-+-¿o-!-Ò-Iw
X. 10ô² In-Wnw. _n-_o-udn-Wo-b-Í e-S-Ðm Ç-W-½p-hm Xp-c-¿m
ho-uÃn-l-Æ-â-¿n-bo-ç-Á A-Ðn-Zm \-K-cw’-13 a-tÊn-ç B-L-cy-P-\-I-
an-b hn-ayw C-eo-tS In-Wnw. A-Ðn-Zo-tÂ h-ap-]-\-K-c-¿o-\m ho-
uÃn-l-tb-Án-ü u]-cm. uan-f-Æ-tS õn-cy-Íw ho-uÃn-ln F-è u]±.-14
C-Xm \o-L-b-an-Æw F-în-Æ-tS e-ªo-Ð±-e-I-an-b ¹-½o-uÑ±-Ð-dn-Wm.
F-în-Æm C-X-lo-bn° ]n-So-Èn-bo-ç-è F-Ám No-Ðo-Ðn-\n-!-Áo-È.
Cv Iv-H-I-I-c-an-b I-Y I-\z-MmKo-Ðo-td ^-d-f-I-d-º-jo²
In-Wnw. A-Xo-5-In-c-an-Wm.-
1. hn±-K-\° F-Á f-2-\n-b cn-Pn-em, A-Ðn-Zo-bo-td cn-Pn-en-ü
Rn°.-
2. F-tÂ A-Å H-ç cn-P-!-an-co-bn-bo-ç-è. A-±-t\-Ã-Êo A-lo-eo-È.
A-±-tÂ H-ç h-uin-Z-c-\n-Wm cn-Pyw õ-co-Ño-ç-Á-Xm.-
3. Ç-W-½p-æ \-Zo-Ð-c-bo-td A-æ-c-Ão-cn° \-K-c-¿o².-
4. F-tÂ A-Å, cn-P-!-an-co F-tÁ K±-õw[-co-®. I-w-Ãn-â-I-jo²
F-tÁ 5-h-eo-®.-
5. Rn-º-W-Ó-;-I³-Ðo-S-bo² F-tÁ-e-®. Ip-êw ]-f-Æw uX-Ñm
F-tÁ e-Ñm t]-½o A-S-®.-
6. F-tÁ \-Zo-bo-tdn-?-Ðo. \-Zo F-tÁ ®-Ðo-¿n-Mo-bo-È.-
7. \-Zo F-tÁ P-d-en-i-I-\n-b A-Ðo-Æ-tS A-â-t¿-¿o-®.-
8. A-Ðo, P-d-en-i-I° F-tÁ hmu\-i-Ð±-ew F-â-K.-
-C-\o- !-l-Ãn-Sm II u\n-%-I-
‘A-e-t\ (uan-f-tb) ]o-tÁ H-jo-®-te-Ãn° I-ko-bn-tX-bn-b-uÃn³
A-e³ H-ç Rn-º-W-tÃ-½-Iw en-ºo A-Xo-Ì ]-f-Æw Ip-êw uX-®,
tt]-X-do-t\ A-Xo² Io-S-¿o \-Zo-Æ-tS A-co-Io² Rn-º-W-Æ-tS
C-S-bo² -e-®’--15
C-º-t\ ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-Ám b-+-Z±-Ðm G-H-e-ko-Ðn-Wm B-f-b-
º³ 5-e-io-®-Io-½o-b-tX-Ám I-t¾-¿n° eo-g-a-ao-tÈ-è \nw
I-1. C-\o, Cv c-1 a-X-º-;-tS-Æw ho-ªn-Ð-º-jo-td hn-ayw
G-tX-Èn-ta-è u\n-Ðnw. t]n-H-en-b ho-ªn-Ð-º³ Cv c-1-a-X-
º³-%-®-t¾-Ám ?o-Òy° ud-J-I±-u]n-êw F-?-Xo-bo-å-¾m. ]n-ûo-a-X-
13 Isis unveiled Vol II Pp442-443.
14 !-l-Ãn-â !-Ò-Iw 2.-
15 !-l-Ãn-â !-ÒIw 2 3. Secret Doctrine ² D-®-Xw.-
48
¿o-tÂ uI³-eo-uI-½ B-[o-In-co-I-e-2n-en-b Un in-Km C-Xm h-Å-

Xo-%-è-¾m. a-e 5n-Np-\ a-X-º-tj-uÃn-td uan-f-Æ-tS a-X-u¿n-Sm
]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-\m e-do-b ey-Xyn-h-tan-èw C-tÈ-è Ùn-]o-Ñ-Xo-Ì-
uf-gw A-uË-iw F-?-H-è: “]n-ûo-a-Xw ]-d 5-[n-\ ho-ªn-Ð-º-
jo-êw uan-f-Æ-tS a-X-=-an-Æw ?o-Ó-a-X-=-an-Æw e-j-tc A-â-Ã-uan
h-an-\-X-ubn 5-Z±-fo-Ão-%-è. tN-!-¿n-tÂ ey-2o-X|-=w h|-õn-
e-=w a-co-Ñ-e-ç-tS D-b±-Ãm, F-Áo-e ]n-ûo-a-X-u¿n-â _-á-®-É-e-
bn-Wm. C-èw ]n-ûo [±-a-r-×-º-jo² C-e In-Wnw.-”
-Cv h-an-\-r-×-º-tj Hn-ucn-Án-bo ]-co-uf-[oÐnw.-
-ttZ-e-ta-Á B-f-bw-
-ttZ-e-t¿-Ã-Êo tt_-_o-;w th-À-e-Ò-Æw H-uc X-c-¿o-ê-É B-f-b-
an-Wm \-î-Á-tX-Ám Un. in-Km ]-l-Æ-è.-
-A-uË-iw ]-l-Æ-è: ào-Xn-an Pmhc-w-Ö± A-*-c-a-hmZ-tb-16 Cv-
f|-c-t\-è h-¹-+o-%-Á-Hw ]-k-b \o-b-a-!-¾-¿o-td F-udn-iow
A-Y-en ubn-i-e-Æ-tS h-¹-+-=w Ð±-B-an-Æw h-an-\-an-Wm. A-*-c-
a-hmZ B-[o-õv-Xo-I-=w B-[yn-Zo-I-=-an-b Pp-eo-X-¿o-tÂ D-Xm]n-
Z-I-Ìw A-Jo-d-udn-I-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-[p-f-Ìw h±-e-Pp-eo-I-;-tS-Æw
\o-b-Ðn-=-an-Wm. 5-In-f-h|-è-]-Ìw 5-In-f-uînn-X-õw u_n-[-ô-
Çn-\ h|-è-]-ÌanWm.-17
-tt_-_o-jo-td-Æw th-À-e-Ò-bo-td-Æw Cv-f|-c-\n-a-º³-u]n-êw
h-an-\-an-tW-Á-Xm H-åw !-l-¼ B-L-cy-¿o-\-È e-I \-î-Á-Xm!
th-À-e-Ò-bo-td uin-½-hmZm b-w-bo² X-tÂ C-ç-]-H-\n-a-º³
A-*-c-a-hmZ F-Bo-Ã-l-Æ-è-¾m. H-Án-a-u¿-Xm A-1o (hw-Á-X-¿o-
td A-êo) Rn° B-!-è. A-e-hn-\-u¿-Xm A-1o b-Zm A-1o (hw-
Á-X-¿o-td A-êo-b-Z-êo) ‘Rn° B-!-Á-e° Rn° B-!-è’ Cv
c-¾m e-N-\-º-;w tt_-_o-jo-td b-uin-e-Æ-tS \n-a-º³-X-tÁ.-
“ttZ-ew uan-f-ubn-â ]-l-à. Rn° B-!-Á-e° Rn° B-!-è.
(F-uiy A-g± F-uiy) Rn° B-!-è F-è-É-e° F-tÁ \o-º-
;-tS A-â-Ð² A-b-Ño-co-%-è F-Áo-º-t\ \p bo-în-ub² a-Ð-
ujn-â ]-l-ub-Ww F-è I-+o-®.’’-18 Cv u]-ç-I-;-tS A-[o-I hn-ayw
B-I-êo-I-an-tW-è ]-l-bn° I-ko-Æ-I-bo-È.-
t5n-^-h± an-Oma{-d± hw-f-bn-à-Z-ta-è ]-l-Æ-è-te-¹o-êw
th-À-e-Ò-bo-td Cv-f|-c-tÂ ®-Jy-\n-a-an-b A-*-c F-Á ]-Z-¿o-\m
16 -th-À-e-Ò-bo-td Cv-f|-c-]-cyn-b-an-Wm A-*-c-a-hmZ. C-Xm A-æ-c-ua-[n
F-Á tte-Zo-I-hw-Ç-Æ-tS è-]n-Ð-c-an-Wm.-
17 Haug’s Essays P 302.
18 -!-l-Ãn-Sm !-Ò-Iw III-14.
49
b-uin-e-Æ-tS A±-Y=-an-bo hn-ay-®-t¾-Án-Wm uUn. àp-K-do-tÂ

a-Xw. A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è-ô “A-*± A-*-eo-t\-uÃn-td Cv-f|-cn±-Q-
I-an-Wm. A-Xm A-im (hw-Á-X-¿o-td A-hm) [n-H-eo² \o-è-¾n-b-
H-an-Wm. D-É-Xm F-Á±-Qw. A-Xo-\n² “A-e° B-!-Á-e°’ F-Á
A±-Yan-Wm A-*-c, b-uin-e F-Áo-e-Íw.’--19
-[p _n-d-Kw-Kn-[-c-Xo-d-I-tÂ a-c-W-¿o-Ì-uf-gw 5-hn-[-\w
tN-Ò A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ “ue-Zo-Im u?n-uWn-j-Po B°-Um ue-Znw-K
uPyn-Xo-g’’ F-Á r-×-¿o² b-uin-e A-tÈ-¹o² P-ime-tb tte-
Zo-I-hn-io-Xy-=-an-bo u\-co-å _-áo-Ão-Ño-co-%-è. A-uË-iw F-?-
H-è: “In²-Uo-b° õn-g-bo-td b-ui|-bn-Wm b-uin-e. b-i|, b-i|-
Xm, Öp-dow-K-an-b b-i|o, b-i|-Xo F-Áo-e E-uK|-Z-¿o² ]-d X-e-W
5-Æ-2-an-Wm. ue-Kw N-do-%-I F-Á±-Q-®-É b-im [n-H-eo²-\o-Án-
Wo-Xo-tÂ \o-¦-¿o-tb-Ám rn-ên° ]-l-Æ-è. \o-L-1-eo² C-Xm
P-d-]-cyn-b (\o-L. 1.12) an-Æw _-d-]-cyn-b-an-Æw (2.9) e-Áo-å-¾m.
Y-W-en-No-bn-b b-i| E-uK|-Z-¿o² uhn-a-¿o-Ìw (9.75.1) A-lo-%-w
(3.1.12) C-Þ-Ìw (8.13.24) ]-cyn-b-an-Wm. A-[o-Iw 5-an-W-º³ \-dmuI-
¾-Xo-È. E-uK|-Zw 10.110.3ô² A-lo-Æ-tS hw-u_n-[-\-bn-Wm ui
b-i|n’’ (u]-Pm 137ô138) b-i| H-ç tte-Zo-I-hw-Ç-bn-tW-Ám A-uË-
iw \o±-B-bo-%-è. “uan-tf A-Xm In²-Uo-b° õn-g-bo² \o-tÁ-
â-¿-Xn-enw. In²-Uo-b-\o² C-Xo-tÂ X-V-e-º-tjn-è-ao-Èn-¿-Xo-
\n² A-Xo-tÂ h|-Ð-an-tW-Ám A-e-In-f-tÃ-Sn° I-ko-Æ-I-bo-È.’’
(u]-Pm 137ô138) In²-Uo-b° õn-g-bo² C-Xm C-Ðy-bo²-\o-è I-Sw
tIn-¾-Xn-In-ta-Án-Wm Xo-d-I-tÂ A-õo-5n-bw.-
-A-lo-Ðm A-Xo-]-eo-^-]-Z-eo-bn-Wm ]n-ûo-I³ \-î-Á-tX-Ám æ-5-
ho-ª-a-u^. A-e± A-lo-Ð-P-I-cn-tW-Á !-Ê-tÃ-â-¿² In-d-i-c-W-
tÃ-t½-¹o-êw A-l-o-bo² Cv-f|-c-tÂ h±-uen-Á-a-X-an-b 5-I-S-õn-e-
t¿-Æw f-2o-tb-Æw A-e± In-ü-tÁ-Á en-Ò-ew h-Å-Xo-uÑ ]-f
b-h-\ 36ô1ô-tÂ fp±-g-Iw “A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS No-ê-an-b A-lo-Æ-tS
fo-J-I-jo² 5-I-S-an-!-Á f-2o-Ðm’ F-Án-Wm. C-Xo-t\ A-lo-Ð-P-
Æ-an-bo Xn-c-X-ayw tN-å-Á-Xm \yn-b-a-È. C-Xm u\-tc-¹o² F-Ñm.-]o.
Õ-en-Sm¾o ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw u\-cn-Wm. “ttZ-ew Pp-eo-%-Á A-lo-tbÁm
?o-Òyn-\o-I³ ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw ]-co-I-ªn-Zn-eo-tÂ A-e-ucn-i-W-
¿o² Xp-bo² hp-\n-bm ]±-e-X-¿o² C-l-©-è F-Ám uan-tf
]-l-Æ-Á-Hw ?o-Òyn-\o-I-j-Èn-¿ a-Ên-uc-Ðn-;w A-ly-ncn-[-I-cn-Wm
?o-Òyn-\o-I³ F-Á-Xo-Ì tX-jo-en-Wm.’-20 B-e±-¿-\-!-Ò-I-¿o²
19 Chips Vol Ip. 158.
20 Secret Doctirne Vol. Ip. 121
50
]-l-Æ-è-ô “\o-tÂ ttZ-e-an-b b-uin-e Z-io-Ão-%-Á A-lo-b-uÈn.

Xp-H-X-Æ-É ttZ-ewX-uÁ.”21 C-º-t\ th-À-e-Ò-tb-uÃn-td tt_-
_o-;w ttZ-e-t¿ A-lo-bn-bo eo-e-co-%-è-¾m. ]-k-b-\o-b-a-¿o²
ttZ-ew ao-Ð-en-cw A-lo-bn-ubn A-lo-Æ-tS A-I-Ä-So-ubn-tS-ubn
an-^-ua 5-Xy-¸-tÃ-Sn-c-=. D-Zn-i-c-W-¿o-\m !-l-Ãn-â-!-Ò-I-¿o²-
\o-Ám F-?-Xnw-ô “b-uin-e uan-f-ubn-â: Rn° \o-uÁn-â hw-hn-
co-%-uÄn³ P-\w uI³-uÐ-¾-Xo-Ìw \o-tÁ F-uÁ-%w eo-f|-ho-
uÐ-¾-Xo-Ìw Rn° C-Xn ua-L-X-a-ôo² \o-tÂ A-â-Ð² e-ç-è
F-èm A-ç-jo-tÑ-Ó. P-\-¿o-tÂ en-% uan-tf b-uin-e-ubn-â u_n-
[o-Ão-®... °-Ánw Zo-e-hw u\-cw te-;-¿-uÃn³ C-So-®-k-Ð-=w ao-Á-êw
]±-e-X-¿o² In±-ua-L-=w a-in-Kw-õp-c-an-b In-i-j-[|-\o-Æw D-¾n-
bo. ]n-j-b-¿o² D-É P-\w H-tÐ-Æw \-â-ºo... b-uin-e Xp-bo²
ho-\n-bo ]±-e-X-¿o² C-l-©-I-bn² A-H ®-?-e-Ìw !-I-tIn-1
°-So. A-Xo-tÂ !-I Xp-°-j-bo-td !-I-u]n-td t]n-ºo. ]±-e-Xw
H-tÐ-Æw G-Ê-=w !-ê-ºo.’’ 22C-\o-Æw-ô “b-uin-e-Æ-tS uX-P-ôo-tÂ
In-G ]±-e-X-¿o-tÂ ®-I-jo² I-K-Á Xp-u]n-td bo-în-ub²
a-Ð³-% uXn-Áo.’-23 Cv e-N-\-º³ I®-®°-]o-do-co-Ð-ue ]n-ûo-
I-;-tS A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS 5-Xo-è-]w b-uin-e-bo² B±-Ðn-Wm
In-Wn° I-ko-bn-¿-Xm?
ttZ-e-=w tN-!-¿n-Ìw-
-Cv ]n-ûo-a-X-h-¹-+w C-5-In-cw Á-X-ô-?o-Òy°-ô C-ñnw-a-X-º-jo²
A-\o-en-cy-ho-ªn-Ð-an-bo è-]-ta-â-K. t5n-^-h± U±-ua-hmtX±
F-?-H-è:-ô “A-º-t\ Cv udn-Iw Z|o-an-\-h|-õn-e-®-É-Xn-bo-co-%-è.
A-*-c-a-hmZ F-Á I-õ-In-co-Æw Aw-Ko-cn-a-\z F-Á A-I-õ-In-co-Æ-an-
Wm Cv Z|o-an-\-º³ c-No-Ñ-Xm. C-e± ]-c-à-c-eo-ucn-[o-I-jn-Wm. udn-
I-N-co-^w C-e-ç-tS F-Xo±-Ão-tÂ N-co-^-an-Wm. Aw-Ko-cn-a-\z A-*-c-
a-hmZ-Æ-tS P-K-¿o-t\ F-º-t\ B-?-ao-Ñm \n-\n-eo-[-an-Ðo-tb-èw
A-e-hn-\w F-º-t\ A-e-t\ A-So-uÑn-So-tÑ-è-®-É N-co-^w’’-24
-?o-Òyn-\o-I³ ttZ-e-t¿-Æw hn-¿n-t\-Æw]Êo ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw
C-Xn-Wm. A-*-c-a-hmZ b-uin-e-Æ-tS-Æw Aw-Ko-cn-a-\z tN-!-¿n-tÂ-
Æw X-\o-Ã-I±-Ó-I-jn-ta-Ám ]-l-ub-¾ In-cy-ao-È. c-¾m B-f-b-º-;w
H-Án-tW-Ám Un. in-Km à-w-an-bo F-?-H-è. “A-e-ç-tS Aw-Ko-cn-
a-\z-=w ?o-Òyn-\o-I-;-tS hn-¿n-Ìw B-f-b-¿o² H-è-X-tÁ.
21 -B-e±-¿-!-Ò-Iw IV-24
22- !-l-Ãn-Sm XIX 9, 16,18.
23 !-l-Ãn-Sm XXIV-17.
24 th-À-e-Ò-õn-Kw1. B-®-Jw u]-Pm 46
51
]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-td tN-!-¿n° \-c-Iw F-Áp B-f-b-º-;w ?o-Òy°

ho-ªn-Ð-=w h-an-\-º-jn-Wm. tt_-_o-;w th-À-e-Ò-Æw tN-!-
¿n-t\ tIn-d-bn-jo-Æw A-h-Xy-¿o-tÂ ]o-Xn-=-an-b-u^ No-^p-I-co-
%-Á-Xm.’-25 tt_-_o-jo² hn-¿n° h±-Ã-¿o-tÂ è-]-¿o² 5-Xy-
¸-tÃ-â-è. th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw A-ho-Zmi-Im A-tÈ-¹o² F-co-Æ-Á
h±-Ã-an-bo e-ç-è. u]-ûy° õn-g-bo-td A-hmZ-in F-Á ]-Z-¿o-\m
I-cn-j-h±-Ãw A-Y-en %n-K® F-Án-W±-Qw. C-Xm A-ho-ZmiImô²
\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-enw.-
A-â-¿ A-[yn-b-¿o² th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS B-f-bw ue-Z-º-jo²
\o-è-ç-¿oco¼o-ç-Á-Xn-tW-è Ùn-]o-%-Á-Xn-Wm. F-Án²
C-eo-tS H-ç In-cyw te-jo-en-Ðn° B-r-io-%-è. Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS
a-X-¿o-tÂ h-eo-uf-g-X-bn-b Cv c-1 5-Xo-ubn-Ko-I-;-t¾-Á
B-f-bw ue-Z-¿o-td æ-À-c-an-tbn-c-d-¹n-c-¿o²-\o-Ám D-bo±-tÐn-
¾-Xn-Wm. A-Xn-b-Xm C-Þ-tÂ-Æw ?-^-tÂ-Æw Æ-ª-¿o²-\o-Ám. Cv
I-Y tte-Zo-I-hn-io-Xy-¿o² e-j-tc 5-ho-ªo-Æ-É-Hw _n-iyw,
B-õy-Ð-cw F-Áp A±-Yº-;-É-H-an-Wm. bn-¾-®-\o-Æ-tS \o-ç-2-
¿o² B-[o-ttZ-eo-I-ta-èw B-[yn-Zo-I-ta-è-an-Wo-Xo-Ì -u]-cm.
B-[o-ttZ-eo-I-eyn-Jyn-\-5-In-cw C-Þ° ¼-cy-Ìw, ?-^° ¼-cy-t\
B-±n-Z-\w tN-å-Á In±-ua-L-=-an-Wm. ? B-On-Z-u\-ô-(? °-â-I)
F-Á±-Q-®-É [n-H-eo² \o-è-¾n-b-Xn-Wm ?-^°. ¼-cy° 5-In-
f-=w ú-âw \-ío F-Èn Pp-eo-I³-%w h-hy-Pn-d-º³-%w Pp-e°
]-I-ç-è. ?-^° A-Xo-t\ A-+-u\-c-u¿-tÐ-¹o-ê-an-I-½-ô-X-S-à
\o±-K-è. A-uÃn³ A-á-In-cw eyn-]o-Ão-%-è. A-e-hn-\w
C-Þ° P-bo-%-è. ?-^° \-fo-%-è. C-º-t\ C-Þ-Ìw ?-^-Ìw
X-Åo² \o-c-Ð-cw Æ-ªw B-e±-¿o-%-è. ?-^° 5-_-d-\n-!-
uÄn³ C-Þ-t\ ®-ã-è. udn-Iw C-ç-;-è. ]-u¸, A-Ðo-a-an-bo C-Þ°
P-bo-%-I-Æw ?-^° \-fo-%-I-Æw a-k-bn-bo ¨-ao-bo² ]-Xo-%-I-Æw
tN-å-è. C-Þ° f-û-hw-in-c-¿o-Ì-uf-gw 5-N-7-5-Xn-]-u¿n-tS
5-I-Sp-õ-eo-Ñm Ð±-en-[o-Iw Xo-j-ºo-eo-j-©-è. C-Xn-Wm Cv A-d-¹n-
c-¿o-tÂ B-[o-õv-Xo-In±-Qw.-
-B-[yn-Zo-In±-Q-¿o² C-Þ° Cv-f|-c-\n-Wm. 5-In-f-¿o-tÂ-
Æw Pp-e-tÂ-Æw Zn-Xn-em. F-Èn-¿-cw Çn-\w, [±-a-w, D-¿-a-X B-\-Àw
H-S-ºo-b-e-Æ-tS °-dw. F-Èn \-î-I-;-tS-Æw D-l-eo-S-an-Wm A-Xm. A-Xo-
\n² ?-^° A-Xo-tÂ eo-]-cp-X-õn-e-an-Wm. A-á-In-c-¿o-tÂ f-2o-
bn-Wm. udn-I-¿o² 5-In-f-=w A-á-In-c-=w X-Åo² \o-c-Ð-cw
Æ-ªw \-S-%-è. A-H-u]n-td B-[yn-Zo-I P-K-¿o² [±-a-=w
25 Haug’s essays P 53
52
A-[±-a-=w X-Åo² \o-c-Ð-cw Æ-ªw \-S-%-è. Cv udn-I-¿o²

¼-cy° 5-In-fo-®-\o-Ám C-ç-½o-t\-tb-Ènw A-I-ew-u]n-td \-½-tS
e-ªo-bo-êw A-Ðx-I-c-W-¿o-êw ,-Z-b-¿o-êw u[-~-Ìw ]-eo-^-
Ì-an-b B-Z-uPyn-Xo-Æ-tS °-d-h|-è-]w ]-eo-^-õn-ew D-Z-bw tN-Ço-
%w. F-Án² ¼-cy-t\ ua-Lw a-l-Íw-u]n-td [±-a-¼-cy-t\ ]n-]-
ua-L-º³ a-l-Íw. A-uÃn³ B-Zn-eo² C-ç-å-eyn-]o-%w. In-aw
u?n-[w udn-õw uan-iw ®-X-dn-b C-ç-½o-tÂ h-Ð-Xo-I³ ?-^-uh-\-
bn-bo e-Ám B-Zn-eo-t\ e-j-Æw. Cv-f|-cp-b uPyn-Xo-ôo-t\ tI-â
-¿n° A-e [-ao-%w. C-º-t\ C-Þ-ô-?-^-Æ-ªw H-S-©-è. a-Ì-gy-
tÂ B-Zn-em Æ-ª-¨-ao-bn-bo an-c-è. C-Þ-uh-\-Æw ?-^-uh-\-Æw
A-õo-®-Jw \o-ò-è. No-d-uÃn³ B-Zn-em Xn-uÐn-Áo-Æw È-w-Ìw I-É-
Ìw an-bn-eo-Æw h±-Ã-h-Ê-fy-Ì-anb ?-^-\m A-[p-\-an-!w. A-uÃn³
[±-a-w A-eo-tS \o-uÁn-So-uÃn-!-I-Æw A-[±-a-w te-Á-tÐn-So \n-å-
I-Æw tN-åw. C-º-t\ B-[yn-Zo-I A-á-In-cw ]-c-%-è. \-î-Xo-
î-I³ Xo-co-Ñ-lo-bn° B-Zn-eo-Ì I-ko-bn-tX-e-Ám, Èx-J-¿o-tÂ-Æw
\n-f-¿o-tÂ-Æw K±-¿-¿o² ep-ü-u]n-!-è. X-tÂ È±en-h-\-I-;-tS
^-d-ta-Ènw A-Ì-õ-eo-®-I-ko-Æ-uÄn³ Cv-f|-c-tÂ aw-K-j-5-Z-an-b
f-2o A-[-an-e-Ù-bo²-\o-Ám B B-Zn-eo-t\ D-ª-co-%-è.-
C-Xn-Wm udn-I-t¿-©w \-S-%-Á [±-a-n-[±-a-º³ X-Åo-td
Æ-ªw. A-Ì-\o-ao-gw \n-a-Ì-õ-eo-%-Á B-Zp-b hw-rn-a-=w C-Xn-Wm.
C-H \o-ao-¿w [±-a-an±-\-¿o² h-Õ-co-%-I eo-g-a-an-Wm. C-Xn-Wm
B-d-¹n-co-I-an-bo e±-Bo-Ño-co-%-Á C-Þ-ô-?-^-Æ-ªw. ?-^-tÂ eo-eo-[
]-cyn-b-º-jo-tdn-Án-Wm A-io. 26A-io-Ðm hw-Á-X-hn-io-Xy¿o²
h±-Ã-ta-Á±-Q-®-¾m. 27Cv A-io-bn-Wm th-À-e-Ò-bo-td ‘A-Pmio’-
Æw ‘A-Pmio-Z-i-Im’ (A-io-Zn-i-Ix) F-Á-Hw. t5n-^-h± an-Oma{-d±
X-tÂ Science of Language F-Á r-×-¿o² A-io-hw-Ç-Æw
A-Xo-u\n-â uN±-Á A-\y B-cy-õn-gn-]-Z-º-tj-Æw-]-Êo C-5-In-cw
F-?-H-è-ô “F-Án² hw-Á-X-¿o² A-io-Ðm h±-Ã-ta-Á±-Q®-É
-H-u]n-td rp-Ðo² F-go-hm (echis) A-tÈ-¹o² F-go-Zm (echidna)
-Íw dn-Êo-\o² B-M|o-hm (anguis) Ìw B A±-Yan-Wm. C-Xo-tÂ
hw-Á-X-[n-Xo ‘A-im’ A-Y-en ‘Aw-im’ B-Wm. tR%-I, tR-co-%-I,
®-c-%-I F-Á±-Qw. dn-Êo-\o² C-Xm B-MmtKn, B-¹mho, B-¹mÊw
F-Ám I-?-K tR-co-%-I F-Á±-Q-¿o² e-çw. B-MmKo-\ I-?-K-
tR-Ð² F-Á±-Q-¿o² e-ç-uÄn³ B-MmK± B A±-Y¿o²
an-^-a-È, [n±-ao-I-õn-e-¿o² D-¾n-!-Á D-uZ|-Kw B-Inw-¸ F-Á±-
26 \o-L-1 1ô10, E-uK|-Zw 1.32 1,2,3,5.
27 A-a-c-uIn-fw 1.7.6
53
Q-¿o-êw 5-ubn-Ko-Ðn-c-¾m.’’-28-
A-io-Æ-tS Z|-bn±-Q-º-;-tS _-áw eo-e-co-®-tIn-¾m an-Oma{-d±
F-k-H-è:-ô “hw-Á-X-¿o-dp-]-Zw ]n-]-ta-Á±-Q-¿o² 5-ubn-Ko-%-
Á-Xm e-j-tc Æ-2-an-Wm. ]n-]w a-Ì-gy-a-\-ôo² eo-eo-[-è-]-º-jo²
5-I-S-an-!w. A-Xo-Ì ]-d u]-ç-¾m, ]-u¸, A-e-tb-èw ‘Aw-im’
[n-H-eo² (I-?-K-tR-co-%-I) \o-è-j-en-b ]-Z-¿o-t\n-Ãw D-]-Æ-
2-a-È. A-im hw-Á-X-¿o² I-?-K-tR-co-Ð² X-tÁ-bn-I-bnd-u^
]n-]-¿o-tÂ ]-cyn-b-an-b-Xm. F-tÐ-Án² ]n-]w B-Zn-eo-t\
hw-_-áo-Ño-S-u¿n-jw Ln-X-I° e-è I-?-K-tR-co-%w-u]n-td-bn-
Wm... rp-%-õn-g-bo² A-Kn-hm F-Á ]-Z-¿o-\m X-K-dy-an-Wp ]-Zw.
uKn-Yo-Im õn-g-bo² A-uX [n-H-eo²-\o-Ám õ-bw F-Á±-Q-¿o²
A-Ko-hm (agis) F-Á ]-Zw D-¾n-!-è. Cw-up-go-td Amem (awe)
Amuo (ugly) bo-td AmKm F-Á õn-Kw C-e-Æw Cv [n-H-eo²-\o-è-
¾n-bo. C-5-In-cw dn-Êo-\o-td A-MmK|o-$y C-Ên-do-b° B-MmuKn-
fy, W-Õo-td A-MmuKn-bmhm Cw-up-go-td A-MmK|o-gm (anguistia,
angoscia, angoisse, anguish) F-Áo-e b-Yn-?-aw dn-Êo-\o²-\o-Ám
Cw-up-gn-bo è-]-tÃ-½-Xn-Wm.’’-29-
-No-d-uÃn³ tte-Zo-I-hw-Ç-bn-b A-io-Æ-tS c-¾±-Q-º³-%w
\-Åo² tte-ç-ªyw C-Èn-bo-ç-Áo-co-Ðnw. F-Án² th-À-e-Ò-bo²
A-e ¹-So-%-k-¼o-co-%-è. A-MmKo-cn-a-\z-eo-t\-ô-]n-]-¿o-tÂ
f-2o-tb-ô ¹-tS-&-tS h±-Ã-ta-è eo-jo-%-è-¾m. ]n-ûo-a-X-Ðn± Cv
ho-ªn-Ð-t¿ b-+-Z±-%w A-e± ]o-tÁ ?o-Ó-ô-C-ñnw-a-X-º³-
%w \-ío. C-H In-c-W-an-Wm Cv °-Ám th-a-Êo-Ima-X-º-;w tN-!-
¿n-t\ h±-Ã-an-bo e±-Bo-%-Á-Xm. t5n-^-h± an-Oma{-d±-Ðm C-Xm
J-7-\w tN-Çn° I-ko-Æ-Áo-tÈ-¹o-êw C-Xo-t\-Xo-tc B-u¸-]w
D-Á-bo-%-Á-H u\n-%-I-ô “A-e-Ò-bo² ]n-]-¿o-tÂ f-2o-tb
h±-Ã-ta-uÁn A-Pmio-Z-i-Im F-uÁn ]-l-¼-H-tIn-¾m D-+-¿o-!-
Ò-I-¿o-tÂ °-Ánw A-[yn-b-¿o² ]-l-¼o-co-%-Á h±-Ã-¿o-tÂ
eo-e-c-Ww ]n-ûo-I-jo² \o-Án-bo-co-Ð-W-ta-è-u¾n? ue-Z-¿o-êw
th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw D-É h±-Ã-tan-èw D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o-td h±-Ã-
¿o-t\-uÃn-td In-]-Sy-=w e-Õ-I-X|-=w D-É-X-È.’-30 Cv B-u¸-]w
A-±-Ìw a-I-Ìw H-ç-u]n-td-b-tÈ-è ]-l-Æ-Á-H A-ô-êw ]-I±-Ów
X-Åo² ey-Xyn-h-®-¾n-bo-co-Ð-ç-tX-è ]-l-Æw-u]n-td-ubn B-Wm.
F-Án² !-ul-Ð-ko-¼m t5n-^-h± H-å eo-å-ep-G-Í X-Çn-ln-bo. X-tÂ
28 Science of Language Vol. 1, P. 436.-
29 Science of Language Vol. P P 436 137.
30 Chips Vol 1 P. 155
54
B-u¸-]w ]o°-e-do-Ñm Cv en-Z-K-Xo h|p-I-co-%-Á-Xn-bo uXn-è

-è. “H-S±-è e-ç-Á tt_-_o³ !-Ò-I-º-jo² D-Zn-i-c-W-¿o-\m
?-¿n-Ð-!-Ò-Iw 1ô21 hn-¿n° Zn-ep-Zo-t\ bo-în-ub-do-t\ \-fo-
Ão-Ðn° 5-uNn-Zo-Ão-%-Á-H-uÃn-td-Æw (ttZ-ew bo-în-ub-do-t\-Æw
ubn-en-_o-t\-Æw C-Èn-Xn-Ðn° uIn-]o-® P|-do-%-Á X-c-¿o²
f-°-ue² 2.24) !-Xo-b-\o-b-a-¿o² ]n-]-f-2o-tb !-ç-g-è-]-¿o²
e±-Bo-Ño-co-%-Á-H-u]n-td-Æw D-É õn-K-º³ ]n-ûo h|n-[p-\-an-tW-
Ám Xo-I-®w eo-f|-ho-Ðn-=-Á tX-jo-=-I-jo-tÈ-¹o-êw ]-l-bnw... ]-c-Zp-
h-bo-td h±-Ã-an-I-t½, b-+-Z-co-êw ~n-1-W-co-êw H-ç-u]n-td D-bo-
tc-â-¿ ho-ªn-Ð-an-bo-co-Ð-Ww.’’-31-
a-e ?o-Òy° ud-J-I± Cv ho-ªn-Ðw ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-Ám Á-X±
I-Sw-tIn-¾n-tW-Á A-õo-5n-b-Ðn-cn-Wm. l-e. ho.-So. in-do-en-Ð±
F-?-Xo-b “tt_-_o³-a-X-¿o-tÂ eo-In-h-¿o-td ]n-ûo h|n-[p-\w”
F-Á ud-J-\-¿o²-32 \o-tÁn-ç õn-Kw ]-I±-¿-t½. “]o²-Ðn-d b-+-
Z-a-X-¿o-td ttZ|-X-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-tÂ D-l-e ]n-ûo-I-jo² B-tW-è
In-Wnw. Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS A-Ì-bn-bo-I-;-tS A-õo-5n-b-5-In-cw udn-I
-N-co-^-¿o², A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æw (Cv-f|-c°) 9999 ucn-K-º-;-tS-Æw eo-]-
K-I-;-tS-Æw î-wn-en-b A-MmKo-cn-a-\z-=w X-Åo²-ô-h-Xy-=w A-h-
Xy-=w X-Åo² C-ç-åw te-jo-Ñ-=w X-Åo² \-S-%-Á G-I-Æ-ª-ua-Æ-=.
b-+-Z-a-Xw Cv u]-ç-I-;w I-Y-I-;w Xy-Po-®-te-¹o-êw Xo-î-Æ-tS cn-Pyw
en-?-Á, C-în-ub²- f-û-en-b tN-!-¿n-t\ en-ko-%-I X-tÁ tN-Ó.’’-33
C-Xo-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñm P±-Å° X-¿|-Ç-\n-b ugn-Ã-u\± F-?-H-
Á-Hw [-uª-b-an-Wm:-
“a-e eo-[-¿o-êw Ùn-]o-Ð-tÃ-½ ep-¸-W-K-Xo-I-tj C-Xm H-è-
¹-So _-d-tÃ-â-K-è. b-uin-e Hn±-a-hmZo-tÂ-Æw tN-!-¿n°
A-5o-an-tÂ-Æw-34 è-]n-Ð-c-an-Wm. C-e± H-Áo-® e±-¿o-%-è. Hn±-a-
hmZn-I-t½, C-Þ-tÂ è-]n-Ð-c-=w.’’-35
-A-uÃn³ V±-B°, tt_-_o³, th-À-e-Ò F-Áo-e-tb-uÃn-td
c-1 f-2o-I-;-t¾-Á ho-ªn-Ð-®³-tÐn-=-Á r-×-an-uWn ue-Z
-º³? A-tÈ-è-X-tÁ-b-È, tte-Zo-I B-Òo-en-Iy-en-Z-¿o-\m a-e
°-Áo-t\-Æw A-u]-¸o-®-É ua-î \o-d-tIn-=-Á-Hw C-Xo-dn-Wm. ue-Z-
31 Chips Vol 1 155
32 ‘Persian Influence on the Development of Biblical Religion’ published in the
Interpretor of April 1914.
33 Quoted in the Near East of May 3. 1914
34 -A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS A-]-ªw-f-an-Wm Hn±-a-hmZm. Aw-MmKo-cn-a-\z-eo-tÂ A-]-
ªw-fw A-5o-an-Ìw.-
35 Religion & other Essays P.III
55
¿o-td ?-^-u\n A-iouÐn ttZ-e-t¿-uÃn-td en-Ò-eo-I-=w

ey-Xy-Ò-=-an-b tte-b-2o-In-Òo-X|w \-í-tÃ-½o-u½-bo-tÈ-è a-\-ôo-
dn-Ð-Ww. te-cw \o-ug-[-]-c-=w hn-¹-+o-I-=-an-b H-cn-f-bw A-Y-en
[±-a-¿o-tÂ-Æw Cv-f|-cp-b-X-Æ-tS-Æw A-õn-e-¿o-tÂ u]-ç-an-^-an-
W-Xm. B-[yn-Zo-I-hw-rn-a-¿o-tÂ B-d-¹n-co-I-e±-B-\-Í ubn-Po-Ñ
X-c-¿o² f-2o-an-\n-b Cv-f|-c-tÂ F-Xo-cn-jo-bn-bo A-[n±-ao-I-
f-2o-Æ-tS °±-¿o-õn-e-¿o² H-Áo-t\ h-¹-+o-Ño-co-%-è. F-Án²
th-À-e-Ò-bo² ‘A-Pmio’ A-+-h|-+w ey-2o-X|w [n-c-Ww tN-Ò-
uÃn³ tt_-_o-jo-êw V±-B-\o-êw tN-!-¿n-\m 5n-ub-W Cv-f|-ç-
H-dy-cn-b ey-2o-X|w \-ío Xp±-Kw eo-õo-Á-f-2o-bn-bo eo-õn-e-\
tN-Òo-co-%-è.-
ttZ-ew tN-!-¿n° F-Áp ttZ|-X-en-Z-¿o-tÂ A-So-Ùn-\ No-Ðn-
K-Xo F-Ðn-bo-co-Ðnw? udn-I-¿o² \-î-Æw Xo-î-Æw D-¾m. \-î-Æ-tS
D-l-eo-Sw Cv-f|-c-\n-bo-co-%w-u]n-td Xo-î-Æ-tS D-l-eo-S-an-tbn-ç
f-2o-¹-So D-¾n-I-Ww. Cv f-2o-bn-Wm tN-!-¿n°. F-Án²
Cv B-f-bw Æ-2o-c-io-X-=w X-¿|-eo-ç-ª-=-an-Wm. C-H-u]n-tdn-ç
en-Zw-¹-So D-Á-bo-Ðn-=-Á-Xn-Wm. 5-In-f-=w C-ç-åw c-1 eo-ç-ª-e-Ó-
Ð-jn-Wm, ¼-cy-\n-Wm 5-In-f-uîn-X-ôm. A-H-tIn-¾m a-tÊn-ç uKn-j
-è-]o-bn-b A-á-In-c-uîn-X-õ-¹-So D-¾n-bo-co-Ð-Ww. Cv X±-Ð-
¿o-td uZn-gw, 5-In-fw A-á-In-cw F-Áo-e-tb c-1 ey-Xy-Ò-e-
Ó-Ð-jn-bo In-ü-Á-Xn-Wm. e-Ó-Xx 5-In-fw an-^-ua-Æ-=, A-á-
In-cw 5-In-f-¿o-tÂ A-õn-e-an-Wm. C-H-u]n-td \-î an-^-ua-Æ-=.
Xo-î \-î-Æ-tS A-õn-e-an-Wm. ¼-cy° 5-In-fo-%-uÄn³ C-ç-½-I-
ê-è. ¼-cy-c-Wo ]-Xo-Ðn-¿o-S-¿m C-ç-å-¾n-bo-co-%w. C-H-u]n-td
Cv-f|-cp-b5-In-f-®-É B-Zn-eo² [±-a-w A-tÈ-¹o² \-î D-¾n-bo-
co-%w. Cv-f|-cp-b uPyn-Xo-ô-t\ r-io-Ðn° I-ko-bn-¿-Xn±-uÐn
A-e-\o² A-[±-a-w A-Y-en Xo-î A-tÈ-¹o² B-[yn-Zo-In-á-
In-cw D-¾n-bo-co-%w.-
th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw tN-!-¿n-tÂ ey-2o-X|w hw-f-bn-à-Z-an-Wm.
t5n-^-h±. tU±-ua-hmtX±, F².-F-Ñm. ao²-hm H-S-ºo A-u\-Iw
]-7o-X-în± C-H Ùo-cp-I-co-%-è. F-Án² uUn. in-Km C-Xo-t\
\o-cn-I-co-%-Á-H u\n-&: “A-*-c-a-hmZ-Í H-dy-f-2-Ìw h-Zn F-Xo-
cn-jo-I-;w B-tbn-ç È±-uË-e-X thn-cn-{p-b° a-X-X-¿|-fn-Ö-¿o-\m
Xo-I-®w A-]-co-No-X-an-Wm. F-¹o-êw A-º-t\-tbn-ç A-õo-5n-bw
5n-Np-\ ]n-ûo-I³-%-¾n-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám “te-Ào-Zn-Zm’ u]n-ê-É ]o²-
Ðn-d c-N-\-I-jo²-\o-Ám I-t¾-¿nw.’’-36 uUn. in-Ko-t\ hw-_-áo-
36 Haug’s Essays P 303
56
Ño-S-u¿n-jw A-MmKo-cn-a-\z ey-2o-eo-uf-g-a-È. F-Án² tt_-_o-

jo-td-Æw V-ln-\o-td-Æw hn-¿n-tÂ ey-2o-X|-t¿-Ã-Êo h-uÀ-i
-tan-å-ua C-È. C-Xo²-\o-è ho-ªo-%-Á-Xm, ue-Z-¿o-td 5-In-fo-X
h-Xy-¿o-t\ \-uS H-å tX-Êo-ª-co-Ð-Æw. H-å-an-Êw e-ç-K-I-Æw ]o-Áp-Sm
in-hyn-à-Z-an-b tI-å-I-Y-bn-Ðo h-Xy-¿o-Ì \o-c-Ðn-¿ ho-ªn-
Ð-an-%-I-Æw tN-Ó F-Án-Wm.-37 udn-I-a-X-a-Xn-Ð-c-º-jo² In-ü-Á
ho-ªn-Ð-º³ ]-d-Hw A-e-Æ-tS h|-Ð-ta-è uXn-Áo-ub-Ðn-ta
-¹o-êw A-e tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-td eo-eo-[ h-¹-+-º-;-tS eo-#-X
è-]n-Ð-c-º-jn-tW-è ey-2w.-
-uZ-e-É-X-în±-
-]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-td ‘b-ô-Z’ F-Á h-¹-+-=-an-bo _-á-tÃ-½-Xn-Wm b-+-
Z-ç-tS uZ-e-É-X-în±. “uUn-+± uh² ]-l-Æ-è-ô b-+-Z± B uZ-e-É-
X-în-ç-tS Ùn-\-=w u]-çw a-io-a-Æw ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-è ]-To-®.-38
5n-Np-\ ]n-ûo-I³ uZ-e-É-X-în±-Ðm Cv udn-I-¿o-td \-S-Ó-I-jo-
ê-É ua²-uIn-á A-e-co-èw eo-f|-ho-%-Á-H-u]n-td Hn-ucn-ucn eo-
õn-K-º-jo-êw Hn-ucn-ucn an-h-¿o-êw \n-jo-êw ]-!-K \-ío-bo-ç-è
K-~o-b-do-t\ A-e± cn-e°- _-t¸-èw (B-Z-Zn-Xn-te-Á±-Qw)
h-ç-g-t\-èw eo-jo-Ñ-uÃn³ ±-Xz-Zn-Xn-eo-t\ a±-Zn-tX-èw eo-jo-
®-u]n-è. ao-Jn-ub-do-\m _-gmX± A-Y-en a-Ì-gy-e±-\-¿o-tÂ Ùo-
Xo-Zn-Xn-te-Á u]-cn-ü \-ío-b-Xm. uZ-e-É-X-în± A-lo hw-õ-e-cn-
tW-èw A-e± a-Ì-gy-ç-tS I±-a?o-bn-In-7-º-tj \o-cp-¸o-%-Á-
e-cn-tW-èw b-+-Z± ho-ªn-Ðo-Ño-ç-è. a-c-W-¿o-tÂ É-X-tc A-e±
‘É-a’ F-è eo-jo-®-u]n-è. a-co-Ðn° H-S-©-Á-e-tc A-e-hn-\ \o-ao-
gw É-a u]-ç-tNn-Èo eo-jo-%-è F-èw A-e± eo-f|-ho-®-u]n-è.-39
]n-ûo-I³ G-? a-in-uZ-e-É-X-în-co-êw eo-f|-ho-Ño-ç-è. (ten-*-
a-Ì, A-fn-e-io-Ò, ¸-^-tte-cy, à-Ðn-A±-ua-Xo, i-\±-e-Xn-Zm,
A-a±-Xn-Zm C-e-ç-tS A-[o-]-Xo-bn-b A-*-c-a-hmZ) C-e±-Ðm A-ua-f-
à-À F-Á u]-ç-®-¾m. uUn. in-Ko-tÂ A-õo-5n-b-¿o² Cv G-?
uZ-e-É-X-în-co² B-c-u]-çw A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS Y-W-eo-uf-g-º³-%
5-Xo-\o-[p-õ-eo-%-è. ten-*-a-Ì \-È a-\-ôo-t\-Æw A-fn-e-io-Ò
Xo-I-¼ h-Xy-[±-a-t¿-Æw ¸-^-tte-cy-h-±-ªo-tb-Æw, à-Ðn-A±-
ua-Xo õ-2o-tb-Æw, i-\±-e-Xn-Zm B-ucn-Ky-t¿-Æw A-a±-Xn-Zm A-\-
37 Cv tte-Zo-I-h-¹-+w !-cn-W-º-jo² uZ-e-în-çw A-æ-c-în-ç-an-bo è-]n
-Ð-cw 5n-]o-Ño-å-t¾-Á-Hw ê-c-Wp-bw.-
38 Talmud Hieros in Rosthashan-
39 uh-do-tÂ V±-B° P 56
57
f|-c-X-tb-Æw 5-Xo-\o-[n-\w tN-å-è. 40tt_-_o-jo-td G-km B-Zn-

Ð-;-tS-41 °-d-In-c-Ww Cv A-ua-f-à-À B-In° hn-[y-X-Æ-t¾-Ám
F².-F-Ñm. ao²-hm ]-l-Æ-è. ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ how-in-h-\-¿o-Ì ®°-]o-
dn-Wo-e-ç-tS Ùn-\-ta-Á-Hw ê-c-Wp-bw.-42
-½-wz-Xm]-¿o-
-th-À-e-Ò A-Ì-h-co-Ñm ½-wo B-c X-d-º-jn-bn-Wm D-¾n-b-Xm. Cv
?-aw X-tÁ-bn-Wm tt_-_o-jo² e±-Bo-Ño-å-É-Hw. C-Xo-tÂ hn-ayw
A-Ì-en-N-I-Ì ey-2-an-In° uUn-+± in-Km Á-ç-Ðo-tb-?-Xo-bo-co-%-
Á-Xm C-eo-tS ]-I±-¿nw:
]n-ûo ½-wo-?-aw- uan-f-Æ-tS ½-wo-eo-e-c-Ww-
-H-Ánw X-d-¿o² H-Ánw Zo-e-hw B-In-f-=w

B-In-fw ½-wo-Ð-tÃ-å. ¨-ao-Æw.
c-¾n-a-Xm P-d-º³. c-¾nw\n³ P-d-=w, eo-Xn-\-=w.
°-Án-a-Xm ¨-ao. °-Ánw-\n³ D-W-ºo-b ¨-ao-ô-!-;
-I³, ]-¸o-I³.
\n-dn-a-Xm ?-¸n-Zo-I³. \n-dnw\n³ te-jo-Ñw, ¼-cy°,
N-Þ°, \-¸-^-º³.
A-Õn-a-Xm P-Ñ-Ð³. A-Õnw-\n³ N-do-%-Á Pp-eo
-I³, No-l-!-É ]-¸o-I³, Xo-aow
-K-d-º³.
B-ln-a-Xm a-Ì-gy° B-lnw\n³ Pp-e-Pn-d-º³,
(in-KmtÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ I-è-In-do-I³, d-X-I³,
u]-Pm 192) P-Ñ-Ð³, a-Ì-gy°.
(D-Xm]-¿o 1.1ô26)-
-t5n-^-h± an-Oma{-d± uUn-+± àp-K-do-tÂ ud-J-\-º-tj \o-è-

]-Ww tN-Ç-ue Cv hn-ay-t¿-Ã-Êo !-lo-%-Á-Xo-5-In-c-an-Wm.
“\-Å³ c-¾n-a-t¿ B-f-b-¿o-ud-Ðm tt_-_o-jo-td-Æw th-À-e-Ò-
bo-td-Æw ½-wo-?-a-e±-B-\-tb-Á-Xo-ud-Ðmô-I-S-%-I-bn-Wm. C-eo-tS
\-®-Ðm Iv-H-I-an±-Á No-d h-an-\-X-I³ In-Wnw. D-Xm]-¿o!-Ò-I-
¿o² ½-wo B-c \n-;-tIn-1-¾n-!-è A-e-Ò-bo² C-Xm B-c L-½-
40 Dr. Haugh’s Essays P. 305, 306-
41 te-jo-]n-Sm 8.2.-
42 th-À-e-Ò III-145
58
º-;-É H-ç hw-e-e-c-an-Wm. tt_-_o-jo² a-Ì-gy-½-wo-bn-Wm A-e-

hn-\w. A-e-Ò-bo-êw A-º-t\-X-tÁ. uUn-+± àp-K-do² c-1 e±-
B-\-I-jo-td-Æw A-\y-In-cy-º-jo² uõ-Z-®-t¾-Á ]-¸-Ðn-c-\n-Wm.
]-u¸, a-Ì-gy-tÂ 5-udn-õ-\w, ]-X-\w F-Áo-e-bo² hn-ay-®-t¾-è
]-l-Æ-è. A-e-Ò-bo² \o-Ám C-Xm tX-jo-bo-Ðn° u]n-Á e-N-\-º-
tjn-èw D-ª-co-Ðn-Xo-co-tÐ, b-+-Z± ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ
B-f-b-º-uj-tX-Èn-ta-è \o±-B-bo-Ðn° I-ko-Æ-Áo-È.’’-43
-5-udn-õ-\-¿o-êw ]-X-\-¿o-êw eo-en-Z-®-t¾-¹o² A-H X-Éo-Ð-
j-¼n-êw X-c-uÐ-So-È: ½-wz-Xm]-¿o e±-B-\-bo² In-ü-Á I-â-¿
hn-Ê-fyw B-I-êo-I-an-tW-Ám F-º-t\ ]-l-bn° I-ko-Æw?-
]n-ûo-I-;-tS ½-wz-Xm]-¿o ho-ªn-Ð-e±-B-\ en-Ò-e-¿o²
õv-Xo-I-fn-Ön-u\|-g-W-¿o-Ì ubn-Po-Ñ X-c-¿o-dn-Wm B-cw-õo-
%-Á-Xm. ½-wo-eo-In-h-¿o-tÂ B-cw-õw H-ç 5-Zp-Ñ-]o-7-¿o-tÂ
Nebulous mass B-eo±-õn-e-an-Wm. A-Xo-tÂ c-¾nw-õn-ew \-½-tS ¨-a-
7-d-¿o-tÂ h-a-Ò-]o-7-º-tj-Æw eo-½m H-Ê-tÃ-½ #-Yo-eo-bn-bo õ-eo-
Ð-dn-Wm. C-Xo-Ì-uf-gw ?-a-fx e-\-à-Xo (h-hy-Pn-dw) P-Ñ-Ð³,
a-Ì-gy± F-Áo-e B-eo±-õ-eo-®. b-À±-ue-Zw ½-wz-Xm]-¿o-tb C-uX-
?-a-¿o² e±-Bo-%-è-¾m. (b-Àx-ô31. 5,6,9)-
X-uXn eo-cn-U-Pn-b-X-44 eo-cn-uPn A-[o-Ð-ç-gx-
-h-Pn-uXn A-Xy-co-Ny-X ]-Ln-Zm¨-ao-a-uYn !-cx-
-X-ên-Zy-Çn-ecme-*-Xx hw-©-Xw #-g-Zn-Py-am.-
-]-Jw-Ònw-L-u? en-b-eyn-\n-c-Wyn rn-ayn-L-ub-
-Xw b-Çw _-io-go 5v-¸° -!-ç-gw -Pn-X-ar-Xx-
-uX-\ uZ-en A-b-P-Ð hn-[yn E-g-b-L-ub.-
-A±-Yw:-ô A-uÃn³ 5-Zp-Ñ-]o-7w hw-Pn-X-an-bo. Cv ]o-7-¿o-tÂ
A-[o-]-Xo !-ç-g° A-Y-en h±-F-eyn-]-I-\n-b ]-c-an-Zn-en-bo-
ç-è. Cv ]o-7-¿o²-\o-Ám ¨-ao-Æw a-ew hw-Pn-X-an-bo. B h±-F-
Ð-P-\p-b f-2o-bo²-\o-Ám h-hyn-Zo-I-;w a-ew õ-¸-W-an-Æ-¾n-bo.
A-e-\-u^ P-Ñ-Ð-tj-ô-en-Æ-eo-td-Æw A-c-Wy-¿o-td-Æw rn-a-¿o-
td-Æw-ô-½-wo-Ñ-Xm. A-e° E-go-®-\o-an-ç³-tÃ-â-Á a-Ì-gy-tc ½-wo-®.
A-e± A-\n-Zo-Æw D-]n-hy-Ì-an-b ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\ Ð-Po-®-*-45
43 Chips Vol 1. P 154
44 -eo-cn-Um F-Á ]-Zw eo D-]-h±-\w uN±-Á cn-Pm[n-H-eo²-\o-è-¾n-!-è.
5-In-f-an-bo eo-cn-Po-Ð F-Á±-Qw. A-º-t\ 5-Zp-Ñ-]o-7w F-Á±-Qw
e-ç-è.
45 Cv tte-Zo-I-½-wo-?-a-=w Pmthn-cn-Öo-b° ho-ªn-Ð-=-an-Æ-É t]n-ç-¿w
A-Õnw A-[yn-bw 7ônw õn-K-¿o² e±-Bo-%-è-¾m.
59
-Pmthn-cn-Öo-b° ½-wo-?-a-¿o-\m tte-Zo-I-e±-B-\-Æ-an-bo A-â-

¿ _-á-®-t¾-è ey-2-an-b-uÈn. en-Ò-e-ta-tÐ-Án² Pmthn-cn-
Öo-b° ½-wo-?-a-¿o-tÂ A-Ð±-B-Ã-I±-Ãn-b uan-f-Æ-tS ½-wo
-?-aw tte-Zo-I-½-woe±-B-\-bo² A-[o-~o-X-an-tW-Á-u^.-
-a-co-Ñ-e-ç-tS !-\-ç-Qn-\w-
-a-co-Ñ-e± D-bo-±-t¿-?-uÁ-ò-ta-Á-Xm en-Ò-e-¿o² Pmthn-cn-Öo-b°
B-f-b-an-tW-Ám uUn. in-Km ]-l-Æ-è. 46-A-Ðo-a-\yn-b-eo-[o-\n-jo²
a-co-Ñ-e± D-bo-±-t¿-?-uÁ-ò-ta-Á-Hw Pmthn-cn-Öo-b° ho-ªn-Ð-
an-Wm F-è-¹-So A-uË-iw F-?-Xo-bo-å-¾m.-47
-b-+-Z± ?o-Òyn-\o-I³-%w ®-ño-º³-%w Cv B-f-bw ]o-Áp-Sm
I-Sw-tIn-â-¿-Xn-tW-Ám ®°-! 5-Òn-eo-®-e-uÈn.-48 A-X-e± ]n-ûoI-
jo²-\o-Ám h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-!-è. th-À-e-Ò-bo²-\o-Ám 5-an-Ww \-ínw.
“Cv uX-P-ôm 5-en-N-I-h-°-i-an-b hn-Hn-gy-Ð-co²-\o-Ám D-bo±-
t¿-?-uÁ-òw. A-e-tÂ h-i-Nn-co-I³-Ðm Pp-eo-Xw A-\-f|-c-an-%-
en-Ìw, Pp-eo-Xw Ùn-bo-Æw, A-¸-b-=w, A-±-X-=w, \o±-uËn-g-=w,
_-do-~-=w, f-2o-h-Ä-Á-=w B-%-Á-Xo-Ìw F-uÃn-?w ]-c-h-in-
b-X-tb-u\y \o-d-\o-ò-Á-Xo-Ì-an-Wo-Xm. udn-I-ta-Ènw A-\-Ð-In-dw
e-tc \-î-\o-l-¼ A-e-Ù-bo² \o-d-\o-òw. tN-!-¿n° A-eo-S-º-
jo²-\o-Ám ]n-Æw. [±-a-n-Zn-Ð-tj tIn-Èn° tN-;-Á A-e-Ìw A-e-
tÂ h-Ð-Xo-I-;w ]-co-en-c-=w \n-f-a-S-Æw.-
]n-ûo-r-×-º-jo² h-Hn-gy-Ð° F-è ]-l-Æ-Á ao-fo-i-Æ-tS
!-\-cn-K-a-\w, h|±-\p-b-ô-Pp-eo-Xw, D-bo±-t¿-?-uÁ-+m F-Áo-e C-eo-tS
]-l-¼o-co-%w-u]n-td-X-tÁ tt_-_o-jo-êw In-Wnw.-
-Cv ho-ªn-Ðw hw-_-áo-Ñ ]-d In-cy-º-jo-êw b-+-Z±-%w
]n-ûo-I-ujn-â I-S-Ãn-â-¾m. \yn-b-eo-[o-\n-jo² Hn-ucn-ç-¿-tÂ-Æw ]n-]-
!-Wy-º-tj ^n-ôo² I-%-Á-Xn-tW-Á b-+-Z-ho-ªn-Ðw en-Ò-e-
¿o² ]n-ûo-I-;-uS-Xn-Wm F-Á-Xm D-Zn-i-c-Ww. b-fmXm XII \m t5n.
tU-cmua-Ò-\± F-?-Xo-b B-®-J-%-lo-Ãm u\n-%-I-ô-
“c-Wo c-Pmho-Òn’’ h-Xy-¿o-tÂ h-Xy-=w h-Xy-¿o-tÂ °±-¿o-Æ-
an-Wm. A-e° a-co-Ñ-e-ç-tS \yn-bn-[p-f-în-co² H-ç-e-\n-Wm. a-e
c-1-u]± ao-Ymc-Ìw ho-ucn-f-Ì-an-!-è. A-e-\-u^ a-co-Ñ-e-ç-tS ]n-]-
!-Wy-º³ I-%-Á ^n-ôm ]o-So-%-Á-Xm. A-\yn-b-tan-èw A-e°
A-ç-;-I-bo-È. [±-a-Zn-Ð³-%w õ-c-Wn-[o-]-în±-%w A-Ì-¹-d-an-
Æw A-ç-;-I-bo-È. X-d-\n-co-S-Í-u]n-êw ey-Xyn-hw e-ç-K-I-bo-È.’’
46 Haug’s Essays P. 216
47 So. u]-Pm. 311.
48 c-¾nw A-[yn-bw c-¾nw õn-Kw u\n-%-I. P-a-bn-Zm. 19ô89,90
60
49
D-bo±-t¿-?-uÁ-Êm a-Ì-gy± I-â-è-u]n-uI-¾ \-c-I-Ãn-d-¿o-tÂ
h-¹-+-=w ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-è I-Sw-tIn-¾-Xn-tW-Ám c-¾n-a-[yn-bw
2.3ô² ]-l-à-I-ko-¼-Xn-Wm.-
h|±-\p-b uUn-+± G. tIn-i-Xm _²-ur-Uo-td 5-[n-\ l-{o-
bn-bo-ç-è. A-uË-iw Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenlandischen
Gesells Chaft (The part taken by the Parsi Religion in the Formation
of Christanity and Judaism) F-Á 5-_-á-¿o² ]n-ûo-I-ujn-Sm b-+-
Z±-Ðm Cv ho-ªn-Ð-h|p-I-c-W-¿o-td No-È-l-Ðn-cy-º-jo²-u]n-êw
F-Ñ I-S-Ãn-Sn-ü-É-tX-èw ey-2-an-%-è-¾m. \-®-Ðm A-e-bo² No-
d-Xm ]-co-ufn-[o-®-u\n-Ðnw.-
1. a-c-W-¿o-Ì-uf-gw B-Zn-em f-cp-c-t¿ Á-Êo-Ã-Êo °-è-Zo-e-hw
\o-ò-ta-Ám C-ç-a-X-º-;w eo-f|-ho-%-è. eo-Z|n-\n-b l-{o, h-Z±-_-
uÀ-fm F-Á !-Ò-I-¿o²-\o-Ám C-5-In-cw ]-I±-K-è-ô “B-Zn-em
f-cp-cw eo-½o-S-¿m °-è Zo-e-hw-e-tc Á-Êo-Ã-Êo \o-dm-%-I-Æw ep-1w
f-cp-cw [-co-Ðn-ta-Ám B-fo-%-I-Æw tN-å-è. (te-Ào-Zn-Zm X-I-X
91ô96êw C-H-X-tÁ-bn-Wm 5-Òn-ew). hn-ayw ú-¾o-Ðn-å-Á-Xo-\m
uUn. tIn-imXm ue-tl tX-jo-=w P-l-hm, _-ln-gm F-Áo-e-bo²-\o-Ám
\-î-è.’’ B-Zn-em °-è Zo-e-hw-e-tc f-cp-c-¿o-tÂ Á-ew I-l-©-è.
A-Xo-Ì f-cp-cw-eo-Sn° C-w-ao-Èn-¿-Xn-Wm In-c-Ww (u]-Pm 13)-
2. Pn-an-à-\n-an F-Á ]n-ûo [±-a-r-×-¿o² C-º-t\ ]-l-Æ-è-ô
“½-wo-Æ-tS A-Ðo-a-\n-;-I-jo² a-Ì-gy-ç-tS ua² e-do-b B-]-K
-I³ e-è-uN-çw. a-in-an-co-Æw a-in-ucn-K-º-;w ]-S-çw. rp-%-In-çw
A-l-_o-I-;w uln-an-Ðn-çw Ç-W-½p-hm \-Zo-Ð-c-bo² a-in-Æ-ªw
t]n-ç-Hw.’’ C-¿-cw 5-e-N-\-º³ b-+-Z-r-×-º-jo-êw D-t¾-Ám tX-
jo-bo-Ðn° uUn. tIn-imXm, P-\-hm l-{-Æ-tS 42ônw A-[yn-b-¿o²
\o-Ám ]-I±-K-è. “Cv a-in-Æ-ª-º³ ao-fo-i-Æ-tS B-K-a-\w
5-Jyn-]o-%w. cn-Py-º³ X-Åo² Æ-ªw D-¾n-!-uÄn³ ao-fo-i-Æ-tS
e-c-= In-K-tIn-É-Ww.’’ Æ-ª-¿o² G±-tÃ-â-Á cn-Py-º³ u]-ûy,
A-l-_o, uln-a F-Áo-e-bn-bo-co-%-ta-Á 5-Òn-ew P-an-à-\n-an-bo²
an-^-a-È, ao-¼n-g-bo-êw D-t¾-Ám A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è.-
3. uUn. tIn-i-Xm H-S-ç-è:-ô “h-Hn-gy-Ð±-%-®°-]m c-1 5-en-N-I±
e-Ám ao-fo-i-Æ-tS B-K-a-\-h-a-bw 5-Jyn-]o-%-ta-èw A-e-Ì e-ko-
tX-jo-%-ta-èw ]n-ûo-I-;-tS C-S-bo² ]-c-Ä-cn-K-X-an-b I-Y-Æ-¾m.’’
C-H-X-tÁ ao-¼n-go-êw (J-a-i-h, J-a-ta-g 305, 318) e±-Bo-%-è.
“A-Xo-\n² en-Ò-eo-I ®-2o-Zn-Xn-eo-Ì-®°-]m Ç-h-^m ao-fo-i,
F-uWw ao-fo-i F-Áo-e-ç-tS c-1 a-Ð³ A-r-É-X-în-cn-bo F-Kw.’’-
49 ap-u\n-Jo-cn-Zm 11ô120ô121 th-À-e-Ò õn-Kw 2 ucn-gmb-fmX u]-Pm 168.
61
4. ]-d-X-e-W B-e±-¿o-® I-ko-¼ 5-Òn-e-an-b ao-fo-i-an± °-e-çw

Hn-ucn I-+-\-I³ tIn-1-e-çw F-Á-Xm ]n-ûo eo-f|n-h-5-an-W-an-b
Hn-ucn c-¸-I-Ìw C-H-e-tc te-jo-]n-Sn-In-¿ Hn-ucn u\n-¾m tIn-1-
e-çw F-Á-Xo-t\ Hn±-Åo-Ão-%-è.-
5. _-uÀ-ui-go-tÂ 31ônw A-[yn-b-¿o² uNn-Zo-%-è-ô “f-cp-cw
a-Bn-bo t]n-So-¼m In-Êo² ]-l-è-u]n-bn², Xo-c-I³ eo-?-ºo-
bn² ]o-tÁ-º-t\ !-\±-\o±-Åo-Ðn° I-ko-Æw? N-¿-e± F-º-t\
D-b±-t¿-?-uÁ-òw?’’ C-Xo-\m Hn±-a-hmZm D-¿-cw ]-l-Æ-è-ô “¨-ao-bo²
Rn° \o-u¸-]o-Ñ eo-¿m ®-j-Ñm Pp-e° F-â-%w-u]n-td, ?-¸-º-;-tS
A-u\-I uõ-Z-º³-Ð-Ì-h-co-Ñm A-e-Æm \n-Uo-R-c-Ù-I³ \-ío-b-H
-u]n-td, fo-I-eo-t\ an-J-K±-õ-¿o² Rn° Ùn-]o-Ñ-H-u]n-td
Hn-Sn° P-d-¿o-Ì In-ê-tIn-â-¿-H-u]n-td ¨-ao-bo-td P-d-t¿ h-an-
i-co-Ðn° In±-ua-L-º-tj Rn° D-Xm]n-Zo-Ão-Ñm F-tÂ C-w-¿o-
t\n-K e±-go-Ão-%w-u]n-td, h-a-Ò e-Ó-Ð-tj-Æw Rn° ½-wo-Ñ-
H-u]n-td a-co-Ñ-e±-Ðm Rn° Pp-e° tIn-â-%-è. F-\o-Ðm A-Xo-\m
eo-g-a-tan-è-ao-È. C-e-tb-Ènw H-co-Ð² D-¾n-b-Xn-tW-uÁn±-Å-bo-
co-Ð-t½. ep-1w A-e-tb D-Xm]n-Zo-Ão-Ðn° F-Ðn-Wm eo-g-aw?-
-Cv B-f-b-º-tj-Ènw b-+-Z-r-×-º-jn-b X²-°-Zo-êw ao-¼n-go-êw
B-e±-¿o-%-tÁ-Ám uUn. tIn-imXm ]-l-Æ-è ¨-ao-an-Xn-eo-tÂ a-So-
bo² ep-W [n-\y-eo-¿m F-B-a-Ê C-d-I-;-an-bo X-k-®-e-j±-è \o-ò-
Á-Xm !-\-ç-Qn-\-¿o-tÂ D-]-a-bn-bo ]-d-uÃn-?w 5-ubn-Ko-%-è-
¾m. “¨-ao-bo² !-ko-Ño-½ uKn-X-Äo-tÂ \-l-_p-Pw C-d-I-;-tS a-S-%-!-
Ãn-b-=-a-Wo-¼m D-bo±-K-e-çw-u]n-td A-e-ç-tS B-S-I-j-Wo-¼m
A-S-Ð-tÃ-½-e± D-b±-t¿-?-uÁ-ño-tÈ-Ám B±-%-]-l-bnw?’’ _-uÀ-ui-
go² D-b±-t¿-?-uÁ-dmt]-Á A-W-X-t¿ P-\-\w, a-k F-Áo-e-Æ-an-
bo Xn-c-X-ayw tN-å-Á-H-u]n-td X²-°-Zo-êw Xn-c-X-ayw In-Wnw. D-Zn-
i-c-Ww-ô “°-è-Xn-uÐn-êw’’ ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ ttI-e-fw B-tc-Æw õ-c-ua-
+o-Ðn-¿-Xn-Æ-¾m. 1, a-k-Æ-tS 2. P-î-¿o-tÂ 3. !-\-ç-Qn-\-¿o-tÂ.
C-H-X-tÁ-bn-Wm ao-¼n-gm Z{-X-lo-êw, P-\-hmln-{o-bo-êw In-ü-Á-Xm.
A-e-bo² !-\-ç-Qn-\-t¿-Ã-Êo-Æ-É h-a-hy a-e c-¾o-t\-Æw A-u]-
¸o-Ñm Ð-co-Ão-Ðn° eo-g-aw !-l-en-Wm.-
-a-c-Wn-\-Ð-c-Pp-eo-X-=w
h|±-\-=w \-c-I-=w-
-a-c-Wn-Ð-c-Pp-eo-Xw, h|±-\w, \-c-Iw F-Áo-e-tb hw-_-áo-Ñm b-+-
Z-ç-tS eo-f|n-hw A-Ã-So, h-I-d-eo-e-c-W-º-ujn-âw¹-So th-À-e-Ò-
bo² In-W-tÃ-â-Á-Xo-\n² A-eo-tS-\o-Ám b-+-Z± I-Sw-tIn-¾-Xn-
tW-è ey-2w F-è uUn-+± in-Km F-?-H-è.-
62
-a-c-Wn-\-Ð-c-Pp-eo-Xw, B-Zn-eo-tÂ A-a-c-X|w, F-Áp B-f-b-

º³ A-e-Ò-Í ®°-!w ]o°-!-®-É hn-io-Xy-¿o² eyn-]o-® Io-S-
%-è. a-c-Wn-\-Ð-c-Pp-eo-Xw th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS H-ç ®-Jy-ho-ªn-Ð-an-
Wm. uUn-+± in-Km H-S-ç-è-ô “C-Xo-u\n-Sm A-â-K _-á-tÃ-½-Xn-Wm
h|±-\-\-c-I-º-jo-ê-É eo-f|n-hw. C-Xm ào-Xn-an Pmh-c-w-Ö± X-tÂ
Kn-Y-I-jo² ey-2-an-bo A-ç-jo-bo-å-¾m. h|±-\-¿o-\m K-ucn-ô-U-ô-a-\
(u]-ûy-\o² K-tcn-Zn°) F-è u]±. ¼-2-º-;-tS udn-Iw F-Á±-
Qw. uZ-e-É-X-în-c-eo-tS ¼-2-º³ B-d-]o-%-tÁ-Án-Wm eo-f|n-hw
(bn-hm, 28. 10,34.2) Cv eo-e-c-Ww tb-f-Çn 6ô-êw ubn-i-Án-tÂ
te-jo-]n-So-êw In-ü-Á ?o-Òy° B-f-b-º-ujn-â Xp±-Kw ubn-Po-
%-è-¾m.-
-]-c-Zp-h, h|±-\p-b-æ-J-º³ F-Áo-e-tb-Ã-Êo b-+-Z-r-×-º-jo-êw
]n-ûo-r-×-º-jo-êw eo-e-co-Ño-å-É-tX-Ènw \-®-Ðn-e-fy-an-b-^-Æw
c-¾n-a-[yn-bw c-¾nw-õn-K-¿m \-ío-Ð-ko-à. uUn. tIn-imXm ú-¾o-
Ðn-å-Á a-tÊn-ç hn-ayw-¹-So ]-l-bnw-ô “G-Z°-uXn-½w 5-f-Ò-c-U-º-
jn² A-dw-#-X-an-tW-Á B-f-b-=w ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-
tW-Á-Xo² F-\o-% hw-f-b-tan-è-ao-È.’’ _-uÀ-ui-gm A-[yn-bw
31ô-tÂ B-cw-õ-¿o² C-º-t\ In-ü-è-ô “F-Áo-ë-tS h|±-\-¿o-\m
B-[yn-Zo-In-e-Ù d-õo-®. A-eo-tS Òw-õ-º-tjn-è-ao-Èn-tX A-Xm
D-l-®-\o-ò-è. 5-f-Ò-c-U-º³ Xo-j-ºo-eo-j-©-Áo-S-an-W-Xm.’’ ao-u\n-
Jo-c-Zm F-Á r-×-a-Ì-h-co-Ñm h|±-\w te-E-Æ-É-Hw e-Ê-ta-è
]-l-Æ-Á-H-an-b H-ç e-Ó-eo-\n² \o±-a-o-X-=-an-Wm. (àp-K-do-tÂ I-a-
uÂ-Ê± A-_± Z-hm A-e-Ò u]-Pm 449). h|±-\-¿o² 5-f-Ò c-U-º-
;-t¾-Á 5-Òn-ew th-À-e-Ò-bo² [n-cn-j-®-¾m. h|±-\w, e-Ê-Ð-Èm
F-Áo-e-tb B-ên° F-Á H-Ê-Ã-Zw-tIn-¾m A-Xo² eo-e-¸o-Ño-co-
%-è.-
-h|±-\¿o-td G-? õn-K-º-tj-Ã-Êo uUn. tIn-imXm ]-l-Æ-Á-H
u\n-&-ô “\nw A-e-tb ]-co-N-b-tÃ-â-uÄn³, ]o²-Ðn-d ]n-ûo r-×-
º-jo-êw X²-°-Zo-êw (A-[yn-bw 12. _o) G-? h|±-\-º-;-tS e±-B-\
In-Wnw. A-Xo² B-cw tt_-_o-jo-td u]-ç-I-;-an-bo hn-ay-®-É-
Xn-Wm.’’-
\-c-I-¿o-tÂ G-? eo-õn-K-º-tj-Ã-Êo ]n-ûo b-+-Z-a-X-º³ 5-Ò-n
eo-%-Á-Xm c-¾n-a-[yn-b-¿o² eo-e-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm. \o-Xy-Pp-e-Ìw, \o-Xy-
\-c-I-=w C-H-u]n-td th-À-e-Ò-bo²\o-è-X-tÁ-bn-e-Ww ]-I±-
¿o-b-Xm. Kn-Yn D-w-tte-Xo-bo² “[±-a-o-~-ç-tS B-Zn-em, \o-Xy-Pp-
eo-Xw u\-â-è, A-[±-a-o-I-;-uS-uXn \o-Xy-\-c-I-t¿-Æw. A-*-c-a-hmZ-
Æ-tS ey-e-Ù A-Xn-Wm. A-e-uÂ-Xn-W-uÈn ½-wo.’’ (bn-Ý XLV-7)-
63
-eo-f|n-h-¿n² uan-N-\w F-Á tt?-Ò-e-ho-ªn-Ð-=w th-À-e-Ò-

bo-ê-¾m. “h-Ñ-wo-Æw \o-Xy-Pp-e-Ìw eo-f|n-ho-%-É-X-u^.’’ (õn-Kw-
III, bn-Ý XXXI)-
-_-do-
-_-do-b±-Ão-Ð² h-º-Zn-bw b-+-Z±-Ðo-S-bo² h±-F-hn-[n-c-W-
an-Wm. C-Xm ]n-ûo-I-;-tS h-º-Zn-b-¿o-tÂ A-Ì-I-c-W-an-Wm. ]n-ûo-
I-jn-I-t½, tte-Zo-I-b-Ç-t¿-ô-A-lo-uin-^-t¿-ô-è-]n-Ð-c-tÃ-â
-¿o-b-H-an-Wm. tte-Zo-I-I±-aº-jo² A-lo-uin-^-¿o-\m A-Xz-
Á-X Ùn-\-an-ü-É-Xm. tte-Zo-I-hn-io-Xy-¿o² C-Xo-tÂ e±-B-\
F-Än-â-®-¾m. B-cy-în-ç-tS ]-Õ-a-in-b-Ç-º-jo² H-Án-Wo-Xm.
A-e-co-Xm Zo-e-h-=w cn-eo-td-Æw tte-Io-åw A-Ì-~o-®-u]n-è. tte-
Zo-I-In-d-t¿ u[-~-în± cn-eo-td-Æw tte-Io-åw Cv-f|-c-5n±-Q-
\-bmtÐn-Ãw, A-Ð-co-¸ I-ªo-Ðn-bo D-ç-Ðo-b t\-åw, æ-K-á-e-
Ó-Ð-;w A-lo-bo² A±-Ão-Ño-ç-è. C-Xm F-Èn Pp-eo-I³-%w D-]-
In-c-5-Z-an-bo-ç-è. 5-Xo-Zo-\-®-É Cv A-lo-uin-^-¿o-Ì !-l-ua
e±-g-In-d-¿m Nn-H±-an-uhy-wo-u]n-ê-É b-Ç-º-;w A-e± tN-Ó
-u]n-è.-
-]n-ûo-I³ A-e-ç-tS a-X-¿o-td a-Êm B-Nn-c-º³ tte-Zo-I B-cy-
în-co²-\o-èw A-õy-ho-Ñ-H-u]n-td Cv b-Ç-Ñ-S-ºm A-õy-ho-
tÑ-è an-^-a-È, C-Xm A-Xy-Ðw B-e-fy-I-an-tW-è I-ç-Xo A-Ì-
~o-®w u]n-è. Cv A-Ì-~n-\-¿o-tÂ A±-Yta-tÐ-Ám A-e±-Ðm
A-lo-bn-an-bo-ç-è-uen F-Ám hw-f-b-an-Wm. F-tÐ-Án² Cv A-Ì-
~n-\-¿otÂ è-]w, e-ª-tÂ In-d-¿m õn-c-X-¿o² eo-I-d-=w
eo-I-S-=w B-b-H-u]n-td ]n-ûo-I-jo-êw B-bo-Ð-ko-¼o-ç-è. F-¹o-êw
A-e-c-Xo² A-So-Æ-l-® \o-ò-I-Æw \o-b-an-Ì-½-Xw B-N-c-Ww H-S-ç-
I-Æw tN-Ó. A-e±-Ðm A-lo-Ð-P-I-tc-è u]-ç-Io-½n-Ì-É In-c-Ww
No-d-uÃn³ C-Xn-bo-co-Ðnw. ]n-ûo-I³ Cv b-Ç-?o-b b-+-Z-tc
]-To-Ão-®. A-e-ç-tS ]-Ð² tN-Á-uÃn³ A-Xo-tÂ è-]w !-ul-&-So
È-go-®. anw-h-¦-%-I-jn-bo-ç-Á A-e± anw-hn-*-Xo A±-Ão-Ðn°
H-S-ºo. F-¹o-êw A-lo-bo-dn-Wm B-*-Xo-b±-Ão-Ño-ç-Á-tX-Á-In-cyw
]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-Án-Wm C-e-co-H ]-To-Ñ-tX-Á-Xo-\m G-Ê-=w 5-_-d-an-b
tX-jo-en-Wm. tt_-_o-jo-do-Xo-\m à-w-an-b tX-jo-=-¾m. D-Zn-i-c-W-
¿o-\m H-ç õn-Kw u\n-%-I:-ô-
ttZ-ew uan-tf-ubn-â ]-l-Æ-è: “F-\o-% a-C-tIn-¾m H-ç bn-K
-]p-Tw D-¾n-Ðo A-Xo-uî² \o-tÂ uin-a-bn-K-º-tj-Æw h-an-[n-\-
bn-K-º-tj-Æw \o-tÂ B-â-I-tj-Æw I-è-In-do-I-tj-Æw A±-Ão-Ð-Ww.
Rn° F-tÂ \n-a-¿o-tÂ ê-c-W Ùn-]o-%-Á G-H Ù-d-Kw.
64
Rn° \o-tÂ A-â-Ð² e-è \o-tÁ A-Ì-r-io-Ðnw.’’--50

-ep-1w D-+-¿o !-Ò-I-¿o²-ô “u\n-i b-uin-te-% H-ç bn-K-
]p-Tw ]-Wo-Xm, I-ªo-ÆÉ
- h-Id - ±
- K
- º
- j
- o-êw, I-ªo-ÆÉ
- F-Èn ]-le
- I
-
-jo-êw No-d-H F-â-K bn-K-]p-T-¿o-uî² uin-a-bn-Kw Ùn-]o-®.’’--51
Cv A-Ì-~n-\w ®-ñp-º³ ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-Á-È, b-+-Z-co²-\o
-Án-Wm h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xm. C-Xo² A-lo-Æ-tS 5-ubn-P-\w F-tÐ-Ám
A-e±-Ðm a-\-ôo-dn-bo-È. A-Xo-\n² _-do-bo²-\o-Ám A-lo-tb H-ko-
en-Ðo. H-ç ±-K-¿o-t\ A-c-%-I F-Á-Xo²-an-^w A-e± _-do-tb
H-H-Ðo. ]-co-I-ªan-b A-lo-uin-^-¿o²-\o-Ám ao-¾n-5n-Wo-Æ-tS
c-2-tan-?-Ð-do-ud-% e-Á ]-co-e±-¿-\w F-^ ]-co-Xn-]-I-c-ta-è
u\n-%-I!-
-No-d hn-[n-c-W hn-ay-º³-
-ho-ªn-Ð-º-jo-êw B-Nn-c-º-jo-êw D-É Cv hn-ay-º³-% !-l-ua
No-d No-È-l-Ðn-cy-º³ ¹-So [-ªo-Ðnw.-
1. hp-\n-bo ]±-F-X-¿o²-e-Ñm uan-tf-Æm ttZ-ew ]-K I-+-\-I³
\-ío-tb-Án-Wm tt_-_o-jo² \nw en-bo-%-Á-Xm. u\n-&:-ô “uan-tf
ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ A-â-Ð² I-b-lo-tÑ-èw b-uin-e-]±-F-X-¿o²-
\o-Ám A-e-u\n-â eo-jo-® I-+o-Ñ-Hw \p bn-uÐn-_m [-i-u¿n-â
]-l-Æ-I-Æw bo-în-ub² a-Ð-ujn-â A-lo-bo-Ð-Æw tN-uÇ-¾-tX-tÐ-
Án²’’-52 A-º-t\ uan-tf ]±-F-X-¿o² I-b-lo-uÃn-bo. H-ç ua-Lw
]±-F-X-t¿ °-So.’’--53
-C-H-u]n-td th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw H-ç e±-B-\-Æ-¾m. A-*-c-a-hmZ
Pmh-c-w-Ö-ucn-Sm ]-eo-^-5-T-º-;-tS ]±-F-X-¿o²-e-Ñm \-S-K-Á
hw-õn-g-W-an-W-Xm. “A-e° C-uÃn³ A-*-c-Æ-an-bo ]-eo-^-5-T-º-
;-tS ]±-F-X-¿o² hw-õn-g-Ww \-S-K-è.’’-54
2. u\n-i-Æ-tS t]-½-I-¿o-tÂ e±-B-\-Æw th-À-e-Ò-bo-td ‘bo-a-tÂ
e-c’-Æw X-Åo² A-W-X-I-c-an-b hn-ay-®-¾m tt_-_o-jo² C-º-t\
In-Wnw:-ô-
“Xn° ¨-ao-bo² a-Ì-gy-t\ D-¾n-%-I-tIn-1 b-uin-e A-Ì-
X-]o-®. A-Xm A-e-tÂ ,-Z-b-¿o-Ì Èx-J-an-bo. Rn° ½-wo-Ño-å-É
a-Ì-gy-t\ ¨-ao-bo²-\o-è \-fo-Ão-®-I-j-Æw a-Ì-gy-t\-Æw ±-K-t¿-Æw
C-k-Pn-Xo-tb-Æw B-In-f-¿o-td ]-¸o-I-tj-Æw X-uÁ; A-e-tb D-¾n-
50 !-l-Ãn-Sm 20.24
51 D-+-¿o-!-Ò-Iw 8.20
52 !-l-Ãn-Sm 19.3
53 !-l-Ãn-Sm 24.15
54 -^-c-K-cmZm XII 19
65
%-I-tIn-¾m Rn° A-Ì-X-]o-%-è F-è b-uin-e A-ç-jo-tÑ-Ó.

F-Án² u\n-ti-% b-uin-e-Æ-tS #-] d-õo-®.’’ “ttZ-ew u\n-ti-
ubnâ I-+o-Ñ-tX-tÐ-Án² h-I-d P-U-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-e-hn-\w
F-tÂ ®-Äo² e-Áo-co-%-è. ¨-ao A-e-cn² A-Xo-?-aw tIn-1 \o-l-
¼o-co-%-è; Rn° A-e-tc ¨-ao-ubn-â-¹-So \-fo-Ão-%w, \p uKn-^±-
a-cw-tIn-1 H-ç t]-½-I-®-¾n-%-I; t]-½-I-¿o-Ì A-l-I-;-¾n-Ðo
A-I-Kw !-l-Kw Ip² uX-uÐ-Ww. A-H D-¾n-uÐ-¾-H F-º-t\
F-Án² t]-½-I-¿o-tÂ \p-jw ®-é-lm ®-kw, ep-Xo A-Ä-H-®-kw, D-b-cw
A-Ä-H-®-kw, t]-½-I-¿o-\m Io-jo-en-Xo² D-¾n-uÐ-Ww; ua²-\o-Ám
H-ç ®-kw Xn-tk A-Xo-t\ te-uÐ-Ww. t]-½-I-¿o-tÂ en-Xo² A-Xo-tÂ
e-f-K-te-uÐ-Ww. Xn-k-t¿-Æw c-¾n-a-t¿-Æw °-Án-a-t¿-Æw
X-½n-bo A-Xo-t\ D-¾n-uÐ-Ww. B-In-f-¿o° Ip-ko²-\o-è Pp-e
-f|n-h-®-É h±-e P-U-t¿-Æw \-fo-Ão-Ãn° Rn° ¨-ao-bo² H-ç
P-d-5-j-bw e-ç-Kw; ¨-ao-bo-ê-É-tXn-tÐ-Æw \-fo-®-u]n-!w. \o-uÁn-
uSn Rn° H-ç \o-b-aw tN-åw, \p-Æw \o-tÂ !-^-în-çw õn-cy-Æw
!-^-în-ç-tS õn-cy-an-çw t]-½-I-¿o² I-S-uÐ-Ww. h-I-d Pp-eo-
I-jo²-\o-èw h±-F-P-U-¿o²-\o-èw X-uÁ, Cv c-¾p-c-¾o-t\
\o-uÁn-â-¹-tS Pp-e-c-¸-Æn-bo-å t]-½-I-¿o² I-b-uÊ-Ww. A-e
B-üw t]-C-an-bo-co-uÐ-Ww. A-X-H-X-cw ]-¸o-I-jo²-\o-èw A-X-
H-X-cw ±-K-º-jo²-\o-èw ¨-ao-bo-td A-X-H-X-cw C-k-Pn-Xo-I-jo²-
\o-tÁn-tÐ-Æw Cv c-¾p-c-1 Pp-e-c-¸-Æn-bo-å \o-tÂ A-â-Ð²
e-uc-Ww.--55
C-H-u]n-td th-À-e-Ò-bo² A-*-c-a-hmZ, bo-a-u\n-Sm ]-l-Æ-è:-ô
“B-Zo-!-ç-g-Ìw, B-Zo-cn-Pn-=w, h-õy-X-Æ-tS hw-Ùn-]-I-Ì-an-
b-e°’’. “õ-bn-\-I-an-b ttf-Xy-¿n² udn-Iw \-fo-Ðn° u]n-!-è.’’
A-*-c-a-hmZ-bn-I-t½, bo-a-u\n-â ]-l-à-ô \-È-e-\n-b bo-an! eo-e-Mm
L-X !-^n! õv-Xo-I-udn-I-¿o-uî² \o±-Bn-b-I-an-b ttf-Xy
-In-d-º³ ep-Wm a-à-a-l ep-Mn° u]n-!-è. a-à-]n-jo-I³-ep-Wm
A-e °-So-uÃn-!w. D-Á-X-an-b ]±-F-X-º-jo²-u]n-êw °-uÐn-jw a-à-
ep-Wm, A-e B-T-u]n-!w. °-è-X-c-¿o-ê-É Pp-eo-I-;w (I-S², I-c,
B-In-fw) ®-So-Æw.’’-
A-uÃn³ A-*-c-a-hmZ bo-a-u\n-Sm H-ç ‘e-c’-bo² I-b-lo F-Èn
Pp-eo-I-;-tS-Æw t]-½-Æ-an-bo A-õ-bw uX-Sn° D-]-uZ-fo-%-è. (t]-½=
C-c-½=B-üw t]-Cw.)-
-C-\o th-À-e-Ò-bo-td ?-a-¿o² F-?-Xnw.-
25. “A-Xo-\n² H-ç \p-¾ ‘e-c’ D-¾n-%-I. !-Xo-c-tb Hn-So-Ðn-Ì-É
55 D-+-¿o-!-Ò-Iw VI. 5-8, 13-20
66
tta-Xn-\-¿o-tÂ \n-ê-e-f-=w A-S-à uN±-Á-H-u]n-td eo-Õ-X-an-

bo-co-Ð-Ww A-Xm. A-Xo² B-Sm, In-j, a-Ì-gy±, \n-Æ³, ]-¸o-I³
H-S-ºo-b-e-Æ-tS P-Ì-õ-I-;w tN-a-Á-Xp-Æ-tS _p-P-=w e-Æ.-
27. A-Xo² a-i-Kw, H-Ánw-Io-S-Æw, ua-î-ub-lo-b-H-an-b Öp-!-ç-g-
în-tc-Æw F-Èn-¿-cw I-è-In-do-I-tj-Æw eo-¿n-bo I-ç-Xo-e-Í-I.-
28. A-Xo² h±-F-eo-[ a-c-º³, Xo-Án° tIn-Én-=-Á a-¿-c-ua-lo-b
æ-K-á-Ð±-B-an-b ^-d-?-¸-º³ F-Áo-e-Æ-tS Cv-c-1 eo-K-I³
I-ç-Xo-e-Æ. a-Ì-gy± ‘e-c’-bo-ê-É-^-Æw In-dw A-e \-fo-Ðn-tX-Æw
¼-¸o-%-I.-56-
-Cv hn-ay-º³ à-w-an-Wm. “Cv bo-a-tÂ “e-c’ u\n-i-Æ-tS t]-½-I-
¿o² I-eo-¼-tXn-è-a-È’’ F-Ám t5n-^-h± tU±-a-hmtX± A-õo-
5n-b-tÃ-â-è.--57
-P-d-5-j-b-¿o-tÂ e±-B-\ f-X-]-Y-~n-1-W-¿o-êw In-Wnw.
(1.8.1.1) hw-Á-X-hn-io-Xy-¿o-td 5n-Np-\-r-×-º-jo²-tÃ-½ ~n-1-
W-r-×-º³-Ðm ue-Z-¿o-u\n-S-â-¿ Ùn-\-®-¾m. H-ç a-eyw a-Ì-eo-
u\n-â ]-l-Æ-è:-
“\o-Lo-X-e±-g-¿o² P-d-5-j-bw hw-õ-eo-%w. A-Xo-\n² H-ç
I-Ã² ]-Wo-Xm F-tÁ G-+o-%-I. te-Éw D-b-ç-uÄn³ \p A-Xo²
I-S-Áo-co-Ð-Ww. Rn° \o-tÁ c-¸o-®-tIn-Énw.’’ a-Ì A-º-t\
tN-Ó.-
-P-d-5-j-bw h-I-d Pp-e-Pn-d-º-tj-Æw \o±-an±--P-\w tN-Ó. a-Ì
X-tÂ P-d-en-i-\-¿o² æ-c-¸o-X-\n-bo-ç-è. C-Á-t¿ a-Ì-gy-e±-
¿o-tÂ B-Zo-]o-Xn-ew B a-Ì B-Wm, F-Ám ~n-1-Ww H-S-ç-è.-
3. G-Z°-uXn-½-=w, ]n-ûo-I-;-tS ]-c-Zp-h-Æw X-Åo² hn-ay-®-t¾-Án-
Wm uUn. àp-K-do-tÂ a-Xw. tt_-_o-jo² ]-l-Æ-Á G-Z°-uXn-½-¿o-
td \-Zo-I-jn-b ]p-ufn° Kp-uin°-58 F-Áo-e ho-â-=w P-Ðm hn±-
¿-æ-an-tW-èw A-lo-eo-tÂ ?-¸w, Pp-e-tÂ ?-¸w F-Áo-e ue-Z-
\n-c-io-X-?-¸-=w uf|-X-uin-aw \-î-Á ?-¸-=w (uin-a-ô-uhn-aw)
B-tW-èw A-uË-i-¿o-\-õo-5n-b-®-¾m. t5n. an-Oma{-d± C-Xo-t\-
Ã-Êo C-º-t\ ]-l-Æ-è:-ô-
-“]p-ufn° ho-â-=w Kp-uin° P-On-¿-æ-an-tW-Á-Xo² \-®-
%w àp-Ko-do-u\n-â ubn-Po-Ó-¾m. F-Án² ?-¸-º-tj hw-_-áo-Ñm,
C-ln-\o-b-în-(]n-ûo)-ç-tS Cv ?-¸-º-tj-Ã-Êo ¹-â-X² A-lo-Æw-e-tc,
56 ^-cmK-cmZm II th-À-e-Ò 1ônw õn-Kw
57- th-À-e-Ò 1ônw õn-Kw.-
58 -D-+-¿o !-Ò-Iw 2.11.13
67
ue-Z-\n-c-io-X-?-¸-t¿ Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Çn° u5-c-W d-õo-%-Áo-È

F-uÁ ]-l-Æ-è-=. F-Án² uf|-X-uin-a-¿o-tÂ ?-¸w Pp-e-tÂ
?-¸-t¿ Hn±-Åo-Ão-%-è. uin-a, C-Ðy°-uhn-a-t¿-uÃn-td !-So-
%-Á-e±-Ðm A-a-c-X|w \-î-Á-Xn-W-uÈn.’’-59
-Á-ç-Ðw-
-b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-\m ]n-ûo-a-X-u¿n-â-É I-S-Ãn-Sm ?o-Ó-ô-b-+-Z ud-J-I-
çw Aw-Kp-I-co-Ño-å-¾m, th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS ]-7o-X-\n-b ]-co-õn-g-I°
F².-F-Ñm. ao²-hm ]-l-Æ-è. “]n-ûoa-Xw b-+-Z-a-X-t¿ e-j-tc h|n-[p-
\o-Ño-å-t¾-Ám ]-l-ub-¾-Xo-È’’ 60-t5n-^. Uo.-U-Õo-Æ. an±-Om d-¾-
\o-td ho-\-uKn-Ko-td ®-Jy-!-ucn-io-X-\n-bo-ç-è. A-uË-iw F-?-H-è.
“b-+-Z± ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-Ám a-X-]-c-an-b H-u½-tl B-f-b-º³ h|p-I
-co-Ño-å-¾m. b-+-Z±-Ðm h|-Ð-an-bo e-È-H-®-u¾n F-è-u]n-êw hw-f-
bn-à-Z-an-Wm’’--61
-b-+-Z± ]n-ûo-I-jo²-\o-Án-Wm A-e-ç-tS a-X-ho-ªn-Ð-º-jo²
G-lo-b-]-¦w h|p-I-co-Ñ-tX-Ám eo-e-co-Ðn-\n-Wm Cv A-[yn-b-¿o²
[-ao-Ñ-Xm. C-eo-tS H-ç uNn-Zyw h|n-õn-eo-I-an-Wm. b-+-Z-a-X-¿o²
av-do-I-an-bo F-Ñ-¾m? ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o²-\o-Ám h|-X-Ô-an-bo A-Xo²
F-Ñ ho-ªn-Ð-®-¾n-bo-½n-Wm \-ep-\-=w eo-uf-g-=-an-b ttZ-eo-I
A-ç-j-Ãn-Sn-Wm A-tX-Ám A-e-In-f-tÃ-â-Á-Xm? b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-tÂ
ua-î-Æw ttZ-eo-I-an-b B-eo±-õn-e-=w ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-td ttZ|-X-u¿-
Ðn³ ta-Ñ-an-b G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-=w fo-¸-W-º-;w A-Xo-ê-É-Xn-tW-
Ám ?o-Òyn-\o-I-;w b-+-Z-çw ]-l-u¼-Ðnw. C-Xo-Ì \-®-Ðm D-¿-c-
®-¾m. eyn-Jyn-\o-Ðn° eo-g-a-an-b ô-X|-an-Wm ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td
Cv-f|-c-ho-ªn-Ðw. C-Xo-u\n b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-u\n ]n-ûo-a-X-u¿-Ðn³
u[-~-=w I-ª-=-an-b Cv-f|-c-en-Zw A-e-X-co-Ão-Ðn° I-ko-¼o-
½o-È. uUn. in-Ko-tÂ ud-J-\-¿o²\o-tÁn-ç õn-Kw C-Xo² !-ul
u\-c-t¿ ]-I±-¿o-b-Xn-tW-¹o²-u]n-êw C-eo--tS-Æ-ta-?-Xnw. “ào-
Xn-an Pmh-c-w-Ö± A-*-c-a-hmZ-tb ]-c-uan-Á-X-\n-bo Aw-Kp-I-co-
Ño-co-%-Á-Hw F-udn-ip-ao-tÂ (ttZ-ew) A-tÈ-¹o² b-uin-e-Æ-tS
]-k-b-\o-b-a-¿o-td h-¹-+-=w e-do-b hn-ay-®-É-e-bn-Wm. A-*-c-a-
hmZ ¨-ao-bo-td-Æw h|±-\-¿o-td-Æw Pp-eo-X-¿o-tÂ î-wn-=w udn-
ttI-I-\n-Y-Ìw h±-F-Pp-eo-I-;-tS-Æw \o-b-Ðn-=-an-Wm. A-e° 5-In-
f-¿o-tÂ uîn-X-ôn-Wm. Çn-\-=w eo-ue-I-=-an-Wm. h|±-\p-b-=w
dv-Io-I-=-an-b h-î-\-ôm (ten-*-an-u\n) A-a-c-X|w (A-a±-X-Zm)
59 -No-;m. 1.156ô157
60 Reliigious Systems of the world P. 182
61 So. P. 685
68
B-ucn-Kyw (+±-e-X-Zm) a-in-h-Xyw (A-g-e-io-Ò) õ-2o-Æw h-a±-

Ã-W-=w (A-tta±-Xo) dv-Io-I-\-î-I-;-tS õ-7n-cw (¸n-^-tte-cy)
F-Áp \-î-I-;-tS-tb-Ènw ¼-¸o-Ó-In-c-\n-Wm. Cv A-Ì-r-i-º-tj-
Ènw No-Ð-bo-êw en-Ðo-êw 5-?-¿o-bo-êw u\-ç-É [±-a-o-~-\m A-e°
\-î-è. h-I-d udn-I-¿o-tÂ-Æw ]-co-]n-d-I-t\-Á-\o-d-bo² A-e°
h-Ån-\w an-^-a-È, È-w±-Ðm fo-¸-Æw tIn-â-%-è. \-È-Hw Np-¿-Æw
õn-Ky-=w \o±-õn-Ky-=w F-è-ue-¾n F-Èn ½-wo-Æw A-e-tÂ e-I-bn-
Wm. A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æm H-dy-f-2-Ìw F-Xo-cn-jo-Æ-an-b H-ç hn-¿n-tÂ
h-¹-+w ]n-ûo-a-X ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-\m Xp±-Kw A-\y-an-Wm. ]o²-Ðn-
d-K c-No-X-an-b te-Ào-Zn-Zm F-Á #-Xo-bo² C-¿-cw h-¹-+w 5n-Np-
\-]n-ûo-I³-%w D-¾n-bo-ç-tÁ-Á ¼-N-\ \-î-è-¾m F-Á-H ue-tl
In-cyw.--62
-a-tÊn-ç h-À±-õ-¿o² in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “Kn-Y-I-jo²-\o-Ám, eo-fo-
gy c-¾nw Kn-Y-bo²-\o-Ám Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS ~-1-hw-_-áo-bn-b
ho-ªn-Ðw G-lo-b¹-cw G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-¿o² A-[o-~o-X-an-tW-Ám
B±-%w ue-Kw \o±-B-b-Ðnw’’-63-
A-*-c-Kn-Y-bo-td B-lnw ¼-2w C-eo-tS D-ª-co-Ðnw. “\o-\-Ðm
A-e-bo² c-¾o-u\n-âw _-á-tÃ-½o-co-Ðn-\n-eo-È; A-Xn-b-Xm H-uc-
h-a-bw G-uI-f|-c eo-f|n-ho-Æw, _-*-ttZ-uen-]n-h-I-Ìw B-bo-co-
Ðn° hn-[y-a-È.-64-
C-H e-j-tc à-w-an-Wm. \o-L-b-an-Æw ¹-â-X² !-w-=w à-w-=-
an-b H-ç eo-e-c-Ww G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-t¿ hw-_-áo-® I-1-Io-½n°
tt_-_o³ ]-c-H-Á-Xm te-c-tX-bn-Wm. C-\o uf-go-%-Á-Xm ]n-ûo-
I-jo² ao-Ð-en-cw B-ucn-]o-%-Á c-1 ttZ-e-º-tj hw-_-áo-Ñ
B-ucn-]-W-an-Wm. ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-u\n C-ñn-ao-u\n, b-+-Z-a-X-¿o-u\n
C-Xo²-\o-Ám c-¸-t]-Sn-\n-eo-È F-è ]-l-b-t½. uUn-+± C. U-Õ{.
te-$m ]n-ûo r-×-an-b ]-i²-eo hw-io-X (Pahalvi Texts) Æ-tS
X±-Ã-a-tb-tÐ-?-Xo-b ®-J-=-c-bo² à-w-an-bo F-?-H-Á-Xm C-5-In-c-
an-Wm. “hn-[n-c-W-bn-bo No-d bn-Yn-Ùo-Xo-I ud-J-I± F-?-Xn-c-É-
H-u]n-td ]n-ûo B-cn-[-\-bo² \o-L-b-an-Æw ?o-Ó-a-X-u¿-Ðn³
ttZ|-X-õn-e-®-t¾-Á en-Zw Ùo-cp-I-co-Ðn° tX-jo-= uX-â-Á-Xm
te-c-tX-bn-Wm. A-H-u]n-td Cv a-X-t¿-Ã-Êo \-È A-lo-ten-è-ao-
Èn-¿-e± ¼-No-Ão-%-Á-eo-[w ]-co-I-ªn-Zn-=w È-cn-Zn-=w F-Á
62 Haug’s Essays P. 302, 303
63 -So. u]-Pm 30
64 uUn. F-hm. F.- I-]n-Uo-Æ-tS Teachingx of Zoraster and the Philosophy of the
Parsi Religion P. P. 27-28.
69
h-¹-+-¿o-tÂ B-eo±-õn-ew A-\-Ð-In-d-¿o-\m è-]w \-í-do²

\o-Án-tW-Ám tX-jo-bo-Ðn° [-ao-%-Á-Hw te-c-tX-bn-Wm. tt_-
_o-jo-td-Æw V-ln-\o-td-Æw ttZ|-Xw ¹-â-X² X-¿|-fn-Öp-b-an-b
]n-ûo-ttZ|-X-¿o-tÂ eo-I-ho-X-è-]-an-Wm. uUn. in-Ko-tÂ en-%-I-
uj-Ðn³ à-w-an-b a-tÊn-èw C-Xo-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñm C-È. “C-Ðn-d-
¿m t]n-H-ue ]-l-bn-c-É H-c-õo-5n-b-an-Wm Pmh-c-w-Ö± ttZ|-X-en-Z-
5-Nn-I-c-\n-bo-ç-tÁ-Á-Xm.-
-H-Ám \-È-Hw a-uÊ-Xm Np-¿-Æw, ]-c-à-cw eo-ç-ª-=w H-Áo-tÂ ½-wo
a-uÊ-Xo²-\o-è Xp±-K- õo-Á-=-an-b av-do-I-an-b h|-X-Ô-cn-b c-1
f-2o-Æ-t¾-Á B-f-b-an-Wm B ttZ|-X-en-Zw. C-H-¾n-b-Xm A-uË-i-
¿o-tÂ X-¿|-fn-Ö-=w ttZ-e-ho-ªn-Ð-=w (~-1-eo-Zy) X-Åo²
tX-Êo-ª-co-Ñ-H-tIn-¾n-Wm. G-I-=w A-uõ-Z-=-an-b H-ç ]-c-a-f-2o-
tb-Á Kw-õp-cn-f-b-¿o-td-¿o-uÑ±-Á A-uË-iw 5n-Np-\-çw \-ep-
\-ç-an-b a-in-Zn-Ð³ ]-d-ç-tS-Æw [-ª-bn-I±-go-Ñ No-d tte-g-
ay-º³ ]-co-i-co-%-Á Á-a-X-d-ub-e. udn-I-K I-t¾-¿n-=-Á
]-d-X-cw Xo-î-I³, eo-I-S-¿-º³, \p-N-X-I³ C-e-tb ttZ-¿o-tÂ
\-î-Æw ]-co-I-ªo-Æw \p-Xo-Æ-an-bo F-º-t\ t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-â-¿nw?
A-Xo-5n-Np-\-\n-b Cv a-in-No-Ð-I° A-Xo-Ì-¿-cw I-t¾-¿o-b-Xm
X-¿|-fn-Ö-]-c-an-bn-Wm. c-¾m B-Zo-In-c-W-º³ A-uË-iw h-¹-
+o-®. A-e ]-c-à-cw õo-Á-an-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o-êw ubn-Po-Ñm ½-wo-Ñ-Xn-Wm
õv-Xo-I-udn-I-=w, B-Zn-Ð-;w. Cv ho-ªn-Ðw \-Án-bo ]-To-Ðn-=-
Á-Xm bn-hm XXX ² \o-Án-Wm.’’-65
“h-Xy-t¿ (K-bn) ½-wo-Ñ “A-*-c-a-hmZ’’-tb ten-*-an-u\n
(h-î-\-ôm) F-è ]-l-Æ-è. A-h-Xy-t¿ (A-ttPy-Xo) ½-wo-Ñ a-uÊ-
Xo-t\ ‘A-I-aa-u\n’ (È±-Å-\-ôm) F-èw ]-l-Æ-è. \-È-Hw h-Xy-=w
Ð±-B-]-co-I-ª-=-an-b h-Xy-¿o-tÂ C-\-¿o² t]-â-Á-e h-î-\-
ôo-tÂ ½-wo-bn-Wm. Xo-î-Æw an-bo-I-=-an-b-tX-Ènw È±-Å-\-ôo-tÂ
½-wo-Æ-an-Wm. Cv ‘K-Xo-In-c-W’ º-jn-Wm P-K-¿o-tÂ B-Zo-®-X²
uN±-è 5-e±-¿o-%-Á-Xm. A-Xo-\n² C-e-tc C-c-½ A-Y-en bo-a
F-è ]-l-Æ-è. (hw-Á-X-¿o² b-av.) A-e± A-*-c-a-hmZ-bo²
®-X² a-Ì-gy-\o²-e-tc-Æ-¾m.’’-
“Cv c-¾m 5n-Y-ao-I-X-¿|-=w A-*-c-a-hmZ-bo² h-a-\|-bo-Ð-tÃ-
½n² ten-*-an-u\n F-èw A-I-aa-u\n F-è-a-È, hmt]-Ð-tta-\z-gm
(D-]n-In-c-5-Z-f-2o) F-èw, A-Mmr-tta-\z-gm A-*-c-a-hmZ-bm-tÐ-
Xo-cn-b A-\y-f-2o-b-tÈ-Ám ¹-Sn-tX bn-hm X-I-X ]-To-Ñn-ud tX-e
65 in-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 146ô151. C-\o-Æ-É °-è J-7o-I-I-;w
C-Xo-tÂ 305ônw u]-À e-tc-Æ-Éo-S-K-\o-Ám D-ª-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm.-
70
a-\-ôo-dn->. A-Xo² A-*-c-a-hmZ X-tÂ c-1 f-2o-tb-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-

è-¾m. A-e A-uË-i-¿o²-X-tÁ !-So-bo-co-%-Á-Xn-Wm. a-e No-d
¼-2-º-jo² (bn-hm LVII: 2) c-1 î-wn-=w c-¾m A-[o-]-Xo-Æw
(]n-Æw) F-è ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw In-Wnw... hmt]-Ð-tta-\z-gm 5-In-fo-
%-Á-Hw Xo-j-©-Á-H \-È-Hw 5-ubn-P-\-®-É-Hw B-bo 5-#-Xo-bo-
td-tÐ-Èn-®-u¾n A-Xo-tÂ î-wn-=w, A-Mmr-tta-\zgm C-ç-¾-Hw
in-\o-I-c-=-an-b-Xo-tÂ-tb-Ènw î-wn-=w B-Wm. C-ç-e-çw ]-I-êw
cn-=w-u]n-td ue±-t]-â-¿n-\n-In-¿-e-çw. ]-c-à-c-eo-ç-ª-tc-¹o-êw
½-wo-Æ-tS \o-d-\o-+o-\m A-Xy-Ðn-u]-¸o-X-ç-an-Wm.’’-
“C-Xn-Wm Cv c-1 ½-wo-f-2o-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ av-do-I-h-¹-+w.
C-e Zo-ey-X-¿|-¿o-tÂ c-1 õn-K-an-Wm. Cv a-in-a-X-Ùn-]-I-tÂ
ho-ªn-Ðw tX-Êo-ªn-c-W-Æ-tS-Æw tX-Ên-bo eyn-Jyn-\o-Ñ-Xo-tÂ-Æw
^-d-an-bo In-d-?-ua-W an-c-I-Æw È-go-%-I-Æw tN-Ó. hmt]-Ð-tta-
\z-gm, A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS ]-cyn-b-]-Z-an-bo. A-Mmr-tta-\{-gn-I-t½,
A-*-c-a-hmZ-bo²-\o-Ám H-Ê-tÃ-â-I-Æw, A-º-t\ A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS
F-Xo-cn-jo-bn-Ð-tÃ-â-I-Æ-an-Wm D-¾n-b-Xm. A-º-t\ ttZ-e-=w tN-!-
¿n-Ìw F-Á ttZ|-Xw B-eo±-õ-eo-®.’’-
C-5-In-cw uUn. in-Ko-tÂ In-G-Ãn-So² ]n-ûo-I-;-tS A-Mmrn-a-
\z h-¹-+w X-¿|-fn-Ö-¿o-td No-d I-To-\-h-a-hy-I³-Ðm D-¿-cw
\-dn-In-Ì-É 5-b-Uw an-^-an-Wm. F-Án² tt_-_o-jo-td hn-¿n-
tÂ In-cyw C-X-È. A-e-tÂ A-Òo-X|w uNn-Zyw tN-Çn-=-Á-X-È. A-Xo-
\n² ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-u\-Ðn³ \-È G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-an-Wm X-º-;-uS-
tX-Á Á-X-ç-tS A-e-In-f-en-Z-=w \n-Sy-=w \-®-Ðm a-\-ôo-dn-In-¿-
Xn-bo. ]n-ûo-I-;-tS Cv-f|-c-h-¹-+w ]-d In-cy-º-jo-êw Á-X-ç-tS
¸o-5-uIn-]o-Æw ¸o-5-h-Á-Ìw, 5-Xo-In-c-_-ª-Ì-an-b b-uin-en-
h-¹-+-u¿-Ðn³ D-¿-a-an-Wm. ®°-!-]-l-¼ ttZ|-X-h-¹-+w an-^-ua
Hcj=e-tc ]n-ûo G-I-ttZ-e-en-Z-¿o-\m A-+-ta-¹o-êw C-So-= X-½o-
%-è-=. A-â-¿ A-[yn-b-¿o² tte-Zo-I Cv-f|-c-en-Z-t¿-Ã-Êo
eo-e-co-Ðnw, b-Yn±-Q-=w I-ª-=w Ê-V-=w A-uº-b-Êw Xn-¿|o-I-
=-an-b G-uI-f|-c-en-Zw G-Xn-tW-Ám A-Xo²-\o-è en-b-\-Ðn-c-\m
r-io-Ðn° I-ko-Æw.-
71
5
-]n-ûo-a-X-=w tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w-
-
C-\o \nw \-½-tS X±-Ð-Kw-J-d-Æ-tS A-e-hn-\-Ð-Bo-bo-ud-% e-ç-

I-bn-Wm. Pmh-c-w-Ö± Ùn-]o-Ñ ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-tÂ B-cw-õw F-eo-tS
\o-Án-tW-Ám B-udn-No-%-uÄn³, \-®-Ðm H-Án-a-H u\n-uÐ-¾-Xm
P-Àmõn-g-Æw tte-Zo-I-õn-g-Æw X-Åo-td hn-Ê-fy-an-Wm. A-eo-tS-\o-Ám
B-cw-õo-Ðnw.-
-P-Àm 1-õn-g-Æw tte-Zo-I-õn-g-Æw-
-C-e X-Åo-td h-an-\-X-tb hw-_-áo-Ñm G-gyn-Êo-Im thn-tth-Êo-
Æ-tS Ùn-]-I° h± eo-dyw uPn®-hm F-?-H-Á-Xm C-Xm e-j-tc
B-L-cy-P-\-I-an-tW-Á-u^.-ô “P-Àmõn-g-Æ-tS \o-L-1-eo-tÂ ]-T-\w
\o±-F-io-Ð-ue ]-¿o² B-uln G-ukn ]-Zw I-ª-hw-Á-X-an-tW-è
I-¾m ]-l-bn-\n-In-¿ B-L-cy-®-¾n-bo. F-Ðo-u\-tl? Æ-³-Zm F-Á-
Xo-tÂ g-~o _-*-e-N-\w Æ-³n-I-am F-Á-H-u]n-êw A-Ã-So ]-I±-
¿o-bo-co-%-è.’’-2
-]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-êw hn-io-Xy-¿o-êw A-uË-i-t¿-Ðn³ A-[o-Iw
5-f-Ò-\n-b uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “A-e-Ò-Æ-tS õn-g-Æm 5n-Np-\
hw-Á-X-ta-è ]-l-Æ-Á tte-Zo-I-õn-g-Æ-an-ubn, rp-Ðm õn-g-Æm
e-o-eo-[ \n-å-õn-g-I-jn-b Aeolic, Ionic, Dorik, Attic F-Áo-e-Æ-an-bo
D-É-^-Æ-uan _-á-®-¾m. ~n-1-W-ç-tS ]-eo-^-a-Ô-º-;-tS õn-g-
Æw ]n-ûo-I-;-tS õn-g-Æw H-uc-e±-\-¿o-td c-1 h-an-\-õn-g-I-jn-Wm.
A-ubn-Wo-b±-%w uZn-co-b±-%w Cv-do-b±-%w (Ionians, Dorians, A
Eolians) rp-%-In-ç-an-bo A-â-¿- _-á-®-É-Hw A-e-tc t]n-H-ue
ui-d-\-hm F-è ]-l-bn-c-É-Hw-u]n-td ~n-1-W-çw ]n-ûo-I-;w H-ç
e±-\-¿o-tÂ c-1 õn-K-an-Wm. A-e-tc ue-Z-=w th-À-e-Ò-Æw B-cy-
1 C-Ðn-d-t¿ ]n-ûo !-ucn-io-X-în-ç-tS A-õo-5n-b-¿o² A-e-Ò A-eç-tS
ue-Z-r-×-¿o-tÂ u]-çw P-Àm ]-i²-eo õn-g-bo-td eyn-Jyn-\-=-an-Wm.
C-eo-tS A-e-Ò-Æ-tS õn-g F-uÁ A±-Yan-uÐ-2. (Cv !-Ò-I-¿o²
th-À-e-Ò F-Ám ]n-ûo-I-;-tS eo-I-ª-r-×-¿o-tÂ u]-cm F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-è.
‘P’ ‘h’ F-Áo-e uN±-Á eo-uf-g-D-Ñn-c-W-an-Wm C-Xo-Ì-É-Xm. ubn-Po-Ñ do-]o
a-d-bn-j-¿o-do-È. A-Xo-\n² th-À-e-Ó P-Àm, P-À-e-Ò F-Áoº-t\ F-?-
Xo-bo-co-%-Áo-S-t¿-Ènw ‘P-ÝmZ’ F-è-Ñ-co-Ñn² \-Ám. th-Àn-bn-êw P-Àn-bn-
êw !-k-Ã-ao-È-ô ]-co-õn-g-I°)-
2 G-gyn-Êo-Im lo-h±-Ñ-hm. II.3 Z±-a-Ó-X-ç-tS D-ª-c-Wo-ô-th-À-e-Ó-bo².
72
în±-3 F-è ]-l-Æ-è.’’-

eyn-I-c-W-t¿-Ã-Êo uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “A-e H-uc X-c-¿o-
ê-É-e A-Èn-Xo-ç-Án-êw hw-Á-X-õn-g-bo² A-+-Çn-\-ta-¹o-êw
D-É-bn³-Ðm A-Xo-t\ Xo-co-Ñ-lo-bn-\n-=w. hw-Á-X-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-e-
Ò-Æ-tS-Æw eyn-I-c-Ww H-co-S-K\o-è-V-eo-tÑ-Á-Xo-\m æ-Ê-V-an-b
tX-jo-em ey-Xy-bw F-è hw-Á-X-¿o² ]-l-Æ-Á \o-b-a-¿o-\m C-j-em
F-eo-tS-Æ-u¾n A-Xm A-e-Ò-bo-êw In-ü-è F-Á-Xn-Wm. D-Zn-i-c-
W-¿o-\m, h±-e-\n-a-¿o-tÂ-Æw hw-Ç-Æ-tS-Æw eo-õ-2o-uõ-Zw c-1
õn-g-bo-êw H-ç-u]n-td-bn-Wm. A-i-tta=C-e-\m. hw-Á-X-¿o²
A-hmtta. I-hmtta. B±-Ðm=I-hmtta=b-fnw-ô-hw-Á-Xw=ub-
gnw. C-H No-d hw-Ç-I-;-tS eo-õ-2o-bo-êw In-Wn-Ì-¾m. P-Ào-td
à° hw-Á-X-¿o-td f|° (\n-b) B-Wm.-
-Cv è-]w C-\o eo-Ò-co-tÑ-?-Xnw-ô-
- eo-õ-2o P-Àm hw-Á-Xw-
-G-I-e-N-\w -5-Y-an -àn- f|n-
“ Z|o-Xp-bn- àn-\-am f|n-\-am
“ N-H±-Yp -æ-u\- J-u\-
“ g-~p- æ-u\n -J-\x-
-_-*-e-N-\w- 5-Y-an- àn-u\n- f|n-\x-
“ g-~p -æ-\n-am J-\n-am -
C-H-u]n-td P-Ào-td ]-Y-Ìw hw-Á-X-¿o-td ]-Yo-Ìw-ô

- eo-õ-2o P-Àm hw-Á-Xw-
-G-I-e-N-\w -5-Y-an ]-\-Xn- ]-×nx-
“ J-Xp-bn -]-Yn -]-Yn-
-_-*-e-N-\w 5-Y-an- ]-Ðn-u\n- ]-×n-\x-
“ Z|p-Xo-bn ]-uYn- ]-Yx-
“ g-~p- ]-Yn-am ]-Yn-am
-(in-KmtÂ D-]-\yn-hw u]-Pm ô72)-
3 imn-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 69.-
73
A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è:-ô hw-Ç-I-jo² F-å In-c-I-=w °-è e-N-\-=w

In-ü-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám P-Àm õn-g-Æw tte-Zo-I-hw-Á-X-=w h-an-\-an-
tW-Ám tX-jo-Æ-è.’ (So. u]-Pm 68)-
-th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS A-õo-Ç-]-co-õn-g-I° F².-F-Ñm. ao-em ]n-Xo-co
]-l-Æ-Á-Xm “Rn° th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS õn-g tte-Zo-I-hw-Á-X-¿o²
]-co-õn-g-tÃ-â-¿o. A-e-Æw ue-Z-a-Ô-º-;w h-an-\-an-tW-Á-Xo²
H-åw hw-f-bw ue-¾ F-Á-Xn-Wm en-Ò-ew.’’ F-Á-u^.-
-t5n-^-h±. anOma{d±
“Ç-Po° _±-Wn-ô-tÂ #-Xo-I-jo-êw u_n-;o-tÂ I-Än-co-Êp-em rn-a-
lo-td eo-d-tÃ-½ !-lo-Ó-I-jo²-\o-èw te-jo-en-!-Á-Xm th-Ào-td eyn-
I-c-W-=w f-pn±-Q-=w a-uÊ-H C-uÐn-Ç-uln-]y° õn-g-tb-Æw-In³
A-\n-bn-hw hw-Á-X-¿o² X±-Ã-a tN-Çn° th-À-¸-c-º³-%
]-I-cw hw-Á-X-do-]o D-]-ubn-Ko-Ñn² a-Xo F-Án-Wm. ey-Xyn-hw
e-ç-Á-Xm 5-[n-\-an-Æw Dv-³n-Ð³, A-Ì-\n-ho-I-º³, eo-h±-\w
F-Áo-e-bo-dn-Wm. hw-Á-X-¿o-td h -th-Ào² i B-!w. en-%-I-
jo-êw eyn-I-c-W-eo-uf-g-X-I-jo-êw a-Êm e-S-Ð° B-cyõn-gn-!-âw-_-
º-jo²-\o-Ám hw-Á-Xw ue-lo-½m \o-ò-uÄn³ tP-Àm õn-g-Æ-an-bo e-j-
tc A-â-Ãw D-¾m. hw-Jy-I³ Î-c-e-tc an-Ê-ao-È. B-bo-c-¿o-\m h-i-
î-hw-Á-X-¿o-tÂ 5-uXy-I-X-bn-Wm. a-tÊn-ç C-uÐn Ç-uln-]y°
õn-g-bo-êw h-i-îw C-È. P-Ào-dn-I-t½ h-i-îw i-h-õ B-Wm.’’-4
-C-ç õn-g-I-;-tS-Æw hn-ayw en-b-\-Ðn±-Ðm !-ul-&-So \-Án-bo a-\-
ôo-dn-%-Á-Xo-\m H-ç ]-½o-I C-\o-tb-?-Xnw.-
1. hw-Á-X-¿o-td ‘h’ P-Ào² ‘i’ B-bo an-c-è-ô-
-hw-Á-Xw P-Àm A±-Yw-
-A-æ-c- A-*-c-* -ttZ-ew, 5n-W-Zn-Xn-em
-uhn-a- uin-a -Hv-g-[-h-hyw-
-h-Ñ- i-]-mXm G-km
-an-h- an-i -an-hw-
-uh-\- ui-\- tth-\yw-
4 Chips, Vol. I. Pp. 82-83

* 5n-W° F-Á A±-Y®-É A-æ-[n-H-eo²-\o-Ám 5n-W-t\ c-ao-Ão-%-Á
F-Á±-Q-¿o-dn-Wm A-æ-c-hw-Ç-Æ-tS 5-ubn-Kw. ]o²-Ðn-d-¿m Cv
A±-Qw u]n-bo cn-¸-h° F-Á-Xo-tÂ ]-cyn-b-an-bo. C-eo-tS-Æw Cv
Pp-eo-X-¿o²-an-^w c-ao-%-Á ]-c-udn-I-t¿-Ã-Êo Hn±-Ðn-tX F-Án-W±-
Qw. ue-Z-º-jo² Cv ]-Zw Cv-f|-c-]-cyn-b-an-bo [n-cn-jw D-]-ubn-Ko-Ño-
co-%-è.-
74
-A-êo- A-1o -Rn-\n-!-è (I am)

-h-Ðo -ti-Ðo -A-e-cn-!-è-
-A-æ- A°-*-*- Pp-e°, f|n-hw-
-eo-e-h|-Xm eo-e°-i|-Xm* ¼-cy° (H-ç u]-çw)
-2. hw-Á-X-¿o-td i- P-Ào² h (ô) B-bo-an-c-è-ô-

-,-Z-b -ô±-Z-b- ,-Z-bw-
-i-Ò- ô-Òm I-Çm
-e-cn-i- e-cn-ô- ]-Áo-
uin-Xn -uôn-Xn uin-ao-%-Á-bn³-
-io-a- ôo-a -a-¼m
-B-*-Xo -B-õ-Xo -B-*-Xo-
-ui|- ômu_- B-i|n-\w-
-_n-* -_n-õ- I-Çm
-A-io -A-ôo- h±-Ãw, Xo-î, In±-ua-Lw-
-ua-[n- a-hmZ -A-lo-em,
h±-F-Ç-\n-b ttZ-ew-
-uKn-ua-i- uKn-ua-hm uKn-°-^w-
3. hw-Á-X-¿o-td P th-Ào² h (ô) B-bo an-c-è-ô-

-P-\ -ô-\- P-\o-Ão-%-I-
-e-Ê e-î- C-So-ao-Á²-
-Po-i|- io-h|-** \n-Ðm
-A-Pn -A-ô -B-Sm
-Pn-Ì -ôn-Ì -®-½m
-b-PX b-ô-X- B-cn-[yw; an-dn-J-
* ‘h’. P-Ào² ‘i’ B-!-uÄn³ ®°-]o² No-d-uÃn³ ‘°’ uN±-è-e-çw. A-Xm

A-Ì-h|n-c-=-an-!w. A°-*, eo-e°-i|-Xm D-Zn-i-c-Ww-
** !-ul-&-So f-co-bn-b è-]w ho-i|-bn-Wm. ]-u¸, ey-Ý-\-º³ Ùn-\w an-lo.
õn-g-bo-td an-Ê-¿o² C-Xm hn-[n-c-W-bn-Wm. hw-Á-X-¿o-td N-?w P-Ào²
N±-Ð-bn-=w. e-?w Cw-up-go² I±-em B-!w. hw-Á-X-¿o-td I-fy-]°
A-Xo-td-X-tÁ ]-fy-I-\n-Wm.-
75
4. hw-Á-X-¿o-td f| P-Ào² à B-bo an-c-è-ô-

-eo-f|- eo-à- eo-f|w-ô-A-Jo-dw-
-A-f|- A-à- !-Xo-c-
-f|n-\m àn\m -\n-b-
-#-fn-f|- K-uc-g-à- H-ç cn-Pn-em (u]-cm)-
5. hw-Á-X-¿o-td f|, h| No-d-uÃn³ I| (J) B-bo an-c-è.-
-f|-I-c- Iz-æ-c -f|-J-c°-
-h|-+- I|-N -h|-+w-
-h|n-] -I-Jmen-]m -h|-+w, D-l-Ðw-
6. hw-Á-X-¿o-td P-Ào² Y B-bo an-c-è-ô-

-ao-^- ao-}Y- -hmu\-io-X°, ¼-cy°,
ttZ-ew-
-ô-X- ô-Y -tte-Zy°-
-tt^-Xn-\- tt}Y--Xn-\ -tte-Zy°-
-a-Ô- a°-}Y-- a-Ôw-
7. an-Ê-tan-èw e-cn-tX-Æw A-+w h|-an-Ê-u¿n-tS-Æw A-u\-Iw

]-Z-º³ hw-Á-¿o²-\o-Ám P-Ào² F-¿o-bo-å-¾m.-
]o-X-c- ]o-X-c- (u]-ûy° ]o-Zn±) ]o-Xn-em
(-father)
-an-X-c -an-X±-(u]-ûy° an-Z±) A-Å-
-(mother)
-ªn-Xn ~n-X±-(_o-cn-Zn±) - h-uin-Z-c°
(brother)-
-È-io-Xn È-e± (È-JmX±) - a-I³-
(daughter)
-]-I -]-I- ±-Kw-
-uKn- uKn-(Cow)- ]-I-
-D-¸°- D-¸°-(Ox)- In-j-
76
Û-c -uÙn-c (Steer)- \-bo-%-I-

-a-¸o -a-Jmgo- Cv-Ñ-
-f-c-Zm f-uc-[ -f-c-XmIn-dw-
en-X- _n-Z -In-Êm
-A-ª -A-~ -ua-Lw-
-b-e -b-e -b-ew-
-tte-Zy- tte-[y- tte-Zy°-
-E-X|o-P- c-Y|o -!-ucn-io-X°-
-\-a-hmuX- \-a-hmuX -\-a-hmuX-
-a-\-hm- a-u\n- a-\-ôm
-b-a- bo-a- (In-d°) -
cn-Pn-em
-e-ç-W- e-uc-W- e-ç-W°-
-?-^-i°- ?-^-{- C-Þ°-
-en-Æ- en-b- en-Æ-
-A-cy-a°- tF-c-a° -A-cy-an-em
-C-i -C-i- A-Äm
-c-Y- c-Y- c-Yw-
-c-uY-i -c-ttY-Ù- hn-c-Yo,
]-S-bn-jo-
-K-á±-F- K-á±-F -K-á±-F°-
-5-T- W-T -uNn-Zyw-
-A-Y±-e° A-Y±-F°- !-ucn-io-X°-
-Kn-Y- Kn-Y -]n-½m
-C-wo- C-fmXo- b-Çw-
-A-]nw-\-]n-Xm A-]nw-\-]n-Xm -ao-Á²-
-O-À-ôm * P-Àm (Zo-ey-Çn-\w) O-À-ho-ê-É
õn-g
* P-Àm F-Á ]-Zw P° F-Á [n-H-eo²-\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-tW-Ám uUn. in-Km
77
A-e-Ù-* A-e-Ò- D-l-Ñ-Xm

-C-Þ- C-Þv** -C-Þ°-
-uZ-e- ttZ-e** -ttZ-eo-I
th-À-e-Ù (P-À-e-Ù)-bo-td G-Xn-Ìw ¼-2o-I³ C-eo-tS ]-I±-

¿o A-Xo-tÂ hw-Á-X-°-d-=w F-?-H-Á-Xm, Cv õn-g-I-;-tS hn-ayw
a-\-ôo-dn-Ðn° h-in-bo-%-ta-Á-Xo-ê-]-co c-h-I-c-=w B-bo-co-%w.-
- P-Àm tte-Zo-I-hw-Á-Xw-
1. eo-à-½-¸m P-\-bo-uX eo-f|-È-c-u¸n Po-\|-Xo-
-(h±-e È-cn-Zn-Ð-;w e-[o-Ð-tÃ-â-è.)-
2. eo-à-½-¸m \-ttf-uX eo-f|- È-c-u¸n \-fy-Xo.-
-(h±-e È-cn-Zn-Ð-;w \-fo-%-è.)-
3. b-Yn in-u\n-Xo tF-gnw en-Nw. b-Zn K-uWn-Xo-
- G-Xnw en-N-am.-
-(A-e° Cv en-%-I³ uI³-%-uÄn³)-
4. X-ªm Y| t]cm-h Fcm-gm X-Xm X|n- 5-wn-E-X-am
-(A-Xm Rn° \o-uÁn-Sm f-co-ubn F-è uNn-Zo-%w)-
5. tta en-Nn A-*-c! ua e-N A-æ-c?-
-(]-l-Ç F-uÁn-Sm A-æ-cn)-
A-õo-5n-b-tÃ-â-è. C-Xm ‘Ç’=A-lo-Æ-I F-Á [n-H-eo-Ì h-a-an-Wm. O-À-hm

F-Á-Xo-tÂ X-Zmõ-e-an-Wm P-Àm F-Á an-Oma{-d-ç-tS A-õo-5n-b-an-Wm ¹-â-X²
Æ-2w. O-À-hm ue-Z-¿o-tÂ-Æw tte-Zo-I-õn-g-Æ-tS-Æw ]-cyn-b-an-W-uÈn.
A-H-u]n-td P-Ûw P-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS-Æw P-Àm õn-g-Æ-tS-Æw ]-cyn-b-an-bo F-è
I-ç-H-Á-Xn-=w ¹-â-X² D-No-Xw. A-e-Ù-Æ-tS X-Zmõ-e-an-Wm A-e-Ò
(A-te-Ò) \o±-B-bo-Ð-tÃ-â-Á-Xm, D-l-Ñ-Xm F-Á±-Qw. ue-Z-¿o-tÂ ]-cyn-
b-an-enw C-Hw.-
** Cv c-1 ]-Z-º³-%w Np-¿ F-Á±-Qw P-Ào² In-ü-è. ttZ-ew
F-Á-Xo-\m È±-uË-e-X È-cn-Zn-em F-èw C-Þ-\m A-e-Æ-tS cn-Pn-em F-è-
an-Wm P-Ào² A±-Qw. A-æ-c° cn-¸-h-\n-b-H-u]n-td Cv an-Ê-=w e-è
¹-So-b-Xn-Inw. C-Ðy-Ðn-çw ]n-ûo-I-;w X-Åo² C-S-Ðn-d-¿m h|-c-uN±-Ñ
- bo-Èn-tX e-Áo-co-Ðn-ta-èw A-Ám C-º-t\ A±-Qw I-+o-Ð-tÃ-½-Xn-In-
ta-Á eo-en-Z-]-c-an-b H-ç \o-K-a-\-=w D-¾m.-
78
6. I-Ý ô-Y ]o-Xn uIn \x P-\o-Xn ]o-Xn-

-(B-cm \-½-tS P-\-bo-Xn-em ]o-Xn-em.)-
7. A-g-iy ]vcm-ueyn E-X-hy ]vcm-ey-
-(\-î-Æ-tS H-S-Ðw)-
8. I-Ý I|-Mm Ò-c-Õ uIn-\x I-am h|-X-cnw-L-
Zn-Zm A-[|n-\nw Zn-Zm A-[|n-\-am
-(B-cm ¼-cy-tÂ-ô-\-¸-^-º-;-tS-ô-]-Yw D-¾n-Ðo)-
9. uI b an-i D-¸-Xo uIn-ubn an-hw D-¸y-Xo-

-(B-cm N-Þ-t\ ?-ªo-tÃ-â-K-è)-
10. X-Ño-Zm an-hmZ e-uf-ao Xn-Ê-Im ua-[n e-Wo.-
A-\y-Ñ-eo-È-ub- A-\y-Ñ eo-¿-ue.-
-(Rn-Ìw a-e-É-e-çw A-lo-bo-Ðn-\o-±o-%-Á-Xm a-hmZ!)-
-th-À-e-Ò-bo-td D-w-tte-Xo Kn-Y-bo²-\o-Ám D-ª-co-Ñ-e-bn-Wm Cv

]-K ¼-2o-I-;w.-
2. O-À-õ-I-;-tS hn-ayw-
-th-À-e-Ò-bo-td O-À-õ-I-;-tS c-N-\-bo² tte-Zo-I O-À-õ-I-;-tS
A-â-¿ h-an-\-X In-Wn-=-Á-Hw A-5-[n-\ In-cy-tan-è-a-È. uUn.
in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “Kn-Y-I-jo-td ?-¿-º³ u\n-Ðo-bn² ue-Z-a-Ô-º-
;-tS ]-I±-Ãn-uWn F-è hw-f-bo-®-u]n-!w.’’-5
-l-e. ao²-hm ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm, “ue-Z-a-Ô-º-;-tS O-À-õ-I-;w Kn-Y-bo-
td-Æw ]o²-Ðn-d A-e-Ò-bo-td-Æw O-À-õ-I-;w e-j-tc hn-ay-®-É-
Xn-Wm’’ F-Á-u^. hmt]-Ð-a-\z Kn-Y-bo-td D-Zn-i-c-Ww \-ío-tÐn-
¾m “e-co-bo² ]-Xo-t\n-Ám A-¸-cw ep-Xw \n-ê e-co-bo² c-No-Ño-co-
%-Á C-e ô-x-]m B-tW-è ]-l-bnw.’ F-è H-S-ç-è.-6
-D-w-tte-Xo-Kn-Y-bo² \o-tÁ-â-¿m H-Ánw õn-K-¿m tte-Zo-I hw-
Á-X-¿o-ud-% X±-Ã-a tN-Ò õn-K-t¿-Ã-Êo uUn. in-Km ]-l-Æ-
Á-Xm C-5-In-c-an-Wm: ]-Xo-t\n-Á-¸-cw ep-Xw A-Ö ]n-Z-º-jo²
c-No-Ño-co-%-Á C-Xm tte-Zo-I ô-x-Ão-u\n-Sm A-â-¿-Xn-Wm. ô-x-
Ão² ]-Xo-t\n-Á-¸-cw ep-Xw \n-ê ]n-Z-®-¾m. D-w-tte-Xo-Kn-Y-bo²
]-Xo-t\n-Á-¸-c-®-É H-ç ]n-Zw ¹-â-X-ê-t¾-uÁ-Æ-=. hmt]-Ð-a-\z
5 Haug’s Essays page, 143
6 th-À-e-Ò u]-Pm 145.-
79
Kn-Y-bo-dn-I-t½ ]-Xo-t\n-Á-¸-c-®-É \n-ê-]n-Z-ta-Á ô-x-]m I-W-

Ðm f-co-bn-Wm’’.-7
-bn-Ý 8ônw u^n-I-¿o-dn-I-t½ 24 A-¸-cw °-è ]n-Z-º-jo² Kn-
b-^p-O-À-ôo-tÂ ]-I±-Ãn-bo-½-u^ c-N-\-tb-èw A-uË-iw ]-l-Æ-è.-
-^-cmK-cmZm F-Á Kn-Y-tb-Ã-Êo uUn. in-Km ]-l-Æ-è-ô “Cv Kn-Y
5n-Np-\n-cy-în-ç-tS ep-c-O-À-ôn-b A-Ì-x-Ão-dn-Wm c-No-Ño-co-%-Á-
Xm. C-Xo-\mu^n-I-ta-èw ]-l-Æw.’’- ep-1w-ô “uin-a-b-wm A-Ì-x-Ão-
u\n-â e-j-tc A-â-¿-Xn-Wm.’’- A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è.-
“bÀ±-ue-Z-¿o² B-æ-co F-Á u]-ç-É A-u\-Iw O-À-õ-I³
In-Wnw. D-Zn-i-c-Ww-ô-Kn-b-^p B-æ-cp, D-áo-Im B-æ-cp, ]-¹mXo
B-æ-cp. Cv B-æ-c-?-¿-º³ th-À-e-Ò-bo-td Kn-Yn-hn-io-Xy-
¿o-êw D-¾m. Kn-b-^p B-æ-co-bo² ]-Xo-\-Õ-¸-c-®-¾m. C-Xm A-*-
\-tte-Xo Kn-Y-bo-êw, D-áo-Im B-æ-co (]-Xo-Án-dm A-¸-cw) ten-*-
¸-^ Kn-Y-bo² ®-?-e-Ìw ]w-2o B-æ-co (]-Xo-t\n-Á-¸-cw) D-w-
tte-Xo hmt]-Ð-a-\z Kn-Y-bo-êw 5-Á-c-an-Wm.’’--8
3. B-cy-în±-ô-c-1 a-X-Ðn±-%w t]n-H-en-b u]-cm
-C-Ám io-Û-Ð³ F-Á-lo-b-tÃ-â-Á-e-tc 5n-Np-\ In-d-¿m B-cy-în-
tc-è eo-jo-®-u]n-Áo-ç-tÁ-Ám en-b-\-Ðn-tc tX-cy-tÃ-â-u¿-¾
In-cy-ao-È. F-Án² 5n-Np-\ ]n-ûo-I³ h|-bw B-cy-în-cn-tW-Ám
]-l-à-u]n-Áo-ç-tÁ-Á In-cyw A-^ 5-ho-ª-a-È. th-À-e-Ò-bo²
]-ud-S-Kw B-cy-hw-Ç In-Wn-Ì-¾m. G-Xn-Ìw D-Zn-i-c-W-º³
F-?-Xnw:-ô-
‘B-cy-în-ç-tS a-io-a-Æm’ (ho-ucn-P-im 1.9)-
‘a-hmZ ½-wo-Ñ B-cy-în-ç-tS a-io-a-Æm’ (So. 1.25)-
‘a-hmZ ½-wo-Ñ B-cy-în-ç-tS a-io-a-Æm R-º³ uin-ao-%-è’
(So.2.9)-
‘B-cy-în-co² B-cy° eo-Èn-jo-ep-c°.’ b-fmXm 8.6
‘B-cy-uZ-fw F-º-t\ ^-d-¨-bo-~-uZ-f-an-bo? (So.8)-
‘B-cy-Pn-Xo A-Xo-uî² In-G-b±-Ão-Ð-t½.’ (So.58)-
‘A-e-tÂ tX-jo-a-Íw a-io-a-Íw uN-çw-]-So eo-jo-uI³-%w
u]n-tdn-ç i-eo-ôm Rn-\±-Ão-%w. uKn-N-c-º-;-tS A-[o-]-\n-b ao-}-Y-
\-uÈn A-e°. B-\-À-Zn-b-I-=w æ-À-c-=-an-b \o-en-h-Ùn-\w B-cy-
Pn-Xo-% 5-Zn-\w tN-Ç-Á 5-¦, ao-}Y--\-u^ A-e°.- (10 b-fmXm. 4)-
“A-*-c-a-hmZ A-ç-jo-tÑ-Ó:-ô ?-u^L-\-\m B-*-Xo-b±-Ão-Ñn²
7 Haug’s Essays Page 145.
8 in-KmtÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 252, 175,221,-ô22
80
H-co-Ð-êw H-ç f-û-uh-\ B-cy-uZ-f-t¿ A-Xo-?-ao-® I-b-c-I-bo-È.

!-~-uan, eo-g-?-¸-uan, f-û-c-Y-uan, f-û-eo-tÂ ú-¾o-b !-Ð-uan,
A-eo-tS I-b-c-I-bo-È. (_--}inw b-fmXm. 48)-
-A-Ò-Zm b-fmXmtÂ ]-Xo-t\-½nw A-[yn-bw ®-?-e° B-cy-în-ç-tS
A-]n-Z-\-º-tj en-N-Á-Xn-Wm. A-Xo-tÂ H-Ánw ¼-2w C-eo-tS-
tb-?-Xnw.-
A-*-c-a-hmZ, ào-Xn-an Pmh-c-w-Ö-ucn-Sm A-ç-jo:-ô-
-õ-¸-W-¿o-êw I-è-In-do-h-Ä-¿o-êw [-\-¿o-êw a-i¿|-¿o-
êw h-Ä-Á-an-b B-cy-Pn-Xo-tb f-û-eo-t\ u\-co-Sn° ]-cyn-Ñ-an-b
e-ªo-h-Ä-Kw ¼-ey-cn-fo-Æw tIn-â-¿m Rn° h-¸±-B-cn-Ðo-bo-co-
%-è.’-
4. Nn-H±-e±-Wyw-
-C-Á-t¿ io-Û-a-X-¿o-td ?-¿o-tI-½ Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù, io-Û-h-°-
i-¿o-tÂ eo-L-S-\-Íw }i-n-h-¿o-Ìw In-c-W-an-b õp-I-c-ey-e-Ù,
tte-Zo-I-In-d-¿m \o-d-\o-ò-I-ubn ue-Z-º³ Aw-Kp-I-co-Ð-ubn
tN-Òo-ç-Áo-tÈ-Á e-Ó-X F-Èn ]-7o-X-în-çw C-Ám Aw-Kp-I-co-%-
è-¾m. C-Á-t¿ A-]-I-S-I-c-an-b Pn-Xo-uõ-Zw D-ç-¿o-co-¼ ~n-1-
W-¸-ô-b tte-fy-J-¼-uõ-Zw ue-Z-º-jo² Xp±-Kw eo-õo-Á-an-Wm.
C-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo ‘Pn-Xo ey-e-Ù’ F-tÁn-ç !-Ò-Iw Rn° F-?-Xo-bo-å-
¾m. Á-ç-Ðo-Ã-l-¼n² 5n-Np-\ e±-B-ey-e-Ù-Æw \-ep-\-Pn-Xo-uõ-Z-
=w X-Åo² c-1 ®-Jy-In-cy-º-jo² A-Ð-c-®-¾m.-
1. 5n-Np-\ e±-B-ey-e-Ù-bo² ~n-1-W ¸-ô-b tte-fy-J-¼-
tc-Á \n-ê eo-õn-K-a-Èn-tX A-Õn-a-tXn-Áo-È. C-Ám Hn-ucn 5-[n-\
Pn-Xo-bo-êw In-ü-Á-Hw a-Ì-gy±-%-X-Åo² _-áw !-d±-¿n°
5-Xo-_-á-®-¾n-%-Á-H-an-b F-B-a-Ê D-]-Pn-Xo-I-tj-Ã-Êo ue-Z-º-jo-
udn tte-Zo-hn-io-Xy-¿o-udn 5-Xo-]n-Z-\-ao-È.-
2. tte-Zo-I-Nn-H±-e±-Wyw P-în-[o-~o-X-a-È. 5-Xz-X ubn-Ky-X-Æ-tS
\y-nbhw-K-X ho-ªn-Ð¿o-d-[o-~o-X-an-Wm. A-Y-en ~n-1-W-tÂ
ubn-Ky-X-Æ-É-bn-jo-t\ A-Xn-b-Xm ]-To-Ów h|-õn-e-I-ªo-Æw D-É
!-ucn-io-X-tÂ-ubn A-ªyn-]-I-tÂ-ubn uPn-do h|p-I-co-Ñ-bn-jo-t\
J-¼±-% ]o-l-Á-bn-jn-tW-¹o-êw ~n-1-W-\n-bo Aw-Kp-I-co-Ño-ç-è.
C-H-u]n-td tth-\o-I-?-¿o h|p-I-co-Ñn² ¸-ô-b°, #-go-Æw
en-Wo-Py-=w fo-+-I-d-Æw a-ew tXn-ko-dn-Ðo-bn² tte-fy°, C-e-bm
tÐn-èw ubn-Ky-X-bo-Èn-tX C-e-ç-tS Zn-h-?-¿o-%-an-^w tIn-Én-
=-Á-e° J-¼° F-Áo-º-t\-bn-bo-ç-è e±-B-ey-e-Ù. Cv tte-
Zo-I e±-B-ey-e-Ù C-Á-t¿ Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù-Æ-tS uZn-g-º-jo²
-\o-è Xp±-Kw ®-2-an-bo-ç-è. h± F-Ñm. ta-bm° f-co-bn-bo
81
]-l-¼-H-u]n-td “a-Ì-gy-ç-¾n-Ðo-b h-º-Zn-b-º-jo²-e-Ñm h±-Fn-

[o-Iw in-\o-I-c-=w \n-f-I-c-=w’’ B-Wm Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù. Xn-S !-d-
¿o² P-\o-Ðn° C-S e-è-u]n-b-Xo-\n² Pp-e-]-cy-Ðw \p-N-I±-
a¿o-\m H-ç-e-t\ \o-Æ-2-\n-%-Á h-º-Zn-b-a-È e±-B-ey-e-Ù.
~n-1-W-\n-bo P-\o-Ñ-H-tIn-¾m h-°-i-¿o² Ùn-\-=w D-b±-Ñ-Æw
D-l-Ãn-%-Á-X-È-Xm. ey-2o-K-X ubn-Ky-X-tb-Æw D-Xm#-w-X-tb-Æw
A-j-%-Á-Xo-\m P-\-\w H-co-Ð-êw e±-B-ey-e-Ù-bo² an-\-Z-7-a-È.
I-ko-eo-tÂ-Æw ey-2o-K-X-ubn-Ky-X-Æ-tS-Æw I±-aeo-õ-P-\w (Division
of Labour), h-i-I-c-Ww F-Áo-e-Æ-tS-Æw A-So-Ùn-\-¿o² an-^-ua
G-tXn-ç h-°-i-=w hw-¾n-c-=w D-bo-tc-â-%-I-Æw !-ucn-K-ao-%-I-Æw
tN-Òo-å-=. Pn-Xo-ey-e-Ù-Æm A-So-Ùn-\-an-tW-Ám ]v-cn-Wo-I-io-
Û-Ð³ I-ç-H-Á ue-Z-a-Ôw en-Ò-e-¿o² a-Ì-gy-f-cp-c-¿o-tÂ D-]-a
\-ío Nn-H±-e±-Wy-¿o-td 5-?-¿o-I³ 5-Xo-]n-Zo-%-Á-H an-^
-an-Wm. A-Xo-eo-tS ]-I±-¿nw:-ô-
-~n-1-uWnhy ®-J-an-hp-Zm _n-+ cn-P-\yx #-Xx-
-Dv-è-X-Z-hy-b-ttZ|-fyx-]-Zmõyn J-u¼n A-Pn-b-X.-
‘~n-1-W° A-e-tÂ (a-Ì-gy-e±-\-ta-Á f-cp-c-¿o-tÂ) X-d-Æw
¸-ô-b± ttI-I-;w tte-fy± H-S-e-tc-Æ-É f-cp-c-=w, J-¼± ]n-Z-
º-;-an-!-è.’-9
-C-uX \n-dw-K-e±-B-ey-e-Ù th-À-e-Ù-bo-êw In-Wnw. uUn.
in-Km F-?-H-è:-ô io-Û-Ð-;-an-bo e-j-tc A-â-Ã-®-É ]n-ûo-I-;-tS
th-À-e-Ò-bo² \n-ê- e±-B-º-tj-Ã-Êo à-w-ua ]-l-¼o-å-¾m. ue-tl
u]-co-dn-tW-uÁ-Æ-=. 1. A-Y-}-e°-ô-!-ucn-io-X° (hw-Á-Xw-ô-A-Y±-
ew) 2. c-uY-$±-ô-]-S-bn-jo 3. e-hmu^yn-^mgy-hmô-#-go-Ðn-c°. 4. i{-
X-hm (]-i²-eo õn-g-bo² +-uXn-¸m.) tXn-ko-dn-jo10 (b-Ý. 19ô17,
te-cmtX±-Pm)-
t5n. tU±-a-hmuX± th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS X±-Ã-a-bo² 5-Òn-eo-
%-è. “A-Xo² (Zo°-Io±-Xo²) \nw In-ü-Á \n-ê e±-B-º-;-tS
e±-B-\ õn-c-X-e±-¿o-td ~n-1-W-ç-tS !-Ò-I-º-jo-td e±-uBn-
Xm]-¿o-eo-g-b-t¿ B-L-cy-I-c-anw-e-Bw Hn±-Åo-Ão-%-Á-Xn-I-
bn² A-eo-tS-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-tW-Ám \o-ôw-f-bw ]-l-bnw.’
(th-À-e-Ò. 1.33)-
-th-À-e-Ò-bo-td uNn-uZyn-¿-c-º-jo²-\o-tÁn-ç õn-Kw 5-an-W-
an-bo D-ª-co-Ðnw:-ô-
9 ~n-1-W± ®-J-K-\o-èw ¸-ô-b° ttI-I-jo²-\o-èw D-¾n-tb-è-É
]v-cn-Wo-I-õn-gyw tX-ew 5-I-c-uWn-No-X-a-Èn-¿-Hw B-Wm.-
10 C-Xm ¼-X± F-Á-Xo-tÂ X-Zmõ-e-an-bo-co-Ðnw. (Tr)
82
-uNn-Zyw: a-Ì-gy-ç-tS G-H eo-õn-K-=-an-bo?-

-D-¿-cw: !-ucn-io-X°, c-Yn-ucn-io (]-S-\n-b-I°) eo-[o-Ð±-Fw
¨-ao-Æ-?-Á-e-Ìw, fo-+o-Æw, F-Áp ]-Z-eo-I³ õ-c-Wn-[o-]±-Ðm [-ªo-
Ðn° ubn-Ky-an-Wm. C-e h-°-i-¿o-tÂ \o±-Bn-b-I-an-b 5-?-¿o-I-
tj [n±-Åo-I-an-bo e±-ªo-Ão-Ñm eyn-]-co-Ão-%-è.’ (th-À-e-Ò 1.33)-
-]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-tÂ !-Xo-b !-Ò-I-º-jo-êw Cv Nn-H±-e±-Wy-¿o-
tÂ e±-B-\ In-Wnw. ]o²-Ðn-d-¿m u]-ç-I³-Ðm ey-Xyn-hw e-Áo-
å-¾m. D-Zn-i-c-W-¿o-\m, ‘\n-an ao-in-_n-Zm’ F-Á !-Ò-I-¿o² F-?-
Xo-bo-c-%-è-ô ‘Hn B-_n-Zm!’ Cv-f|-uc-± B-_n-Zo-I-;-tS [±-a-¿o-Ì
eo-ç-ª-a-È. uin-co-Òn-cn°, Î-co-Òn-cn°, uhn-co-Òn-cn°, ucn-Po-
Òn-cn° F-Áp \n-ê e±-B-º-jo² B-cm Cv an±-\-¿o-ë-tS N-co-%-
è-uen A-e-\m h|±-\w Io-åw.’ ]n-ûo-I-;-tS Xn-c-X-uay-\ \-ep-\-\n-b
D-W±-= Io-½o-b r-×-I±-¿n-em hn-hn° A-Õn-a° C-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo
C-º-t\ ]-l-Æ-è. ‘tin-co-Òn-cn° ]-i²-eo-bo² A-Y±-e-\n-Wm.
A-bn³ a-X-hw-c-¸-I-Ìw, a-X-u]n-g-I-Ìw, a-X-ho-ªn-Ð \o±-B-b-
Ðn-c-Ì-an-Wm. ¹-Sn-tX t]n-H-õ-c-W-h-in-bo-Æw. Î-co-Òn-cn° c-uY-
$-c-\n-Wm. A-e± cn-Pn-Ð-în-çw ]-S-bn-jo-I-;w cn-Py-õn-cw \o±-F-
io-%-Á-e-ç-an-Wm. uhn-co-Òn-cn° uh-e-I-cn-Wm. ucn-Po-Òn-cn°
e-Wo-%-I-;w a-e- tXn-ko-ê-I³ u\n-%-Á-e-ç-an-Wm. C-Xo-Ì-]-co a-Ì-
gy-e±-\-ao-È. Cv \n-do² F-Èn e±-\-=w A-S-©-è.’-
-ue-Z-¿o-td Nn-H±-e±-Wy ey-e-Ù-tb-Ã-Êo A-lo-bn-=-Á B±-
%w ]n-ûo-r-×¿o² A-H e-Á-Xm ue-Z-¿o²-\o-Án-uWn F-Á
hw-f-b-ua D-¾n-=-I-bo-È. tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-td Z|o-P-e±-\-º³
A-Wo-Æw-u]n-td ]n-ûo-I-;w !-fmXo F-è ]-l-Æ-Á b-uÇn-]-
ep-Xw [-co-%-è F-Á-lo-Æ-Á-Xm c-h-I-c-an-bo-co-%w. te-Ào-Zn-Zo²-\o-
tÁn-ç õn-Kw u\n-%-I:-ô-
‘Pmæ-c-w-Ö± A-*-c-a-hmZ-ubn-â uNn-Zo-®:-ô-
-A-*-c-a-hmZn! G-X-]-cn-[-an-Wm H-ç-e-t\ a-c-W-fo-¸-Æm A±-i-\n-
%-Á-Xm?’ A-*-c-a-hmZ ]-l-à:-ô A-[-a-[±-a-w 5-N-co-Ão-%-Á-Xm. ào-
Xn-an-Pmh-c-w-Ön! °-è e-h-Ð-º-jo² !-fmXo A-Wo-bn-¿-Xm, Kn-Y
]n-cn-b-Ww tN-Çn-¿-Xm, ]-eo-^ P-d-t¿ en-Mn-¿-Xm H-S-ºo-b-e’.
(te-Ào-Zn-Zm, ^-K-Zm 18)
tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o² b-uÇn-]-ep-Xw (Ð-0²) A-Wo-Æ-Á-Xm
F-½nw e-b-õ ®-X²-Ðn-Wm. ]n-ûo-I³ G-knw e-b-ôo-êw.-
5. Cv-f|-c°-
-]n-ûo-a-X-=w tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w \-î-Á Cv-f|-c-hw-_-áo-bn-b fo-¸-
W-º-jo-td h-an-\-X In-Wo-%w-®°-]m ue-Z-¿o-td Cv-f|-c- ho-ªn-
83
Ð-t¿-Ã-Êo 5-N-co-Ño-å-É No-d ª-a-º³ É-cp-I-co-uÐ-¾-Xm B-e-fy-

I-an-tW-Ám A-lo-bnw.-
-_-*-uZ-uen-]n-h-\, e-Ó-Ð-P, 5-#-Xo-Ð-P H-S-ºo-b-e-bn-Wm
ue-Z-º-jo-ê-É-tX-Ám !-Êw ]-l-bn-c-¾m. Cv !-Ên-ucn-]-Ww Xp±-
Kw \yn-b-eo-ç-ª-an-Wm. C-º-t\ hw-õ-eo-Ðn° In-c-Ww, A-lo
C-Þ° ao-^° e-ç-W° H-S-ºo-b ]-Z-º-;-tS c-¾±-Qw ¹-½o-%-k-Ñ-
Xn-Wm. tte-Zo-hw-Ç-I-;-tS \o±-e-N-\-¿o-\m A-e-Æ-tS bv-Ko-In±-
Qw F-â-Ð-W-ta-Á æ-\o-Lo-X-=w 5-[n-\-=-an-b ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-tÂ
a-io-a A-eo-ê-c-Wp-b-an-Wm. A-Xo-\n² tte-Zo-hw-Ç-I³-tÐ-Ènw
c-u¾n A-Xo-d-[o-I-uan A±-Yw ao-Ð-en-cw D-¾n-bo-co-%w. D-Zn-i-c
-W-¿o-\m ‘C-Zo tF-f|-ucy’ F-Á [n-H-eo-tÂ ubn-K-¿n² D-¾n-
!-Á C-Þ-hw-Ç-Æm °-tÁ-¹o-êw bv-Ko-In±-Yw e-çw. a-in-5-In-
f-¿o-Ì-S-a F-Á±-Y¿o² ¼-cy°, ¨-ao-bo-td tF-f|-cy-º-;-tS
A-[o-]° F-Á±-Y-¿o² FÁ±Y¿o² cnPn=m, AXpÞob
aioaÍSbe° FÁ±Y¿o² Cv-f|-c° F-Áo-e-bn-Wm B
°-Á±-Yw. h|n-ao-Z-bn-\-À-tÂ h-Xyn±-Q-5-In-fw H-Ánw h-®-Èn-h
-¿o² C-Xo-tÂ eo-f-Z-eyn-Jyn-\w D-¾m. A-eo-tS A-u\-Iw hw-Ç
-I-;-tS bv-Ko-In±-Yw tIn-â-¿m, D-]n-h-\n-5-I-c-W-¿o² C-e-
tb-Ènw G-I-Ìw h±-e-f-2-Ì-an-b Cv-f|-c-tÂ \n-a-º-jn-tW-Ám
hw-f-b-c-io-X-an-bo h-a±-Yo-Ño-å-¾m. C-eo-tS A-Xo²-\o-Ám G-Xn-
Ìw D-Zn-i-c-W-º³ ]-I±-¿nw.-
1. C-Þx (C-Zo [n-H tF-f|-cy-ta-Á±-Y-¿o²)
1. ¼-cy° 2. cn-Pn-em. 3. h±-uef|-c°.-
2. ao-^x (ao-Zm[nH hmu\-i-]-c-ta-Á±-Y-¿o²)-
1. ¼-cy° 2. hmu\-io-X° 3. F-Èn-e±-%w
ao-^-an-b Cv-f|-c°.-
3. e-c-Wx (?-Rm[n-H e-co-%-I F-Á±-Y-¿o²)
1. B-In-fw 2. a-in-Ìw D-¿-a-Ì-an-b
Cv-f|-c°.-
4. A-lox (A-Ö F-Á [n-H K-Xo, Ð-P-\w Cv-b±-Yº-jo²)
1. ue-Kw K-ao-%-Á 2. h±-F-eyn-]o-Æw
Xp A-Y-en ú-Sm hw-Ð-Py-Ì-an-b
Cv-f|-c°.-
5. en-Æx (en [n-H K-Xo K-á-\w F-Á±-Y-º-jo²)
1. In-Êm 2. f-2-\n-b ttZ-ew.-
84
6. N-Þx (No-Zo [n-H B-8n-Zn±--Y-¿o²)-

1. In-ü-uÄn³ B-8n-Zw 2. h±-e-æ-J-Zn-Xn-en-b
X-ç-Á N-Þ° Cv-f|-c°.
7. b-ax (b-am[n-H, õ-co-%-I \o-b-Ôo-%-I ®-X-dn-b A±-Y-º-jo²)-
1. cn-Pn-em 2. h±-e-]n-d-I-\n-b Î-f|-c°-
8. In-dx (I-dm [n-H F-C-I F-Á±-Y-¿o²)-
1. In-dw 2.- F-Èn-e-tc-Æw ]-co-K-Wo-%-Á Cv-f|-c°.-
9. b-Çx (b-Pm [n-H uZ-e-Ð-P, h-i-I-c-Ww, Zn-\w F-Áp
A±-Yº-jo²)
1. b-Ç-?o-b 2. ½-wo-b-Ç-I±-¿n-en-b Cv-f|-c°.-
10. ç-¼x (ç-Zo-cm [n-H I-Bp-tcn-?-Ð² F-Á±-Y-¿o²)
1. È-w-Z-a-\w tN-å-Á cn-Pn-em 2. È-w-în±-% fo-¸
\-î-Á Cv-f|-c°.-
-Cv-f|-c-]-cyn-b-an-Æ-]-ubn-Ko-%-Á a-e hw-Ç-I-;w ue-Z-º-jo²
D-¾m. B-¿-\o-I-io-Û-a-X-¿o-td eo-r-in-cn-[-\, !-cn-W-I-Y-I³
®-X-dn-b-e-bo² B-#-w-No-¿-cn-b Ç-uln-]y° ]-7o-X-în± C-e-
tb-Ènw te-uF-tl ttZ-e-º-jn-tW-Ám A-õo-5n-b-tÃ-â-è. 5-ho-ª
hw-Ç-I-jn-b ~-1n-ô-eo-â-ô-fo-e-în± D-Zn-i-c-Ww. C-e-Æm ô-°±-
¿o-I-;-tS Ùn-\-an-Wm !-cn-W-º-jo-ê-É-Xm. C-¿-cw h-¹-+-º³
ue-Z-º³-Ðm A-\y-an-tW-Ám eo-Ç-cn-b en-b-\-Ðn-tc tX-cy-tÃ-â-
u¿-¾-Xo-È. ai±go Z-bn-À-h-c-h|-Xo A-e-tb C-º-t\ eyn-Jyn-
\o-%-è.-
-~-1-ô-(g-io-[n-H-?-ªo F-Á±-Y¿o²) a-i-¿n-b
]-c-an-Zn-em.-
-eo-âx-ô-(eo-gmì [n-H eyn-Ño F-Á±Y¿o²) h±-e-eyn-]o-bn-b
Cv-f|-c°.-
-fo-ex-ô-(fo-em [n-H aw-K-jw F-Á±-Y¿o²) h±-e-aw-K-j-5-Z-\n-b
Cv-f|-c°.-
-f-¹-cw-ô aw-K-jw tN-å-Á-e-t\-Á±-Yw-
-a-in-uZ-ex-ô-G-Ê-=w e-do-b uZ-e° F-Á±Yw-
-K-uW-fx-ô-K-W-º-;-tS Cv-f|-c° F-Á±-Yw-
-Cv hw-Ç-I-tj-Ènw H-uc Cv-f|-c-tÂ ]-cyn-b-]-Z-º-jn-tW-Á-
Xo-\m ue-Z-º-jo² tX-jo-=-¾m. H-ç E-uK|-Zp-b a-Ôw:-ô-
85
-C-Þw ao-^w e-ç-W-a-lo-an-*-c-uYn Zo-eyx h

æ-]-cm-uWn K-ç-Zn°-
G-Iw h-Z|o-5n _-*-[n e-Z-Ðy-low-b-aw
an-X-co- -f|n-\-an-*x-
‘B ]-c-a-f-2° F-Èn-e-ç-tS-Æw hw-c-¸-I-Ìw, A-Ð±-eyn-]o-Æw
eo-j-©-Á-e-Æm eo-j-Ðw \-î-Á-e-Ì-an-Wm. A-e-t\ C-Þ°, ao-^°,
e-ç-W°, A-lo F-tÁ-Ènw eo-jo-%-è. H-è F-¹o-êw A-lo-=-É-e±
A-e-t\ A-lo, b-a°, an-X-co-f|° H-S-ºo-b \n-a-º-jn² en-N-è.’
(10.146.46)-
-A-uX ue-Z-¿o-tdn-co-S-¿m (10.114.5) C-5-In-cw In-ü-è-ô
æ-]cm-Ww eo-5n I-e-ubn e-uNnõo-uc-Iw
h-Ðw _-*-[n I-+-b-Ðo-
‘eo-Z|n-în-çw e-ªo-an-în-çw G-I-\n-b Cv-f|-c-t\ ]-d è-]-¿o-êw
õn-e-¿o-êw e±-Bo-%-è.’
-b-À±-ue-Z-¿o² C-º-t\ In-Wnw:-ô (33.1)-
-X-uZ-en-lo-Ò-Zn-Zo-Xy-Ò-È en-Æ-Ò-È N-Þ-anx-
-X-uZ-e- I-?w X-Zm~-1 Xn B-]x h -5-Pn-]-Xox-
-A-e° A-lo-bn-Wm, A-e° B-Zo-Xy-\n-Wm, A-e° en-Æ-en-Wm,
A-e° N-Þ-\n-Wm. A-e° I-?-\n-Wm (î-wn-em), A-e° ~-1-
an-Wm, A-e° B-]x (h±-e-eyn-]o) bn-!-è. A-e° 5-Pn-]-Xo-Æw.-
-ue-Z-_n-iy-an-b tX-jo-=-I-;w C-Xo-Ì-¾m. ttI-e-udyn-]-\o-g-¿o²,-
-h-~-1n h-eo-âx h-ç-¼x h-fo-ex uhn-¸-cx-
-h ]-c-a-h|-cn-Sm, h-C-Þx h In-dn-lox h-N-Þ-anwx-
-~-1-Ìw, eo-â-=w, ç-¼-Ìw fo-e-Ìw A-¸-c-=w ]-c-an-[o-]-Xo-Æw,
C-Þ-Ìw In-dn-lo-Æw N-Þ-Ìw A-e-\-u^’ F-è ]-l-Æ-è.-
-a-Ì-í-Xo-bo-dn-I-t½, (12.122.23)-
5-fn-ho-Xn-cw h-cmue-gn-a-Wp-bw h-a-uWn-c-]o
ç-<n-õw h|-+[p-K-ayw eo-Zyn-¿w !-ç-gw ]-c-am
-G-X-a-lo e-Z-uÐy-uI a-Ì-a-u\y 5-Pn-]-Xo-am
-C-Þ-ua-uI-]-uc 5n-W-a-]-uc ~-1-fn-f|-X-am.-
‘-F-Èn-e-ç-tS-Æw fn-h-I-Ìw, ¼-Kn-Xo-¼-K-=w 5-In-f-Æ-2-Ìw,
[yn-\w-tIn-1-an-^w 5n-]o-Ðn-=-Á-Hw B-b Cv-f|-c-t\ a-Ì-gy±
A-lo-b-Ww. No-d-c-Xo-t\ A-lo (Ð-P-\p-b°) a-Ì (a-\-h|o) 5-Pn-]-Xo
(h±-e-P-\n-[o-]-Xo) F-tÁ-Ènw ]-l-Æ-uÄn³ No-d± C-Þ° (tF-f|-
cy-en°) 5n-W° (Pp-e-\-°-dw) F-èw No-d± h-\n-X-\-~-1w
86
F-èw ]-l-Æ-è.’-
-uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æw A-Xo²-\o-è-¾n-b uZ-e-X F-Á hw-Ç-Æ
-an-Wm en-Ò-e-¿o² Cv h-uÀ-i-º³-Ðm C-Sw tIn-â-¿-tX-Á-
Xo² hw-f-b-ua C-È. a-i±-go Z-bn-\-À h-c-h|-Xo uZ-e-fp - -¿o-
tÂ f-cob-n-b A±-Yw te-jo-en-%-I e-ko t]n-H-[n-c-W-bo² eo-8-
e-I-c-an-b an-Êw e-ç-¿o.- Cv ]-Zw ‘ttZ-ew’ F-è te-c-uX-b-ºm
X±P-a tN-å-Á h-º-Zn-b-an-Wm Ç-uln-Ó-In-co² D-¾n-bo-ç-Á-Xm.
ue-Z-º-jo-td uZ-e-f-p-¿o-\m ttZ-e-ta-Ám A±-Yw tIn-â-%-I-e-ko,
ue-Z-º³ A-u\-I-ttZ-e-Ð-P ]-To-Ão-%-tÁ-Ám A-e±-% ho-ªn-Ðo-
Ðn° I-ko-à. hw-Á-X-hn-io-Xy-ua-J-d-bo², a-tÊn-ç ]-Z-¿o-tÂ-
Æw A-_-ª-X±-P-a C-^-b-[o-Iw tX-Êo-ªn-c-W-Æm, C-S \-î-I-ubn Cv
5n-Np-\ [±-a-¿o-tÂ In-X-do-t\ I-S-Án-?-ao-Ð-ubn tN-Òo-½o-È.-
5-In-fo-%-I F-Á±-Q-®-É Zo-em 11[n-H-eo²-\o-Án-Wm uZ-e-f-pw
D-¾n-!-Á-Xm. A-Xo-\n² Xo-j-ºo eo-j-©-Á e-Ó-te-Ènw uZ-e
-\n-Wm. Kv-W-=w è-Vo-Æ-an-b A±-Y¿o² Zo-ey-Y-W-º-;-É-e-Íw
uZ-e-hw-Çe-çw, A-Xo-\n² ¼-cy°, N-Þ°, a-e 5n-#-Xo-I-f-2o-
I³, A-lo, en-Æ, ®-X-dn-b-e-bmtÐ-Ènw Cv ]-Zw uN-çw. b-À±-
ue-Z-¿o² ]-l-Æ-è:-
-A-lo-cmuZ-e-Xn en-uXn-uZ-e-Xn ¼-ucyn uZ-e-Xn N-Þ-an uZ-e-Xn
e-h-uen uZ-e-Xn ç-¼n-uZ-e-Xn- Zo-XynuZ-e-Xn a-ç-uXn uZ-e-Xn
eo-uf|-uZ-en-uZ-e-Xn g-i-à-Xo-cm uZ-e-uX-uÞnuZ-e-Xn e-ç-uWn
uZ-e-Xn. (14.20)-
-tte-Zo-I eo-g-b-º-jo² 5-ep-W-\n-b t5n.-an-Oma{-d-ç-tS Xn-c-X-
uay-\ \-ep-\-#-Xo-bn-Wm ‘C-Ðy-Í \-tÅ F-Ñ ]-To-Ão-Ðn° I-ko-
Æw?’ C-Xo² a-i±-go Z-bn-\-À-tÂ h|n-[p-\w e-j-tc tX-jo-à
-In-Wnw. A-uË-iw F-?-H-è-: uZ-e-f-p-¿o-\m ttZ-e-ta-Án-Wm \o-L-
1-Ð-jo² A±-Yta-¹o-êw F-Èn-bmuÃn-?w A-º-t\-X-tÁ X±-P-a
tN-Òn² A-Xm X±-P-a-bn-=-I-bo-È: tte-Zo-I-I-eo-I-;-tS B-f-b-
º³-Ðm è-]n-Ð-cw-e-ç-¿-ud B->. uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æm 5-In-f-®-É-
tX-Án-Wm av-do-In±--Yw. a-tÊn-è-a-È. 5-In-fo-%-Á-tX-Á A±-Y
¿o² B-In-fw, \-¸-^-º³, ¼-cy°, D-g-ôm, Zo-\w, e-h-Ðw,
\-Zo, #-Yo-eo H-S-ºo-b eo-eo-[n±-Q-º-jo² \o-c-Ð-cw 5-Æ-2-an-bo-
ç-Áo-å-¾m. C-e-tb-Ènw H-Ê-uÃ-co² ]-l-b-W-ta-è e-Á-uÃn³ I-eo
H-ç t]n-H-hw-Ç D-]-ubn-Ko-® A-Xn-Wm, uZ-e-hw--Ç. A-uË-iw
11 -Zo-em [n-H-eo-tÂ A-Xo-hn-an-\yn±-Qw Xo-j-©-I F-Án-Wm. F-Án² ]-¿m
A±-Y¿o-td-¹o-êw C-H 5-ubn-Ko-Ðnw. ]n-Wo-\o ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm, ?p-U, eo-Po
-Kp-g, ey-e-in-cw, Ó-Xo,-uan-Zw, a-Zw, h|-+w, In-Ðo, K-Xo, 5n-Ño F-Áp A±-
Yº-jo² Zo-em [n-H 5-ubn-Ko-Ðn-ta-Án-Wm.-
87
H-S-ç-è-: ‘5n-Np-\ [n±-ao-I-Kn-Y-I-jo² uZ-e-I-tj-è \nw ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm

en-Ò-e-¿o² Pp-eo-Ño-ç-Á ey-2o-I-j-È. A-e± A-º-t\ B-boç-è,
C-º-t\ B-bo-ç-è F-tÁ-Ènw ]-l-Æ-Á-Hw f-co-b-È. Cv-f|-c°
F-Ám uZ-e-hw-Ç X±-P-a tN-Ò-Xm te-cw Y-W-en-No-bn-bo-½n-Wm.
A-Xm A-Ð-co-¸-¿o-êw #-Yo-eo-bo-êw ¼-cy-\o-êw \-¸-^-º-jo-êw
D-g-ôo-êw h-®-¼-¿o-êw h-an-\-an-b 5-In-f-ta-Á Y-W-t¿ 5-I-S-
an-%-è.- 12
-5n-Np-\ E-go-an± uZ-e-X-tb-è õv-Xo-I-]-Zn±-Q-º-tj eo-jo-
Ñ-H \o-ao-¿w \-®-Ð-e-tc A-u\-uI-f|-c-en-Zo-I-tj-uÁn 5-#-Xo-
Ð-P-I-tc-uÁn eo-jo-Ðn-\n-=-I-bo-È. A-º-t\-bn-tW-¹o² 5-In-fo-
%-Á ¼-cy-N-Þn-Zo-I³, Xo-j-©-Á B-In-fw, Xo-j-Ð-an±-Á eo-P-bw
F-tÁ-Ènw ]-l-Æ-Á-e-tc-Æw A-5-In-cw eo-jo-uÐ-¾o-e-çw.-
\o-L-1-=w \o-ç-2-=w c-No-Ñ bn-¾-®-\o-bn-Wm ue-Z-t¿ hw-
_-áo-Ño-S-u¿n-jw A-uº-b-Êw 5n-an-Wo-I°. A-uË-iw uZ-e-hw-
Ç-Æm !-ul-&-So eyn-]-I-an-b A±--Yw \-î-è-¾m. uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æ-tS
\o-ç-2o A-uË-iw \-î-Á-Xm C-5-In-c-an-Wmô-
-uZ-uenZn-\n-Z|n Zp-]-\n-Z|n uZyn-X-\n-Z|n-Zz-Ùn-u\n õ-e-Xo. (\o-ç-
2w. 7.16) \-®-Ðm F-tÐ-¹o-êw \-î-Á-Xm, e-Ó-Ð-tj 5-In-fo-Ão-%-
Á-Xm, 5-In-fw ]-I-ç-Á-Xm, A-tÈ-¹o² 5-In-f-¿o-tÂ °-d-uîn-X-
ôn-bo-co-%-Á-Xm uZ-e-\n-!-è.’-
-C-º-t\ uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æm A-u\-In±-Q-º-;-É-e-bo² No-d eo-uf-
gn±-Q-º³ C-eo-tS !-lo-Ðnw.-
1. an-Xn-]o-Xn-Ð³ \-®-Ðm A-j-e-Ê 5-ubn-P-\w tN-Ç-Á-e-cn-I-bn²
A-e± ‘uZ-e’-în-cn-Wm. ttX-¿o-cp-ubn-]-\o-g-¿o² A-Å, A-±°,
Y-ç F-Áo-e±-Ðm uZ-e-hw-Ç \-ío-bo-å-¾m:-ô an-J-uZ-uen õ-e, ]o-J-
uZ-uen õ-e, B-Nn-cy-uZ-uen õ-e (ttX. D. 11)-
2. eo-Z|n-în±-%w uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æ-¾m. f-X-]-Y-~n-1-W-¿o²
eo-Z|nw-uhn-io-uZ-en-ô-eo-Z|n-în± X-tÁ uZ-e-în± F-è In-Wnw.-
3. õv-Xo-I P-K-¿o-tÂ Çn-\w ]-I±-è-X-ç-Á C-Þo-b-º-;w uZ-e-
I-jn-Wm. b-À±-ue-Z-¿o² A-u\-P-uZ-Iw a-\-uhn-P-ep-ubn tt\-\-
uË-en B-,-e° ÐcmeacmgXm ô-ttZ-ew H-uÁ-Æ-=. A-Xm A-\-©-
Áo-È. F-Án-êw a-\-ôo-u\-Ðn³ ue-K-an±-Á-Xn-Wm. C-Þo-b-º-jo²
A-H e±-¿o-%-tÁ-¹o-êw A-e-bn² 5n-Ñ-an-!-Á-X-È.’ (40.4) F-è
In-Wnw.-
-®-7-uIn-]-\o-g-¿o² (2.8) ‘Cv-f|-c-t\ I-Bn² r-io-Ðn-u\n
12 India What can it Teach Us by Prof: Max Muller page. 218, So. page 159-160
88
en-Ðn²-]-l-bn-u\n. a-e uZ-e (C-Þo-b-º³) I³-Ðm 5n-]o-Ðn-u\n

I-ko-Æ-I-bo-È, X-]-ôn-udn I±-a¿n-udn 5n-]o-Ðn-\n-=-I-bo-È,
eo-I-ª-õn-e-u¿n-tS [yn-\o-Ñn² Çn-\-¿o-tÂ fn-Ð-uPyn-Xo-
ôo-\n² A-Xo-t\ Z±-fo-Ðn-\n-=w’ F-è In-Wnw.-
4. Hn-ucn ue-Z-a-Ô-¿o-Ìw Hn-ucn uZ-e-X-Æ-¾m. B a-Ô-¿o² B
uZ-e-X-Æ-tS Ó-Xo-bn-tW-Ám ]n-Ln-Xy hw-Á-X-Ç± ]-l-Æ-è. B
a-Ô-¿o-tÂ E-go B uZ-e-X-tb D-]n-ho-Ño-ç-è F-èw A-º-t\
A-u\-uI-f|-c-în-tc Ð-Po-%-Á-e-cn-Wm E-go-an-tc-èw ]-l-Æ-è.
C-Xo² H-ç I-k-Ù-ao-È. bn-¾-®-\o ]-l-Æ-è-ô-
‘a-Ô-¿o-tÂ uZ-e-X-Æm B a-Ô-¿o-td eo-g-bw F-Á±-Q-ta-â-
Ð-Ww.’ (\o-ç-2w 7.1) \nw ®°-]m D-ª-co-Ñ ‘C-Ðy-Æm \-tÅ F-Ñ
]-To-Ão-Ðn° I-ko-Æw’ F-Á !-Ò-I-¿o² t5n-^. an-Oma{-d± C-Xw-
Kp-I-co-%-è-¾m. A-uË-iw F-?-H-è.-
‘ue-Z-a-Ô-º-jo² eo-e-co-%-Á-e-tb \nw uZ-e-t\-uÁn uZ-eo-tb-
uÁn eo-jo-Ñn² \n-tan-ç 5n-Np-\ õn-c-Xp-b [±-a-Ç-tÂ ‘a-Ô-
¿o² \o±-e-No-%-Á eo-g-b-a-Èn-tX a-tÊn-è-a-È uZ-e-X’ F-Á
A-õo-5n-bw-¹-So Hn±-K-tIn-É-Ww, u]-Pm (147)-
5. Cv-f|-c ]-cyn-b-=-an-Wm uZ-e-hw-Ç. h-a-Ò e-Ó-Ð-;-tS-Æw
5-In-f-I-Ìw, h-a-Ò 5-In-f-¿o-tÂ-Æw Çn-\-¿o-tÂ-Æw °-d-uîn-
X-õw, \nw udn-I-K-]-uõn-Kw tN-å-Á h-a-Ò-e-Ó-Ð-;-tS-Æw Zn-Xn-
=w B-W-uÈn Cv-f|-c°. F-Án² F-Èn-bmuÃn-?w Cv-f|-c° F-Án-
bo-co-%-I-bo-È uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æm A±--Yw. A-Xm e-Ó-hw-Ç-b-È.
Y-W-hw-Ç-bn-Wm. 5-ubn-P-\w \-î-I, 5-In-fo-%-I, 5-In-fo-Ão-
%-I, ®-X-dn-b A±--Yw ubn-Po-%-Áo-S-t¿-Ènw uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æw
ubn-Po-%w.-
-¼-cy°, N-Þ°, B-In-fw, I-S² ®-X-dn-b-e-Æm 5n-Np-\ B-cy-în±
uZ-e-hw-Ç \-ío-bo-ç-Á-Xo-Á±-Qw A-e-tb Cv-f|-c-în-cn-bo I-ç-
Xo-uÃn-tÁ-uÁn B-cn-[o-Ño-ç-tÁ-uÁn A-tÈ-Ám en-b-\-Ðn± u_n-
[o-® In-ü-ta-è I-ç-H-è. C-e-tb-Æw ttZ-e-t¿-Æw uZ-e-t\-è
eo-jo-Ño-ç-tÁ-¹o-êw Ð-P-\p-b° Cv-f|-c° an-^-an-tW-Ám \o±-B-bo-
Ño-ç-è. b-À±-ue-Z-¿o² à-w-an-bo ]-l-Æ-è-ô-(31.8)- 13
-ue-Zn-i-ua-Xw !-ç-gw a-in-Ð-an-Zo-Xy-e-cmWw X-a-hx ]-c-Òn-Xm
-X-ua-e-eo-Zo-X|n-Xo-±-Xz-ua-Xo \n-\yx- ]-×n- eo-Zy-uXb-\n-b-ô-
-Ð±-B-5-In-f-h|-è-]-Ìw A-á-In-c-¿o-\-Xp-X-Ì-an-b B ]-c-an-
Zn-eo-t\ A-lo-Ç. A-Xo-t\ A-lo-¼n-ud a-in-±-Xz-eo-t\ A-Xo-Pp-
13 -ue-Z-]-cy-S-\w. uZ-e-Xn-eo-g-bw F-Á A-ªyn-bw.-
89
eo-Ðn° I-ko-Ç. ®-2o-Ðm a-tÊn-ç e-ko-Æw C-È.’ f-X-]-Y-~n-1-Ww

ey-2-=w f-2-=-an-bo ]-l-Æ-è-ô ubn-\ynw uZ-e-Xn-®-]n-h-uX \ h
ue-Z b-Yn ]-I-uc-e h uZ-en-\n-amô A-\y-uZ-e-X-I-tj B-cn-[o-%-
Á-e-\m H-è-a-lo-eo-È. A-e° eo-Z|n-în±-Ðo-S-bo² ±-K-H-dy°.’ (14.4)-
-\n-ao-eo-tS ]-I±-¿n° u]n-!-Á æ-2w E-uK|-Z-¿o-ud-Xn-Wm.
(10.121.1ô10) F-^ à-w-=w Æ-2o-hw-K-X-=w eo-I-ª-=-an-b cp-Xo-bo-
dn-Wm Ð±-B Cv-f|-c-en-Z-¿o-tÂ fo-¸-Ww \-î-Á-tX-è u\n-Ðo-
bn-êw.-
1. io-c-WyK-cmõx h-a-e-cmX-Xn-ur-
- ¨-X-hy-Pn-Xx ]-Xo-uc-I B-hp-Xm
- h-Zn-[n-c #-Yo-epw Zyn-®-uX-an-am
-I-hmtta uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a.-
-H-S-Ð-¿o² te-jo-eo-tÂ D-l-e-bn-b I-S-=-uj D-¾n-bo-ç-è-=.
Cv-uc-?-d-Io-Ì-®-S-b-e-\-e-\n-bo-ç-è. A-e° a-Bo-t\-Æw eo-Bo-t\-
Æw D-l-Ão-®. A-e-t\-ub \nw e-W-ºn->.-
2.- b B-Z-Zn _-d-Zn b-hy-eo-f|-
-D-]n-h-uX 5-fo-gw b-hy-uZ-enx-
-b-hy-±n-bn-±-Xw b-hy ±-Xzx-
-I-hmtta uZ-en-b i-eo-gn-eo-u[-a.-
-A-Iw-t]n-ç-jo-Á-lo-=w Dv-%w X-ç-Á-Xn-W-Xm; D-d-Iw en-Mo e-W-
©-Á-Hw. A-X-ç-jo-b-Xo-t\n-¿m A-lo-=-É-e-tc-Ènw F-Ènw tN-å-è.
A-Xo-t\ A-So-e-W-ºo-bn² D-Ä±-uIn-\n-Inw. A-Xo-tÂ te-jo-=-
uI-uSn Nn-!-Á-e-tÂ C-S-=w! A-e-t\ \-®-Ðm en-Mo-e-W-ºnw.-
3. bx 5n-W-uXn \o-ao-g-uXn a-io-ttX|-I C-Þn-Pn
P-K-uXn _-¨-e. b Cv-uf A-hy- Zo-]-Z -L-H-¦-Zx
I-hmtta uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a.-
-X-tÂ e-ê-Ã-¿o-\n² Cv-uc-?-d-I-¿o-Ìw H-Ê A-c-N-\n-b, C-ç-In-do-
%w \n²-Ðn-do-I³-%w \o-d-\o-+m \-ío-b-e-Ìw D-S-b-e-Ìw B-b B
uX-e-tc \-®-Ðm F-Än-â-a-So-]-Wo-bnw.-
4. b-uhy-ua io-a-e-uÐn a-io-X|n-b-hy h-®-¼w
c-h-bn hn-i-*x. bn-uhy-anx 5-Zo-ufn b-hy _n-*
I-hmtta-uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a.-
-a-¼o°-a-d-Æw \p-çw \o-l-¼ B-ko-bn-tcn-ç-e-t\-Ó-I-N-è-uen
Io-k-%w tX-%w ]-So-¼n-cw e-S-%w ®-I-;w Xn-tk-Æw B-ç-tS ttI-
I-jn-uWn B uX-e-tc \-®-% e-W-ºnw.
90
5. ub-\-Zyv-ç-rn #-Yo-ep-N Ê-Vn-ub-\ h|x Ò-õo-Xw

ub-\ \n-Ix. ubn-Ð-co-u¸ c-P-uhn
eo-an-\x-I-hmtta uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a.-
-Cv e-do-b en-\-t¿ B-cm X-Áo-tdn-H-Ðo-e-Ño-co-%-Á-uen, D-d-Io-
t\-Æ-l-Ão-® \o±-¿o-bo-co-%-è-uen B-cm eo-Bo-t\-Æw eo-â-X-do-t\-
Æw \o-d-\o±-¿o F-©w X° t]n-ç-jn² \o-l-¼o-co-%-è-uen B
t]-ç-a-t]-Ê A°-]o-b-Á t]n-ç-jo-t\ \-®-% en-Mnw.
6. bw ?-À-hp A-e-hn-X-Ò-õn-u\ A-ttõ-u¸-Xnw
a-\-hn-uc-P-an-u\ b-^n-[o-¼-c D-Zo-uXn eo-õn-Xo
-B-tc-bn-uWn a-Cw eo-Cw u\n-Ðo-\o-ò-Á-Xm, B-cn-uWn A-e-tb
e-ç-Xo-bo² \o±-¿o In-%-Á-Xm, B-co-dn-uWn I-Xo-c-e° I-Xo-co-å
eo-j-©-Á-Xm B D-d-Io-Ì-S-ubn-t\ \-®-% en-Mo e-W-ºnw.-
7. A-u]n-i b-Zmg-i-Xp-cmeo-fy-an-b\m K-cmõw Z-[n-\nx
P-\-b-Ðp-c-lo-am. X-uXn uZ-en-\nw h-a-e-cm X-Xn-æ-uc-Ix
-Cv ]-c-Ãn±-Á B-Zo-tÃn-ç³ D-ç-Io-¿o-j-Ño-ç-Á ue-j-bo-êw C-uÃn-
?w, A-Xo-t\ D-Éo-tdn-H-Ðo-en-?-Á, X-\o-ub te-jo-en-Ðo-b-uÃn³
F-Èn eo-j-Ð-an±-Á-e-bm-%w D-bo-co-tÂ H-â-Ów H-So-Ów \-ío-b D-S-b-
e-t\ \-®-Ðm tXn-knw.-
8. b-Zo-L-Zn-u]n a-io-\n ]-cy-]-fy-Ë-¸w Z-[n-\nx
P-\-b-Ðp-cy-Ç-am. ubn uZ-en-\n-a-[o-uZ-e
G-I B-hp-Xm I-hmtta uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a.-
-X°-t]-ç-a-bn² ]-ç-è-ç-¿o-co-¼ B-Zo-tÃn-ç-jo-td ú-âw B-Ð-
=w D³-tÐn-¾o-ç-Á Cv-uc-?-d-I-=w D-bo±-tÐn-1-e-Á Xo-j-ºo
eo-j-©-Á-e-bmtÐ-Ènw H-uc-tbn-ç t]-ç-an-jn-bo en-?-Á D-d-Io-Ì-S-b-
e-t\ \-®-% e-W-ºnw.-
9. a-u\n-iow-hp-Ã-\o-Xn-bx #-Yo-eyn-ubn-en
Zo-e-am h-Xy-[-cman-PPn-\. b-Ln-]-L-Þn
g-i-XpcmPPn-\ I-hmtta uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a.-
-D-d-Io-Ì-bo-uc-Io-b u\±-e-k-Ð-Ðn-c°; en-\-t¿-Æw ta-\-à-]-c-
¿o-b-e°; B-Zo-tÃn-ç-jo-t\-Æ-j-en-Ðo-b-e°; \-®-Ðm A-È-ê-I³
e-ç-¿n-Xo-co-Ð-t½; \-®-Ð-e-t\ e-W-ºnw.-
10. 5-Pn-]-uX \ X|-uZ-Xn-\y-u\yn eo-f|n-PnXn-\o
]-co-Xn _-¨-e. b-XmIn-an-hmuX À-*-a-Ò-uÁn
91
A-Ó e-bw hyn-a ]-X-ubn c-bp-Wn-am.-

-D-d-Io° t]n-ç-an-uj! \p-b-Èn-tX-bn-çw Cv D-E-bn-bo-co-Ã-Xo-t\-
tbn-èw ta-ç-Ðo u\±-e-ko-% \-S-K-uen-\o-È. ttI-e-c-W-ta-Ám
A-ç-a-ubn-tS \o-\-Ñm, \o-tÁ A-So-]-Wo-Æw R-º-tj A-e-Í-S-a-bn-
Ðo en-ko-Ðn° \o-è-Éw I-\o-b-W-ua.-14
-Cv ]-K- a-Ô-º-jo² G-I-e-N-\-5-ubn-Kw \o-l-tb-Ðn-Wnw.
C-Xo-ud-tl à-w-=w A-hÀo-e-=w æ-À-c-=w 5v-V-=-an-bo e±-Bo-
%-Á-Xm a-uÊ-H [±-a-r-×-¿o² ]-c-Xo-u\n-Ðo-bn-êw I-1-Io-å-
I-bo-È.-
-Cv-f|-c-tÂ G-I-X|w e±-Bo-%-Á H-è-c-1 ue-uZn-]-\o-g
-î-Ô-º³ ]n-Ln-Xy-eo-Z|n-în-tc In-Wo-Ñn-ê-S-t\ A-e-c-Xm A-ttZ|-
X-an-Wm G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-a-tÈ-Ám ]-l-à-I-j-Æw. Cv-f|-c-\-Èn-tXn-
è-ao-tÈ-Á-Xn-Wm A-ttZ|-X-en-Zw. A-Xn-W-u^ ue-uZn-]-\o-g-K-
I-jo-ê-É-Xm. H-cp-f|-c-u\-Æ-=. c-¾n-a-tXn-cp-f|-c-\o-È F-Á-Xn-Wm
G-uI-f|-c-en-Zw. eo-g-b-¿o²-\o-Ám G-tl A-I-è-u]n-In° I-ko-bn-
É-bn² ¹-â-X² eo-Ò-co-%-Áo-È. ®°-t]-?-Xo-b a-Ô-º-jo² G-uI-
f|-c-en-Z-an-uWn A-ttZ|-X-en-Z-an-uWn D-É-tX-Ám en-b-\-Ðn±
\o±-B-bo-Ð-t½.-
-C-\o t5n-^. an-Oma{-d-ç-tS X±-Ã-a-h-io-Xw A-Y±-ue-Z-¿o-td
No-d a-Ô-º-tj-?-Xnw. (4.16)-
1. g-i-uÁ-gn-a-[o-~n-Xn A-Ðo-In-Zo-e-]-fy-Xo-
- b-Òn-b-î-\y-uX N-c-e-cmew uZ-en C-Zw eo-Èx.-
2. -b-Òo-~-Xo N-c-Xo b-L e-Õ-Xo ubn-\o-d-bnw
N-c-Xo-bx 5-X-Mm-am. Z|v hw-\o-]-Zy b-î-Ô-ub-uX
cn-Pn-X-uZ|-Z e-ç-W-Õ-Xp-bx-
-C-Xo-tÂ-tb-Ènw A-[o-~n-Xn-en-b e-ç-W°15 F-º-t\ In-ü-è-te-
uÁn! H-ç-e° \o-Án-êw C-ç-Án-êw \-S-Án-êw H-jo-¼n-êw Io-S-Ðn-
t\n-ç-ºo-bn-êw; C-ç-e± X-Åo² c-i-hyw ]-l-¼n-êw cn-Pn-en-b
e-ç-W° A-X-lo-Æw. °-Án-a-\n-bo A-e-\-eo-tS-Æ-¾n-!w.-
3. D-uX-bw ¨-ao-cme-ç-W-hy-cn-Ç D-Xn-hv Zyv-cm
?-i-Xp-¨-uc-A-Ðn. D-uXn h-®-u¼n e-ç-W-hy-!-¸p
D-¿-n-êo-Á-+ D-Z-uI \o-dp-\x-
-Cv #-Yo-eo-Æw eo-Õ-Xn-In-f-=w X-Åo² e-j-tc A-I-Á-Xn-tW-¹o-êw
14 -Cv ]-K- a-Ô-º-;-tS B-f-bw hw-Á-]-Z-º-tjn-ko-en-Ðo X-\o-a-d-bn-j-
¿o² F-?-Xo-b-Xn-Wm. (]-co.)-
15 a-in°, h±-uen-¿-a° F-Á±-Q-¿o² H-ç Cv-f|-c-\n-aw.-
92
e-ç-W-cn-Pn-eo-tÂ A-[p-\-X-bo-dn-Wm. c-1 h-®-¼-=w (B-In-f-=w

I-S-êw) e-ç-W-tÂ !-¸o-bn-Wm (e-b-lm) A-e° tN-c-P-d-_o-Ûeo²-
u]n-êw eyn-]o-Ño-co-%-è.-
4. D-X-ubn-Zyn-a-Xo-h-cm]-Xo ]-c-Òn-Á h-®-Nyn-ttX
e-ç-W-hy-cn-Ç-am Zo-e-à-fx 5-N-c-Ðo Z-a-hy
h-i-în-¸n A-Xo-]-fy-Ðo ¨-ao-am.-
-B-In-f-¿o-\-Ó-l-¿m Hn-So-uÃn-!-Á-e°-u]n-êw e-ç-Wcn-Pn-eo²-
\o-è c-¸-tÃ-â-Áo-È. A-e-tÂ Nn-c-în± B-In-f-¿o²-\o-Ám udn-
I-K-e-co-I-Æw B-bo-cw I-C-I-jn² ¨-ao-bo² Ê-wo-]-Xo-Ão-%-I-Æw
tN-å-è.-
5. h-cmew X-¼n-Pn e-ç-uWn eo-N-gmuS b-Z-Ð-cn-ucn
Z hp-b-Xm ]-c-Òn-Xm hw-Jyn-Xn A-hy
\o-ao-ugn P-\n-\n a-¸n \o-e-f|-{p \o-ao-u\n-Xo-Xn-\o.-
-B-In-f-¿o-Ìw A-Xo-Ì-a-Ó-l-=w #-Yo-eo-Í-ao-S-bo-ê-É-e-tc-tb-Ènw
e-ç-W-cn-Pn-em u\n-%-è-¾m. A-e-\m a-Ì-gy° I-Bo-a-Ð-å-Á-Xo-tÂ
F-Bw-u]n-ê-a-lo-bnw. I-jo-Ðn-c° ]-Io-S-tb-lo-Æw-u]n-td \o-ôn-c-
an-bo A-e° h-a-Ò e-Ó-Ð-tj-Æw A-J-7-è-]-¿o² Ùo-c-an-Ðo
e-Ño-co-%-è.-
6. ub uX ]n-fn e-ç-W h-Ñ-h-Ñ u^-[n-Xo-~-Ðo
eo-go-Xn-ç f-Ðx. Oo-\-Ñ h-cmue A-Ï-X-am e-Z-Ðx
bx h-Xy en-Zy Xo-Xw ½-P-Ñ.-
-e-ç-Wn! G-?-°-Án-bo eo-co-Ño-co-%-Á \o-tÂ ]n-fw ao-Yyn-en-Zo-I-tj
!-ç-Ðo h-Xy-e-nZo-I-tj uan-No-Ão-Ð-t½.-
-A-ttZ|-X-en-Z-¿o²-\o-è th-a-Êo-Im a-X-º-jn-b b-+-Z, ?o-Òy°,
C-ñnw-a-X-º-jo²-\o-èw H-ç-u]n-td õo-Á-an-b I-ª G-uI-f|-c-en-Z
-an-Wm ue-Z-º-jo-ud-tX-Ám à-w-an-b-uÈn. ue-Z-¿o²-\o-Ám G-uI-f|-
c-en-Zw I-Sw-tIn-¾ a-X-º-jo-td-Ènw A-Xo-\m A-e-\-Xo-b-Èn-tX D-Á-
Xo-Æ-¾n-bo-½o-tÈ-Ám ey-2-an-Ðn° B-r-i-®-¾m.-
-a-Ì-gy-e-ªo-Ðm B-udn-No-Ðn-u\n r-io-Ðn-u\n I-ko-Æ-Á-Xo-
tÂ ]-c-an-e-Ù-bo², D-Xm#-w-=w Ð±-B-=-an-b X-c-¿o-dn-Wm ue-Z
-¿o² G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-¿o-tÂ fo-¸-Ww \-ío-bo-co-%-Á-Xm. th-À-e-
Ò-bo² F-¿o-b-uÃn³ A-Xo² ttZ-e-¿o-\m A-+w \-c-è-]-h-¹-+w
¹-So-uÑ±-è. (A-*-c-a-hmZ, Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-an-bo ¹-So-Ðn-G \-S-K- Á-Xm
th-À-e-Ò-bo² e±-Bo-Ño-å-¾m) tt_-_o-jo-êw V±-B-\o-êw B-eo±-
õ-eo-®. uh-±n-Nn-co-bn-b H-ç h-Àn-½o-t\-uÃn-td a-Ì-gy-tÂ F-Èn
õn-e-º-;w No-Ð-Æw tX-e-I-;w D-É uZn-g-º³-Ðm e-fp-¨-X-\n-b
93
ttZ-e-¿o-tÂ e±-B-\ A-e-bo²-In-Wnw. te-bo-dn-lo-b-uÃn³ G-Z°-

uXn-½-¿o² D-dn-K-I-Æw-16 B-Z-t¿ eo-jo-%-I-Æw, A-e° ]-l-Æ-Á-H
‘uI³-%-I-Æw’-]o-tÁ B-Z-=w i-F-Æw ttZ-en-Ç dw-Lo-Ñ-Xo-\m
A-e-tc f-]o-%-I-Æw tN-å-è. a-Ì-gy-t\ ¨-ao-bo² ½-wo-Ñ-Xo-\m
ttZ-ew ‘]-Ln-¿-]o-%-è.’ 17a-Ì-gy-t\-Æw ±-K-t¿-Æw C-k-Pn-Xo-
tb-Æw B-In-f-¿o-td ]-¸o-I-tj-Æw \-fo-Ão-®-I-j-Æ-ta-Ám Ê-V-
\o-L-bw18 tN-Òo-½m, ¨-ao-bo-td Cv Pp-eo-I-tj \-fo-Ão-Ðn° e-do-
tbn-ç P-d-tÃ-ç-Ãw D-¾n-!-è. ]o-Áp-Sm C-º-t\ \-fo-Ão-Ñ-Xm f-co-
bn-bo-tÈ-Ám ®°-¹± A-lo-eo-Èn-¿e-Bw B-Z-K-Xw tN-å-è. ep-1-
tan-co-Ð-êw C-º-t\ ¨-ao-tb \-fo-Ão-Ð-bo-È F-è f-]-Yw tN-å-
è-®-¾m.-19
-tt_-_o-jo-td Cv ttZ-ew V±-B-\o² F-K-uÄn-uk-%w !-ul-
&-So hn-In-c-õn-ew ttI-tÐn-=-è-¾m. G-Ê-=w D-Á-X-an-b h|±-\-
¿o² F-å-u]± Á-a-è-tIn-1 \o-ò-Á how-in-h-\-¿o² A-Èn-*
C-co-%-Á-Xn-bo ]-l-Æ-è. 20A-e° In-^-l-în-tc Xn-Ðp-H tN-å-I-
Æw ue-Z-\n-P-\-I-an-b fo-¸ Io-å-ta-è õ-b-tÃ-â-K-I-Æw tN-å-è.21
¹-Sn-tX A-e-ucn-â Æ-ªw 5-Jyn-]o-%-I-Æw Cv Æ-ªw H-S-cn° X-tÂ
A-Ì-bn-bo-I-tj D-]-uZ-fo-%-I-Æw tN-å-è. 22\o-d-Æw eo-d-Æ-®-É-e±
F-â-Ðn° a-So-%-Á f-]-Y-º³-u]n-êw F-â-%-è.23 A-Èn-* Z-Vn-
udn-N-\ \-S-K-Á-Xn-Æw ]-l-Æ-è. 24A-Xo-c-Ê f-2o-Æ-É A-Èn-*
C-ww-u]n-td 5-e±-¿o-%-Á-e-Ì-an-Wm. A-Èn-* D-uË-fo-%-Á-e-tc
A-e° e-ko-In-Wo-Ðn-tX eo-â-è. A-e° D-uË-fo-%-Á-e±-% u\±-
an±-\w H-l-è-tIn-â-%-I-Æw tN-å-è.’25
-th-À-e-Ò, tt_-_o³, V±-B° F-Áo-e-bo-td G-uI-f|-c-en-Z
-t¿ H-u½-tl _n-[o-%-Á-Hw tte-Zo-I G-uI-f|-c-en-Z-t¿ H-åw
_n-[o-Ðn-¿-H-an-b uZn-g-an-Wm; tN-!-¿n-tÂ ey-2o-X|w F-Ám
I-ko-¼ A-[yn-b-¿o² eo-e-co-®. 5-In-f-=w C-ç-åw (\-î-Æw
Xo-î-Æw) X-Åo² \-S-%-Á Æ-ª-¿o-tÂ D-]-a-tb tX-Êo-ª-co-Ñ-
16 D+¿o. 3. 8
17 D+¿o 3.9 ®X² 24 etcÆw 6. 7 Dw
18 D+¿o 6.7-8
19 D+¿o 8-21
20 V±B° 69-17
21 V±B° 2-1-104
22 A[ynbw 47-4
23 A[ynbw 37, 42; 79, 91
24 A[ynbw 8.30
25 A[ynbw 6.39
94
Xn-Wm Cv B-fb - ¿
- o-tÂ B-eo±-õn-eI- n-cW
- t
- a-Ám \n-dn-a[
- yn-b¿
- o-
tÂ \n-dnw õn-K-K ]-l-à-I-ko-à. th-À-e-Ò-bo² tN-!-¿n-tÂ
ey-2o-X|-¿o-\m Ð±-B-X-bo-È. B-I-Å-u\n (\o-#-w-a-\-ôm) Aw-K-
cn-a-\z (Xp-H-=w in-\o-I-c-=-an-b a-\-ôm) A-kmPo-Z-i-Im (I-K-Á
h±-Ãw) F-tÁ-Ènw ]-l-Æ-Á-uX-Æ-=. tt_-_o-jo-êw V±-B-\o-ê-an-
I-t½, ttZ-e-t¿-uÃn-tdX-tÁ hn-¿n-\m ey-2o-X|-®-¾m. h±-Ã-an-
bo è-]-ta-â-K-e-Ám, B-Zo-]o-Xn-Ð-tj ttZ-e-¿o-t\ \o-ug-[o-Ðn°
eo-P-b-I-c-an-bo ]-To-Ão-%-è. ]n-]-t¿ udn-I-¿o-ud-Ðm B-\-bo-
%-è! ^-d-uan? B-Z-®w i-F-Æw ]-c-Zp-h-bo²-\o-Ám !-l-¿n-Ð
-tÃ-â-è.26 ttZ-e-!-^-\n-b ?o-Ó-eo-t\-uÃn-êw C-e° hmuXn-õo-Ão-%-
è-¾m.27
A-e-Ò, tt_-_o³, V±-B° F-Áo-e-bo-td-¿o-uÑ±-Á ue-uZn -2
Cv-f|-c-en-Z-¿o-tÂ-Æw I-ªo-Æw u[-~-X-Æw ?-ua-W \-w-tÃ-å-
u]n-!-Á-tX-º-t\-tb-Ám \nw I-1. \n-ê-a-X-º-;-tS-Æw A-Òo-X|w
Cv-f|-c-\o² A-[o-~o-X-an-I-bn² \n-do-S-Kw Cv-f|-c-h-¹-+-=w
A-Ì-_-áo-X-eo-Nn-c-º-;w av-do-I-an-Æ-t¾-Ám à-w-an-bo. D-V-e-
Ùn-\-¿m \-Zp-P-dw I-ª-=w I-ª-=-an-bo-co-%-ta-¹o-êw Xn-\-c-I-jo-êw
h-a-X-d-º-jo-êw¹-So H-?-Io-uÃn-!-uÄn³, X-S-º-jo-ë-tS H-?-Io-e-ç-Á
te-Éw ¹-So-Ð-d±-Ám, H-S-Ð-¿o-td h|-±-X \-w-tÃ-â-a-uÈn. B
A-I-ª-P-dwu]n-êw Zn-in±-¿-\m Pp-e-Zn-b-I-an-bo-co-%-ta-¹o-êw
I-ª-P-d-¿o-tÂ a-io-a-Æm H-å-ua udn-]w e-ç-Áo-È. c-¾o-t\-Æw
Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Çn-\n-=-I-Æ-ao-È. \-®-Ðm B uîn-X-ôo-tÂ A-â-K
-tN-èm B-Zp-b-Zn-iw f-ao-Ão-Ðn°, h|±-\p-b-P-d-]n-\w tN-Çn°
Cv-f|-cn-Ì-r-i-®-¾n-I-t½.-
ue-Z-º-jo-td Cv-f|-c-h-¹-+-t¿-Ã-Êo en-b-\-Ðn±-Ðm hn-an-\y-
an-bo r-io-Ðn° Cv eo-e-c-Ww ]-cyn-Ñ-an-tb-è I-ç-H-è. \n-dn-a-
[yn-b-¿o² ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-td Cv-f|-c-t\-Ã-Êo 5-Xo-]n-Zo-®. ®°-t]-
?-Xo-b c-1 !-l-=-I-tjn-ko-® \o±-¿o-bn² ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-td A-*-
c-a-hmZ-Æw ue-Z-¿o-td Cv-f|-c-Ìw X-Åo² e°-hn-Ê-fy-®-t¾-è
In-Wn° eo-g-a-ao-È. A-e-Ò-bo² ®-l-Æm 5-ubn-Ko-%-Á ]-Z-an-Wm
A-*-c-a-hmZ. C-Xm ue-Z-º-jo-td ‘A-æ-c-ua-[-bn-Wm.’ C-H-u]n-td
th-À-e-Ò-bo-td a-e No-d ]-Z-º³-¹-So F-?-Xnw. B-Zyw hw-Á-Xw
]o-tÁ th-Ûw.-
-A-cy-a°=tF-cy-a-\m. ao-^x=ao-}Y-. \n-cn-fw-h=\n-ucyn-h°-i.
?-^-i°=?-N-{ õ-L=_-L
26 D+¿o !ÒIw 3-1 & 23-24
27 a¿nbo 4.1-11
95
ue-Z-º-jo-td-uÃn-td Z|-bn±-Q-¿o-dn-Wm Cv ]-Z-º³ th-À-

e-Ò-bo-êw 5-ubn-Ko-Ño-co-%-Á-tX-Á-Xn-Wm G-Ê-=w B-L-cy-I-cw.
uUn. in-Km F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám No-d õn-K-º³ ]-I±-¿nw.-
‘A-cy-a° c-1 eo-I-ª-r-×-º-joêw Z|bn±-Q-¿o-dn-Wm 5-ubn-
KoÑo-å-É-Xm. hmu\-io-X°, ¹-½n-jo F-tÁn-c±-Qw. H-ç-uZ-e°
F-è -a-uÊ A±--Yw (]-c-an-Zn-em) ]n-ûo-I-;w tte-Zo-I-çw eo-en-iw
H-S-ºo-b eo-uf-gn-e-h-c-º-jo² B-i|n-\w tN-Òm A-cy-a-t\ B-en-
io-%-è.’-
‘ao}-Y-° F-Á hw-Ç th-Ào² °-Á±-Q-¿o-dn-Wm 5-ubn-Ko-
%-Á-Xm. ¼-cy°, h-in-b-I°, Cv-f|-c°. Cv A±-Yº³ ao-^-°
ue-Z-¿o-êw 5-Æ-2-an-Wm.’-
‘õ-K (th-Ào² _-L) Cv-f|-c°, õn-Kyw F-Áp A±-Yº-jo-êw
?-^-i-\m Xo-î-tb \-fo-Ão-%-Á uZ-e°, C-ç-½o-t\ Oo-Á-õo-Á-an-
%-Á ¼-cy° F-Áp A±-Yº-jo-êw 5-ubn-Ko-Ño-co-%-è.’-
-\n-cn-fw-h-tb-Ã-Êo uUn-+± in-Km C-º-t\ ]-l-Æ-è-ô bn-¾-\o-ç-
2w 86 td \n-cn-fw-h-Æw P-Ào-td H-ç uZ-e-É-X-tÂ u]-cn-b \-ucyn-
h°-i-Æw h-an-\-an-Wm. Cv \-ucyn-h°-i A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS h-uÀ-
f-en-i-I-\n-bo th-À-e-Ò-bo² (te-Ào-Zn-Zm XXII) In-ü-uÄn-td
A-loub-Æw Ð-g-u\-Æw ue-Z-¼-2-º-jo-êw In-Wnw Cv en-Ðo-\m,
‘a-Ì-gy-cn² Ó-Xo-Ð-tÃ-â-Á-e°’ F-uÁ A±-Y®-=. 5-f-Ò° F-Ám
Xn-Xm]-cyw’.-28 ‘\n-cn-fw-h’ ttZ-ew. A-lo F-Áp A±-Yº-jo-êw
5-Æ-2-an-Wm. \-ucyn-h°-i-bn-I-t½, ttZ-e-É-X-\n-Wm. F-º-t\?
A-lo A-Y-en ú-â-tIn-¾n-Wm, P-d-Æ-2-an-b B-eo-tb-ô-\p-co-t\-ô-
H-co-S-K-\o-Ám a-tÊn-co-S-u¿-Ðm \-bo-%-Á-Xm. A-Xo-\n² A-lo
A-Y-en ú-Sm, 5-#-Xo-Æ-tS É-X-u\n-ô-5-#-Xo-Æ-tS uZ-e-u\n B-Inw.-
6.- ®-Ã-¿o-°-è uZ-e-X-I³-
-ue-Z-º-jo-td 33 uZ-e-X-I-tj-Ã-Êo en-b-\-Ðn-co² No-d-tc-¹o-êw uI-½o
-co-%w. tte-Zo-I-a-Xw _-*-uZ-e-en-Z-¿o-ud-Ðm A-[x-]-Xo-Ñ-uÃn³
®-Ã-¿o-°-è uIn-So uZ-e-X-I-;-tS K-Ww B-eo±-õ-eo-Ñ-Xm C-Xo²
\o-Án-bo-co-Ð-Ww. A-Xo-co-Ð-t½, ue-Z-º-jo-td 33 uZ-e-X-I³ G-Xm?
A-e ttZ-e-º-jn-uWn? A-È-X-tÁ. C-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo ]-7o-Êm Y-ç-Z-¿-
eo-Zyn±-Qo-Æ-tS Terminology of the Vedas F-Á #-Xo-bo² à-w-=w
æ-À-c-=-an-bo e±-Bo-Ño-co-%-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám !-ul-õn-Kw C-eo-tS ]-I±-
K-Á-Xm A-Ùn-\-Kw A-\n-e-fy-I-=-an-=-I-bo-È.-
‘a-Ô-º-jo² G-Xo-tÂ Y-W-e±-B-\-Æ-u¾n A-Xn-Wm B a-Ô-º-
28 Haug’s Essays Page 273.
96
;-tS uZ-e-X-tb-Ám bn-¾n-Nn-cy± ]-l-Æ-tÁ-Ám \nw I-1. A-uÃn³

F-Ñ ]-Zn±-Q-an-Wm uZ-e-X? a-Ì-gy-tÂ Çn-\-¿o-Ì eo-g-bp-õ-eo-
%-Á-tX-Èn-ta-Á±-Qw. C-e ‘uZ-fw’ ‘In-dw’ F-Áo-e-Æ-tS ]-co-[o-
bo² H-H-©-è. a-Ì-gy-tÂ In-cy-In-c-W-Çn-\w 5-[n-\-an-Æw hw-
õ-e-º-;-tS ]-c-Ä-c-bn-Wm. Cv ]-c-Ä-c-bn-I-t½, In-d-¿o² uIn±-
¿-â-Ðo-b-Hw. \-½-tS Çn-\w ‘G-uXn e-Ó’-eo-tÂ Çn-\-an-Wm.
B e-Ó-en-I-t½ F-eo-tS-ubn D-1-Xn-Ìw. A-Xo-tÂ \o-d-\o-+o-Ìw
hw-õ-ey-X-Íw H-ç ‘Ùn-\w’ ¹-So-ub I-ko-Ç. A-º-t\ \-½-tS Çn-
\-¿o-tÂ “]-co-Xx-Ùo-Xo-I³’ In-d-=w uZ-f-=w B-tW-è e-ç-è.
C-\o Çn-\-¿o-tÂ B-e-fy-®-É Aw-K-º-uj-e-tb-è u\n-Ðnw.
Çn-\-¿o-\m _n-iyw, B-Ð-co-Iw F-è c-¾m eo-Õ-X-uõ-Z-®-¾m. a-Ì-
gy-f-cp-c-¿o-Ì !-l-ua \-S-%-Á-Xo-tÂ Çn-\-ta-Ènw _n-iy-an-Wm.
C-Xm _n-iy-P-K-¿o-td 5-Xo-õn-h-º-;-tS Çn-\-an-bo 5n-#-XoI-
eo-Çn-\w A-tÈ-¹o² õv-Xo-I-fn-Öw c-1 e-Ó-eo-tÂ A-Òo-X|w
5-I-S-an-%-tÁ-Ám fn-Ö-Ç-în± ]-l-Æ-è an-^ (matter) Æw f-2o
(force)-Æw. an-^-tb-Á \o-d-Æm A-Xo-t\ \-®-Ð-lo-bnw. an-^-bo²
f-2o F-Ñ I-jo-I-jo-Ñn-Wm ]-co-e±-¿-\-º-;-¾n-%-Á-tX-Ám C-Þo-
b-ue-Zy-an-b-H ®-uJ-\ an-^w \nw a-\-ôo-dn-%-è. A-uÃn³ _n-iy-
udn-I-¿o-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñ A-lo-em f-2o-Æ-tS-Æw A-Xo-tÂ !-H-è-
]-º-;-tS-Æw A-lo-eo² H-H-©-è. C-\o \-®-Ðm B-Ð-co-I-Çn-
\-¿o-tÂ In-cy-ta-â-Ðnw. H-Án-a-t¿ B-Ð-co-I-u_n-[w ‘Rn°’
B-!-è. C-Xo-\m a-Ì-gy-uN-X-\, u_n-[n-Òo-X|w F-tÁ-Ènw ]-l-bnw.
c-¾n-a-u¿ B-Ð-co-I-5-Xo-õn-h-t¿-Ã-Êo a-Ì-gyn-Zn-te-Á ‘Rn°’
u_n-[o-%-Á-tX-uÐn A-Xn-Wm. Cv B-Ð-co-I-5-Xo-õn-hw c-1-¾m.
A-e h|-bw u5-co-X-uan, _v-ªo-I-uan a-\-ôo-tÂ u_n-[-Ð±-F-®-É
uN-w-I-ujn B-bo-co-%w. A-e-tb a-Ì-gyn-Zn-eo-tÂ hn-Áo-[y-®-É
f-cp-c-¿o² I-+o-®-¹-½o tN-å-Á uN-w-I-tj-uÁn \o-to-b è-]n-Ð-
c-eo-[n-\-ta-uÁn ]-l-b-Ww. A-Xo-\n² C-e-tb H-ko-®-¹-Sn-\n-en-¿
uN-w-I-tj-è eo-jo-Ðnw.-
‘A-uÃn³ Çn-\-¿o-tÂ 5n-Y-ao-I eo-u^-g-Ww \-tÅ In-dw,
Zo-f, f-2o, a-Ì-gy-uN-X-\, uN-wo-X-I±-aº³, H-ko-®-¹-Sn-\n-en-¿
uN-w-I³ F-Áp B-tl-B-¿o-ud-% tIn-1-tN-;-è. C-e-tb uZ-e-
X-I³ F-è eo-jo-Ðn° tIn-Én-=-Á-Xn-Wm. C-Ã-l-¼ K-W-\
5-In-cw ue-Z-¿o-td uZ-e-X-I-tj \o-ç-2-¿o² K-Wo-Ño-co-%-Á-Xm
f-co-bn-tW-¹o² Cv B-lo-t\ an-^-ua ue-Z-¿o² uZ-e-X-I-jn-bo
K-Wo-Ðn-> F-è ho-ªo-%-è. \-®-Ðm Cv D-c-I-Èo² D-c-® an-e-
u\n-Ðnw.’-
97
®Ã-¿o-°-è uZ-e-X-I-tj-Ã-Êo Cv a-Ô-º-jo² In-Wnw:-ô-

1. ^-b-Öow-f-Xn-Ó-e-X ¨-Xn-\y-fn-ay° 5-Pn-]-Xox
]-c-ua-~y-[o-]-Xo-cn-hp-Xm. (b-À. 15, 31)-
2. b-hy-^-b-Öow-f-uË-en A-MmuK Kn-^n-eo-uõ-Po-uc.
Xn-tt\y-^-b-Öow-f-uË-en-u\-uI ~-1 eo-uZn-eo-Èx (A-Y±-ew)-
1. h±-en-[o-]-Ìw, eo-f|-\o-b-Ðn-=w, F-Èn-e-tc-Æw \o-d-\o±-K-Á-
e-Ì-an-b A-e° 33 uZ-e-X-I³ e-ko h±-F-e-Ó-Ð-tj-Æw r-io-Ño-co-
%-è. 2. b-Yn±-Q ~-1-eo-Zyn-Çn-\o A-X-Xo-tÂ I±-¿-ey-º³
\o-l-ue-e-Á 33 uZ-e-X-I-tj Aw-Kp-I-co-%-è.’ (2 A-Y±-ew 10.4.27)-
Cv 33 uZ-e-X-I³ F-Ðn-tW-è u\n-Ðo \-½-tS 5-Y-a-eo-u^-g-
W-¿o² I-t¾-¿o-b-e-Æ-an-bo H-K-u\n-Ðo H-ç Xp-ç-an-\-¿o²
F-¿nw.-
f-X-]-Y-~n-1-W-¿o² C-º-t\ In-Wnw:-ô- (14.6.3ô7;9.10)-
3. h-uin-en-N a-io-an-\ G-tte-gn-ua uX
^-b-Öow-fZo-Xy-wve-h-e G-In-Z-fç-¼
Z|n-Z-fn-ZoXyn-Òn G-I-ôw-fZo-Þ-ttL-e
5-Pn-]-Xo-L ^-b-Öow-fn-eo-Xo.
bn-Ç-e-íy° fn-I-dy-u\n-â ]-l-Æ-è-ô-F-å e-æ-Ð³ ]-Xo-t\n-è
ç-¼-în± ]-Ô-¾m B-Zo-Xy-în±. C-Þ°, 5-Pn-]-Xo F-Áo-º-t\
uZ-e-în± ®-Ã-¿o-°-è-¾m.-
4. I-X-ua e-h-e C-Xo. A-lo-L #-Yo-ep-N
en-Æ-Ln-Ð-co-¸w Nn-Zo-Xy-L Zyv-L
N-Þ-an-L \-¸-^n-Wo ttN-uX e-h-ex
G-uX-i-ip-Zw hc-me-w en-h-b-uÐ X-Z|o-Zw
hc-me-w en-h-b-uÐ X-ên-Z|-h-e C-Xo.
A-lo, #-Yo-eo, en-Æ, A-Ð-co-¸w, B-Zo-Xy-în±, Zyv-udn-Iw,
N-Þ°, \-¸-^-º³ F-Áo-e-bn-Wm F-å- e-æ-Ð³. B-Zo-Xy° ¼-cy-
tÂ 5-In-f-a-b-udn-I-an-Wm. Zyv-udn-I-¿o-\m ¼-cy-h-Áo-[o-tb-uÁn
#-Yo-eyn-Zo udn-I-ta-uÁn ]-l-bnw. A-lo-udn-Iw A-lo-X-tÁ. C-e-
tb-tb-Ènw e-æ-te-è ]-l-Æ-Á-tX-Ðm? F-Èn e-Ó-Ð-;w C-e-bo²
e-ho-%-è. C-e-X-tÁ-bn-Wm F-Èn e-Ó-Ð-tj-Æw e-ho-Ão-%-Á-Xm
A-Xo-\n² e-æ-te-Á hw-Ç en-h-ui-H-I-ta-Á A±-Y¿o²
5-Æ-2-an-tb-Ám a-\-ôo-dn-Ð-Ww.-
5. I-X-ua ç-¼n C-Xo. Z-f-ua !-ç-ug 5n-Wn
B-ttZ-In-Z-f-hmuX b-Zn-ên-î-cmXyn-±-cp-cn-ÉXm
98
?n-a-Ðy-Y ucn-Z-b-Ðo X-Z|-u¼n-Z-b-Ðo X-ên-½-¼n C-Xo

Cv ç-¼-în± G-e? f-cp-c-¿o-td Z-f-5n-W-\n-b 5n-W° A-]n-\°,
eyn-\°, h-an-\°, D-Zn-\°, eyn-\°, \n-K°, ¹±-Å°, #-I-d°, uZ-e
-Z-¿°, [-\-Ý-b° F-Áo-e-Æw B-Zn-=w uN±-Ám ]-Xo-t\n-è
ç-¼-în-cn-bo. F-Ðn-Wo-e-tb ç-¼-în-tc-è eo-jo-%-Á-Xm? C-e
a-c-W-[±-a-o-bn-b f-cp-c-¿o²-\o-è \o-t-ao-Ñm ±-X-tÂ h-ap-]-Ù-
cn-b _-â-Ð-tj ucn-Z-\-¿o-Ì I-c-Ño-do-\mô-e-f-K-cn-%-Á-Xo-\n².
I-c-bo-Ão-%-Á-e-cn-Wm ç-¼±.-
6. I-X-ua B-Zo-Xyn C-Xo? Z|n-Z-f-an-hnx
hw-e-e-c-tth-Xn B-Zo-Xyn G-uX ip-Zw
h-cme-an-Z-Zn-\nb-Ðo- X-Zy-Zo-Mmh-cme-an-Z-Zn-Xn b-Ðo,
X-ên--ZnZo-Xyn C-Xo
(]-Ô-¾m B-Zo-Xy-în± ttN-^w ®-X² ^n²-Y-\w e-tc-Æ-É ]-Ô-
1-an-h-an-Wm.) P-K-¿o-td F-Èn e-Ó-Ð-tj-Æw B-Zn-\w tN-å-è.
A-Y-en B-Æ-ô-o-t\ r-io-® I-S-è-u]n-!-è. P-\o-%-Á e-Ó-Ð-;-
tS B-Æ-ôo-t\ 5-Xo-¸-Ww r-io-®-tIn-¾m 5-j-bn-cw-õw e-tc I-S-
è-u]n-=-I-Æw X-Z|n-cn N-?-¿o-tÂ I-l-Ðw-u]n-td D-¿-ucn-¿-cw
D-¾n-!-Á e-Ó-Ð-;-tS A-e-b-e-ttf-Yo-dy-ta-Á ]-co-Wn-a-¿o²
F-¿o-%-I-Æw tN-å-è. A-Xo-\n² an-h-º³-Ðm B-Zo-Xy-hw-Ç
B-Zn-\w tN-å-Á-e F-Á A±-Y¿o² d-õo-®.-
7. I-X-a-C-Þx-I-X-a 5-Pn-]-Xo-co-Xo? Ò-\-bo-Xm
Ì-uc-ue-uÞn b-Ç-5-Pn-]-Xo-co-Xo. I-X-a-Ò-\-bo-Xm
Ì-co-Xy-f-\oco--Xo. I-X-uan b-Ç C-Xo ]fe CXo.
C-H-u]n-td C-Þ-t\-Á \n-aw tte-Zz-Xo-Æ-uS-Xn-Wm. D-¿-a-tF-f|-cy-
\o-Zn-\-an-b eo-Zy-Æ-tS ®-Jy-ui-H F-Á±-Q-¿o² b-¿o-t\ 5-Pn-
]-Xo-tb-è ]-l-¼-Xm en-Æ, a-k-te-Éw F-Áo-e-tb I-ªp-I-co-Ñm
5-Pn-]n-d-\w tN-å-Á-Xo-\n-dn-Wm ±-K-º³-Ðm (]-I) b-Ç-ta-Á
hw-Ç ubn-Po-%-Á-Xm. P-\-º³ Pp-eo-%-Á-Xm A-e-tb B-[-
bo-Ñn-b-Xo-\n-dn-Wm. C-e c-1w Kv-W-hw-Ç-bn-Wm. C-e-tb-Ènw
uN±-Ám A-X-Xo-tÂ Zo-ey-Y-W-º-jn² 33 uZ-e-X-I-jn-bo. Zn-\-¿n²
uZ-e-Xn-X|w H-S-ºo-b \o-ç-2o-I-jn² C-e-Æ-tS uZ-e-X|w eyn-e-in-
co-In±-Q-¿o² 5-Æ-2-an-bo-co-%-è.-
8. I-X-ua-X-N-ubn uZ-en C-Xp-a G-e ^-ubn
udn-In G-i h-cmue-uZ-en C-Xo. I-X-av Z|v
uZ-en-eo-Xy-Áw ttN-e 5n-W-uL-Xo.
I-X-uan-[y-cmY C-Xo ubnbw ]-e-X-C-Xo..-
99
X-Zn-*x b-Z-b-ua-e G-I-]-e-uXY I-X-a-[y-cm[ C-Xo,

b-Z-êo-Áo-Z-Mm h-cmea-[yn-cm[mu\n-u¿-\n[y-cm[ C-Xo.
I-X-a G-uIn uZ-e C-Xo. h ~-1-XyZ-oXynN-¸-uX.-
-(°-è-udn-I-=w uZ-e-în-cn-Wm. F-Ñ-tIn-¾m?)-
-D-¿-cw \-î-è-ô Ùn-\w \n-aw P-îw F-Áo-e-bn-Wm °-è uZ-e-în±.
A-e [n-a-º-jn-!-è. C-e X-tÁ ô-udn-Iw. Cv udn-Iw en-Wo-Æw
a-\-ôm A-Ð-co-¸-udn-I-=w, h|-Ðw udn-Iw 5n-W-Ì-an-Wm. C-e-tb-
Æw ô-udn-I-ta-Á-lo-b-Ww. c-1 uZ-e-în± A-Á-=w 5n-W-Ì-a-u^.
A-[y±-[-uZ-e-t\-Á-Xo-\m h±-e-e-Ó-Ð-;-tS-Æw [n-c-W-¿o-Ìw e-j±-
Ñ-Íw In-c-W-an-b ¼-^n-Zn-te-è u]-ç-É en-Æ F-Á±-Qw. h±-
e-P-K-¿o-êw \o-l-¼m (A-[o+A±-[) A-[y±-[-uZ-e-\n-b en-Æ e±-
¿o-%-è.-
‘C-º-t\ uZ-e-X-I-tj F-Bo-b-uÃn³ G-I-uZ-e° B-tc-Á uNn-
Zy-¿o-\m bn-Ç e-íy°, D-¿-cw \-ío-ô ‘G-I-uZ-e° D-]n-h-\p-b-
\n-b h±-ue-f|-c-\n-Wm.’-29
‘Cv ®-Ã¿o-°-è uZ-e-X-I-;-tS e±-B-\-bn-Wm ue-Z-º-jo-ê-É-Xm.
C-Hw \-½-tS 5n-Y-ao-I eo-u^-g-W-=w t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-â-è-u¾n F-è
u\n-Ð-Ww. f-X-]-Y-¿o² K-Wo-Ñ F-å e-æÐ³ à-w-an-Æw Zo-f-I-
tj-%-lo-%-è. ]-Xo-t\n-è ç-¼-în-co² H-Ám B-Zn-=w ]-¿m 5n-W-
Ì-an-Wm. ]-Ô-¾m B-Zo-Xy-co² In-dw A-S-©-è. F-Èn-Êo-êw eyn-]o-
Ño-co-%-Á f-2o-bn-Wm eo-Zz-Xm. 5-Pn-]-Xo-bo², hn-[n-c-W-bn-bo
uN-wo-X-an-!-Á I±-ata-Ènw A-S-©-è F-è ]-l-bn-=-Á-Xn-Wm.’-
‘C-º-t\ 33 uZ-e-X \-½-tS 5-Y-a-eo-u^-g-W-¿o² Io-½o-b B-c-
X-¿|-=-an-bo ubn-Po-%-tÁ-Ám \-½-tS A-õp-ww. hn-[n-c-W h-an-\-
X-I³ In-Wo-%-I-an-^w. A-Xo-\n² õn-Ko-I-an-b uõ-Z-º³ eo-å-I-j-
bn-=-Á-Xn-Wm.’- 30
uUn. in-Km ]-l-Æ-è: ‘ue-Z-º-jo-td 33 uZ-e-X, th-Ào-td 33 c-H
F-Áo-e t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-â-¿o u\n-%-uÄn³ A-Xy-Ðw B-L-cy-P-\-I-
an-b hn-ayw I-t¾-¿nw.-’ 31
-C-eo-tS 33 uZ-e-X-Í ]-I-cw 33 Zo-ey-Pp-eo-I³ (Divine beings)
F-Án-Wm uUn. imn-Ko-tÂ X±-Ã-a. C-H tX-Êo-® X±-Ã-a tN-å-Á-
Xo-tÂ \-tÈn-ç-Zn-i-c-W-an-Wm.-
33 c-H-eo-tÂ 5n-[n-\yw F-Ðn-tW-Ám ]n-ûo-I³-Ðm A-lo-eo-Èn-
29 -ue-Z-]-cy-S-\w u]-Pm 75 ®-X² u\n-%-I.-
30 ]-7o-Êm Y-ç-Z-¿ eo-Zyn±-Qo-Æ-tS Terminology of Vedas and European
Scholars’² \o-Ám.
31 in-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 276.-
100
bo-ç-è. uUn. in-Yw C-H h-Å-Xo-%-è-¾mô ‘th-À-e-Ò-bo² C-e-

bo-udn-ucn-Áo-tÂ-Æw uõ-Zw a-\-ôo-dn-Ðo 5-I-S-an-bo ue±-Xo-co-Ñm
F-Bo-bo-½o-È.’ (e-æ, ç-¼°, B-Zo-Xy° F-Áo-º-t\). ‘A-Xo-\n²
\o-L-b-Ð±-Fw \-®-Ðm H-è Xp±-Ñ-bn-Ðnw. 33 c-H Cv-f|-c-h-¿-I-
tj F-C-Á-Xo-\m H-ç ¼-^-en-Iy-an-bo ]-co-W-ao-%-I-Æw 5n-Np-\
B-f-b-an-I-bn² ]-eo-^-an-bo K-Wo-%-I-Æw tN-Òo-ç-è. F-Án²
~n-1-W-ç-an-bo _-áw te-So-à I-ko-¼ ]n-ûo-I³ A-Xo-tÂ
t]n-ç-jm a-l-è u]n!IÆw tNÓ.’-32
7. A-\n-Zo-bn-b B-Zn-=w
5-#-Xo-Æw ½-wo-5-en-i-=w-
-Cv ½-wo F-º-t\ D-¾n-bo? Cv P-So-d-an-b uNn-Zy-¿o-\m D-¿-cw
]-l-bn° [-ao-uÐ-¾-Xm Hn-ucn a-X-¿o-tÂ-Æw I-S-a-bn-Wm. î-wn-
eo-udn ttZ-e-¿o-udn eo-f|-ho-Ðn-¿ e-ª-a-Xw Cv !-ç-Ð-ko-%-
ÁXm Cv eo-f-|-¿o-t\n-ç B-cw-õ-uan A-Ð-uan C-tÈ-è \o-ug-[o-
Ñn-Wm. C-uÃn-tk-º-t\-ubn A-H-u]n-td Cv eo-f|w F-èw \o-d-\o-
Áo-ç-è. F-èw \o-d-\o-ò-I-Æw tN-åw F-Án-Wm _v-ª-ho-ªn-Ðw.
C-H Xo-I-®w tX-Ên-Wm. fn-Ö-Ç-în± ]-l-à-X-ç-Á-Xm, tIn-âw-ú-â
\o-ao-¿w H-c-e-h-c-¿o² ¨-ao D-ç-Io-¿o-j-®-a-lo-Æ-Á A-e-Ù-bo-dn-
bo-ç-tÁ-èw, ¨-ao-Æ-tS _n-iy-X-dw ?-ua-W X-ü-K-l-¼m J-cn-
e-Ù-bo² B-tb-¹o-êw D³-õn-K-¿m C-uÃn-?w tIn-âw-ú-â-t¾-Ám
A-lo-]±-F-X-hmu^n-S-\-¿o-ë-tS !-l-K-e-ç-Á dn-e tX-jo-bo-%-
è-t¾-è-an-Wm. D-ç-Io-¿o-j-Í-Á ¼-en-e-Ù-Í ®°-]m ¨-ao ¼-cy-t\-
uÃn-td H-ç A-lo-uKn-j-an-bo-ç-tÁ-èw A-Xo-Ìw-®°-]m en-X-In-Ù-
bn-bo-ç-è (nebulous state) \o-d-\o-Áo-ç-Á-tX-èw A-e± ]-l-Æ-è.
ú-â-¾n-bo-ç-Á A-e-Ù-bo² ¨-ao-bo² Pp-eo-I-ujn h-hy-º-ujn
C-Èn-bo-ç-è-X-tÁ.-
-]-co-Wn-a-¿o² ¨-ao I-S-è-u]n-b eo-eo-[ A-e-Ù-I-tj-Ã-Êo Cv-
bo-tS an-^w ]n-Ln-Xy-fn-Ö-Ç± I-1-]o-So-Ñ In-cy-º³ A-Xo-
5n-Np-\ tte-Zo-I-en-Mma-b-¿o² e±-Bo-Ño-å-¾m. B-¿-\o-I-fn-Öw
t\-e-d (en-X-Iw)-bo² e-tc F-K-uÄn³ tte-Zo-I-en-Mma-bw H-ç
]-So-¹-So ®-Áo-å \o-ò-è. A-Xo² B-In-f-ta-è ]-l-Æ-Á en-X-I-ne-
Ù-ub-Ðn³ ¼-Kan-b A-Õn-a-t¿ A-e-Ù-bo²-\o-Ám hv-c-r-
i-º-;-tS ]-co-Wn-aw B-cw-õo-%-tÁ-è ]-l-Æ-è-¾m. ttX-¿o-cp-b
D-]-\o-g-¿o² C-º-t\ In-ü-è-ô-
X-ên-Z|n G-X-ên-Zn-Z-\ B-In-fx hw-¨-Xx. B-In-fn-Z|n-Æx en-
ubn-c-lox A-ul-cn-]x A-Zmõyx #-Yo-ep #-Yo-eyn Hn-g-[-bx. Hn-g-
32 -So. u]-Pm 277.-
101
[o-uõyn-Á- am. A-Án-u¼-Xx uc-X-hnx !-ç-gx

(~-1n-\-À-e-Èo. A-Ì-en-Iw1.)-
‘]-c-an-Zn-em eo-f|-½-wo B-cw-õo-Ñ-uÃn³ H-Án-a-H-¾n-b-Xm
B-In-f-an-Wm (ether) B-In-f-¿o²-\o-Ám en-Æ, (nebula) en-Æ-eo²-
\o-Ám A-lo, (igneous) A-lo-bo²-\o-Ám P-dw (molten) P-d-¿o²-
\o-Ám #-Yo-eo (solid) #-Yo-eo-bo²-\o-Ám h-hy-Pn-dw. ]o-tÁ A-Áw,
Pp-e-_p-Pw, a-Ì-gy° F-Á ?-a-¿o-dn-Wm ½-wo-Æ-tS B-eo±-õn-ew.’-
¼-cy-\m Xn-]-\-ww D-¾n-bo-tÐn-¾o-co-%-tÁ-èw H-co-Ð² ¨-ao-
tb-uÃn-td-ubn N-Þ-t\-uÃn-td-ubn A-Xm X-ü-K-l-à u]n-!-ta-
èw fn-Öw ]-l-Æ-è. A-uÃn³ ¨-ao a-Ì-gy-Ìw a-ew \o-en-h-ubn-Ky-
a-Èn-Xn-bo-uÃn-!-ta-èw h-hy-º³ ®-j-Æn-Xn-!-ta-èw à-ww.-
A-º-t\ õv-Xo-I-fn-Ö-¿o-tÂ K-ue-g-W-¿o²-\o-Ám C-è
¨-ao-bo² D-É eo-eo-[ P-Ñ-h-hy-Pn-d-º³ H-ç-In-d-¿m C-Èn-bo-ç-
tÁ-èw C-\o-Æw A-e ¨-a-7-d-¿o²-\o-Ám H-S-® \p-Ð-tÃ-â-Á H-ç
In-dw e-ç-ta-èw tX-jo-à. Cv hv-c-Ç-Y-¿o-êw a-e-É-e-bo-êw
C-H-X-tÁ _n-[-I-an-Wm. A-º-t\ _v-ª-ç-tS ho-ªn-Ðw \o-d-\o-
ñn-tX X-I±-è u]n-=-I-Æw ¨-ao-bo² Cv ]-co-Wn-a-º-;-¾n-%-Á-
Xn-tc-Á uNn-Zyw \o-d-\o-ò-I-Æw tN-å-è. F-B-a-Ê Cv uKn-j-º-tj
A-\-Ð-an-b Cv eo-f|-¿o² H-ç en-X-I-]o-7-¿o²-\o-Ám A-hw-
Jyw Pp-eo-I-ujn-â-¹-So J-cn-e-Ù-bo² B-%-I-Æw, ep-1w ]-k-b
A-e-Ù-bo-ud-Ðm A-ko-%-I-Æw tN-å-Á tt\-bn-a-I f-2o-ub-Xm?
D-¿-cw \-®-tÐn-uÁ-Æ-=.-_Cv-f|-c°.-
C-Èn-á-bo²-\o-Ám H-èw ½-wo-Ðn-u\n D-É-Xo-t\-tbn-èw
B-Xy-Ðo-I-an-bo \-fo-Ão-Ðn-u\n I-ko-Æ-I-bo-tÈ-Án-Wm tte-Zo-I-
ho-ªn-Ðw, Kp-X ]-l-Æ-è-ô-
-\n-h-uXn eo-Zz-uX-õn-uen- -\n-õn-uen eo-Zy-uX-h-Xx-
D-õ-ubn-c-]o Ê-gmuSn-Ð-Ò|-\-ubn-Ò-¿| Zcm-fo-õox- -(2.16)-
C-Èn-¿-Xo-\m D-E-bo-È. D-E-Æm C-Èn-á-Æw C-È. Cv 5-Òn-ew A-lo-
¼m c-¾o-tÂ-Æw bn-Yn±-Qyw X-¿|-Çn-\o-I³ hn-¸n-XmI-co-Ño-
å-¾m.-
-\n e-Ó-u\n e-Ó-h-ªox-ô-A-e-Ó-eo²-\o-Ám e-Ó D-ç-¿o-co-Æ-I-
bo-È-ô ex-nihilo nihil fit -F-Ám hn-Jy-¼-^-¿o-êw (1.78) ]-l-Æ-è-¾m.
5-#-Xo (an-^-ô-X-în-^) Æw B-Zn-=w \o±-ud-]-=w Xn-¿|o-I-=-an-b
e-Ó-Ð-jn-Wm. A-Xm ue-tln-Áo-tÂ-Æw h-¹-c-a-È. A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám
õ-eo-Ñ-H-a-È.-33 A-Xo-\n² C-e A-\n-Zo-Æw F-èw D-¾n-bo-co-%-Á-
33 A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám õn-ew D-¾n-Ðn° Cv-f|-c-Ì I-ko-bn-¿-Xm h±-e-
102
e-Æw B-Wm. C-º-t\ tte-Zo-I-X-¿|-en-Zw Cv-f|-c°, B-Zn-em,

5-#-Xo F-Áp °-è X-¿|-º³ A-\n-Zo-bn-tW-Ám ho-ªn-Ðo-%-è.
E-uK|-Zw C-Xm à-w-an-%-è-¾m. (1.164.20)-
Z|n æ-]cm-Wn h-Æ-Pn h-Jn-bx-
-h-an-\w-?-¸w ]-co-g-h|- -Pn-uX
X-ubn-c-\yx ]o-Ã-dw h|n-Z|-¿y-\-Tm\-uÁyn
-A-õp-Nn-I-fp-Xo-
-h-an-\-çw ao-^-º-;-an-b c-1 ]-¸o-I-jo-tdn-Ám H-ç ?-¸-¿o²
C-co-%-è. C-H-u]n-td A-\n-Zo-Æw ao-^-º-;-an-b Pp-en-Zn-=w
]-c-an-Zn-=w A-\n-Zo-5-#-Xo-bo² e±-¿o-%-è. C-e-bo-tdn-Ám
(Pp-en-Zn-em) Cv 5-#-Xo-tb-Á ?-¸-¿o-tÂ ^-dw õ-¸o-%-uÄn³
(fn-cp-co-I æ-J-Èx-J-º³ A-Ì-õ-eo-%-uÄn³) a-uÊ-Xm (]-cn-Zn-em)
^-dw õ-¸o-Ðn-tX (æ-J-Èx-J-º-j-Ì-õ-eo-Ðn-tX) F-Ènw ep-¸o-®-
tIn-¾m 5-In-f-an-\-an-bo-co-%-è.’’-
-Cv ho-ªn-Ð-¿o--Ì eo-ç-ª-an-bo, Cv °-Ám X-¿|w A-u\-I-
ttZ-e-en-Z-¿o-tÂ 5-Xp-I-an-W-Ám B-u¸-]w D-Á-bo-Ðn-c-¾m. C-Xm
Kv-c-e-an-bo D-¿-cw ]-l-¼m J-7o-Ðn° tIn-Én-=-Á B-u¸-]-
ua-b-È. °-è X-¿|-=w A-\n-Zo-bn-tW-¹o-êw, a-e eo-uf-g-Y-W-tan-
èw A-e-Íw t]n-H-en-bo-È. an-^ (5-#-Xo) \o-L-b-an-Æw P-U-=w
\o-to-b-=-an-Wm. Cv-f|-c-Ìw B-Zn-=-an-I-t½, uN-X-\-=w. C-e-bo-êw
Cv-f|-c° A-\Ð - a- n-Wm; Pp-en-Zn-em ]-co-ao-X=
- w. Cv-f|-c° h±-eeyn-
]o-Æw h±-en-Ð-cyn-ao-Æ-an-Wm. Pp-en-Zn-em tN-lo-b f-cp-c-¿o²
_-áo-X-Ìw. Cv-f|-c° æ-J-Èx-J-º³-Ðm A-Xp-X-t\-¹o² Pp-en
-Zn-em A-e-Æ-[p-\-\n-Wm. Cv-f|-c° h±eÇ-Ìw Pp-e° A-+-
Ç-Ì-an-Wm. C-º-t\-bo-co-tÐ, 5-#-Xo-tb-Æw B-Zn-eo-t\-Æw
F-º-t\ Cv-f|-c-\n-bo K-Wo-%w? Cv-f|-c-X|w te-cw A-\n-Zo-X|w
an-^-uan? Cv-f|-c-\m B Y-Ww an-^-ua-Æ-uÉn? Cv-f|-c° eo-f|-
¿o-tÂ °-d-In-c-W-=w 5-#-Xo D-]n-Zn-\-In-c-W-=-an-Wm. Pp-en-Zn-eo-
t\-uÃn-td C-e c-1w A-\n-Zo-Æ-an-Wm.-
F-Án² \nw e-ho-%-Á P-KmXm C-e-tb-uÃn-td A-\n-Zo-ubn
A-\-Ð-uan A-È _v-ª± A-º-t\-bn-W-uÈn I-ç-H-Á-Xm! A-Xo-\m
H-S-Ð-®-¾n-bo. H-â-Ð-=w D-¾n-!w. H-ç ½-wo-In-d-¿o-\m I-+-ta-
f-2o-a-X|-¿-tÂ !-l-en-tW-è ]-l-u¼-Ðnw. A-hw-õ-ey-an-b-Xm hw-õ-eo-
Ão-%-Á-X-È h±--e-f-2o-a-X|w. c-1w c-1w A-Õn-%-Á-uXn \n-ê-uIn-
ü-É ?-¿-®-¾n-%-Á-uXn C-Èn-á-bo²-\o-Ám D-E-Æ-¾n-%-Á-uXn h±-
-e-f-2o-a-X|-a-È. ½-wo-\o-b-a-t¿ dw-Lo-Ð-dn-Wm. A-º-t\ tN-Òn²
Cv-f|-c-tÂ a-tÊn-ç Y-W-an-b \yn-b-In-co-X|-¿o-Ì eo-ç-ª-an-!w.-
103
Án-Wm u]-cm. B-d-¹n-co-I-an-bo A-Xo-\m ~n-1-Zo-\-ta-èw -u]-ç-¾m.

C-Xm \-½-tS 432 uIn-So e±-g-¿o-Ì H-dy-an-Wm. ½-wo-% ®°-!w
]o°-!w C-^-Æw \p-¾ In-d-b-j-em D-]n-Zn-\-In-c-Ww 5-j-bn-e-Ù-
bo² Io-S-%-è. C-Xo-\m ~n-1-cn-ô-tb-Án-Wm u]-cm. In-c-W-è-]w
In-cy-è-]-¿o-dn-%-Á-Xo-\m ½-wo-tb-è ]-l-Æw. In-cyw In-c-W-¿o-
ud-Ðm d-bo-%-Á-Xo-\m 5-j-b-ta-èw.-
A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám ½-wo-Æ-V-eo-%-I, A-Xm ep-1w Xp±-Kw
A-õn-e-an-=-I F-Á-H c-1w \-S-%-Á In-cy-a-È. Cv ½-wo D-¾n-
!w-®°-]m D-]n-Zn-\-In-c-Ww 5-d-bo-Ñ A-e-Ù-bo² B-bo-ç-è.
A-Xo-Ìw ®°-]m ue-tl ½-wo D-¾n-bo-ç-è. B ½-wo-%w ®°-]m
5-jbn-e-Ù-Æw. C-º-t\ \o-c-Ð-c-an-bo Cv ?-aw \-S-è-u]n-bo-
ç-è. C-uÃn-k-t¿ ½-wo-Æ-tS A-e-Ù-Æw C-H-X-tÁ. C-Xo-Ì-uf-
gw 5-j-b-®-¾n-!w. A-Hw I-ko-¼m ½-wo-Æw. C-Xm A-\-Ð-an-bo
H-S-çw. ]-I-ê-I-ko-¼m C-c-=w C-c-= I-ko-¼m ]-I-êw e-ç-Á-H-
u]n-td ½-wo-Æ-tS-Æw 5-j-b-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-\n-Zo-N-?w \o-c-Ð-cw
D-ç-1-tIn-u¾ C-co-%-è.-
Cv-f|-c-tÁn-Ãw Pp-e-Ìw 5-#-Xo-Æw A-\n-Zo-bn-tW-èw ½-wo-
?-a-ta-Á 5-en-iw A-\n-Zo-bn-tW-èw a-\-ôo-dn-%-Á-Xm B±-g-
X-¿|-Çn-\-¿o-tÂ 5-[n-\ ho-ªn-Ð-an-tW-Ám en-b-\-Ðn-ucn-â
]-l-¼-lo-bo-uÐ-¾-Xo-È. th-a-Êo-Im a-X-º³ (b-+-Z, ?o--Ó, C-ñnw)
C-Xo-\m eo-]-cp-X-an-b fo-¸-W-an-Wm \-î-Á-Xm. A-e-ç-tS A-õo-5n-b-
a-Ì-h-co-Ñm Cv ½-wo H-Án-u¿-Hw A-e-hn-\-u¿-H-an-Wm. C-tXn-
co-Ð² A-õn-e-¿o² \o-è-¾n-bo. 5-j-b-¿o-tÂ h-a-bw e-ç-
uÄn³ C-Xm ep-1w A-õn-e-¿o² tN-;w. Cv h±-e-\n-f-¿o-tÂ
In-d-Kw B-Zn-Ð³ D-¾n-bo-co-%w. A-e-bo² No-d-Xo-t\ h|±-\-
¿o-êw No-d-Xo-t\ \-c-I-¿o-êw A-b-Íw. tN-Ò tN-×-I³-tÐn-¿m
A-e-b-eo-tS A-\-Ð-In-dw e-tc en-?w!-
-A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám F-tÐ-¹o-êw D-¾n-=-I, ]o-tÁ-b-Xm A-õn-
e-an-bo-uÃn-!-I, F-Á In-cyw e-ªo-uÐn fn-Ö-¿o-u\n \o-c-%-
Á-X-tÈ-¹o-êw A-º-t\-bn-tW-è eo-f|-ho-%-Á-e±-Ðm H-½-[o-Iw
5-T-º³-Ðm ]-co-in-cw In-uW-¾-Xn-bo e-çw. D-Zn-i-c-Ww F-?-Xnw.
Cv-f|-c° F-Ðo-\m A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám Cv ½-wo-Æ-¾n-Ðo?
F-Áo-½m C-Xo-t\ F-Ðo-\m \o-Lo-X-In-dw \o-d-\o±-K-è? ]o-tÁ
C-Xo-t\ \-fo-Ão-%-Á-Xo-t\-Ñ ui-H? C-º-t\ h|-Ðw fn-Ð-an-b
A-Òo-X|-t¿ an-Êo-a-lo-Ðn° F-uÐ In-c-Ww? B-cn-W-Xo-\m u5-co-
Ão-Ñ-Xm? C-º-t\ ½-wo-Ðn° H-S-ºo-b-Xo-Ì-®°-]m C-¿-cw ½-wo-
Æ-¾n-Ðn° F-uÐ u5-c-W-Æ-¾n-bo-È? Cv uNn-Zy-º³-tÐ-Ènw
104
D-¿-cw \-ín° \-½-tS æ-,-K-Ð-;w C-¿-cw uNn-Zy-º-tj A-õo-

®-Jp-I-co-uÐ-¾-e-ç-an-b eo-f|n-ho-I³ H-Ê-en-uÐ I-t¾-K-è-=!
‘c-i-hyw’. C-tX-Ènw c-i-hy-an-W-u^!-
Cv en-Ðm ]-d tX-e-I-tj-Æw a-l-®-e-Æn° ]-cyn-Ñ-an-Wm. tte-Zo-I-
X-¿|-fn-Ö-¿o-tÂ In-G-Ãn-So² C-¿-cw uNn-Zy-¿o-t\n-èw Ùn-\-
ua-bo-È. Ùn-\-®-¾n-=-I-Æw C-È. F-tÐ-Án² Cv-f|-c° ®°-½-wo
D-¾n-Ðn-tX-bo-ç-Áo-u½ C-È. th-a-Êo-Im ho-ªn-Ð-º-j-Ì-h-co-Ñm
Cv-f|-c-uÂ-tX-Ám ]-l-b-tÃ-â-Á Y-W-º³ ]-d-Hw C-Èn-¿-Xn-
tW-è Ùn-]o-uÐ-¾o-e-çw. Cv ½-wo-I³-% ®°-]m ½-wo C-Èn-
bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² A-uÃn³ î-wn-em F-Á Y-Ww Cv-f|-c-\o² C-Èn-bo-
ç-è F-è-e-ç-è. F-Ènw A-õn-e-an-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² h±-e-ÇX F-Á
Y-W-=w C-Èn-bo-ç-è. a-tÊn-èw C-Èn-¿-uÃn³ F-Ðo-t\-Ã-Êo-bn-Wm
h±-e-Ç-X? Pp-en-Zn-Ð-jo-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² B±-Ðm \yn-bw
tN-Òo-½n-Wm \yn-b-In-co-bn-=-I? Cv ½-wo D-¾n-bo-e-Ám \-fo-%-
Á-H-e-tc-Æ-É In-d-b-j-em A-\-Ð-X-Æ-an-bo Xn-c-X-ayw tN-å-uÄn³
te-cw H-±-an-tW-Ám ]-l-ub-¾-uÈn H-ç H-Éo te-É-t¿ h-®-¼-=-
an-bo X-½o-®-u\n-Ðo-bn² A-+-ta-¹o-êw ]-co-an-W-®-t¾-è e-çw.
F-Án² A-\-Ð-In-d-=-an-bo ½-wo-Æ-tS F-^-tb-¹o-êw \p-¾ In-d-
b-j-em X-½o-®-u\n-Ðo-bn² H-åw ]-co-an-W-ao-Èn-¿-Xn-bo-co-%w. C-X-
Ì-h-co-Ñm Cv-f|-c-t\ \o±-eo-In-c-t\-èw ]-l-bn° ]n-So-Èn-Xn-!w.
Pp-en-Zn-eo-\m B-Zo-Æ-t¾-¹o² A-Xo-\m A-Ð-=w D-t¾-è e-è-
¹-â-è.-
-\n-ao-eo-tS eo-g-b-¿o²-\o-è eo-å-an-lo. tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-Ðw a-e-
É-e-ub-Ðn³ u[-~-an-tW-è tX-jo-bo-%-I-b-È, \-½-tS d-¸yw.
-]n-ûo-a-X-=w tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w X-Åo-td-Ñ _-á-ta-Ám \o±-B-bo-
%-I-bn-Wm. ®°-]m F-?-Xo-b fo-¸-W-º³ ]n-ûo-[±-a-r-×-º-jo²
I-t¾-¿n-\n-!-ta-Á-Xo² hw-f-b-ao-È. hn-h° H-Áo² (H-Ánw-
fn-h-I°) Pp-en-Zn-em A-5n-#-Xo-I-=w A-J-7-\p-b-=w A-\n-Zo-
Æw A-\-Ð-=w B-tW-Ám F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-è. C-Xo-t\ eyn-Jyn-\o-Ñm
]n-ûo-[±-a-¿o-tÂ A-Ðo-a-ud-J-I-\n-b hn-h° A-Õm (A-Õnw fn-
h-I°) B-Zn-em 5n-#-Xo-I-e-Ó-uen eo-õ-Po-Ðn-=-Á-uXn A-tÈ-è
]-l-à-tIn-¾m, C-º-t\ H-S-ç-è-ô-
‘C-Xo-Ì-uf-gw Rn° ]-l-Æ-è. B-Zn-em A-\n-Zo-Æw A-\-Ð-
=-an-Wm. F-tÐ-Án² D-¾n-!-Á-e-bmtÐ-Ènw D-]n-Zn-\-In-c-Ww
(G-Xo²-\o-Ám D-¾n-!-è-uen A-Xm) ¹-So-ub I-ko-Ç. B-Zn-em A-\n-
Zo-Æw A-\-Ð-=w A-tÈ-¹o² A-Xm 5n-#-Xo-I-e-Ó-en-bo-co-Ð-Ww.
A-Xo-t\ \nw J-7o-%-I-Æw tN-Ó-I-ko-à.’ D-]n-Zn-\-In-c-W-¿o-tÂ
105
A-\n-Zo-X|-=w A-\-Ð-X-Æw Ùn-]o-Ðn° C-uX Æ-2o-X-tÁ \-ín-

=-Á-Xn-Wm.-
-½-wo-Æw 5-j-b-=w B-e±-¿o-%-tÁ-Á ho-ªn-Ð-=w e±-Bo-Ño-å-
¾m. ½-wo-5-j-b-º³-Ðm t]n-H-en-bo ao-i-N±-Jm F-Án-Wm ]n-ûo-[±-
a--r-×-º-jo² ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm. C-Xm a-in-N-?w F-Á hw-Á-X-]-Z-¿o²-
\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-Wm. hn-h° H-Áo² C-º-t\ In-Wnw-ô-
‘ao-i-N±-Jo-tÂ B-cw-õ-¿o² ½-wo-Æ-¾n-!-Á ?-aw !-Xo-b-Xn-
bo B-cw-õo-%-è. I-ko-à-u]n-b ao-i-N±-Jo² 5-I-S-an-b è-]-=w
?o-b-Æw Çn-\-=w X-tÁ-bn-Wm !-Xo-b-Xo-êw D-¾n-!-Á-Xm. e-cn-\o-
co-%-Á Hn-ucn ao-i-N±-Jo-êw B-Zy-Ðw I-ko-à-u]n-b ao-i-N±-Jm
B-e±-¿o-%-è.’
-C-Xo-\m hn-h° A-Õm C-º-t\ So-Ã-Wo-tb-?-H-è-ô ‘ao-i-N±-Jo-tÂ
B-cw-õ-¿o² B-Zo-X-¿|-º³ uN±-Ám D-ç-en-!-Á e-Ó-Ð³ e-N-\-
¿o-êw I±-a¿o-êw I-ko-à-u]n-bo ao-i-N±-Jo-ud-Xo-Ì h-an-\-an-
bo-co-%w. F-Án² Xp±-Kw A-H-X-tÁ B-bo-co-%-I-bo-È.’
-C-Hw E-uK|-Z-¿o-td H-ç a-Ô-=-an-bo Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Çn-=-Á-Xn-Wmô
(1.190.1)-
-E-X-Õ h-Xy-Õn-õp-ªn-¿-]-uhyn-[y-Pn-b-X X-uXn-cn-^y
Pn-b-X. X-Xx h-®-u¼n A-cmW-ex h-®-¼n-Z-cmW-en-Z-[o hw-e-e-
ucn A-Pn-b-X. A-uin cn-^n-Wo eo-Z-[-Z|o-f|-hy ao-g-uXn e-fp.
¼-cyn-N-Þ-a-hv [n-Xn b-Yn-Ð-cme-a-I-+-b-Xm. Zo-e-Õ-#-Yo-eo--Õn-
Ð-co-¸-a-uYn-h|x-
ô-½-wo-Æ-tS eo-In-h-¿o-Ì-®°-]m Cv-f|-c° X-tÂ Çn-\w f-2o
F-Áo-e-bn² D-]n-Zn-\ In-c-W-t¿ 5-I-S-an-Ðo. A-uÃn³ Zo-ey-cn-
ô B-bo-ç-è. A-H-I-ko-¼m B-In-f-t¿-Æw A-Ð-co-¸-t¿-Æw
Ùn-]o-®. B-In-fw Ùn-]o-Ñm hnw-e-e-co-I-K-Xo-Æ-¾n-Ðo.
]o-tÁ hw-hn-c-t¿ \o-b-Ôo-%-Á ]-c-an-Zn-em cn-=w ]-I-êw
D-¾n-%-Á ttZ-\-Io-K-Xo \-S-Ão-dn-Ðo. eo-f|-[n-c-I-\n-b B a-in-
f-2o ¼-cy-N-Þ-în±, #-Yo-eo, B-In-f-¿o-td A-\y-\-¸-^-º³
A-e-Æo-S-bo-td A-Ð-co-¸w F-Áo-e-tb-tb-Ènw Ð±-e-I-+-¿o-td
5-In-c-an-bo-ç-è-uen A-H-u]n-td c-No-®.’’-
-]n-ûo-a-X-r-×-º-jo² ½-wz-Xm]-¿o-tb-Ã-Êo tte-Zo-I-r-×-º-
jo-ud-H-u]n-td eo-f-Z-an-bo F-?-Xo-bo-½o-È. D-É-Xm tte-Zo-I-r-×-º-
jo²-\o-è h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-tW-Ám æ-ey-2w. I-ko-¼ A-[yn-b-¿o-
tÂ \n-dnw õn-K-¿o² B-In-fw, #-Yo-eo, ?-¸-º³, Pp-eo-I³
H-S-ºo-b-e-Æ-tS c-N-\n-?-aw th-À-e-Ò-bo² In-ü-Á-Xm b-À±-ue-Z
-¿o-ud-Xo-tÂ ]-I±-Ãn-tW-Ám ey-2-an-Ðo. ½-wo-Æ-tS D-Xm]-¿o-
106
tb-Ã-Êo, D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o-td H-Án-a-[yn-b-¿o² uan-f eo-e-co-%-

Á-Xm ]n-ûo-a-X-r-×-¿o-ud-Xo-tÂ ]-I±-Ãn-Wm. ]-u¸, A-e-c-eo-tS-
¿-tÁ J-Ño-ubn-tS \o-è. ®°-]m ½-wo D-¾n-bo-å-u¾n, C-Xo-Ì-uf-
gw ue-tln-è-¾n-!-uan F-tÁn-èw A-u\|-go-Ðn° ta-\-tÐ-½o-È.
J-\y-X-bo²\o-Án-uWn, õn-e-¿o²-\o-Án-uWn ½-wo D-¾n-b-
tX-Á 5-T-=w A-e-tc A-d-½o-bo-È. J-\y-X-bo²-\o-Ám \-uS-udn-Iw
½-wo-Ð-tÃ-t½-Á 5-ho-ª th-a-Êo-Im ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-\m eo-f-Zp-I-c-W-
tan-èw tt_-_o-jo² In-Wn-\o-È. ip-Ô-]-Z-an-b _n-c (Bara) Æm
I-S-à ®-l-Ñ-tX-uÁn, B-¼-^-Ww tN-Ò-tX-uÁn A±--Yw ]-l-bn-=-
Á-Xn-Wm. D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-¿o² In-ü-Á Cv ]-Z-¿o-\m ½-wo-Ñ-Xm
F-Á±-Qw tIn-â-¿-Xo²-\o-Ám, D-+-¿o-!-Ò-I-Ðn-c° an-^-Æ-tS
\o-d-\o-+o² No-d-uÃn³ eo-f|-ho-Ño-å-¾n-en-tW-è I-ç-Xn-ta-è-
an-^w. ]o²-Ðn-d-¿m tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-Ðw ¹-â-X² eo-Õ-X-an-!-I-Æw
A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám Cv ½-wo B-Zy-an-Æw A-e-hn-\-an-Æw ½-wo-Ð-
tÃ-å F-èw, A-õn-e-¿o-ud-Ðm C-H a-S-©-ta-èw D-É th-a-Êo-Im ho-
ªn-Ðw Cv °-è a-X-º-jo-êw ue-ç-l-Í-I-Æw tN-Ó. C-Xm F-^-ub-tl
A-fn-Öp-b-an-tW-Ám \nw eo-e-co-® I-ko-à.-
-_v-ª-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-\m tte-Zo-I-X-¿|-Çn-\-=-an-bo F-^ I-S-
Ãn-â-t¾-èw \-®-Ðm eo-g-a-ao-Èn-tX In-Wnw. eo-f|-¿o-tÂ 5-en-
i-tt\-c-Ð-cyw Aw-Kp-I-co-%-Áo-S-u¿n-jw _v-ª± f-co-bn-Wm.
F-Án² \nw Pp-eo-%-Á Cv ½-wo-Æ-tS B-cw-õ-=w A-e-hn-\-=w
\o-ug-[o-%-Á-Xm f-co-b-È. th-a-Êo-Im ho-ªn-Ðw C-Xo-Ì u\-uc
eo-]-cp-X-an-Wm. A-e± Cv ½-wo-Æ-tS B-cw-õn-e-hn-\-º³ D-t¾-è
]-l-Æ-Á-Xm f-co-bn-Wm. F-Án² Cv ½-wo-%-®°-]m H-ç ½-wo
C-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-èw C-Xo-tÂ hw-in-c-¿o-Ì-uf-gw H-è-¾n-=-I-bo-
tÈ-èw ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm f-co-b-È a-tÊn-ç eo-[-¿o² ]-l-¼n², A-e-co-
ç-e-çw D-t¾-Áw-Kp-I-co-%-Á-Xm f-co-Æw. C-tÈ-è \o-ug-[o-%-Á-Xm
tX-e-an-Wm. c-1w A-Ð±-Bw. H-Ám H-ç e-ko-Ðm tX-Êm. a-uÊ-Xm a-c-e-ko-
Ðm ]-!-Xo-É-cw e-tc tN-Ám \o-ò-è c-1w ]-c-à-cw Ð-co-Ão-uÐ-¾-
Xn-Wm. c-1w tte-Zo-I-a-X-¿o²-\o-è-ç-¿o-co-¼-Hw, eo-õo-Á-=w
A-Ð±-Bnw-f-º-;-an-Wm.-
8. !-\±-P-îw-
-Rn° F-eo-tS-\o-è e-è? F-uºn-å u]n-!-è? F-Èn-e-çw F-uÃn-
tk-¹o-êw uNn-Zo-%-Á uNn-Zy-an-Wo-Xm. Cv uNn-Zyw I-ko-¼ õn-K-
¿o² ½-wo-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ 5-Tw D-Á-bo-Ñ-H-u]n-td-Æ-É
uNn-Zyw X-tÁ-bn-Wm. B uNn-Zyw D-]n-Zn-\-In-c-W-t¿ hw-_-áo-
Ñ-Xn-tW-¹o² C-Xm B-Zn-eo-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñ-tX-Á ey-Xyn-h-ua
107
D-=. A-Xm õv-Xo-I-fn-Ö hw-_-áo-X-an-tW-¹o² C-Xm B-[yn-Z-

fn-Ö hw-_-áo-Xw. F-Án² a-X-¿o-tÂ eo-Õ-X-hp-a-bo² c-1w
A-Ð±-õ-eo-%-è. Hn-ucn a-X-¿o-Ìw Cv c-1 uNn-Zy-¿o-Ì-®-¿-cw
\-ín° _n-[y-X-Æ-¾m.-
-½-wo-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ 5-Tw-u]n-td Cv uNn-Zy-¿o-Ìw tte-
Zo-I-[±-a-w \-î-Á D-¿-cw th-a-Êo-Im a-X-¿o-\m av-do-I-an-bo eo-]-
cp-X-an-Wm. Hn-ucn a-X-=w Cv uNn-Zy-¿o-Ì \-î-Á D-¿-cw, A-e±
eo-f|-½-wo-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ uNn-Zy-¿o-Ì \-î-Á D-¿-c-¿o-tÂ a-c-
e-f-an-tW-Ám Xp±-Ñ-bn-Wm.-
-eo-f|-¿o-tÂ a-e õn-K-º³-&-So D³-tÃ-â-Á h-¸±-B-eo-f|-
¿o-tÂ H-ç õn-K-an-b Cv ½-wo A-\-Ð-an-b 5-en-i-¿o-tÂ H-ç
õn-K-an-tW-Á-u^ tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ ho-ªn-Ð-ta-Ám \nw I-1.
A-H-u]n-td Cv P-î-=w a-Ì-gy-P-îw an-^w F-â-Ð-W-ta-è \o±-
{-á-ao-Èn-¿ eo-eo-[ P-î-º-;-tS ]-c-Ä-c-bo² H-è-an-^-an-tW-
Á-u^ tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-Ðw. 5-#-Xo-tb-uÃn-td P-\o-%-I-ubn a-co-%-
I-ubn tN-Çn-¿ A-\-f|-c-X-¿|-an-Wm B-Zn-em. I-uTn-]-\o-g-¿m
]-l-Æ-è-ô (1.2.18)-
-\ Pn-b-uX Ào-b-uX en eo-]-Lo-Án-bw !-X-Lo-Á _-¨-e I-Lo-
Xm. A-uPn \o-uXyn fn-f|-uXn-bw !-cn-uWn \ i-\y-uX i-\y-
an-u\ f-cp-uc-
ô-Cv uN-X-\n-Zn-em H-co-Ð-êw P-\o-%-I-ubn a-co-%-I-ubn tN-å-Áo-È
A-tXn-Áo²-\o-èw \o±-a-o-Ð-tÃ-½-X-È, P-\o-Ðn-¿-Hw \o-Xy-=w
fn-f|-X-=-an-b A-Xm f-cp-c-¿o-tÂ \n-f-u¿n-tS \n-f-a-S-Æ-Á-X-È.
-H-ç f-cp-c-=w B-Zn-=w ¹-â-uÑ-ç-Á-Xo-t\-bn-Wm \nw P-î-ta-è
]-l-Æ-Á-Xm. A-e ue±-t]-â-Á-Xo-\m ±-Xz-te-èw. B-Zn-em \-f|-c-an-
tbn-ç f-cp-cw eo-½m, a-Ì-gy-tÂ-ubn ±-K-¿o-tÂ-ubn h-hy-¿o-tÂ-
ubn f-cp-c-¿o² A-Xo-tÂ I±-a-n-Ì-½-Xw 5-ue-fo-%w. I-uTn-]-\o-
g-¿o²-\o-Ám ep-1w D-ª-co-Ð-t½-ô-(5.6.7)-
-i-Ð C-Zw 5-e-¸yn-ao- Y-iyw ~-1-h-\n-X-\-am
-b-Yn N a-c-Ww 5n-]y B-Zn õ-e-Xo Kv-X-a.-
-ubn-\o-a-u\y 5-]-Zy-uÐ f-cp-c-X|n-b uZ-io-\x-
-Ùn-ü-a-u\yÌ-hw-b-Ðo b-Yn I-cma b-Yn-\-X-am
-a-c-Ww 5n-]o-%-Á B-Zn-em \o-Xy-=w Zo-ey-=w B-b G-H K-Xo-tb
5n-]o-%-tÁ-Á c-i-hyw Kv-X-an, \o-uÁn-â ]-l-bnw. No-d
B-Zn-Ð³ A-e-Æ-tS Çn-\-I±-aº³-Ð-Ì-h-co-Ñm ue-tl f-cp-cw
F-â-%-uÄn³ No-d-e h-hyn-e-Ù-tb 5n-]o-%-è.
108
-Cv !-\±-P-î-K-Xo B-Zn-eo-tÂ A-Ð±-B-X-I³ Xp-çw-e-tc

\o-c-Ð-cw H-S-ç-I-Æw ubn-Kw-e-ko Cv-f|-c-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñ Ð±-B-
Çn-\w d-õo-Ñn² ®-2o 5n-]o-%-I-Æw Cv-f|-c-hw-ubn-Kw \o-ao-
¿-®-¾n-!-Á h-¸±-Bn-\-Àw ttI-e-ç-I-Æw tN-å-è.-
-th-a-Êo-Im ho-ªn-Ð-5-In-cw Cv ½-wo H-Án-a-u¿-Hw Aehn
\u¿Hw-an-tW-Ám u\-c-u¿ ]-l-à-I-ko-à. A-H-u]n-td \-½-tS-
tb-Ènw P-î-=w C-tXn-è-an-^-an-Wm. B-Zn-em Cv õv-Xo-I-uZ-i-
u¿n-tSn-Ãw D-¾n-!-I-Æw C-uXn-tSn-Ãw \-fo-%-Áo-tÈ-¹o-êw ue-tl
f-cp-cw F-â-Ðn-Xo-co-%-I-Æw tN-å-è. F-Áo-u½n? \yn-b-eo-[o-Æ-tS
\n-jo² ttZ-ew eo-[o 5-Òn-eo-%w e-tc In-K-Io-S-%-è. ]o-tÁ
ttZ-ew \o-Xy-h|±-\-¿-ud-uÐn \o-Xy-\-c-I-¿o-ud-uÐn A-e-tc
b-Yn-I±-Åw A-b-Í-è.-
-½-wo-Æ-tS In-cy-¿o-td-Á-H-u]n-td Cv ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-tÂ e-Ðn-
d-K-In±-Ðm A-¹-dn-Ó-j-en-%-Á G-Xn-Ìw uNn-Zy-º³-Ðm D-¿-cw
]-l-bn-Ì-¾m.-
-A-õn-e-¿o²-\o-Ám ttZ-e-ta-Ðo-\m G-Xn-Ìw u]-uc \o-Xy-æ-J-=w
G-Xn-Ìw u]-tc \o-Xy-Èx-J-=w A-Ì-õ-eo-Ð-¿-Ð-e-Bw ½-wo-®?-
-A-e-\-º-t\ ½-wo-tÑ-Ám Aw-Kp-I-co-®tIn-1-X-tÁ uNn-Zo-
Ð-t½. G-Xn-Ìw No-d-tc \-È B-ucn-Ky-=w hv-À-cy-=w a-\x-f-2o-Æw
[±-a-u_n-[-=w D-É-e-cn-Ðo-Æw !-ul-uÃ-tc C-Xo-Ì eo-]-cp-X-an-Æw
F-Ðo-Ì ½-wo-®? æ-J-¿o-tÂ-Æw Èx-J-¿o-tÂ-Æw _v-ªo-I-ô-
[n±--ao-I I-ko-=-I-;-tS-Æw A-h-a-n\-an-b ep-Xo-Ð-êw A-Ì-õ-e-=w
F-º-t\ hw-õ-eo-®? C-Xo-\m D-¿-cw ]-l-bn° [-ao-%-uÄn³ ttZ-e-
t¿ ]-ko-Ðn-\-uÈ I-ko-Ç? A-tÈ-¹o² Pp-en-Zn-eo-tÂ I-ko-=w
I-ko-=-uI-âw c-¸-bmuÐn fo-¸-bmuÐn D-X-!w-]-So tX-jo-bo-uÐ-¾?
Cv uNn-Zy-º³-% ®°-]o² ]-I-®-\o-Ám ‘c-i-hyw’ A-tÈ-¹o²
‘A-Çn-\w’ F-è-¿-cw ]-l-à X-So-X-Ó-Á-Xm, !-ç-Ðo²-\o-Ám
c-¸ 5n-]o-Ðn-Ì-É ®-S-Ð° \yn-bw an-^-a-uÈ?-
-A-\yn-b-u¿n-tS B-cw-õo-%-Á-Hw A-\yn-b-¿o² A-e-hn-\o-
%-Á-H-a-uÈ Cv ho-ªn-Ðw? H-ç-e° F-^-ub-tl ]n-]o-bn-bn-êw
A-e-\m \o-Xy \-c-I-X-bn-X-\ eo-[o-%-Á-Xm \yn-b-a-È. Z-b-In-å-Áo-tÈ-
¹o²-u]n-êw !-Ê-¿o-Ìw eo-[o-%-Á fo-¸-Íw X-Åo² t]n-ç-¿w-
ue-Ww. Î-c-e±-g-=w Pp-eo-Ño-ç-è ]n-]w tN-Ò-e-\n-bn-êw A-bn³-
Ðm H-co-Ð-êw A-e-hn-\o-Ðn-¿ \-c-I-bn-X-\ \-î-Á-Xo² F-Ðn-Wm
\yn-bw? \o-Xy-\-c-I-ta-Á B-f-bw-u]n-êw õ-bn-e-i-=w \o-À-\p-b-=w
B-I-bn², No-Ðn-fp-d-cn-b ?o-Òyn-\o-I-jo² No-d± C-Xo-t\ F-Xo±-
¿-Xo² A-W-X-ao-È. udn-Ð-tb-uÃn-td No-d No-Ð-I±, !-Wyn-
109
Zn-Ð³ \o-Xy-hv-Jyw A-Ì-õ-eo-%-I-Æw ]n-]n-Zn-Ð³ \-fo-%-

I-Æw tN-å-tÁ-Á D-¿-c-¿o² B-f|n-hw I-t¾-K-I-bn-Wm
tN-Ò-Xm.-34 \-È B-f|n-hw-X-tÁ. C-Èn-á-bo²-\o-Ám D-¾n-In-¿-
H-u]n-td B-Zn-em \-fo-®-u]n-!-Á-Hw A-hw-õ-eyw-X-tÁ. Cv
D-¿-cw \-c-I-¿o-tÂ ho-ªn-Ð-t¿ an-^-a-È B-Zn-eo-tÂ A-\-f|-
c-X-tb-Æw te-cw ao-Yy-bn-Ðo-¿p±-%-è.-
-¹-Sn-tX h-¸±-B-õ-eo-gy-¿m, A-È, A-\-Ð-In-dw \p-;-Á õn-eo
\o±-W-bo-Ðn° B-Zn-eo-\m H-Ê A-e-h-cw-an-^w \-î-Á-Xm F-º-t\
\p-Xo-a-XmI-co-Ðn-\n-=w? Pp-eo-Xw Xp±-Kw H-ç I-To-\[n±-a-o-I ]-cp-
¸-W-an-tW-Á-Xo² X±-Ð-ao-È. Hn-ucn Á-e-So-êw 5-udn-õ-\-º³
D-¾m. e-j-tc-uÃ-çw A-e-Æm A-So-tÃ-â-è. udn-I-¿o² C-^-b-[o-Iw
]n-]w t]-ç-In-Ì-É In-c-Ww, tN-!-¿n-Ìw B-Zw tN-Ò B-Zo
-]n-]-¿o-tÂ _p-Pw a-Ì-gy-co-td-Ènw eo-X-Æ-tÃ-½-H-an-tW-Ám
?o-Òyn-\o-I³ eo-f|-ho-Ðn° In-c-W-=w a-tÊn-è-an-bo-co-Ðo-È.
F-Áo-åw B-Zn-eo-\m H-Ê A-e-h-cw an-^w; c-¾n-a-tXn-Áo-È! È-co-Xw
\o-l-¼ ]-cp-¸-bo² P-bo-Ñn² \-Ám! C-tÈ-¹o-udn? uan-¸-¿o-tÂ
5-Xp-¸n-Io-c-Ww In-Wn-¿ \o-Xy-È-co-X-¿o-ud-Ðm ]-X-\wX-tÁ.
C-Hw tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-Ð-an-b !-\±-P-î-=w ¹-So t]n-ç-¿-tÃ-â-¿o
u\n-Ð-Ww. e-ko-tX-Êo-b B-Zn-Ð³-Ðm A-e !-l-®-In-dw e-ho-Ñ
f-cp-c-¿o²-e-Ñm !-l-®-In-dw tN-Ò tX-Êo-\m !-l-®-In-d-u¿-Ðm
fo-¸; Xn-uk-Ðo-S-Pp-eo-bn-bo !-ul-\n³ Pp-eo-Ñm tN-Ò tX-Êo-\m
fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-Ño-½m ]o-tÁ uI-a-¿-®-É Pp-eo-bn-bo P-\o-Ðnw;
\-î-Xo-î-I-;w tX-ew f-co-Æw Xo-co-Ñ-lo-¼m X-\o-% uN-ç-Á-]-So,
A-e-bo² C-w-®-É-H-tN-Ó Pp-eo-Ðn° !-\±-P-î-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o²
h|n-X-Ôy-®-¾m. A-e-h-c-º³-Ð-Ð-ao-tÈ-Á±-Qw.-
F-Èn B-Zn-Ð-tj-Æw ]n-]o-I³, !-Wy-en-în± F-è te-c-uX
X-cw-Xo-co-Ñm H-ç ¹-½-tc h|±-\-¿o-êw a-Ê-e-tc \-c-I-¿p-bo-êw A-b-
Í-Á-H-tIn-¾m \yn-b-¿o-tÂ D-uË-fyw Ð±-¿o-bn-!-Áo-tÈ-è-¹-So
]-l-b-t½. a-Ì-gy-tÂ I±-a¿o² tte-eo-[y-®-¾m. a-Ì-gy-ç-tS hw-Jy-
ubn-jw \-î-Xo-î-I-;w I±-a¿o-ê-¾m. Cv tte-eo-[y-¿o-tÂ ^-d-=w
eo-eo-[-an-bo-co-Ð-Ww. !-c-¾n-c-uan Z-7-\-uan \-î-uÄn³ Cv
tte-eo-[yw A-Xo² ue-Ww. C-Xo-\m !-\±-P-î-ho-ªn-Ðwu]n-td
ubn-Po-Ñ-tXn-è-ao-È. æJÈxJºjoëtS A-hw-Jyw eo-õn-K-º³
C-Xo² \o-b-X-an-bo-co-%-è.-
Cv !-\±-P-î-ho-ªn-Ðw tte-Zo-I-r-×-º-jo-td-Á-H-u]n-td
34 Locke’s Treatise on the reasonableness of Christanity and the life of Locke by
Thomas Flower Pp. 155-157 English Men of Letters series.
110
]n-ûo-r-×-º-jo-êw e±-Bo-X-an-Wm. uin-fw-Km F-Á r-×-¿o²-

\o-Ám ]-I±-¿nw. ‘]-k-b f-cp-cw te-So-¼m !-Xo-b-Xm h|p-I-co-uÑ
Xp-è.’ (14) \n-an ao-in-_n-Zm F-Á r-×-¿o² ‘Hn-ucn a-Ì-gy-Ìw
h|±-\-¿o-êw \-¸-^-¿o-êw A-e-tÂ A-lo-eo-Ìw I±-a¿o-êw
ubn-Po-Ñ-X-c-¿o² Io-å-Á Ù-d-¿m en-?-è. (66) udn-I-¿o-ud-%
u]n-In-\n-r-io-%-Á h-XmI±-aw tN-Ò-e± cn-Pn-uen a-Ôo-ubn
õ-c-Wn-[o-In-co-ubn [-\-en-u\n B-bo P-\o-%-è. (67) A-º-t\
A-e-tÂ I±-a¿o-tÂ ^-dw ]-lo-tÑ-â-%-è. (68) 5-en-N-I-\n-b
_n-gn-_n-Zm ]-l-Æw-u]n-td Èx-J-º-;w È-co-X-º-;w eyn-[o-I-;w cn-Pn-
Ð-în-ç-tS hv-Jyn-Ì-õ-e-º³-Ðo-S-bo² e-è ¹-â-Á-Xo-Ì-In-c-Ww
A-e-ç-tS È-ä-?-¿o-I-j-u^’ F-è In-Wnw. (69)-
-Cv e-N-\-º³-Ðm hn-h° A-Õm eyn-Jyn-\w \-î-è-ô ‘A-e±
h-Xm5-?-¿o-I³-Ðm h-Zm^-d-a-Ì-õ-eo-%-è. È-ä-?-¿o-I³-Ðm ue-Z-\
Xo-è-è. È-w-în-tc fo-¸o-Ðn-tX-ubn Æ-2-an-b-^ fo-¸ \-ín-tX-
ubn C-co-%-Á uZ-ew \p-Xo-an-\-È.’-
-ao-in-_n-Zo²-\o-Ám H-S-c-t½-ô ‘È-l±-ao-I³-Ðm a-Ì-gy-f-cp-c-¿o²-
X-tÁ È-co-Xn-Ì-õ-ew \-ío-K-S-©-è. D-Zn-i-c-W-¿o-\m ucn-Kw, K±-õ
-¿o²-X-tÁ-ubn te-jo-bo-udn ]p-U-I³, B-Z-i-Xy, È-w-±-K-º-
;-tS B-?-a-W-¿o²-\o-è-É È-co-Xw, ±-Xz, Zn-co-¼yw, C-tX-Ènw
®°-I±-aº-;-tS ]-co-Wn-a-=w, C-H-X-tÁ \-È hn-[-\-º-;-tS D-]-uõn-
K-t¿ hw-_-áo-Ñ h-Xy-=w B-!-è.’ (70)-
‘how-iw, I-â-en, !-do, !-Éo-Ó-do, tN-Án-bm A-c-±-K-º³, ]-¸o-
I³, \n-ñn-do-I³, #-ao-Ip-Sn-Zo-I³ F-Ènw A-Ð-õw A-[o-In-c-=w
D-É a-Ì-gy-cn-bo-ç-è. C-e-tb tIn-;-Á a-Ì-gy-ucn C-e-ç-tS A-an-
Xy-în-çw uh-e-I-çw h-in-b-I-çw B-bo-ç-è.-35 C-e± a-Ôo-®w
h-in-bo-®w È-l±-Åw tN-Òm \o-ç-]-¼-eo-I-;w \o-c-]-cn-[o-I-;-an-b
Cv Pp-eo-I³-Ðm È-co-Xw e-ç-¿o, C-uÃn-kn-I-t½, C-e± h|-Ðw
b-P-an-în-ç-tS-Æw A-[o-In-co-I-;-tS-Æw ttI-I-jn² fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-
%-è.’ (71)-
‘H-â-eo² Cv ±-K-º³, H-co-Ð² D-Á-X-]-Z-¿o² eo-cn-Po-Ño-ç-è.
C-uÃn³ A-c-±-K-º-;-tS è-]-¿o² I±-aa-Ì-h-co-Ñm No-d Èx-Jw,
35 Cv eyn-Jyn-\w te-cw h-¹-+-an-tW-è uXn-Áo-ub-Ðnw. C-¿-c-uan C-Xo-ê
-a-[o-Iw hn-¹-+o-I-uan B-b eyn-Jyn-\-º³ No-d hw-Á-X-r-×º-jo²
In-Wnw. en-Ò-e-¿o² C-Xm !-\±-Ã-î-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-tÂ B-efy-Inw
-f-a-È. A-H-tIn-¾m Cv ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-tÂ a-i-¿|w !-l-ub-¾ In-cy-=w
C-È. Cv-f|-cp-b-\yn-b-¿o-t\ Æ-2-=w Xn-¿|o-I-=-an-bo Ùn-]o-%I-Æw
udn-I-¿o-td æ-J-Èx-J-º-;-tS A-h-Ñ-do-Xn-e-Ù-Æ-tS In-c-Ww ey-2-an-
%-I-Æw tN-å-Á-Xn-W-uÈn !-\±-Ã-î-ho-ªn-Ðw.-
111
ue-Z-\, B-Ln-Xw \o-ao-¿w a-co-%-è. F-Áo-åw A-e-ç-tS ]n-]-

¿o-tÂ No-d Aw-fw _n-Ðo-Æ-¾m. F-¹o², A-e± h-in-bo-I-ujn-
tSn-Ãw ep-1w P-îw-[-co-Ñm fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-%w.’ (72)-
C-Xo-t\ eyn-Jyn-\o-Ñm hn-h° A-Õm F-?-H-è-ô ‘F-uÃn³ e-tc
]n-]-¿o-tÂ Aw-fw Xp-ç-Á-o-È-ubn A-uÃn³-e-tc, fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-
®-tIn-u¾-bo-co-%w. A-Xm H-uÁn ]-u¿n Î-uln G-tl-ubn P-îw-
tIn-¾m Xp-ç-è-uen F-Á-Xm hw-K-Xa-È.’-
-ao-in-_n-Zm H-S-ç-è-ô ‘P-À-en-c ±-K-º-tj (A-\y-tc tIn-;-I-ubn
u¼n-io-Ð-ubn tN-Çn-¿-e) tIn-È-ç-Xm. !-Xo-c, uKn-em, H-½-Iw, uIn-
e±-I-?-X, I-?-X C-¿-cw a-e Pp-eo-I³ C-e-tb \o-º³ tIn-È-ç-Xm.
h±-e-Ç-\n-b ttZ-ew A-e-tb fo-¸o-Ño-co-%-Á cp-Xo ue-tln-Án-
Wm. A-e± B cp-Xo-bo² A-e-ç-tS fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-%-è. !-Xo-c-
ua² h-en-co tN-å-I. In-j, H-½-Iw, I-?-X, uIn-e±-I-?-X F-Áo-e-tb
õn-cw Á-a-Ão-%-I’ (74)-
‘H-ç-e° A-lo-uen-tS P-À-en-c ±-K-º-tj tIn-Án² Cv-f|-c-u\n
cn-Pn-uen A-e-Ì fo-¸ \-ín-¿-]-¸w A-e° A-â-¿ P-î-¿o²
fo-¸o-Ð-tÃ-âw.’ (75)-
‘P-À-en-c ±-K-t¿ e-[o-%-Á-H-u]n-td ]n-]-an-Wm °-V-Ìw \o-c-]-
cn-[o-Æ-an-b a-Ì-gy-t\ tIn-;-Á-Hw.’ (76)-
‘F-tÐ-Án² °-V° ±-K-t¿-uÃn-td õn-cw Á-a-%-Á-Xo-Ì tIn-
Énw. A-e-u\n Cv-f|-c-tÂ uIn-]w \o-ao-¿w Cv Z-f-tb 5n-]o-
Ñ-Xn-Wm.’ (77)-
‘C-\o, H-À-en-c P-Ñ-Ð³-36 A-Y-en a-e ±-K-º³-Ðm È-co-X-®-¾n-
%-I-ubn A-e-tb tIn-;-I-ubn tN-å-è-te-¹o² P-À-en-c ±-K-º-tj
tIn-;-tÁ-¹o² A-H tIn-È-tÃ-â-Á-e-Í-É fo-¸-bn-Wm; c-2w tNn-
co-b-tÃ-½-e-Æ-tS 5-?-¿o-^-d-an-Wm. 5n-W° F-â-Ð-tÃ-½-e-Æ-tS
I±-a^-d-an-Wm. F-tÐ-Án² H-À-en-c-P-Ñ-Ð³ fo-¸ \-ín°-ue-¾o
½-wo-Ð-tÃ-½-e-bn-Wm.’ (79)-
‘H-À-en-c P-Ñ-Ð-tj tIn-;-Á-Xm D-No-X-=w D-]-Æ-2-=-an-Wm;
36 - C-Xo-tÂ Æ-2o C-5-In-c-an-Wm. how-iw H-S-ºo-b H-À-en-c P-Ñ-Ð³-Ðm
Æ-2o-u_n-[-ao-È. A-e Cv-f|-c-tÂ \o-b-a-¿o² te-cw D-]-I-c-W-º-
jn-Wm. a-Ì-gy° A-º-t\-b-È. A-e-t\ Æ-2o-u_n-[-u¿n-tS ½-wo-Ño-co-
%-è. P-À-en-c-±-K-t¿ A-e° tIn-;-Á-Xm ]n-]-an-Wm. Cv ho-ªn-Ðw
tte-Zo-I-fo-¸-W-¿o-\m G-Xn-1 H-dy-an-Wm. ±-K-º-tj uõn-K-ubn-\o-tb-
Án-Wm ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm. A-Xn-b-Xm fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-Ðn-Ì-É P-îw. a-Ì-gy-\n-
I-t½ I±-aubn-\o-Æw. I-ko-¼m A-Ì-õ-eo-%-I an-^-a-È; C-\o A-Ì-õ-eo-Ðn-
Ì-É-Xm I±-aw tN-Òm uX-So-e-Í-I-Æw tN-å-è. hn-h° 1.63ô² C-H à-w-
an-bo ]-l-Æ-è-¾m.-
112
F-tÐ-Án² A-e Ð±-e-P-î-¿o² A-c-în-çw Ln-X-I-ç-an-b a-Ì-gy-

cn-bo-ç-è. A-e \o-c-]-cn-[o-I-tj tIn-d tN-å-an-bo-ç-è. A-e-tb
tIn-;-Á-e±-% !-Wyw Io-å-è. a-S-b-çw A-Çn-\o-I-;w ]n-]w
tN-å-Á-e-çw A-e-ç-tS a-S-b-¿-¿o-Ìw A-Çn-\-¿o-Ìw Xo-î-Íw
]-I-cw h-hy-º-jn-bo ]o-l-Ám fo-¸ A-Ì-õ-eo-%-è.-’
‘Xo-î-Æ-tS ]n-X-bo² u]n-!-Á-e± [n-H-Ð-jn-bo37 ]-co-W-ao-Ñm
fo-¸-b-Ì-õ-eo-Ñm È-co-X-=w ue-Z-\-Æw Xo-Ám, Hn-ucn B-Zn-=w fo-¸o-
Ð-tÃ-½m, fo-¸o-Ð-tÃ-Sn° H-èw uf-go-Ðn-Xo-co-%-è. ]o-tÁ-Æw
A-e±-Ðm a-Ì-gy-f-cp-cw d-õo-%-è. A-uÃn³ tN-å-Á-Xo-tÂ ^-d-=w
A-e±-% d-õo-®-tIn-=w.’ (80ô83)-
-I-ko-¼ A-[yn-b-¿o-tÂ 5Dw 6Dw õn-K-º-jo², h|±-\-\-c-I
ho-ªn-Ð-º³ tt_-_o-jo-êw V±-B-\o-êw h|p-I-co-Ño-co-%-Á-Xm
th-À-e-Ò-bo²\o-Án-tW-è ]-l-à. C-H f-co-bn-Wm. A-Xz-Á-X-
an-b G-knw h|±-\-¿o-\m ]n-ûo-I³ Kn-ucn-Zn° (5-In-f-¿o-tÂ
Ùn-\w)38 F-è ]-l-Æ-tÁ-èw A-eo-tS A-*-c-a-hmZ, A-ua-f-hm
t]-Ûw !-Wyn-Zn-Ð-;-ta-¿m e-ho-%-tÁ-èw ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm, B-Zn-em
Cv-f|-c-Ì-tan-¿m B-\-Àw A-Ì-õ-eo-%-è F-Á tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-
Ð-¿o-tÂ è-]-uõ-Z-an-tW-è ê-co-Ð-Ww. ]n-ûo h|±-\-¿o-td
uf-go-%-Á eo-uf-g-º³, B-Zn-em ®-2o-bo-ud-% u]n-!-uÄn³
I-S-uÐ-¾ D-Á-Xn-Ì-õ-e-º-tj-Æw A-e-Ù-I-tj-Æw !-lo-%-Á-Xn-Wm.
\-c-I-¿o-tÂ h-¹-+-an-I-t½, eo-eo-[ P-î-º-tj-â-%-uÄn³ B-Zn-
eo-Ì-¾n-!-Á È-co-Xn-Ì-õ-e-º-;-tS 5-Xp-I-e±-B-\-Æ-an-Wm. Zn-hn-Xp-
co² C-Xm õw-Ko-bn-bo 5-Xo-]n-Zo-Ño-å-¾m.-
-hn-h° H-Áo² ]-l-Æ-è-ô ‘B-Zn-em H-ç f-cp-c-¿o²-\o-Ám
ue-tln-Áo-ud-Ðm !-So-ub-c-è. F-Èn Xo-î-I-jo²-\o-èw A-I-Á
-e± ttZ-e-t¿ In-ü-è. A-Xo-êw Xn-S-e-cn-I-t½, h|±-\-¿o²
]n±-%-è. A-Xo-êw Xn-S-e-ucn H-ç õv-Xo-I-f-cp-c-¿o²-\o-Ám a-tÊn-
Áo-ud-% t]n-bmtÐn-¾o-co-%w.’ (1.19) C-Xo-t\ hn-h° A-Õm
eyn-Jyn-\o-%-è:-ô ‘\-È-e-çw D-Á-X-ç-an-b en-Ðo-êw 5-?-¿o-bo-êw
Ð±-B-X 5n-]o-Ñ-e± 5-In-f-udn-I-t¿ 5n-]o-%-è. A-e±-Ð-â-
¿-e-cn-I-t½, õv-Xo-I-_-áw te-So-¼-e-cn-Wm. A-e± h|±-\-eo-uf-
g-t¿ 5n-]o-Ñm A-H-an-bo _-á-tÃ-½ Çn-\n-\-À-t¿ A-Ì-õ-eo-
%-è.
-õv-Xo-I-_-áw te-So-bn-¿-e-çw \-î-bo² ®-Ðo-b-e-çw ®-2o
37 C-Xm tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-Ì eo-ç-ª-an-Wm, B-Zn-em [n-H-en-!-I-bo-È.
38- ®-2o-Ðm h|x, Zyvx H-S-ºo-b 5-In-f-]-cyn-b-º³ ue-Z-º-jo-êw 5-Æ-2-
an-bo-å-¾m.-
113
5n-]o-%w-e-tc H-ç-uZ-iw te-So-¼m a-tÊn-Ám 5n-]o-®-tIn-u¾-bo-

co-%w. Cv N-?-¿o-\m ^±-iw K-hn-cm F-è ]-l-Æ-è. Xo-î-Æ-tS
^-d-an-bo, B-Zn-Ð³ °-I-P-Ñ-Ð-;-tS f-cp-c-ta-â-%-è. C-Xo-\m
\w-K-hn-cm F-Án-ü u]-cm. No-d-uÃn³ A-e± h-hy-P-î-=-ta-â-%w.
A-Xo-\m \w-K-hn-cm F-è ]-l-Æw. [n-H-Ð-jn-!-uÄn³ hw-K-hn-cm
F-è ]-l-Æw Cv A-e-Ù-I-tj-Ènw \-c-I-¿o-tÂ \o-d-I-ujn eo-õn-
K-º-ujn B-Wm.’
]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-td h|±-\-\-c-I ho-ªn-Ðw ]n-ûo-Z-Ô-c-în± (Zo-ey-
în± eo-e-co-%-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám C-e uI-e-dw õv-Xo-I-e±-B-\-I-ujn
!-\±-Ã-î-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-Ì eo-ç-ª-uan A-tÈ-Ám à-w-an-b-uÈn,
b-+-Z, ?o-Òy°, C-ñnw a-X-º-jo² Cv ho-ªn-Ð-¿o-tÂ 5n-[n-\yw
?-ua-W eo-í-X-an-=-I-Æw h|±-\-=w \-c-I-=w B-Zn-eo-tÂ A-e-Ù-
tb-Á-Xo-u\-Ðn³ Ù-d-eo-uf-g-º-jn-bo ]-co-W-ao-%-I-Æw tN-Ó.
A-º-t\ !-\±-P-î-ho-ªn-Ðw In-G-bo² t]-Sn-tX-Æ-an-bo.-
9. anw-h-õ-¸-W \o-ug-[w-
-!-\±-P-î-ho-ªn-Ð-¿o² eo-f|-ho-%-uÄn³ Pp-eo-I-ujn-Sm _-*-an-
\-õn-ew D-¾n-=-I-Æw A-e ]-eo-^-an-tW-Á No-Ðn-K-Xo-Æ-¾n-=-
I-Æw tN-åw. \yn-b-an-Æw hw-õ-eo-® u]n-!-Á Cv ]-co-Wn-a-t¿-
Ã-Êo a-\-ôo-dn-%-Á-Xo-\m \n-an-an-in-_n-Zo-td 44 ®-X² 47 e-tc e-N-
\-º³ u\n-Ðo-bn² a-Xo. A-uÃn³ ]n-ûo-a-X-=w tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w
h|n-Zo-Ìw õ-¸-W-¿o-Ìw \o-c-]-cn-[o-I-jn-b °-I-P-Ñ-Ð-tj tIn-d
tN-å-Á-Xo-t\ \o-ug-[o-%-Á-H In-Wnw. tte-Zo-I-[±-a-w anw-h-õ-¸-
W-t¿ F-Xo±-%-è. ]n-ûo-a-X-r-×-º-;w C-Xo-t\ \o-ucn-[o-%-è.
ao-in-_n-Zo²-\o-Ám D-ª-co-Ñ (71ô76) e-N-\-º-jo² Cv F-Xo±Ó-
É-Xm en-b-\-Ðn± [-ªo-Ño-co-%w. A-Xo² ep-1w ]-l-Æ-è ‘In-cy-
u_n-[w-tIn-¾m A-Ì-[-ip-X-cn-b No-d±-u]n-êw Xo-î tN-å-è. \o-c-
]-cn-[o-I-jn-b ±-K-º-tj tIn-Ám A-e-Æ-tS anw-hw-tIn-¾m A-e±
!-Ä \o-l-Í-è.’ (131)-
-P-enw-uf± F-Á r-×-¿o² a-Ì-gy-ç-tS-Æw ±-K-º-;-tS-Æw
5-Xo-\o-[o-I³ ubn-Kw uN±-Ám N±-Ñ \-S-K-Á-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo eo-e-co-
%-è-¾m. A-Xo² !-c-Ð° a-Ì-gy-u\n-â ]-l-Æ-è-ô ‘±-K-º-;-tS h|n-
õn-eo-In-in-cw anw-h-an-I-bn² A-e a-e ±-K-º-tj tIn-Èn° \o±-
_-áo-X-cn-!-è. F-Án² a-Ì-gy-\m anw-hw Xo-uÁ-¾ In-cy-ao-È.
]o-tÁ-Ðo-\m \o-º³ ±-K-º-tj tIn-;-è. \o-º-j-º-t\ ]n-]o-I-jn
-bo-uÃn-I-bn² õ-2-în-çw Cv-f|-c-eo-f|n-h-®-É-e-çw \o-º-jo²-
\o-Ám Hn-So-b-I-ê-è.’ (119) a-Ì-gy-tÂ 5-Xo-\o-[o-Ðm D-¿-c-®-¾n-bo-
ç-Áo-È.-
114
anw-hn-in-cw \o-g-ª-an-tW-¹o-êw a-Ì-gy-\m D-]-¼-eo-I-jn-b P-Ñ-

Ð-tj tIn-;-Á-Xo² eo-d-Ðo-È. tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w ]n-ûo-a-X-=w C-Xw-
Kp-I-co-%-è. (®°-!-ª-co-Ñ ao-in-_n-Zm 80 u\n-%-I.)-
10. uKn-Ð-P-
-io-Û-a-X-=w ]n-ûo-a-X-=w uKn-Ð-ujn-Sm39 B-cn-[-\n-õn-ew !-d±-K-è.
#-go-%w õ-¸-W-¿o-Ìw a-ew A-e D-]-In-cw tN-å-Á-Xo-\n-dn-Wm,
Xp±-Ñ. \-®-Ðm G-tl à-w-=w, en-oo-X-bn±-Á-Hw B-b ue-tl G-Xo-
t\-Æw-In³ ta-Ñ-an-Wm th-À-e-Ò-bo-td Cv e-N-\w.-
‘?-g-õ-¿o-d-u^ \-½-tS B-e-fyw; ?-g-õ-¿o-d-u^ \-½-tS
en-Wo. ?-g-õ-a-u^ \-½-tS eo-P-bw. A-Xo-d-u^ \-½-tS õ-¸-Ww.40
eo-X-Í-en° D-?-Xm \-½-tS õ-¸-W-t¿ e-j±-K-Á-Xm A-Xn-W-uÈn.’-
tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-ud-H-u]n-td ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-êw uKn-eo-t\ hw-
_-áo-Ñ ]-co-I-ª-X-Æ-tS B-f-b-¿o-\m Dv-\w H-å-ao-È. A-e-ç-tS
te-jo-]n-So-tÂ-Æw Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS [±-a-fo-¸-W-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-So-
Ùn-\w C-Xo² tI-½o-Ã-â-¿-Xn-Wm. b-Ý XXI t\ l-e.-F-Ñm. ao²-hm
hw-r-io-Ño-co-%-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám A-+w ]-I±-¿nw-ô-
‘uKn-Ð-;-tS B-Zn-em41 ]-eo-^-an-b ]n-ûo-I-;-tS 5-Xo-\o-[o-X|w
B±-Ão-Ñm (A-e-ç-tS A-Ð-õ-Ê Pp-eo-X-¿o-\m uKn-]n-d-\w ®-Jy-an-
bo-ç-Á-Xo-\n²) D-Ñ-h|-c-¿o² K±-Po-%-Á-tX-tÐ-Án² h-¹-S-r-
Ò-cn-b B-;-I-;-tS a-i-¿n-b B-e-fy-I-X-I³ 5-I-S-an-Ðo A-Xy-
Ðw I-ç-Wn-Ð±-Fw A-*-c-t\-Æw A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ Zo-ey-]-co-Nn-c-
I-\n-b A-fn-tb-Æw hw-u_n-[-\ tN-å-è-ô’ (3.3)-
‘A-*-cn! A-fn! \o-º-;-tS h-a-¸w uKn-Ð³ (\-½-tS eo-I-ª
]-I-Ð-;w P-\-h-°-i-=w) eo-jo-¹-å-è-ô-\p R-º-tj F-Ðo-Ì ½-wo-
®? F-Ñ-tIn-1 ½-wo-®? F-uî² uIn-]-¿o-tÂ-Æw A-c-X-Æ-tS-Æw
f-2o B-?-a-Ww \-S-K-è. eo-\n-f-¿o-tÂ Xn-U-\-=w È-w-X-Æ-tS
Xo-co-Ñ-So-Æw, a-c-W-¿o-tÂ B-Ln-X-=w A-Ì-õ-eo-%-è. A-Èn-tX
a-tÊn-ç e-bmuÐn²-t¿n-½o-Æw F-\o-Ðo-È. F-tÁ-uÃn-td A-º-Íw.
A-Xo-\n² A-tº--tÁ \o-d-®-?-Á-Xo-tÂ D-¿-a-cp-Xo ]-To-Ão-%-uan?
39 ]-I F-Áo-eo-tS F-?-Xn-Xo-ç-Á-Xm ‘uKn’ hw-Ç-bo² ]-I an-^-a-È
e-ç-Á-Xm F-Á-Xo-\n-dn-Wm. F-Èn D-]-In-co-I-jn-b ±-K-º-;w Cv hw-Ç-
bo² e-çw. h|-bw K-ao-%-Á-Hw A-\y±-Ðm D-]-In-cw tN-Òm A-e-tc
\-S-K-Á-H-an-Wm uKn-em. C-Xm bn-¾n-Nn-cy-ç-tS \o±-F-N-\-an-Wm. a-d-bn-j-
¿o² uKn-=w ]-I-=w In-j-Æ-tS Öp-dow-K-an-bo-¿p±-Áo-å-¾m. (]-co.)-
40- ]n-ûo-I³ an-½o-l-Ño Xo-Áo-ç-è F-Á±-Yw F-â-K-u]n-I-ç-Xm. A-â-¿
en-Iy-¿o² F-Ðn-Wo-Xo-tÂ A±-Yta-Ám ]-l-Æ-è-¾m.-
41 -uUn. imn-Km C-Xo-\m #-Yo-eo-Æ-tS B-Zn-em F-Á±-Yw ]-l-Æ-è. uKn-eo-\m
#-Yo-eo, ]-I, F-è c¾±-Y=w D-¾m.-
115
h-±-ªo Inw-¸o-%-Á F-tÂ G-I B-f A-Xn-Wm.’

-C-eo-tS Pmh-c-w-Ö± e-Ám, uKn-Ð-;-tS B-Zn-eo-u\n-tSn-Ãw
5n±-Q-\-bo-êw Ó-Xo-bo-êw ]-¦-uN-ç-è. A-uÃn³ A-*-c° A-uË-
i-t¿ E-go-Æ-tS-Æw í-Xo-In-c-tÂ-Æw ]-Z-eo-bo-ud-%-b±-K-è.-
tKn-ta-hm F-Á uKn-°-^w (uKn-ua-i F-è hw-Á-Xw) ]n-ûo-I-;-tS
a-X-Ñ-S-©-I-jo² e-do-b Ùn-\w e-io-%-Á-Hw A-e±-Ðm uKn-Ð-
ujn-â-É B-cn-[-\n-õn-e-¿o-Ì tX-jo-en-Wm. H°-]-H cn-ô \p-;-Á
_-cmf-u\nw F-Á hw-¾n-c-¿o² uKn-°-^-]n-\w H-ç N-S-ºn-tW-Ám
uUn. in-Km ú-¾o-Ðn-å-è. A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è-ô “Cv N-S-ºm 5n-Np-\-
an-Wm. 5n-Np-\ B-cy-în-çw uKn-°-^-¿o-\m ucn-K-\o-en-c-W-¿o-Ìw
I-ªo-%w f-2o-Æ-t¾-Ám eo-f|-ho-Ño-ç-è.’’ io-Û-Ð-;-tS N-S-©-I-
jo² uKn-°-^-¿o-Ìw ]-Õ-K-ey-¿o-Ì-®-É D-]-ubn-Kw e±-Bo-®-tIn-
¾m uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “Cv h-º-Zn-bw A-Xo-5n-Np-\-In-dw
®-X² \o-d-eo-ê-É-Xn-Wm. ucn-K-º³-Ðm ttI-I-¾ Hv-g-[-an-Wm
uKn-°-^-ta-Ám eo-f|-ho-®-u]n-ç-è. Ç-uln-Ão-td \n-å-tte-Zy-în-çw
uKn-°-^-=w Nn-W-I-=w Hv-g-[-an-bo \-½-tS In-d-Kw 5-ubn-Ko-®-
e-ç-è-¾m.’’- 42
11. b-Ç-?o-b-
-Çn-\-In-7w, [n±--a-o-I-ho-ªn-Ð-º³ F-Áo-e-bo²-\o-Ám N-S-©-
I-jo-ud-% e-cnw. tte-Zo-I-ô-]n-ûo-a-X-Ñ-S-©-I-jo² B-L-cy-P-\-I-
an-b h-an-\-X In-Wn° I-ko-Æw.-
-I-ko-¼ A-[yn-b-¿o-tÂ G-knw õn-K-¿o² tte-Zo-I-I±-aIn-
7w A-lo-uin-^-¿o-Ì \-î-Á e°-5n-[n-\y-t¿-Ã-Êo ]-l-à I-ko-
à. A-e B-cy-în-ç-tS A-Ö \o-Xy-I±-a¿o² H-Án-Wm. a-Ì-gy-\m
P-îw ®-X² a-c-Ww-e-tc \-K-Á ]-Xo-\n-lm hw-hm-In-c-º-jo-td-Ènw
C-Xo-\m 5n-[n-\y-®-¾m. ]n-ûo-I³ C-Xn-N-co-%-Á-Xo² In-Wo-%-Á
Iln-Ðo \o-ao-¿w A-e±-Ðm A-lo-Ð-P-I-tc-Á- u]-çu]n-êw e-è.-
C-ç-[±-a-º-jo-êw B-N-co-%-Á I±-aº-;-tS u]-co²-u]n-êw
hn-ayw In-Wnw. \n-ao-eo-tS uUn. in-Ko-tÂ ud-J-\-¿o²-\o-Ám
]-I±-¿nw-ô ‘ue-Z-=w th-À-e-Ò-Æw en-bo-%-Á-e±-Ðm !-ucn-io-X°
A-Ì-~o-%-Á A-u\-I-[±-a-º-;-tS u]-co-ud hn-ayw \-uS X-tÁ
u_n-[o-%w. th-À-e-Ò-bo² !-ucn-io-X-\m A-}-Y-e-t\-Án-Wm u]-cm.
C-Hw ue-Z-¿o² A-lo, uhn-a° F-Áo-e-Æ-tS !-ucn-io-X-t\-è
]-l-bn-=-Á A-Y±-e-W hw-Ç-Æ-an-bo Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Çn-=-Á-Xn-
Wm. tte-Zo-I-hw-Ç-I-jn-b C-wo-Æw B-*-Xo-Æw th-À-e-Ò-bo²
C-fmXo-Æw B-Á-Xo-Æ-an-!-è. c-1 [±-a-º-jo-êw e°-b-Ç-º-
42 -in-KmtÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 241ô242ô285
116
jo-td !-ucn-io-X-în-ç-tS u]± H-è-X-tÁ-bn-Wm. E-uK|-Zw D-Ñ-co-

%-Á uin-Xn-=w uPn-Xn-!-ucn-io-X-Ìw H-è-X-tÁ. A-[|-cz-eo-\m
c-Y|o F-è-]-l-à u]n-Á-Xm C-uÃn³ c-êo F-Án-bo-å-¾m. h-cmao
C-uÃn³ 5-[n-\ !-ucn-io-X-tÂ uPn-Xn-te-Á h-in-bo an-^-an-Wm43
b-T-b-Ç-¿o-tÂ h-an-\-hw-Ç-bn-Wm.’ h-an-\-X C-eo-Sw-tIn-¾m
Xp-ç-Áo-È. uUn. in-Km H-S-ç-è-ô-
‘uPyn-Xo-gmuSn-aw A-tÈ-¹o² C-P-fmu\ b-Ç-¿o² uhn-a-d-X-
Æ-tS c-hw B-*-Xo tN-å-Á-Xm e-j-tc 5-[n-\-an-Wm. c-1 b-Ç-
¿o-êw Cv ]-eo-^-d-X b-Çw \-S-%-Áo-S-K tIn-1-e-co-I-Æw
5n±-Q-\ tNn-Èo \p-tc-â-%-I-Æw tN-å-è. \p-tc-â-%-Á eo-[o-bo-êw
]n-^-º-jo-êw tX-;-uõ-Z-®-t¾-¹o-êw A-[o-Iw A-u\|-g-Ww \-S-¿o-
bn² c-¾o-êw h-an-\-X I-t¾-¿n° I-ko-Æw.’
‘Z±-f-]v±-B-an-uh-wo-b-Çw I-c-¿-en-eo-Ìw, te-;-¿-en-eo-Ìw
tN-åw-u]n-td ]n-ûo-I³ Zn-ç° F-Á b-Ç-a-Ì-~o-%-è. c-1w
h±-e-hn-[n-c-W-an-Wm. ~n-1-W° b-Ç-¿o² !-ucn-Un-f-=w
]n-ûo-I³ A-Xo-Ì h-an-\-an-b Zn-ç-X° F-Á eo-I-ª A-Ã-=w D-]-
ubn-Ko-%-è.’
‘Nn-H±-an-uhy-wo-b-Çw \n-ê-an-hw-ô-c-1 E-H-ô-I-ko-Æ-uÄn³
tN-å-Á-Xm ]n-ûo-I³ K-i-\-en-cm F-Á u]-co² e±-g-¿o² B-c
X-e-W tN-å-è.’44
b-Ç-¿o² ±-K-e-[-¿o-\m, uKn-e-[-¿o-Ì-e-tc, eo-[o-Æ-t¾-
Á-u^ ao-Ð eo-Z|n-în-ç-tS-Æw A-õo-5n-bw. C-Xo Cv !-Ò-I-¿o²
N±-Ñ tN-Çn-\n-In-¿-e-Bw A-Xo-eo-!-d-an-b eo-g-b-an-Wm. F-¹o-êw
A-+w eo-e-co-%-Á-Xm A-Ì-No-X-a-È. Cv b-Çw th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw
D-¾m. a-i±-go Z-bn-\-À-h-c-h|-Xo-Æ-tS h-Xyn±-Q-5-In-f-¿o²
‘uKn’ hw-Ç-Æm ]-I-te-è an-^-a-È; ¨-ao C-Þo-b-º³ F-Áp
A±-Yº-;w D-t¾-Ám F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-è. 45uKn-ua-[-¿o-tÂ B-[o-
õv-Xo-In±-Qw #-go-%-ue-¾o ¨-ao D-?-I-tb-èw B-[yn-Zo-In±-
Qw C-Þo-b-º-tj A-S-%-I-tb-è-an-Wm. No-d± Cv eyn-Jyn-\-t¿
]-co-i-ho-Ñm A±--Yw e-do-Ño-k-Í-è. C-º-t\ ue-Z-t¿ eyn-Jyn-\o-
%-Á-Xm A-\yn-b-an-tW-Á-u^ A-e-ç-tS A-õo-5n-bw. uUn. in-Ko-
t\-uÃn-td 5n-an-Wo-I-Ìw eo-f|-Ò-Ì-an-b B³ ]n-ûo-I-tj-Ã-Êo
F-Ñ ]-l-Æ-tÁ-è u\n-Ðnw. ‘uKn-f-D±-em’ \m F-Èn Pp-eo-X-¿o-êw
A-õo-?-ªo-%w D-X-!-Á; #-Yo-eo-Æ-tS hn±-e-õv-ao-I B-Zn-em F-Ám
43 -So. u]-Pm 280
44 in-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 285.
45 ]-Xo-t\n-Ánw h-®-Èn-hw u]-Pm 446. (a-d-bn-jw ]-Xo-Ãm ]-co.)
117
A±--Yw ]-l-Æ-è. B en-Ðo-tÂ f-co-¿±-Ã-a ‘uKn-eo-tÂ B-Zn-em’

F-Án-Wm. C-eo-tS #-Yo-eo-Æw uKn-=w Xn-c-X-ay-eo-u[-b-an-!-Á-Xo-
\n² D-]-an-d-¹n-c-an-Wm. A-Xo-t\ ®-lo-%-I-tb-Á-Xo-\m ¨-ao-bo²
I-d-Ã-tIn-¾m D-?-I F-Án-W±-Qw. A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æw h|±-\-¿o-td
h-õ-Æw \-ío-b I-+-\-Æ-tS Xn-Xm]-cyw ¨-ao D-k-W-ta-Án-Wm. A-Xo-
\n² #-go [n±-Åo-I-I±-aan-tW-Ám ]-l-b-tÃ-½o-co-%-è.’ 46
e-do-b A-¸-c-¿o² F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-Á en-Iy-¿o-ud-Ðm en-b-\-
Ðn-ç-tS eo-uf-g-[-ª B-I±-go-Ð-t½. a-i±-go Z-bn-\-À h-c-h|-Xo
tte-Zo-I uKn-ua-[-t¿-Ã-Êo ]-l-¼-HX-tÁ-b-uÈ A-Xm?-
H-c-So-%-lo-Ão² uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “hw-Á-X-¿o² uKn-eo-\m
c-¾±-Q-®-¾m. ]-I-te-èw ¨-ao-tb-èw, rp-Ðm ]-Z-an-b ‘Po’ (Ge)
uPyn-r-ô F-Á ]-Z-¿o-ê-¾m. C-Xm ¨-ao F-Á±-Q-¿o² 5-Æ-2-
an-Wm. C-Xm ‘Kv’-tÂ è-]n-Ð-c-an-Wm. P-Ào-êw hw-Á-X-¿o-êw ‘Kv’-\m
¨-ao-tb-èw ]-I-te-èw A±-Y®-É-Xm e-j-tc 5-[n-\-tÃ-½ In-cy-
an-Wm. ]-¿nw õn-K-¿o² Cv-f|-c-\n²- Pmh-c-w-Ö± \o-ubn-Ko-Ð-
tÃ-½-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo ]n-ûo-I³-Ðo-S-bo² \-S-Ão-ê-É I-Y 5-Xo-]n-Zo-®.
Kv-eo-tÂ B-Zn-em (#-Yo-eo-Æ-tS B-Zn-em) a-Ì-gy-ç-tS È-cn-Nn-c-
º-jo² Èx-Jo-Ñm, en-eo-å I-c-¼-Xm h|±-\-¿o² A-*-c-a-hmZ uI-½m
Pmh-c-w-Ö-tc X-tÂ É-X-Ìw, 5-en-N-I-Ìw, a-Ì-gy-ç-tS D-]-uZ-wn-=-
an-bo \o-ubn-Ko-®. Cv I-Y-Æw ¨-ao ]-I-eo-tÂ è-]-ta-â-¿m eo-â-
eo-tÂ A-â-K-tN-Ám c-¸o-Ð-W-ta--Á-u]-¸o-Ñ-uÃn³ a-Ì-gy-uZ-iw
[-co-Ñm ¨-ao-bo-td-¿o c-¸o-®-tIn-Én-ta-è 5-Xo-Ç tN-Ò õn-K-
e-Xn-cw-õ-¿o-td I-Y-Æw ¹-So Xn-c-X-ayw tN-Ó u\n-%-I. C-e-bo²
th-À-e-Ò-bo-td I-Y-bn-Wm 5n-Np-\-ta-Á-Xo² h-uÀ-i-ao-È. \n-ao-
eo-tS en-b-\-Ðn-ç-tS a-\-ôo-ê-l-Ão-Ðn-\n-r-io-%-Á-Xm hw-Á-X-
¿o-êw, P-Ào-êw uKn-eo-\m c-¾±-Q-®-É-Xm te-cw õn-gn-hn-Ê-fyw
an-^-a-È, eo-Nn-c-tÃn-ç-¿-=w ¹-So-bn-tW-è-X-tÁ. C-e c-¾o-t\-
Æw ¹-½o-bo-W-%-Á I-Bo-bn-b #-go-Ðm C-e c-1w-ô-¨-ao-Æw uKn-=w-
ô-¹-So-ub I-ko-Ç. uKn-eo-tÂ B-Zn-em A-*-c-a-hmZ-ubn-â tN-Ò 5n±-
Q-\ Hn±-%-è-¾n-=-a-uÈn? “F-tÁ ¨-ao F-Án-bo D-?-en° ]-To-
Ão-Ð-uW A-H-an-^-ua F-tÂ \-î-Æm G-I B-f-Æ->.’’ ]n-ûo-a-Xw
#-go-tb ttZ-eo-I-I±-aan-bw-Kp-I-co-%-tÁ-Ám uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è.
ue-Z-º-jo-êw C-uX-cp-Xo-bo² #-go-tb a-io-a-ub-lo-b I±-ata-è
5-Òn-eo-%-Á a-Ô-º-;-¾m.47 ]n-Ln-Xy±-Ðm C-Xo-u\n-Sm F-Xo±-tÃn-
è-ao-È. ‘B-cy’-hw-Ç-u]n-êw (]n-ûo-I-;w io-Û-Ð-;w B-Zo-In-dw
46 -uUn. in-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 148.
47 -E-uK|-Zw a-7-dw 10. ¼-2w 101. a-Ôw 3ô7
118
®-X² h|-bw eo-jo-®-u]n-Á-Hw Earth u\n-Sm _-á-tÃ-½-H-an-Wm.

B hw-Ç) A-e± hw-¾n-c-®-É-e-cn-bo-ç-Á-Xo-\n² #-go tN-Òm
Pp-eo-Ño-ç-è. A-Ám a-e-É-e± A-]-co-o-X-çw ue-½-bn-So Pp-eo-®-
u]n-Áeçw B-bo-ç-è.-
-]-I-eo-u\n-Sm io-Û-Ð³-%-É _-*-an-\w 5-ho-ª-an-Wm. ]n-ûo-
I-;w C-Ðn-cy-¿o² H-åw ]o-Án-Ð-an-bo-ç-Áo-È. A-uÃn³ uKn-ua-[w
]-Ii - X- y-bn-tW-è ]-lÆ - Á
- X
- m A-Æ2
- a- u- È? õn-g-Æw õn-e=
- w u\n-%
-uÄn³ ¨-ao D-?-I F-Á±-Qw F-â-%-Á-X-uÈ D-No-Xw? F-Án² G-Ê-
=w B-L-cy-I-c-an-b In-cyw, uUn. in-Ko-tÂ \o-K-a-\-º-tj J-7o-
Ðn-u\n \o-cn-I-co-Ðn-u\n H-Ê ]n-Ln-Xy-eo-Z|n°-u]n-êw X-Çnl-
Èn-Xo-co-tÐ a-i±-go Z-bn-\-Àh-c-h|-Xo-b-Ç-t¿-Ã-Êo A-H
-X-tÁ ]-l-Æ-Á-Xo-t\ ]-co-i-ho-Ðn° C-eo-tS B-;-I³ !-l-e-tÈ-Á-
Xn-Wm.-
12. No-d tN-c hn-Ê-fy-º³-
-C-\o \nw c-1 [±-a-º-jo-td-Æw No-d tN-c-hn-Ê-fy-º³ ]-l-bnw.-
1. tte-Zo-I ]n-ûo-a-X-º-;-tS X-¿|-fn-Ö-º-jo² an-\-ho-Iw, en-No-
Iw, In-bo-Iw F-è °-è eo-[w I±-aº-;-t¾-Ám Aw-Kp-I-co-Ño-co-
%-è. b-À±ue-Zp-b ~n-1-W-¿o²-\o-tÁn-ç e-N-\w-ô-
-b-î-\-hn [yn-b-Xo X-Z|n-Nn-e-Z-Xo b-Z|n-Nn-e-Z-Xo X-Xm I-cma-Wn
I-ucn-Xo-48 a-\-hn [yn-\o-%-Á-Xm en-Ðn² ]-l-Æ-I-Æw ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm
tN-å-I-Æw tN-å-è.
-]n-ûo-X-¿|-fn-Ö-t¿-Ã-Êo uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô A-e-ç-tS
X-¿|-fn-Ö-ho-ªn-Ðw a-\-ôm, en-Ðm, I±-aw F-Áp ô-X|-¿o²
A-So-Æ-l-Ño-ç-è.’’49 A-uË-iw H-S-ç-è-ô ‘*-a-X-am (\-Án-bo No-Ðo-Ñ-Xm)
*-JmX-am (\-Án-bo ]-l-¼-Xm) +-fmcm-X-am (\-Án-bo tN-Ò-Xm)
F-Áo-e °-èw ]n-ûo h-Zn-Nn-c-¿o-tÂ °-d-ho-ªn-Ð-an-Wm. C-Xm
H-S-tc-K-S-tc B-e±-¿o-%-è-®-¾m.’50
th-À-e-Ò-bo-td H-è c-1 e-N-\-º³ D-ª-co-Ñm C-H te-jo-en-
Ðnw. ‘\-Án-bo No-Ðo-Ñ-Xm, \-Án-bo ]-l-¼-Xm, \-Án-bo tN-Ò-Xm
F-Áo-e ®-uJ-\ \-Án-bo No-Ðo-Ñ-tX-Ðn-Wm? I-ª-a-\-ôm. \-Án-bo
]-l-¼-tX-Ðn-Wm? D-¿-a-e-N-\w. \-Án-bo tN-Ò-tX-Ðn-Wm. D-Ñ-
uIn-So-bo-td-¿o-b ]-eo-^ a-Ì-gy± tN-å-Á-Xm.’-51
2. ue-Zw en-bo-Ño-å-É-e± uhn-a-d-X-tb-Ám \o-L-b-an-Æw uI-½oco-%w.
48 a-Ì-í-Xo-bo-êw Cv eo-õ-P-\w In-Wnw. 12,3ô9
49 uUn. in-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 300
50 -C-e b-Yn-?-aw æ-a-Xw, ¼-2w, æ-#-Xw F-Áo-e-bn-Wm.-
51 -bn-Ý 19.16, 19.19
119
Cv d-X-Æ-tS an-in-Zy-t¿-Ã-Êo tte-Zo-I hn-io-Xy-¿o² [n-cn-jw

e±-Bo-Ño-å-¾m. Cv uhn-aw Hv-g-[o e±-\-¿o-tÂ t]n-H-\n-a-
an-uWn A-uXn eo-uf-g-Hv-g-[-an-uWn F-è Xp±-Ñ-bo-È eo-uf-g
-Hv-g-[o-bn-tW-¹o² C-uX-tX-Ám C-èw Xp±-K \o±-B-bo-Ño-½o-È.
C-è d-õ-o-%-Á Hv-g-[-º-tjn-èw Cv uhn-a-a-È. t5n. an-Oma{-d±
F-?-H-è-ô “[n±-ao-I-Ñ-S-©-I-;-tS A-Xo-5n-Np-\ r-×-º-jn-b ¼-^,
~n-1-W-º-jo-êw b-Yn-±Q uhn-aw Io-å-Á-Xm eo-g-a-an-tW-èw
A-Xo-Ì-]-I-cw a-e e-Ó-Ð³ D-]-ubn-Ko-Ðn-ta-èw F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-è.
A-H Io-½o-bo-ç-Á In-d-K e-\-en-ho-I³ D-¿-cn-J-7-¿o²-\o-Ám
tIn-1-e-Áo-ç-è F-èw eo-uf-g-5-b-Uw tIn-u¾ A-è-a-Xm Io-½o-
bo-ç-è-tÉ-èw F-?-Xo-Ðn-ü-è 52Cw-up-gm l-gy° \-b-X-Ô-5-Xo-
\o-[o-I³ C-º-t\-tbn-ç tN-So I-t¾-¿n° \o-¦-¸-ua-J-d-I-jo²
[-aw \-S-¿o-bo-å-¾m.’ F-è-¹-So F-?-Xo-tÐn-¾m A-uË-iw D-]-hw-
i-co-%-Á-Xo-5-In-c-an-Wm.-
B tN-So F-eo-tS 5-#-Xyn ®-j-Ño-ç-tÁ-¹o-êw B-cy-Pn-Xo-Æ-tS
Ð±-eo-I± A-eo-tS-bn-Wm P-\o-Ñ-tX-èw A-e-ç-tS ]o°-X-d-®-l-Ðn-
cn-Wm tX-Ð° uZ-f-K-e-Ám hw-Á-X-=w P-Àm õn-g-Æw hw-hn-co-Ñ-
tX-èw \o±-B-bo-Ðnw.’’-
A-ô² uhn-a-d-X G-Xn-bo-ç-Án-êw f-co, \-½-tS D-uË-fyw,
th-À-e-Ò-bo² uin-a-¿o-t\ uhn-a-t¿-uÃn-td 5-fw-ho-Ño-ç-tÁ-
Ám Ùn-]o-%-I-bn-Wm.-
-C-\o th-À-e-Ò-bo-td G-Xn-Ìw e-N-\-º³ D-ª-co-®-tIn-¾m,
uhn-a-d-X-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ tte-Zo-I-e±-B-\-Æw A-e-Æw h-an-\-an-
tW-è In-Wo-Ðnw.-
“uin-a-ua! ±-Xz-eo-t\ É-tc Hn-So-® I-j-Æ-Á \o-uÁn-â Rn°
c-¾n-a-t¿ B-fp±-en-Zw uNn-Zo-Ðnw. Cv f-cp-cw \o-ucn-K-an-I-Ww.
(B-\-À-an-b Pp-eo-Xw d-õo-%w ®°-u]) uin-a-ua! Rn° °-Ánw e-cw
uNn-Zo-Ðnw-ô-\p ±-Xz-te É-tc ]n-bo-%-Á-e-\-uÈn. F-\o-Ðm Zp±-L-
Pp-eo-Xw X-c-Ww.’’-53-
“]p-X-e±-B-an-b uin-a-ua! Rn° \o-Áo² F-tÂ en-%-I³-tIn-
¾m Çn-\w, hn-a±-Yyw, eo-P-bw, B-ucn-Kyw, h|-Ù-X, D-Á-Xo,
A-õo-?-ªo, f-cp-c-uX-P-ôm, Hn-ucn eo-g-b-=w a-\-ôo-dn-%-en-Ì-É
e-ªo F-Áo-e-tb Ùn-]o-%-è. A-H-e-ko Rn° Èx-J-º-tj h-an-Ñ-an-
Ðo, \-È-e-Æm F-Xo-cn-b f-û-Ð-tj A-S-Ðo, \n-f-¿o-tÂ f-2o-I-tj
52 Academy 25-10-1884. Zorastrianism in the light of Theosophy
53 uin-a b-fmXmô bn-Ý 9
120
\-fo-Ão-Ñm Cv udn-I-ta-Än-âw C-±n-Ì-h-c-Ww h-Õ-co-Ð-t½.’’54

C-\o E-uK|-Z-¿o-td No-d a-Ô-º-;-tS A±-Yta-?-Xnw. “]-eo-^-
\n-b uhn-an! \p a-in-u]n-g-I-\n-b uõn-P-\-an-Wm. R-º³-Ðm \p
Cv e-Ó-Ð³ \-ío R-º-tj eo-P-bo-I-;w h-Ñ-w-ç-an-Ðo-bn-êw.’’-
“uhn-an! R-º³-Ðm 5-In-f-Ð±-B-an-b e-ªo X-è. R-º³-Ðm
B-\-Àw X-è. D-¿-a-e-Ó-Ð-tj-Ènw X-Ám R-º-tj h-Ñ-w-cn-&.’’-
-“uhn-an! R-º³-% _-d-=w e-ªo-Æw X-è. R-º-;-tS f-û-Ð-tj
É-tc-Ãn-bo-® I-j-Ç. R-º-tj h-Ñ-w-cn-&.’’ (E-uK|-Zw 9.22.1ô4)-
-B-cy-în± a-Zy-anw-h-º³ te-c-¿o-ç-Áo-tÈ-è Ùn-]o-Ðn-\n-r-
io-%-Á No-d ]-7o-X-în± uhn-a-t¿ H-ç an-Z-I-¼-ey-an-bo No-^p-
I-co-%-è-¾m. ue-Z-¿o-êw th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw uin-a-uhn-a-º-tj-Ã-Êo
]-l-Æ-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám Cv No-^p-I-c-Ww b-Yn±-Q-a-tÈ-è à-w-an-!w.
th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS ]-co-õn-g-I-\n-b t5n. tU±-ua-hmtX-X± “uhn-aw
A-tÈ-¹o² uin-a-bo² F-Ènw h-hy-Pn-d-¿o-tÂ-Æw Pp-e-\-f-2o
A-S-ºo-bo-co-%-è.’’55 F-tÁ-?-Xo-b-Xm f-co-bn-Wm. th-À-e-Ò-bo²
uin-a-t¿ ‘Hv-g-[-º-;-tS cn-Pn-em’ F-è ]-l-¼o-co-%w-u]n-td
ue-Z-¿o-êw ]-l-¼o-co-%-è.-’’56
uhn-aw B-Æ±-ue-Z-=-an-bo _-á-tÃ-½ Hv-g-[-tÑ-So-bn-tW-Á-
Xo² hw-f-bo-Ðn-\o-È. t5n. an-Oma{-d± ]-l-Æw-u]n-td uhn-aw õn-c-X
-¿o-d-Èn-tX G-uXn e-S-Ð°-uZ-f-¿m e-j±-Áo-ç-Á-Xn-enw. A-Xo-tÂ
è-]w F-tÐ-Á-lo-bn-tX ]o²-Ðn-d-¿m Xo-co-Ñ-lo-bn° I-ko-bn-tX
e-Ám In-d-?-a-¿o² Zo-ey-X|-¿o-tÂ ]-co-ue-gw Nn±-¿-tÃ-½-Xn-Inw.
A-Xm A-a-c-X|w \-î-Á-Xn-tW-Ám th-À-e-Ò-bo² ]-l-Æ-è. ]n-ûo-
I³ !-\-ç-Qn-\-¿o-tÂ ho-ªn-Ðw Ùo-cp-I-co-Ñ-uÃn³ uin-aw
(uhn-aw) tIn-¾m a-co-Ñ-e-tc D-bo±-Ão-Ño-ç-Á-u^. ]o-Áp-So-Xm te-;-¿
uhn-a-=w Èx-J-c-io-X-uhn-a-=w B-bo. tt_-_o-jo-do-Xm Çn-\-?-¸-
=w Pp-e-?-¸-=w B-bo h|±-\-¿o² Ùo-Xo-tN-å-Á-H In-Wnw.
I-ko-¼ A-[yn-bw F-½nw õn-K-¿o² uUn-+± àp-K-êw t5n-^-h±
an-Oma{-d-çw uhn-aw (uin-a) tt_-_o-jo-td Pp-e-?-¸-=-an-bo
hn-ay-®-É-Xn-tW-è ]-l-Æ-Á en-Iy-º³ ]-I±-¿o-b-Xm Hn±-%-I.
C-eo-tS an-Uw Õ-en-Sm¾o-Æ-tS A-õo-5n-bw F-?-Xnw.- “hn-an-\yn±-Q
-¿o² uhn-aw Çn-\-?-¸-¿o-tÂ ]-k-an-Wm. Cv±-gyn-ê-en-b
G-udn-iow B-Z-ao-u\n-âw i-F-ubn-âw Cv ]-kw Xo-Á-ç-tX-è
eo-d-Ðo. Xo-Ám a-Ì-gy± A-uË-i-¿o-Ì h-an-\-cn-I-ç-X-uÈn.’’-57
54 -uin-a b-fmXm 17
55 th-À-e-Ò H-Ánw-õn-Kw ¨-ao-I u]-Pmô69
56 -E-uK|-Zw 10.97. 18ô22.-
57 Secret Doctrine Vol.II PP 498-499
121
13. Á-ç-Ðw-
-]n-ûo-ô tte-Zo-I-ho-ªn-Ð-º-jo-êw I±-aº-jo-êw F-^-ub-tl hn-ay-
®-t¾-Ám ú-¾o-Ðn-Wo-® I-ko-à. th-À-e-Ò-Æw ue-Z-=w X-Åo²
õn-g-bo-êw O-À-ôo-êw e-j-tc-b-â-¿ _-á-®-t¾-èw ]-l-à
I-ko-à. C-ç-e-çw B-cy-în-cn-tW-Ám h|-bw -]-l-¼o-ç-tÁ-èw
5-Òn-eo-®. Cv h-an-\-X-I³ B-I-êo-I-an-tW-Ám B±-Ðn-Ìw
]-l-bn° I-ko-Æ-uan? ]-l-¼o-½o-È, ]-l-Æ-I-Æw C-È. C-Xo-tÂ
In-c-Ww ]-l-bn° C-\o-tb-?-H-Á °-è-In-cy-º-jo² H-tÁ-¹o-êw
Aw-Kp-I-co-Ð-Ww.-
1. ue-Z-¿o-td [±-a-=w õn-g-Æw th-À-e-Ò-bo²-\o-Ám h|p-I-co-Ñ-
Xn-Wm.-
2. ue-Zw th-À-e-Ò F-Áo-e-bo-td õn-g-Æw [±-a-=w H-uc uîn-X-
ôo²\o-è-V-eo-Ñ-Xn-Wm. c-1w ê-Ñ-an-b G-uXn 5n-Np-\õn-g-
bo-udn [±-a-¿o-udn\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-Wm.-
3. th-À-e-Ò-bo-td õn-g-Æw [±-a-=w ue-Z-¿o²-\o-Ám e-Á-Xn-Wm.-
-H-Án-a-H ]-l-¼-In-cyw C-H-e-tc B-çw ]-l-bn-¼-Xn-Wm. Cv
eo-g-b-¿o² eo-f|-Ò-cn-bo K-Wo-Ð-tÃ-â-Á ]-7o-X-în-tc-Ènw
ue-Zw th-À-e-Ò-ub-Ðn³ 5n-Np-\-an-tW-Á A-õo-5n-b-Ðn-cn-Wm.
A-uÃn³ A-e-uf-go-%-Á c-¾o-tdn-è h|p-I-co-Ð-aw. \nw °-Án-
a-t¿ A-õo-5n-bw h|p-I-co-%-è. A-H b-2o-Ð±-Fw tX-jo-bo-%-Á-
Xo-Ì-®°-]m No-d 5-an-W-º³ F-?-Xnw.-
-h± eo-dyw uPn®-hm F-?-H-è:-ô “!-l-¼-]-¸w P-Àmõn-g
hw-Á-X-¿o-tÂ H-ç fn-J-bn-bo-ç-è. c-¾n-bo-cw e±-gw ®°-]m
õn-c-X-¿o² hw-hn-co-Ño-ç-Á G-H 5n-#-X-õn-g-tb-Æw-u]n-td
A-Xm hw-Á-X-u¿n-Sm A-â-Ã-®-É-Xn-Wm.’’-58
-th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS ]-co-õn-g-I-\n-b tU±-a-hmuX-X± c-¾n-a-H
]-l-¼ In-cyw Aw-Kp-I-co-%-Á-bn-jn-tW-¹o-êw °-Án-a-u¿-Xn-Wm
f-co-tb-Á In-G-Ãn-â-É A-u\-Iw-u]-ç-tS A-õo-5n-bw uc-J-tÃ-â-K-
è-¾m eo-dyw uPn®-æw a-e c-1 õn-g-Æ-tS-Æw hn-ay-t¿-bn-Wm,
[±-a-t¿-Ðn³ [-ªo-%-Á-tX-Á In-cyw Hn±-uÐ-¾-Xn-Wm. th-Âm
_±-¿-ud-ay-bo-td ^n-Z± ]v-udn-tb D-ª-co-®-tIn-¾m tU±-a-
hmuX-X± F-?-H-è-ô “A-Xo-5n-Np-\ In-d-¿m hw-Á-X-õn-g u]-ûy-
bo-êw C-Ðy-bo-êw hw-hn-co-Ño-ç-è. A-Xo²-\o-Ám P-Àmõn-g D-¾n-
bo F-Á-Xo² hw-f-b-ao-È F-Á \o-K-a-\-¿o² A-uË-iw F-¿o-bo-
ç-è. 1808ô² uPn® do-U°, P-Ào-t\ ]n-do-tb-uÃn-td H-ç 5n-#-
X-fn-J-bn-bo K-Wo-Ño-ç-è. F-ûmIp-\n-I-t½ P-Àm hw-Á-X-¿o-tÂ
58 Asiatic Researches II.3
122
fn-J-bn-tW-èw, ]n-ûo-[±-a-¿o-tÂ Ùn-]-I° C-Ðy°-\o-è

h|p-I-co-Ñ-Xn-tW-¹o-êw u]-ûy° H-co-Ð-êw hw-hn-c-õn-g-bn-bo-ç-Áo-
½o-tÈ-èw ]-l-Æ-è. ]p-Ê± uen°-u_n-td, do-U-Ìw F-ûmIp-Ìw A-õo-
5n-b-tÃ-âw-u]n-td P-Àm 5n-#-X-fn-J-bn-tW-è ]-l-Æ-è.’’-
-]n-ûo-a-Xw tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o²-\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-tW-Ám C-\o-tb-?-H-Á
Æ-2o-I-jo²-\o-è tX-jo-Æw.-
1. th-À-e-Ò-bo² H-ç 5n-Np-\-te-jo-]n-So-t\-Ã-Êo Pmh-c-w-Ö± ]-l-Æ-
è-¾m. C-Xm ue-Z-a-Èn-tXn-è-an-In° e-ko-bo-È. \-®-Ðm Un. in-Ko-tÂ
en-%-I³ [-ªo-Ðnw. th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS 5n-Np-\-õn-K-an-b Kn-Y-I-jo²
H-ç 5n-Np-\ te-jo-]n-So-t\-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-I-Æw hv-gy-Ð, A-Y±-F,
A-lo !-ucn-io-X-în-tc en-N-I-Æw tN-å-è. Aw-Ko-c-ôo-t\ 5-fw-
ho-& F-Á-uË-iw A-Ì-bn-bo-I-ujn-Sm B-i|n-\w tN-å-è. C-Xm
ue-Z-º-jo-td Aw-Ko-c-ôn-Wm. A-Xo-5n-Np-\-=w 5-f-Ò-=-an-b
Bw-Ko-c-n-uKn-^-¿o-tÂ Ùn-]-I-Ìw ]n-ûo-I-;-an-bo ~n-1-W-co²
a-Ên-uc-Ðn-;w A-[o-Iw _-áw !-d±-¿o-b B-;-an-Wm Aw-Ko-c-ôm.
Bw-Ko-c-uKn-^-Ðn-ucn-tSn-Ãw A-Y±-e. A-lo, !-ucn-io-X ]-Z-º³
ao-Ð-en-cw 5-ubn-Ko-®-e-è. C-e-cn-Wm A-Y±-e-ue-Z-¿o-tÂ D-]-
Çn-Xn-Ð³. A-Y±-enw-Ko-c-ue-Zw, A-Y±-e-e-în-ç-tS-Æw Aw-Ko-c-
ôo-tÂ-Æw ue-Zw F-Áp u]-ç-I³ A-Y±-e-ue-Z-¿o-Ì-t¾-èw Hn±-
Ð-Ww.’’--59
-uUn. in-Km H-S-ç-è-ô “h|-Ðw #-Xo-I-jo² A-uË-iw (Pmh-c-w-
Ö±) A-*-c-a-hmZ A-b-Ñ a-Ô-¼-wn-en-b (a-}-Y°-ô-ao-^°) É-X-\n-
tW-è ]-l-Æ-è.’’-60
2. th-À-e-Ò-Æ-tS H-c-[yn-b-an-b uin-a-b-fmXo² Pmh-c-w-Ö±-%
®°-]m uin-a tN-Ò (uhn-ua-wo-tb-Á uhn-a-bn-Kw \o±-e-io-Ñ \n-ê-
u]-tc-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-è-¾m. A-Xo² Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS ]o-Xn-en-b ]v-ç-
gn-à-tÂ (]v-ç-gn-f|) u]-tcn-ko-tI F-Èn u]-çw tte-Zo-I-hn-io-
Xy-¿o² In-Wnw.-
“H-Án-a-t¿ uin-a \-S-¿o-b-Xm eo-e°-i|n-Xm B-Wm. A-uË-i-
¿o-\m uX-uPn-Æ-2-Ìw æ-fp-d-Ìw ]-c-a-5-Xn-]o-Æw F-Èn a-Ì-gy-
uc-Ðn-;w A-[o-Iw h-a-bw ¼-cy-t\ u\n-Ðn° I-ko-=w D-¾n-bo-ç-Á
bo-a° F-Á a-I-Ì-¾n-bo. c-¾n-a° B-Ymey-\n-bo-ç-è. A-uË-i-
¿o-\m P-\o-Ñ tt-}Y-Xn° A-ôo-Zn-i-I° F-Á h±-Ã-t¿ tIn-è.
°-Án-a-\n-b }Y-o-X-\m c-1 !-^-în± P-\o-®. \n-dn-a° Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS
]o-Xn-en-b ]v-ç-gn-à-\n-Wm. uin-a- Pmh-c-w-Ö-ucn-â ]-l-à-ô
59 -uUn. in-Ko-tÂ D-]-\yn-h-º³ u]-Pm 294
60 - So. u]-Pm 297
123
“]-eo-^-Pmh-c-YÖm \p tN-!-¿n-u\n-â t]n-ç-Xn-\n-Wm B !-âw-_

-¿o² ]o-l-Á-Xm. \o-Áo² A-*-c-\m Ð±-B-eo-f|n-h-®-¾m. \p
B-cyn-\ ep-P-bo² (B-cy-uZ-f-¿m) uI³-eo uI³-%w.’’-61
-C-e-co² eo-e°-i|n-Xm, bo-a F-Áo-e eo-e-h|n-Ìw !-^° b-a-Ì-
an-Wm. tte-e-h|-X-b-a° tte-Zo-I-hn-io-Xy-¿o² 5-f-Ò-\-u^.
th-À-e-Ò-bo-td b-a° bo-a tt¸-X° (b-a ¸-ô-b°-ô-b-a-cn-Pn-em)
B-Wm. Cv u]-cm ^±-Zv-ho-Æ-tS fn-im \n-a-bo-td-K-uÄn-uk-%w
P-amttf-Zm (Pw-g-Um) B-bo an-c-è. uUn-+± in-Km Cv ]-c-Ä-c-tb
tte-Zo-I-hn-io-Xy-¿o² I-t¾-K-I-Æw bo-a-tt¸-X° (Pw-g-Um)
b-a-cn-P° F-Áo-e ]-cyn-b-]-Z-º-jn-tW-è Ùn-]o-%-I-Æw tN-
å-è. bo-a b-a-Ìw tt¸-X° ¸-ô-b° A-Y-en cn-Pn-=w B-Wm.
C-º-t\ th-À-e-Ò-bo-td eo-e°-i|n-Xmbo-a° ue-Z-¿o-td tte-e-
h|-X-b-a° B-tW-èw tX-jo-Æ-è.-62
-th-À-e-Ò-b-Ì-h-co-Ñm H-Án-a-t¿ 5-en-N-I-Ìw bo-a-\n-Wm. “Pmæ-c
-w-Ö-uc! A-*-c-a-hmZ-bn-b Rn° Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS \o-b-aw B-Zyw
]-To-Ão-® tIn-â-¿ a-Ì-gy° \-È-e-\n-b bo-a-\n-Wm.-”63
-Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS ®°-Kn-ao-I-jo² uin-a tN-Ò c-¾n-a° B-Ymey-
\n-bo-ç-è. a-I° tt}-Y-Xn-Ìw. (fn-ên-a-bo² C-Xm ^mcpÈ° B-!w)
C-e b-Yn-?-aw B-Ñy, tt^-X F-Áo-e-bn-I-Ww. ue-Z-º-jo² ô-X,
B-Ñy-5-ubn-Kw æ-d-õ-an-tW-Ám uUn. in-Km ú-¾o-Ðn-å-è.-
-°-Án-a-t¿ }Y-o-X°, ue-Z-¿o-td ô-X-Ì-an-bo h-an-\-X-Æ-É-
Xn-Wm. uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “th-À-e-Ò-bo-td hn-a-urn-^-¿o²
P-\o-Ñ B-Zy-t¿ tte-Zy-\n-Wm }Y-o-X°. C-uË-iw A--}io-a-Ì-¾n-
Ðo-b ucn-K-º-tj No-Io-eo-®-an-e-è. (C-uË-i-¿o-tÂ ew-f-P-\n-Wm
a-in-ep-c-\n-b l-$w) Cv B-f-b-=w ue-Z-¿o-td ô-X-Ì-an-bo
_-á-®-¾m A-Y±-e-ue-Zw 6.113.1ô² a-Ì-gy-ç-tS ucn-K-º-tj-tb-Ènw
\o±-an±-Ã-\w tN-Çn-ta-èw Zp±-Ln-Æ-ôm \-ín-ta-èw Xo-î-tb-tb-
Ènw \-fo-Ão-Ðn° X-tÂ A-â-u¿-Ð-b-Î F-èw ]-l-Æ-è. (E-uK|-Zw
7.47.13êw C-H-¾m.) th-À-e-Ò-bo² C-Xm hn-a-tÂ u]-co² (fn-Ðo-Zn-
Xn-te-Á±-Q-¿o²) F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-è.’’-64
-Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS ]o-Xn-eo-tÂ u]-tcn-ko-tI a-tÊ-Èn Ð±-eo-I-çtS-Æw
61 Light of Theosphy- bo² D-ª-co-Ñ-Xo²-\o-Ám.-
62 P-Ào-td tt¸-X° hw-Á-X-¿o-td ¸-ô-bo²-\o-Ám D-¾n-b-Xn-Wm.
C-Xm ue-Z¿o² cn-Pn-eo-tÂ ]-cyn-b-an-Wm. ]o²-Ðn-d-¿m ¸-^-hw-Ç
5-ubn-Ko-Ðn-Xn-bo. F-Án² ¸-ô-b hw-Ç C-Xo²-\o-è-¾n-b-Xn-
tW-Ám ]n-Wo-\o-Æ-tS ¸-^n-SmLx (4.1.138) F-Á ¼-^w te-jo-en-%-è.-
124
u]-ç-I³ tte-Zo-I-en-Mma-b-¿o² In-Wnw. C-Xm F-â-K ]-l-u¼

]-f. Cv ]n-c-Ä-cy-K-W-\ Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS In-d-¿m ]n-ûo-I-;-tS
C-S-bo² 5-N-co-Ño-ç-Á tte-Zo-I B-d-¹n-co-I I-Y-I³-Ðm H-ç-X-cw
Hn±-a-%-lo-Ãn-Wm.-
3. th-À-e-Ò-bo² A-Y±-F-ue-Z-t¿ hw-_-áo-Ñm à-w-=w tX-e
]-Ên-¿-H-an-tbn-ç \o±-uË-f-®-¾m. A-Xm uUn. in-Km F-?-Xo-b-H-
u]n-td C-eo-tS ]-I±-¿nw. “uin-aw A-[o-In-c-5-a-¿-\n-b Io-în-
\o-tb cn-P-how-in-h-\-¿o²-\o-Áo-l-Ðo. F-tÐ-Án² A-e-tÂ
A-[o-In-c-Inw-¸ e-j-tc e±-ªo-®. A-e° ]-l-à-ô F-tÂ hn-Àn-Py-
¿o-tÂ h-±-ªo-Ðm A-lo!-ucn-io-X-cn-b A-Y±-F± A-]n-am A-eo-
wo-f (P-d-ua C-ç-Án-êw) F-è P-]o-Ðo-È. A-e± h-±-ªo-tb \-fo-
Ão-%w. h-±-ªo-tb 5n-]o-%-Á-Xo-t\-Æw \-fo-Ão-®-I-j-Æw.’’-
H-ç !-lo-Ão² uUn. in-Km F-?-H-è-ô “h-À±-õw-tIn-¾m Io-în-\o
A-Y±-e-[±-a-¿o-tÂ G-uXn F-Xo-cn-jo-bn-tW-è uXn-è-è. G-Xn-
bn-êw Cv #-fn-Ì tte-Zo-I-r-×-¿o-td #-fn-Ì A-tÈ-è ]-l-Æ-I
e-Ç. (tF-X-uc-b-~n-1-Ww III 26)-
-a-tÊn-ç !-lo-Ão² eo-Z|n-\n-b uUn-+± “A-]nw A-eo-wo-f’’ F-Á-
Xo-t\ C-º-t\ eo-e-co-%-è-ô-
“Cv en-%-I³ A-Y±-e ue-Z-hw-io-X-Æ-tS a-tÊn-ç u]-cn-Wm.
A-Xn-cw-õo-%-Á-Xm ‘f-uÁn-uZ-ep-c-õp-w-b B-u]n-õ-e-Ñ ]p-X-ub’
F-Án-Wm. Cv ]-Z-º³ eo-½o-co-%-tÁ-¹o-êw No-d 5n-Np-\ I-tÇ-
?-K 5-Xo-I-jo-êw 1.6.1ô-tÂ B-cw-õ-¿o--êw C-H tIn-â-¿o-å-¾m.
c-¾n-bo-cw e±-gw-®°-]m A-Y±-e-ue-Zw Cv a-Ô-=-an-bn-Wm B-cw-
õo-Ño-ç-Á-Xm. C-Xo-Ì tX-jo-em ]n-X-Ý-d a-in-õn-gy-¿o-tÂ ¨-ao-I-
bo² \n-ê-ue-Z-º-;-tS-Æw B-cw-õw In-Wo-%-Á a-Ô-º-jo² f-uÁn-
uZ-ep-c-õo-w-b-bn-Wm A-Y±-e ue-Zn-cw-õ-an-bo \o±-uË-fo-%-Á-tX-Á-H
X-tÁ.-
-Cv à-w-=w \o±-eo-en-Z-=-an-b tX-jo-em, A-Y±e-ue-Zw th-À-e-
Ò-Í ®°-]m D-¾n-bo-ç-è F-è ey-2-an-%-è.-65
4. u]±-gy H-ç C-Ðy° uIn-j-\o-bn-bo-ç-è F-è tX-jo-bo-Ðn°
eo-g-a-ao-È.-
-t5n-^. an-Oma{-d± ]-l-Æ-è-ô “¨-ao-fn-Ö-]-c-an-b tX-jo-=-I-jo²-
\o-Ám Pmh-c-w-Ön-Ì-bn-bo-I³ u]±-gy-bo-ud-% !-So-ub-cw ®-uÁ
C-Ðy-bo² ]n±-¿o-ç-è F-è tX-jo-bo-Ðnw. A-e-çw ®°-Kn-ao-I-;w
65 A-Y±-e-ue-Zw G-Ê-=w H-â-eo-dn-Wm c-No-Ð-tÃ-½-tX-Á-u^ ]n-Ln-Xy-a-Xw.
A-uÃn³ A-Y±-e-ue-Zw \-ep-\-an-tW-èw A-Xm th-À-e-Ò-ub-Ðn³ 5n-Np
-\-an-tW-èw e-ç-uÄn³ a-e ue-Z-º-;-tS ]-k-Ð-t¿-Ã-Êo hw-f-bo-Ðn-\o-È.-
125
õn-c-X-¿o²-\o-Ám !-So-ub-Ê-¿o-\m Xo-co-tÑ-Ám, ta-hp-dy± rp-ho²-

\o-Ám !-l-tÃ-½-Xn-tW-Á-H-u]n-td \o-ôw-f-bw Ùn-]o-Ðnw.’’-
-õn-gn-fn-Öhw-_-áo-bn-b No-d 5-õn-g-W-º-jo² A-uË-iw
!-ul-&-So à-w-an-b õn-g-bo² ]-l-Æ-è-¾m. “]n-ûo-I³ D-¿-c-õn-c-
X-¿o² \o-è !-So-ub-lo-Ãn±-¿-e-cn-Wm. !-ul-Ðn-dw A-e± ¹-tS-
Ãn±-¿o-ç-Á-e-ç-tS Kp-X-º³ C-èw ue-Z-º-jo² hw-c-¸o-X
-an-Wm. A-õo-5n-b-õo-Á-X D-¾n-b-Xo-t\ H-S±-Ám ]n-ûo-I³ A-c-uÐ-
gy-bo-ud-%w u]±-gy-bo-ud-%w !-So-ub-lo. A-e± \-Zo-Ð-c-I-jo²
\-K-c-º³ D-¾n-Ðo. \-Zo-I³-%w \-K-c-º³-Ðw A-e± D-u]-¸o-®
u]n-Á-e-Æ-tS u]-ç \-ío. ]n-ûo-õn-g-bo-td i hw-Á-X-¿o-td h
B-W-uÈn. C-Ðy-bo-td !-Wy-\-Zo-I-jo² H-Án-b h-c-Æ-eo-tÂ u]-cm
i-c-Æ F-Án-Ðo C-½-Xm C-Ám h±-Á B-bo-å-¾m.’’-66-
-an-Oma{-d± ¼-No-Ão-%w-u]n-td, i-c-Æ-=w h-c-Æ-=w an-^-a-È a-Ê-
u\-Iw u]-ûy° Ù-d-\n-a-º-;w hw-Á-X-=-an-bo _-á-tÃ-½o-co-%-è.-
-Ç-W-½p-hmô-u]±-gy-bo-td Cv 5-ho-ª-\-Zo-Æm ^-cn-Xm F-èw
u]-ç-¾m. C-Xm hw-Á-X-¿o-td õ-c-Xm F-Á ]-Z-=-an-bo _-á-tÃ-½o-
co-%-è. C-èw õn-c-Xw, õn-c-X-e±-gw, õn-c-X-J-7w F-Áo-e C-Ðy-
Íw C-Ðy-Ðn±-%w ]-l-Æ-Á u]-cn-Wm. a-in-õn-c-Xw õ-c-X-tÂ ]o°
-Kn-ao-I-;-tS a-in-N-co-X-an-W-uÈn. õn-c-X-¿o²-\o-è !-So-ub-lo-b-e±
A-e± ]n±-Ó-l-Ão-Ñ 5-uZ-f-t¿ \-Zo-Ðm õn-c-Xn F-è u]-co-å.
hw-Á-X-¿o-td u]-ûy-\o² ^ B-!w. hw-Á-X-¿o-td [-õm (r-io-
%-I) u]-ûy-\o² ro-bm B-!-Á-Xm D-Zn-i-c-Ww.-
-_n-_o-udn®: H-co-Ð² a-in-hn-Àn-Py-¿o-tÂ X-d-Ùn-\-an-bo-
ç-Á Cv eo-\-X-\-K-cw Ç-W-½p-hm \-Zo-Ð-c-bo² Ùo-Xo-tN-Òo-ç-è.
¨-]n-j-cn-Py-K\o-è !-So-ub-lo-b ¨-]n-j-în± Ùn-]o-Ñ Cv \-Kc--
¿o-\m ‘¨-]n-j’ F-è u]-co-½-Xm ?-ua-W _n-_o-udn® B-b-Xn-
I-Ww.-
ttS-ro-hm \-Zp-Xp-c-K ]n±-¿o-ç-Á Iv-ho-I± õn-c-X-¿o-td
In-fo-5-uZ-f-K-\o-è !-So-ub-lo-b-e-cn-Inw.-
C-ln° F-Á ]-Zw B-cy° F-Á en-Ðo-tÂ A-]-ªw-f-an-tW-è
Xp±-Ñ. !-So-ub-lo-b B-cy-în± B 5-uZ-f-¿o-Ì tIn-â-¿ u]-cm
è-]w an-lo-b-Xn-Wm.-
H-ç a-Xw a-tÊn-Áo²-\o-Ám B-eo±-õ-eo-Ñ-tX-è Ùn-]o-%-Á-
Xo-\m °-è In-cyw tX-jo-bo-Ð-Ww. 1. X-Åo-td B-f-b-tÃn-ç-¿-=w
ho-ªn-Ð-hn-ay-=w. 2. A-e-bo² H-Áo-tÂ 5n-Np-\-X. 3. A-e-Æ-tS
66 Chips from a German Workshop Vol. I. P. 235
126
]-c-à-c-_-á-¿o-tÂ e-ko. tte-Zo-I-ô-]n-ûo-a-X-º³ X-Åo-td ho-ªn

-Ð-hn-ayw hw-f-b-ta-Áo-ub tX-jo-à-I-ko-à. ue-Z-º³ th-À-e-
Ò-ub-Ðn³ 5n-Np-\-an-tW-èw tX-jo-à. ]-c-à-c-_-á-¿o-tÂ
e-ko C-Ðy-bo²-\o-è tte-Zo-I-In-d-¿m !-So-ub-lo-b-e-cn-Wm ]n-ûo
-I³ F-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám î-wn-=-an-bo. ue-tl-Æw _-á-º-;-tS tX-jo-=-
I-;-¾m. D-Zn-i-c-W-¿o-\m ‘\n-ua P-c-È-fmXm’ F-Á !-Ò-I-¿o²67
eyn-h° u]±-gy-bo² tN-Ám Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-an-bo [n±-ao-I N±-Ñ
tN-bmtX-Ám F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-è. ttZ-ew Pmh-c-w-Ö-ucn-â ]-l-Æ-è-ô
“eyn-h-t\-Á a-in-Çn-\o-bn-b ~n-1-W° õn-c-X-e±-g-¿o²-\o-
è-e-çw. A-uË-i-¿o-Ì H-dy° Cv udn-I-¿o-È. A-uË-iw \o-uÁn-â
uNn-Zo-Ðn° u]n-!-Á-Xm “D-É-Xo-tÂ-tb-Ènw î-wn-em Cv-f|-c-\-Èn-
Xn-cm? F-Á-u^’’ (65ô66)-
-“ttZ-ew A-\y-h-in-b-X ¹-Sn-tX a-\-ôm e-ªo F-Áo-e-tb
B-Zyw ½-wo-®, e-ªo-bo²-\o-Ám a-tÊ-Ènw ½-wo-Ð-tÃ-å F-Ám A-uË-
i-u¿n-â ]-l-Æ-I.’’ (67)-
-“B-Zyw D-¾n-b e-ªo-Æ-tS h-in-b-X h|p-I-co-%-I-bn²
Cv-f|-c-tÂ a-io-a-Æm Dv-\-tan-èw X-å-Áo-È F-èw.’’ (68)-
-“c-¾n-a-t¿ uNn-Zyw C-Xn-bo-co-%w-ô A-lo B-In-f-¿o-Ì Ip-
tk-Æw en-Æ A-lo-% Ip-tk-Æw P-dw en-Æ-eo-Ì Ip-tk-Æw #-Y|o P-d-
¿o-Ì Ip-tk-Æw B-b-tX-Ðm?’’ (71)-
-H-S±-Ám eyn-h-\m tIn-â-uÐ-¾ D-¿-cw ttZ-ew Pmh-c-w-Ö±-Ðm
]-l-à-tIn-â-%-è-ô (72ô75) ]-Õ-a-hn-h° X-tÂ õn-gy-¿o² ]-l-
Æ-è-ô “eyn-h° Y-$n-à-t\ _n-dn-Jo²-e-Ñm u\-co² I-1. cn-Pn-em
F-Èn eo-Z|n-în-tc-Æw eo-jo-®-¹-½o. Pmh-c-w-Ö-çw 5n±-Q-\n-d-b-
¿o²-\o-è !-l-K-e-è. eyn-h° Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS a-Xw h|p-I-co-®.’’-
-C-Xm _n-ko-b-bo-td 5-f-Ò cn-Pn-en-bo-ç-Á Y-$n-àmô-tÂ68
In-d-t¿ !-lo-%-Á-Xn-Wm. C-uË-iw Pmh-cw - Ö
- ç- -tS a-X-t¿ cn-{-a-X
-an-bo 5-Jyn-]o-®. _o.-ho. 550 \-â-¿n-Wo-Xm. ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o--tÂ e-j±-Ñ
-Ðn-d-an-Wo-Xm. eyn-h-t\-Ã-Êo C-eo-tS e-j-tc _-*-an-\Ð±ew
67 th-À-e-Ò-Í e-j-tc-Ðn-dw I-ko-¼n-Wm Cv !-Ò-I-¿o-tÂ c-N-\-tb-¹o-êw
Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS #-Xo-bn-Wo-tX-Á-u^ eo-f|n-hw. en-Ò-e-¿o² ~-1n,
e-ho-~°, \n-c-Z°, eyn-h° ®-X-dn-b E-go-an-tc-uÃn-td Pmh-c-w-Ö-tc-è
u]-cn-b A-u\-I-ç-¾n-bo-å-¾m. ]n-ûo a-X-Ùn-]-I-t\ ue±-Xo-co-® In-Wo-%-
en° ào-Xn-an Pmh-c-w-Ö± F-è ]-l-Æ-è.-
68 hw-Á-X-¿o-td eo-wn-f|-Í h-an-\-an-b ]-Z-an-Wm e-ho-Ên-à. rp-Ðm !-Ò-I-
º-jo² C-Xm io-$n-à-hm B-Wm. uUn. F-hm. F. I-]n-Uo-b F-Á ]n-ûo-
ud-J-I° Y-$n-àn-bn-êw eo-$n-àn-bn-êw 3500 e±-gw ®°-]n-Wm In-d-b-j-
te-è K-Wo-%-è. io-Û-K-Wo-X-5-In-cw eyn-h-tÂ In-d-=w G-Xn-¾o-H-
X-tÁ.
127
Kv-c-en-\|o-X-an-bo 5-Xo-]n-Zo-%-Á-Xo²-\o-Ám C-uË-iw ue-Zn-Ð-

¼-^-I±-¿n-=w ubn-K-¼-^-õn-gy-In-c-Ì-an-b eyn-h°X-tÁ-è
\o±-B-bo-Ðn-=-Á-Xn-Wm. ]-Õ-a-hn-h° ]o²-Ðn-d-K F-?-Xo-b
eyn-Jyn-\-¿o², eyn-h° ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o² uN±-tÁ-è Xn-t\-?-Xo-b-
Xo-t\ Kv-c-e-an-tb-â-uÐ-t¾-è¹-So ¼-No-Ão-%-è-¾m. G-Xn-bn-êw
Cv c-1 a-X-º-jo-td D-Á-X-în± B a-X-º-;-tS 5-õn-e-In-d-¿m
hw-K-ao-%-Á-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo ]n-ûo-r-×-º-jo² F-?-Xo-Ðn-ü-Á-Xm e-j-tc
5-[n-\-tÃ-½ In-cyw-X-tÁ.-
-5-Y-a-hn-h-tÂ r-×-º-jo²-\o-Ám ]-d D-ª-c-Wo-I-;w F-â-K-
e-uÈn. A-uË-iw õn-c-X-¿o² e-ho-%-I an-^-a-È C-eo-tS-e-Ñm ]-d
r-×-º³ F-?-H-I-Æw tN-Ó. ]-Õ-a-hn-h-tÂ r-×-¿o² C-Xo-u\-
Ã-Êo e±-B-\ In-Wnw. X-tÂ r-×-¿o-tÂ 38ônw õn-K-¿m Cv-f|-c-
t\-tÐn-¾m C-º-t\ ]-l-bo-%-è-ô “\p [-\y° F-tÐ-Án² Rn°
\o-tÂ C-±-I-tj h|p-I-co-®-e-uÈn’’ C-Xo-\m ]-Õ-a-hn-h° !-lo-tÃ-
?-H-è. “A-d-On-¾± u]-ûy B-?-ao-® Ip-kmtÃ-â-¿o-Ð-ko-¼m Zn-cn-
!-^-\n-b hn-h° X-tÂ ]o-J-h-uin-Z-c-\o²\o-Á-I-Ám C-Ðy-bo-
td-¿o ]-eo-^-=w, õ-2o-Ð±-B-=-an-b Pp-eo-Xw \-bo-®. Cv-f|-c°
A-e-\o² Z-b-= In-½o-b-Xo-\n² A-e° 5-en-N-I-\n-bo.’’-
5-Y-a-hn-h° õn-c-X-e±-g-¿o-dn-Wm Pp-eo-Xw I-ko-Ñ-tX-Ám
A-Õn-a° F-?-H-è. C-eo-tS e-ho-Ñm ]n-ûo-a-X-Y-ç, Cv-f|-c-
#-]n-I-Sn-¸-¿o-Ì ]n-^-an-bo. C-uË-i-¿o-tÂ c-N-\-I³ a-i-¿|-
ua-lo-b-e-bn-Wm. ]-Õ-a-hn-h-\m C-H-u]n-td Cv-f|-c-#-]-Æ-¾n-bo
F-è Xn-Xm]-cyw.-
C-Xo²\o-tÁ-Ènw te-jo-en-!-Á-Xm ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-tÂ B-eo±-õn-e-
In-d-K an-^-a-È; ]o-tÁ-Æw tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ h|n-[p-\w A-Xo-
ê-¾n-bo-ç-è F-Án-Wm. ]n-ûo [±-a-r-×-º-;w tte-Zo-I-r-×-º-;w
X-Åo² hn-ay-®-¾n-Ðn° In-c-W-=w C-Xn-Wm.-
-tte-Zo-I-ô-]n-ûo a-X-º-;-tS hn-ay-t¿-Ã-Êo H-ç ]n-ûo-r-×-In-c-
tÂ en-%-I³ ]-I±-¿o-tÐn-¾m Cv A-[yn-bw D-]-hw-i-co-Ðnw.-
“]-eo-^ tte-Zo-I-[±-a-=w ]n-ûo-a-X-=w H-Án-Wm h|n±-Qo-I-jn-b
cn-Pn-Ð-în-çw !-ucn-io-X-çw tte-Zo-I h-Xy-¿o-t\ a-l-®-]o-So-Ñm
P-\-u¼n-iw tN-Ó. A-á-eo-f|n-h-º-;w A-\n-Nn-c-º-;w 5-N-co-
Ão-®. C-Xo-t\-Xo-tc ]-S-t]n-ç-H-en-\n-Wm Pmh-c-w-Ö-a-Xw D-¾n-
b-Xm. ]o²-Ðn-d-¿m e-ª° tN-Ò-Hw C-H-X-tÁ.’’-69
C-Xo-t\ eyn-Jyn-\-tan-èw ue-¾. Pmh-c-H-Ö± e-ª-t\-uÃn-td
69 Zorastrianism in the Light of Theosophy P. 63. By Khurshaidji N. Seervai.
128
tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-td I-j-¹-º³ É-cp-I-co-Ðn° [-ao-Ñ 5n-en-N-I

-\n-tW-Á-u^ r-×-In-c° \o±-B-bo-%-Á-Xm. uUn. F-hm.-Fw.
I-]n-Uo-b-Æw tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ u]-ç ]-l-bn-tX, G-uI-f|-c-
en-Z-Ùn-]-\-=w [±-a-!-\x-Ùn-]-\-=-an-bo-ç-è ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-tÂ
d-¸y-ta-è Ùn-]o-®-tIn-¾m F-?-H-è. “Cv-f|-c-an-in-Zy-t¿
5-In-f-H-dy-ta-è h-¹-+o-Ñ-e± In-d-?-ua-W, Cv-f|-c-t\ a-Ì-gy-
è-]-¿o-dn-Ðo. õ-2-în± ]o-Á-Xo-t\ uZ-e-\n-Ðo. î-wn-en-b P-K-
Zp-f|-c-Ì ]-I-cw Cv uZ-e° Ð-Py-\n-bo. C-º-t\ B H-Ánw-Io-S
Xn-¿|o-I-[±-a-w A-u\-uI-f|-c-en-Z-¿o-tÂ Á-ko-bo²-t]-½m Xn-T H-S-
ºo. eo-r-in-cn-[-\, a-\-ôo² uXn-Áo-b uZ-e-în-ç-tS-Æw cn-¸-h-
în-tS-Æw Ð-P-Æm H-S-Ð-ao-å. Cv a-in-õ-b-¹-c-eo-]-¿o-t\ \o±-an±-
Ã-\w tN-Çn° 5-en-N-I-\n-b Pmh-c-w-Ö± B-eo±-õ-eo-®. \o-d-eo-do-
ç-Á a-X-t¿ B-cw-õ-In-d-t¿ ]-eo-^ A-*-c-Ð-P-bo-ud-Ðm tIn-1-
u]n-!-I-bn-bo-ç-è A-uË-i-¿o-tÂ 5-[n-\ d-¸yw.-70
-Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS In-d-¿m 5n-Np-\-tte-Zo-I-[±-a-w A-[x-]-Xo-Ñm
A-u\-Iw uZ-e-Ð-P B-cw-õo-%-I-Æw C-Þ-t\ uZ-e-uZ-e-\n-bo B-cn-
[o-%-Á h-º-Zn-bw \o-d-eo² e-co-I-Æw tN-Ó In-W-Ww. Pmh-c-w-
Ö-ç-tS D-]-uZ-f-¿o-tÂ d-¸yw Cv _-* uZ-en-cn-[-\-tb F-Xo±-
%-I-bn-bo-ç-è A-Ðn-d-t¿ a-Xn-Ì-bn-bo-I-;w ]-co-ln-c-en-Zo-I-;w
X-Åo² h|n-õn-eo-I-an-Æw A-õo-5n-b-ey-Xyn-hw D-¾n-bo-ç-Á-Xn-enw.
B-cy-în-tc-è ]-l-Æ-Á-e± Ð-Po-Ño-ç-Á No-d uZ-e-în-tc th-À-e-Ò-
bo² È-cn-Zn-Ð-tj-è71 ]-l-Æ-en° In-c-Ww C-Xn-bo-co-Ðnw. C-Þ-t\
A-e-ç-tS cn-Pn-te-è eo-jo-Ñ-Hw A-æ-c-(A-*-c)t\ cn-¸-h°
F-Á±-Q-¿o² eo-jo-Ðn-\n-cw-õo-Ñ-Hw hw-Á-X-õn-g-bo² C-¿-cw
]-co-e±-¿-\-º-;-¾n-b-Hw B-udn-N-\n±-i-an-Wm.-
_--}inw-b-fmXo²-\o-Ám C-\o ]-I±-K-Á õn-K-¿o², Pmh-c-w-
Ö± b-Ç-¿o² A-è \-S-an-So-bo-ç-Á ±-K-_-do-Ðm F-Xo-cn-bo-
ç-tÁ-Ám In-Wnw. ‘A-*-c° ½-wo-Ñ ?-X-{° C-º-t\ 5-Jyn-
]o-®-ô-uKn-eo-tÂ 72B-Zn-eo-\m a-Ì-gy-\o²-\o-Ám D-No-X-an-b b-Çw
d-õo-%-Áo-È. F-tÐ-Án² b-Ç-¿o-do-uÃn³ uZ-e-în±73 te-Éw-
u]n-td-bn-Wm uNn-c-tbn-?-%-Á-Xm.’-74 C-eo-tS uZ-e-b-To (uZ-e-Ð-P
-I³) F-Ám Pmh-c-w-Ö± ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm tte-Zo-I-B-cy-în-tc-Ã-Êobn-Wm.
X-tÂ A-Ì-bn-bo-I-tj A-uË-iw a-hmZn-b-To (A-*-c-a-hmZ-Æ-tS
70 The Teachings of Zorastrianism and the Philosophy of Parsi Religion Pp. 16-17
71 ]n-ûo-õn-g-bo² uZ-e-hw-Ç-Æm cn-¸-h-t\-èw È-cn-Zn-te-è-an-W±-Qw.
72 ¨-ao F-Ám uKn-eo-\±-Qw
73 uZ-e°=cn-¸-h±
74- th-À-e-Ò õn-Kw 2. u]-Pm 2+5
129
D-]n-h-I±) F-Án-Wm eo-jo-Ño-ç-Á-Xm. Pmh-c-w-Ö-ç-tS In-d-Kw

e-ª-tÂ In-d-Kw b-Ç-¿o² te-Éw-u]n-td uNn-c-tbn-?-Io-bo-
ç-è! e-ª-Ìw C-uX õn-g-bo² b-Ç-¿o-td ±-K-e-[-t¿ \o-ug-
[o-Ño-å-¾m. ]n-ûo-I³ b-Ç-¿o² H-co-Ð-êw ±-K-e-[w tN-Òo-½o-tÈ-\m
\o±-eo-en-Z-an-Wm.-
5n-Np-\-=w A±-en-Np-\-=-an-b N-co-^-¿o²-\o-Ám H-ç In-cyw
à-w-an-!-è-¾m. !-ucn-io-X-în± h|n±-Qo-I-;w 5-_-d-çw B-=-
I-Æw A-Çn-\-¿n² hn-[n-c-W-Ðn± [n±-ao-I-an-bo D-Zn-hp-\±
B-=-I-Æw tN-Òm [±-a-¸-bw e-ç-uÄn³ G-tX-¹o-êw a-in-Zn-em
P-î-ta-â-¿m h-Xyw, \yn-bw [±-a-w F-Áo-e-tb !-\-ç-ª-co-%-I-
tb-Á È-l±-aw tN-åw. Pmh-c-w-Ö±, [p-e-ª°, F-Áo-e± 5n-Np-
\-In-d-K-¾n-bo. A-e± tN-Ò-H-X-tÁ cn-Pn-lnw-uan-i-°ln-bo-Æw,
a-i±-go Z-bn-\-À-h-c-h|-Xo-Æw ]-t¿n°-]-Xnw Î-Ên-¾o² tN-Ó.
C-e-tc-Ènw Xn-Ðn-º-;-tS B-f-b-º³-Ð-Ì-h-co-Ñm tte-Zo-I-[±-a-
-t¿ !-\-ç-ª-co-%-I-bn-Wm tN-Ò-Xm. A-Çn-\n-á-In-cw \o-ao-¿w
A-[x-]-X-\-¿o-tÂ !-ko-bo²-ep-Wm [±-a-\n-fw õ-eo-%-uÄn-kn-Wm
C-º-t\ hw-õ-eo-%-Á-Xm. _v-ª-[±-a-t¿-uÃn-td ]n-ûo-a-X-=w
eo-uf-g-a-X-an-bo ]-co-W-ao-®. F-Án² H-è \o-Ò±-Ð-an-Wm. Pmh-c-
w-Ö-ç-tS fo-¸-W-=w e-ª-tÂ fo-¸-W-t¿-uÃn-td, A-e-dw-_o-
Ñ-Xm ue-Z-º-jo-td ho-ªn-Ð-º-tj-bn-Wm. A-Xo²-\o-Án-Wm C-e-
Æ-tS D-V-e-=w.-
130
6
-D-]-hw-in-cw-
-C-ñn-ao-td-Æw ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td-Æw D-]-uZ-f-º³ D-ç-¿o-co-¼-Xm

b-+-Z-a-X-¿o²-\o-Án-tW-Ám \nw I-1. ?o-Ó-a-X-¿o-td No-d D-]-
uZ-f-º³ e-ª-a-X-¿o-êw In-Wn-Ì-¾m. b-+-Z-a-X-ho-ªn-Ð-º³
Pmæ-c-Y-×-a-X (]n-ûo) ¿o²-\o-Ám hw-r-io-Ñ-Xn-In° e-ko-Æ-¾m.
]n-ûo-a-X-=w e-ª-a-X-=w u\-co-½m tte-Z-o-I-[±-a-=-an-bo _-á-®-É-e-
Æ-an-Wm. C-H-u]n-td tte-Zo-I-[±-a-t¿ a-uÊ-tX-¹o-êw a-X-=-an-bo
_-áo-Ão-%-en° I-ko-Æ-uan? I-ko-Æ-I-bo-È. N-co-^-¿o-\m a-tÊn-ç
ue-Z-º-tj-Ã-Êo Pp-eo-X-In-dw ®-?-e-Ìw ]-To-%-I-Æw a-X-º-;-tS Xn-c-
X-ay-]-T-\-¿o² A-Z|o-Xp-b-\n-=-I-Æw tN-Ò t5n-^-h± an-Oma{-d±
]-l-Æ-Á-H u\n-Ðnw.-
“a-tÊn-ç _n-iy-h|n-[p-\-=w C-Èn-tX e-j±-è-eo-I-ho-Ñ tte-Zo-
I-[±-a-w an-^-ua, ip-Ô, _n-_o-udn-Wo-b°, ^-\p-gy° a-X-º-jo-êw
]o-tÁ ]n-ûo-a-X-¿o-êw h|n-[p-\w tN-ê-K-Á-Xn-bo In-ü-è-=.”- 1
tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ B-eo±-õn-e-¿o² c-1 uîn-X-õ-I-tj-Ã-Êo-
ub ]-co-K-Wo-Ðn-Ì-=. 1. H-è-Io² tte-Zo-I E-go-an-ç-tS Cv-f|-
cp-b-Çn-\-5-uNn-Z-\w. 2. A-tÈ-¹o² A-e± e-ªo-Æ-tS h-in-b-X-
bn² Æ-2o-Ð±-ew B-eo-l-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm ue-Z-º-jo-td [n±-Åo-I-ho-
ªn-Ð-º³.-
ue-Z-º-;-tS te-jo-]n-â-ho-ªn-¿o² eo-f|-ho-Ðn-¿-e±-u]n-êw
F-Èn a-X-º-;-tS-Æw B-Wo-Ð-Èn-b ‘Cv-f|-c°’ F-Á-Xm a-Ì-gy-\m
h-¹-+o-Ðn° I-ko-bn-¿ B-f-b-an-tW-è ú-¾o-Ðn-å-è. uUn.
^mjo-Âm X-tÂ ‘Theism’ F-Á r-×-¿o² F-?-H-è.2-
“ttZ-e-¿o² eo-f|-ho-%-Á \-Åo² ]-d-ç-tS ttZ-e-=w ?o-Ó-
a-¿o-êw, te-jo-]n-So-êw eo-f|-ho-Ðn-¿-e-ç-tS ttZ-e-=w A-~-in-
ao-tÂ-Æw C-hn-Ðo-tÂ-Æw uP-Ð-_o-tÂ-Æw ttZ-ewX-tÁ-bn-Wm. Cv
5n-Np-\ b-+-Z-]o-Xn-Ð-jo²-\o-Ám ttZ-e-t¿ hw-_-áo-Ñ A-lo-em
]-c-Ä-cn-K-X-an-b tF-Xo-in-ho-I-cp-Xo-bo² \-Åo-ud-Ðm X-d-®-l-I-jo-
ë-tS 5-e-io-®-e-è. C-º-t\ e-Áo-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o² Cv B-f-bw
eyn-]o-Ñ h-°-i-¿o² \nw P-\o-Ño-Èn-bo-ç-tÁ-¹o², \n-ao-Xm \-®-%
-ue-¾o I-1-]o-So-%-an-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám h-¹-+o-Ðn° Æ-2otbn-èw
1 India What can It Teach Us-page-129
2 Baird Lectures for 1876 by Robert Flint.
131
In-ü-Áo-È.’’ V±-B-\o-td ep-¸-W-º-tj-Ã-Êo ]-l-b-ue A-uË-iw

H-S-ç-è-ô “Hn-ucn fo-I-=w 5-#-Xo-Æ-tS a-X-¿o² ]o-l-%-è.
A-Xo-t\ A-±-\-Å-an± b-+-Z-u\n ?o-Òyn-\o-ubn, ]n-ûo-ubn B-%-è
F-Á ep-¸-Ww G-Xn-bn-êw f-co-b-È. fo-I ]o-l-è-ep-?-Á-Xm 5-#-Xo-
Æ-tS a-X-¿o-d-È. A-Çn-\-¿o-tÂ J-\y-X-bo-dn-Wm. A-Xo-\m
A-H-X-tÁ Y-ç. G-Ê-=w A-Ç-cn-b an-Xn-]o-Xn-Ð³-% ]-To-Ão-
Ðn° I-ko-Æ-Á a-X-¿o-ê-]-co-tbn-èw A-H ]-To-%-I-Æ-ao-È.’’-
I-ko-¼ c-¾-[yn-bw en-bo-Ñ-e±, tt_-_o-jo-td ttZ-e-ta-Á
B-f-bw ue-Z-¿o²-\o-Ám th-À-e-Ò-bo-ë-tS e-Á-Xn-tW-èw A-~-
in-ao-Ìw uan-f-Íw C-hn-Ðo-Ìw uP-Ð-_o-Ìw ®°-]m tte-Zo-I-E-go-
an± h±-e-eyn-]o-Æw A-\n-Zo-Æ-an-b G-I-ttZ-e-t¿ 5n±-Qo-%-
I-Æw G-I-ttZ-e-eo-f|n-hw ]-To-Ão-%-I-Æw tN-Òo-ç-tÁ-èw D-É
\-½-tS B-f-b-u¿n-Sm ubn-Po-uÑ-%w. A-H-tIn-¾m uUn. ^mjo-Âo-tÂ
en-Iy-¿o² No-È-l ey-Xyn-hw e-ç-¿o-Ã-l-Æ-Á-Xm \yn-b-an-tW-è
I-ç-X-Ww. “ttZ-e-¿o² eo-f|-ho-%-Á \-Åo² ]-d-ç-tS-Æw ttZ-ew,
ue-Z-¿o-êw te-jo-]n-So-êw eo-f|-ho-Ðn-¿-e-ç-tS-Æw ttZ-ew, A-lo-
Æ-tS-Æw en-Æ-eo-tÂ-Æw B-Zo-Xy-tÂ-Æw A-MmKo-cn-Æ-tS-Æw ttZ-ew
X-tÁ-bn-Wm. Cv 5n-Np-\ tte-Zo-I-E-go-an-co²-\o-Ám ttZ-e-t¿
hw-_-áo-Ñ A-lo-em ]-c-Ä-cn-K-X-an-b tF-Xo-in-ho-I-cp-Xo-bo²
\-Åo-ud-Ðm X-d-®-l-I-jo-ë-tS 5-e-io-®e-è. C-º-t\ e-Áo-Èn-bo-ç-
tÁ-¹o² Cv B-f-bw eyn-]o-Ñ h-°-i-¿o² \nw P-\o-Ño-Èn-bo-ç-
tÁ-¹o², \n-ao-Xm \-®%-ue-¾o I-1-]o-So-%-an-bo-ç-tÁ-Ám h-¹-+o-
Ðn° Æ-2o-tbn-èw In-ü-Áo-È.’’-
F-Èn ey-e-Ù-I-;-tS-Æw B-f-b-º-;-tS-Æw A-Òo-X|-=w e-j±-
Ñ-Æw ‘]-co-Wn-a’-¿o-tÂ In-G-Ãn-So² eo-d-bo-ç-K-Á-Xo-\m No-d
B-¿-\o-I No-Ð-I±-Ðm en-Ù-Æ-¾m. ttZ-e-ta-Á B-f-b-=w C-Xo²-
t]-â-è. ?-a-=w H-S±-Ñ-Æ-an-b !-ucn-K-Xo 5n-#-Xn-Ù-bo² h-¹-+o-
Ðn-\n-W-e±-Ðo-ww. B-Òo-I-ta-Ám uUn. ^mjo-Âm I-ç-H-Á °-è-
a-X-º³ b-+-Z-ô-?o-Ò-ô-C-ñnw-a-X-º³ an-^-an-Wm. C-e-tb-Ã-Êo
A-uË-iw ]-l-Æ-è-ô-
“C-ñn-an-Wm G-Ê-=w H-â-eo² 5-I-S-an-b-tX-¹o-êw G-Ê-=w A-eo-
I-ho-X-=w A-]-I|-=w A-Xn-Wm. A-Xo-Ì d-õo-Ñ ttZ-e-a-ta-Á B-f-
b-t¿ e-j±-¿o eo-I-ho-Ão-%-Á-Xo-Ì-]-I-cw È-go-Ão-%-I-Æw
Aw-K-õw-K-tÃ-â-K-I-Æ-an-Wm tN-Ò-Xm.’’-3 ao-$± rn-Âm A-d° eo-In-
h-en-Z-¿o-tÂ (]-co-Wn-a-en-Zw) Ð±-Bn-Ì-¹-do-bn-tW-¹o-êw ?o-Ó-
3 Flint’s Theism. P. 44. Cv-f|-c-t\-Ã-Êo !-Xo-b X-¿|-=w h-Xy-=-tan-èw
I-t¾-¿n-\n-=-I-bo-tÈ-Á ]-¸-Ðn-c-\n-Wm uUn. ^mjo-Âm.-
132
-D-]-hw-in-cw-
a-X-t¿-Ã-Êo ]-l-Æ-Á-Xo-5-In-c-an-Wm. “?o-Òyn-\o-I³ ttZ-e-t¿

hw-_-áo-Ñ B-f-bw b-+-Z-co²-\o-Ám ttI-tÐn-¾m A-Xo-t\ è-]-
õw-Kw e-ç-¿o-Ð-j-à. b-+-Z-co²-\o-Ám h|p-I-co-Ñ ]o-Xn-eo-tÂ
¹-tS !-^-t\-Æw ]-co-I-ªn-Zn-eo-t\-Æw uN±-¿m B B-f-b-t¿
?-¿o-uI-Sn-Ðo. C-º-t\ tN-Ò-uÃn³ b-+-Z-ç-tS G-uI-f|-c-en-Zw
?o-Ó-a-X-¿o² \-w-tÃ-å.’’-4
A-Õnw A-[yn-b-¿o-td c-¾n-a-t¿-Æw \n-dn-a-[yn-b-¿o-td
A-Õn-a-t¿-Æw õn-K-º-jo² ‘Cv-f|-c-t\-Á B-f-bw’ ue-Z-º-jo²-
\o-Ám th-À-e-Ò-bo-êw A-eo-tS-\o-Ám tt_-_o-jo-êw I-S-è-tN-Á-
uÃn³ D-Á-Xo-%-]-I-cw A-e-\-Xo-bn-ü-¾n-b-tX-è ú-¾o-Ðn-½o.-
-C-Xo-t\-Ã-Êo t5n-^-h± an-Oma{-d± õn-gn-fn-Öw F-Á r-×-
¿o² C-º-t\ F-?-H-è-ô “\nw ]o-Án-Ðw u]n-!-uÐn-cw Hn-ucn
a-X-¿o-tÂ-Æw D-l-e uX-â-uÐn-cw A-^-ub-tl-ub-tl Cv-f|-c-hw-_-
áo-bn-b I-ª B-f-bw In-Wn-ta-è an-^-a-È, !-Xo-b a-X-Ùn-]-
I-ucn-ucn-ç-¿-çw H-udnw I-ª-an-b Cv-f|-c-h-¹-+w B-eo-l-co-%-
tÁ-èw In-Wn-\n-!-ta-Án-tW-tÂ eo-f|n-hw.-5
]-co-Wn-ae
- n-Zo-I³ C-tX-ºt- \ Aw-Kp-Ic
- o-%w? - C-Xe
- ç
- t
- S B-fb
- -
¿o-\m Xp±-Kw eo-ç-ª-an-Wm.-
-®°-! ]-l-¼ c-¾o-tdn-Ám h|p-I-co-Ðn° \nw \o±-_-áo-X-cn-
!-è. (tte-Zo-I-E-go-an-ç-tS Cv-f|-cp-b Çn-\-5-uNn-Z-\-ta-uÁn,
e-ªo-Ð±-ew A-e-cn-eo-l-co-Ñ-Xn-Wm ue-Z-º-jo-td [n±-ao-I-ho-ªn-
Ð-º³ F-uÁn.) G-Xn-bn-êw A-Xm eo-I-ª-=w Ð±-B-=-an-Wm; d-jo-
X-=w a-i-K-an-Wm; h-Xy-=w Æ-2o-Æ-2-=w B-I-bn² A-\y a-Xn-
Nn-cy-în-çw A-e I-S-ta-â-K; A-º-t\ a-Ì-gy-e±-\¿o-\m fn-Ðo-Æw
h-an-[n-\-=w Ê-fy-an-bo. A-á-In-c-¿o² e-ko-In-½o-bn-bo; õ-b-¿o²
f-2o-Zn-b-I-an-bo; Èx-J-¿o² hn-Ð|-\-an-bo. A-H-5n-Np-\-In-d-
K-¾n-bo F-Ám F-Èn-e-çw h-Å-Xo-%-Á E-go-an± D-¾n-b-Xm a-Ì-
gy-e±-\-¿o-tÂ ttf-f-en-e-Ù-bo-dn-W-uÈn? A-Xo-\n² ®°-!-
]-l-¼ c-¾o-tdn-Ám h|p-I-co-Ðn-Ì-É h|n-X-Ôyw en-b-\-Ðn±-Ðm
eo-å-tIn-É-t½. ue-Z-an-Wm F-Èn [±-a-¿o-tÂ-Æw B-Zo-uîn-X-tô-è
te-jo-en-%-I an-^-an-Wm \-½-tS d-¸yw. A-Xo-\m ubn-Po-Ñ-tX-Ènw
C-Xo-\-Iw ]-l-à-e-Æ-Æw tN-Ó. \-½-tS A-õo-5n-b-¿o² c-¾n-a-
u¿-Xm h|p-I-co-%-Á-Xm [n±ao-I-N-co-^-¿o-tÂ K-Xo-Ðm F-Xo-cn-Wm.-
C-Xo-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñm H-ç ?o-Òy° !-ucn-io-X-\nb av-lp-hm
4 Evolution of the Idea God Page 14
5 Science of Language Vol II page 467
133
ô-do-;o-tÂ-6 H-ç 5-hw-K-õn-Kw F-â-K ]-l-Æ-Á-Xm D-No-X-a-tÈ-Ám

I-ç-X-ç-Xm. Cv 5-hw-Kw 1893ô-td 5-f-Ò No-Ðn-uKn ]n±-d-ta-Âm
Hn-^m lo-do-P-\o² A-uË-iw tN-Ò-Xn-Wm.-ô-
“B-cy-în-ç-tS Cv-f|-c-\n-a-º-jo-d-Xo 5n-Np-\-an-b e-ç-W-tÂ
Ó-Xo-bo² Cv-f|-c-tÂ Hv-Áo-Xy-=w ]n-]-¿o-tÂ Xn-S tt\-Xo-I-
õn-e-=w Ê-fy-an-Wm.’’-
“(1) tte-Zo-I-[±-a-¿o-tÂ B-eo±-õn-e-u¿n-jw \nw A-u\|-go-®
tN-Án² A-^-u¿n-jw I-ª-=w h-c-j-=w B-b Cv-f|-c-h-¹-+w
\-®-% In-Wnw. (2) h-a-b-¿o-tÂ H-?-Ðo-\-So-bo-ud-Ðm \nw Dv±-Áo-
l-ºo-tÑ-;-uÐn-cw A-^-ub-tl eo-#-X-=w è-]-õw-Kw e-Á-H-an-b Cv-
f|-c-õn-e-ua In-Wn-\n->. A-Xo-\n² Rn° tN-tÁ-K-Á \o-K-a-\-
¿o² tte-Zo-I B-cy-în± Cv-f|-c-tÂ Y-W-º³, h|-õn-ew F-Áo-
e-tb hw-_-áo-Ñ A-lo-em dv-Io-I A-lo-eo²-\o-uÁn Æ-2o-tIn-
u¾n 5n-]o-Ñ-X-tÈ-Á-H X-\o-ub ho-ªo-%-è. F-tÐ-Án² A-e±-
Ðm B-Zo-bo² d-õo-Ñ Çn-\w A-Ð-¿o-êw Io-½-Ww. A-uÃn³
e-ç-W-t\ hw-_-áo-Ñ 5n-Y-ao-I-Çn-\w F-º-t\ A-e-\-Xo-tb
5n-]o-® F-Á-H-¹-So ]-co-K-Wo-Ð-Ww. C-Xm tN-è ]-e-Á-Xm
~-1-\o-dn-Wm. B-Zo-Çn-\o ~-1-\n-W-uÈn. C-Ðn-cy-º-tj
F-º-t\ a-l-®-e-Æ-Æw B-Zo-Çn-\-ho-ªn-Ð-t¿ a-l-® e-Æn-Xo-co-
Ð-Æw tN-åw?’’- 7
-F-Ñm. ]o. Õ-en-Sm¾o-Æ-tS H-ç en-Iyw F-?-X-t½ “H-ç a-X-Ùn-]-
I-Ì-ao-È. B-cy-u\n th-a-Êo-uÐn H-ul-\o-b-ubn B-I-t½, !-Xo-b a-X-
tan-èw B-çw I-1-]o-So-Ño-½o-È. !-Xo-b h-Xy-=w B-eo-l-co-Ño-½o-È.
Cv a-X-Ùn-]-I-tc-Ènw I-Bo-I-jn-Wm, H-S-Ð-a-È.’’-
-]o-tÁ, b-Yn±-Q a-X-Ùn-]-I-\n-cm?-
-G-I-\n-b Cv-f|-c°, F-è-¿-cw.-
-]-X-Ý-do-®-\o ]-l-Æ-è-ô-
h Ð-cmue-gn-a-]o Y-çx In-ud \n-\-e-u±Zn-Xm.
“A-e° 5n-Np-\-\o-êw 5n-Np-\-\n-b X-¿|-Z±-fo-Æ-tS Y-ç-en-Wm.
A-e° In-d-]-co-ao-Xo-bo² t]-So-È-uÈn.’’ (ubn-K-Z±-f-\-¼-^w 1.1.26)-
-G-tX-Ènw ®-Jy-[n-c-I-jo-ë-tS-ubn [±-a-\-Zo \o-c-Ð-cw H-?-!-uÃn-
!-Á-Xm, A-Xo-tÂ Xp-c-º-jo²-¹-So \nw D-l-e-bo-ud-Ðm A-â-%-è.
V±-B-Ìw tt_-_o-;w \-tÅ th-À-e-Ò e-tc tIn-1-tN-;-è.
th-À-e-Ò-ue-Zw e-tc-Æw. ue-Z-º³-Ð-Ó-lw ]-To-Ðn-Ìw tNn-Èn-Ìw
6 Maurice Philips of London Mission Madras
7 The teachings of Vedas by Maurice Philips (Longmans Green & Co.) P. 104
134
-D-]-hw-in-cw-
a-Ì-gy-tÂ A-lo-eo²-t]-½ H-è-ao-È.-

-C-eo-tS [±-a-¿o-tÂ [n-cn-5-en-iw F-èw \o-d-\o-ò-Á io-a-
¿o² d-bo-%-è. A-Xm h|±-\p-b Kw-K-bn-bo B-In-f-¿o²-\o-Ám
io-a-¿o-ud-% ep-?-è. A-uÃn³ \n-ao-H-e-tc en-bo-®-u]n-Á-Hw
Rn-t\-?-Xo-b-Hw f-co-b-uÈ?-
“a-X-º-;-tS D-V-e-I-Y-Æ-tS H-S-Ðw ue-Z-º-jo²-X-tÁ.’’
135
aX=w Æ2oÆw
Hç ]T\w
5#-Xo-ÆtS \ob-a-º³-
-fn-Ö-Ç±Ðm ]d Incy-º-joêw eoç-ªn-õo-5n-b-º-;-t¾-¹oêw
5#-Xo-ÆtS \ob-aº³ A\-f|-c-an-tW-ÁXo² GIn-õo-5n-b-
anWm. hZn anlo-tÐn-¾o-co-%Á Cv eof|¿o², Hè Gtl-Ðn-d
-u¿Ðm Huc Ùd-K-XtÁ AÃSo \od-\o-ò-ÁoÈ. FÁn² 5#Xo
\ob-a-º-jn-It½ Zofn-In-d-uõ-Z-º-tjnèw _n[o-ÐntX \oòè.
Bçw \ocn-I-co-Ðnu\n tXjo-bo® Ùn]o-Ænu\n XÇn-ln-bo-½o-
Èn¿ h|bw-hoª 5an-W-an-WoXm. AÈn-bo-ç-tÁ¹o² fnÖua
Inü-an-bo-ç-ÁoÈ. 5#Xo \ob-a-º-tjÈnw ]¾-t¿-uÃntd Cè-
taèw \od-\o-ò-taÁ h¹-+¿o² A[o-~o-X-an-W uÈn fnÖpb
Kue-g-W-º-j-^-Æw.-
-te-É-¿otÂ LS\ tejo-en-%Á ch-X-Ô-¼^w FÑm 2 H
FÁH u\n%I. CXm ]Xo-\n-bocw e±gw ®°!-¾n-bo-çÁ
teÉ-¿oÌw, KwK-bo-tdÆw ÇW-½p-ho-tdÆw uPn±Un-\o-tdÆw
teÉ-¿oÌw Hç-u]ntd uNç-Á-XnWm. ÇBo-UotÂ Indt¿
ôuIn-W-¿oÌw Cè \½tS eoZyn±-YoI³ ec-ÍÁ ôuIn-W-
º³%w Ajeo² Håw AÐ-c-aoÈ. Bcy-õ-½tÂ IndKw tt]Y
-uKn-l-ho-tÂÆw u8uÊn-Æ-tSÆw \{½-tÂÆw IndKw KWo-X-¿o
tÂ cpXoÆw h|õn-e=w Hè-X-tÁ-bn-bo-ç-è.--
-FÈn fnÖ-Ç-înçw Huc cpXobo² Fèw NoÐo-Ño-½o-tÈ-
ÁXm u\cnWm. CeotS Hç enÒew \nw al-Ð-çXm. 5#-Xo-ÆtS
\ob-a-t¿-ÃÊo Ae±-%É Alo-eo-dnWm anÊw eÁXm, 5#-Xo-ÆtS
\ob-a¿o² Hç anÊ=w eÁo-½o-È-XtÁ. fnÖw !ucn-K-ao-tÑÁm
\nw ]l-ÆuÄn³, \®Ðm 5#-Xo-ÆtS \ob-a-º-tj-ÃÊo ¹âX² fco-
bnb A±Yw ttIeè FÁ-ÈntX, B \ob-aº³ ¹âX² fco-
bnbo FÁm A±Y-aoÈ. ¹âX² fco-bnb A±Yw ttIe-tÁè
]l-b-W-ta¹o² B \ob-a-º³Ðm anÊw eç-Áo-tÈ-ÁuÈ A±Y-
an-uÐ-¾Xm? Hç Kue-g-I\m tXe-]-Êo-tbè ]l-ÆuÄn³, \ob-a-
¿o\m tXuÊn auÊn CtÈè XnXm]cyw. Ceo-tS-\oÁm Xoç-e-\-Ð-
!-c-¿o\m ]¾m F?-]-¿Ö ttadn-bo-çè Écw. CÁXm F?-]H
ttadnWm. ulnUotÂ ej= \oe±¿m Écw !l-tÑ-Á-ÈntX tNº-
é-cot\ Xoç-e-\-Ð-!-c-¿o-u\nSm AÖ tta² edo-Ñ-â-Ão-tÑÁm
eç-ÁoÈ. cnan-b-W¿o² eoe-co-Ño-åÉ 5bn-K-bÈ Cè-ÉXm.
136
aX=w Æ2oÆw Hç ]T\w
CXo\m \®Ðm en8p-Iotb !Êw ]lbn° eÇ. Fûbn anÊº³

5bn-KÆm ]otÁ eè-uN±è! Cv anÊ-tanèw 5#-Xo-\o-b-a-¿oÌ
eco-I-boÈ. tt__o-jotÂ BZy-Ind eof|n-hoI³ äo Ùoc-bn-
tWèw ]c-Á-Xn-tWèw eof|-ho-Ño-ç-ÁXm fco-bn-tWè \®%
]lbn° Iko-Æuan? äotb FtÁ-¹oêw ]c-ÁHw ÙocÆw (Il-
ºn-¿Xm) BÐo eÑo-çÁ Hç 5#-Xo-\o-baw \od-\o-Áo-ç-tÁÁm
\®Ðm DvioÐn° Iko-Æuan? C¿cw Dvi-º³%w eof|n-h-
º³%w 5#-Xo-\o-baw Au\|-go-%-Ábn³ Ùn\w \î-I-boÈ.
Dvi-º³%w eof|n-h-º³%w AÓlw f2-an-tbnç DlÃm
\Åjo² D¾m. Cv DlÃm \®Ðm c¾n-a-tXnç an±Kw ]co-K-Wo
Ðn° Ae-h-cua \î-è-aoÈ. AH-tIn-¾nWm 5Xy-¸¿o²
]c-ÁHw Ùoc-Æ-an-tWè uXnÁo-%Á äo Hç tecw ttaXn-\-
an-tWÁm NoÐo-%-Á-e±Ðm uXnÁn-¿-Xm.-
-FÈn NoÐ-I³%w ]oÁo², tt\bn-a-I-an-tbnç f2o-ÆtS
u5c-W-Æ¾m. AXotÂ ^d-anbo eof|-¿otd \ob-a-º-tjÈnw
A\-f|-c-an-tWÁ Z±f-\=w, eof|w ]co-e±-¿-\n-Z-I-an-tWÁ
bnYn±-Yy=w Dç-¿o-co-Æè. CH Xp±Kw tteç-[yn-Z-I-an-
tWè uXnÁnw. ancÁ eof|-¿o-t\-ºt\ anln¿ \ob-aº³?
tXÊm IoS-%-ÁXm eof|=w 5#-Xo-ÆtS \ob-a-º;w XÅotd
_á-t¿-ÃÊo \®-%É u_n[-¿o-dnWm. 5#Xo “ÆtS’’ \ob-a-
º-tjè ]l-ÆuÄn³ Hco-Ðêw, Cv “DtS’’ eoõ2o h|±W-¿otÂ
\olw FÁXo² eè \oò-ÁoÈ. h|±W-¿otÂ \olw eod-tÃ½
udni-¿otÂ “GuXn’’ HÁnWm. AXm AXo-uÂ-Xn-Wm.-
-5-#-Xo-ÆtS \obaw C¿-c-tan-ÁÈ. AXm 5#Xo D¾n-Ðo-
buXn 5#-XoÐm IÇnjn° Iko-Æ-ÁuXn AÈ. 5#-Xotb \ob-Ôo-
%Á \obaw FuÁ AXo\m A±Yw eè. 5#Xo, \ob-a-¿o\m A[p-
\-anWm, \obaw 5#-XoÆm A[p-\-aÈ FÁnWm eè ¹â-Á-Xm.-
-C-Xot\ hw_-áoÑm ]d A_-ª-[n-c-W-I;w \od-\o-òè. Ce
an\-e-cn-foÆm e°\ww eç-¿o-e-Ño-å-®¾m. tXuÊn Aè-Suan Bb
NoÐ-bo²-\oÁm Dç-¿o-co-¼-Xn-!-taè hwfbw P\o-Ão-%-ÁHw,
eof-Z-an-%en° 5bn-h-=-anb Au\Iw eoI-S-5-ubn-Kº³ an\-
e-çtS õng-Ijo² 5Nn-c-an±Po-Ño-å¾m. 5#-Xo-ÆtS eo?o-bI³
C¿-c-tanç 5ubn-K-auÈ? FÐn-Wo-XotÂ A±Yw? ªnÐtÂ
eo?o-bI³ Fè ]lbnw. eªo-antÂ eo?o-b-I-tjèw ]lbnw.
GÊ=w eªo-an°-u]nêw FÈn-bmuÃn?w FÈn-bo-SKw XoI¼
eªoan° Bbo-tÐn-ÉWw FÁoÈ. aÌ-gytÂ Nn]-dy-º-tjÈnw
5#-Xo-ÆtS ua² tI½o-e-Í-ÁXm aÌ-gy-cn-foÆm edob uNX-®-¾n-
137
%-Iub D>. aÌ-gytÂ ]d eof|n-h-º;w Aeo-f|n-h-º;w Cv

tXÊotÂ ¼N-I-º-jnWm. eo#-Xo-bnb ]ofn-Not\ 5pWo-ÃoÐn°
an^w tInÉn-=Á ^d-5-e-N-\=w, u5X-No-ÐÆw, È±uZe-Xn-en-
Z-=-taÈnw F^ I¾m õpa-anb \w-anWm a\-gy-e±K-¿oÌ eç-
¿o-&-½o-b-tXÁm, tXtÈnÁm Budn-No-%I. 5#-Xo-ÆtS A[o-]
u\n, 5#-Xo-X-tÁubn h|bw-õ-c-W-¿o\m ha±-Y-an-bo-co-%-IÆw,
AuX-h-abw AXo-eo-#Xo Inå-IÆw tNåÁ ]¸w fnÖ-¿ou\n
fnÖ-Çn-\-¿ou\n, fcoubn tXuÊn ]!Xo fcoubn Bb auÊ-
tX-¹oêw Çn\-¿ou\n 5Xp-¸oÆn° FÑ eI-bn-ü-ÉXm?
5Xp-¸Æm Hç-e-IÆw CtÈ¹o² ]otÁ hw¾n-c-¿otÂ !ucn-
K-Xo-tbèw, eoÇn-\-eo-In-h-taèw aew ?Yn eod-]o-%-Á-
tX-Ðo\m? C\o, FÈnw Xp±Kw \w-tÃå Iko-t¼¹o², \nw
Aõy-ho® han±-Ão-Ñ-tXÈnw al-tÁ¹o², udnI-¿otÂ õneo
FÐn-bo-co%w? B¿-\oI ]co-Wn-a-en-Z-¿otÂ D]-Çn-Xn-enb
Un±eoÌw \½-tS-tbÈnw Ð±e-]o-Xn-teÁm ]l-b-tÃ-âÁ u5nt½n-
thne (BZo-a-5n-Wo-e±Kw)-Æ-anbo FÑ eyXynhw? 5#-Xo-\o-
b-a-º-;tS A\-f|-c-X-bo-êÉ eof|n-ht¿ ]ntS Du]-¸oÑn²,
AÊ-fy-anb ¨X-In-d-t¿-Ã-Êoubn õneo-In-d-t¿-Ã-Êoubn, õnKo-
I-an-bo-an^w Êfy-anb e±¿-an-\-In-d-t¿-Ã-Êoubn FtÐ-¹oêw
Aõ{-iº³ \S-K-ÁXm Xp±Kw \oc±--Y-I-an-bo-co-%-taè XtÁ
\o±W-bo-Ðnw.-
-\-®Ðm eof|t¿ hw_-áo-®É Aloem AXy-+-an-tWèw
AXot\ Alobn° \®-%É D]n-[oI³ Hudnw H±-an-tWèw
eof|-Çn-XnÐ³ Fè \nw \tÅ eouf-go-Ão-%-ÁXm AXz-
2o-bn-tWèw Nod X¿|-Çn-\o-I³Ðm Aõo-5n-b-®¾m. Ae±
fnÖ-Ç-înçw ¹So-bnuWn FÁ-lo-eoÈ. Cv \ocn-f-X-en-Z¿o²
\®%w ]¹n-jo-I-jnInw. FÁn² PpetÂ DZbw ®X², Çn\w
e±ªo-Ão-Ðdo² \nw \oc-Ðcw [ªn-ê-Ð-jn-bo-co-%-ÁHw, F^
I¾m Xj±-Ñubn tt\cn-fyuan _n[o-Ñnêw, AXm \o±¿o-eÆn°
dnÙ\ In½n-¿Hw, tInSob \ocn-f-Xn-en-Z-¿oÌ ]o°]o²
f2-anb Bfn-enZw \od-\o-òè FÁ-Xo\m ha±--Y-anb tXjo-
enWm. \®-Ðo-S-botd GÊ=w edob huÀ-i-en-Zo-ÆtS huÀiw
\od-\o-ò-ÁXm B huÀ-i-en-Zt¿ It¿-lo¼m, 5#Xo \ob-a-
º-;tS A\-f|-cX huÀ-i-c-io-X-an-tWè Ùn]o-Ðn-ÌÉ BÐ-
coI 5uNn-Z-\-¿o-dn-tW-Á-Xu^ GÊ=w IvH-I-Icw. Cv BÐ-
coI 5uNn-Z-\-¿otÂ Dle Feo-tS-tbÁm uXSo-uÃnIn° \ocn-f-
Xn-enZw \tÅ AÌ-e-Zo-Æn-Xo-co-%-I-boÈ. FtÐÁn² Çn\-
e±-ª-\em u\âI Fè ]l-Æ-Á-H-XtÁ Çn\w u]ncn u]ncn
138
FÁ Hç-Xcw Ahw-J-Ñotb B½o-Ãn-boÑm AeotS BIn-=-Á^

Ð±W-Xtb Ben-io-Ño-ç-KÁ 5bn-h-ua-lob 5?-¿o-bnWm.
CÈn-á-bo²-\o-è-¾n-!Á tt\cnfyw, Ð±W-Xtb ttIe-coÐn°
u5co-ÃoÑm I±-a-\o-c-X-an-%Á Bfn-en-Z-anbo è]n-Ðcw 5n]o-
%Á Cv InGÆw IvH-I-Icw XtÁ. CXo-dnWm \½tS Bf|n
hw, CXo-dnWm \½tS Aõ-bw.-
aÌ-gytÂ \ob-a-º³-
-an-\-e-e±Kt¿ õco-%Á \ob-a-º-tjÁ A±Y-¿o-dÈ, aÌgy°
AeÌw ae-É-eÍw ue¾o Hnucn Ind¿m D¾nÐo \od-\o±-¿o-
uÃn-çÁ \ob-a-º-tj-ÁnWm aÌ-gytÂ \ob-aº³ Fè ]l-¼-
Xo²-\oÁm a\-ôo-dn-uÐ-¾Xm. aÌ-gyt\ õco-%Á \ob-aº³
5#-Xo-\o-b-aº³ XtÁ. CXo-t\-ÃÊo Iko¼ A[yn-b¿o²
¼No-Ão®. aÌgy° 5#-Xo-ÆtS AwK-an-Ibn², 5#-Xo-\o-b-
aº³ aÌ-gy\m _n[-I-an-Wm.-
-a-Ì-gytÂ aÒolw eouf-g-X-bn±-Á-XnWm. AXo\m c1 ef-
®¾m. õvXo-I-\o-~=w BZ-\o-~=w. ½wo-Ð-tÃ-½-Xn-tW-¹oêw
AXm ½wo-ÐnÌw ha±-Y-anWm. õco-Ð-tÃ-â-Á-Xn-tW-¹oêw õco-%-
ÁHw ¹So-bnWm. FÈn õvXo-I-fn-Ö-º;w AXotÂ Budn-N-\n-
]-co-[obo² eçè. IW%w ch-X-Ô=w Dv±PX-Ô=w _d-X-
Ô-=-taÈnw AXo² eçw. FÁn² AH-tIn¾m Xp±ÁoÈ. õvXo-
I-¿o-Ì-a-Ólw tN;Á AXo\m “BZ-\o-~’’-taè u]ç ]lbnw.
udnI-¿otÂ CX-c-L-S-I-º-tjÈnw 5e±-¿o-%uÄn³ CXm
5e±-¿o-%I an^-aÈ, 5e±-¿-\-ue-Zo-bnÆw ancè. ]Zn±-Y-h-
Õ-b-ta-Á-Xo-ê-]co, AXm h|bw hwL-So-Ão-Ðêw ¹So \S-Kè.
aÌ-gy-a-Òo-l-¿otÂ Cv hwL-S\n tteõ-e-anWm Ppeo-X-¿otd
\oc-e[o ttePn-Xy-º-jo-udÐm \tÅ \bo-ÑXm. PpeoXw A^
\oônc Incy-aÈ. 5]-Õ¿o² Inü-Á-tXÈnw, aà-H-ÉoI³
®X² ain-\-¸-^º³ etc tteZzXo ®X² Yç-X|n-I±-g-W-\o-
bawetc aÌ-gy-a-Òo-l-u¿nâ Xnc-X-ay-tÃ-â-KuÄn³ dx-enWm.
Dc-Äo-tÂubn tNc-Pp-eo-Æ-tSubn aÒo-l-L-S-\-u]nêw õvXo-I-
\o-b-a-º-;tS \oZ-V-X-tbÐn³ !k-à-a-lo-¼-XnWm. ch-X-
Ô-t¿Æw Dv±PX-Ô-t¿Æw ejtc tNc-Xn-%Á enÐnWm
aÒolw. AXo-\n-du^ Ppeo-X-u¿nâ _á-tÃ½ Ppe-fn-Ö=w
a\x-fn-Ö=w hn°-io-I-fn-Ö=w è]w-tIn-¾-Xm.-
-In-c-W-en-Z-¿otÂ Adw-Ly-\o-b-at¿ Dv±PX-Ô-¿otÂ
uaJ-dbo² \otÁ-â¿m, aÒo-l-¿o-udÐm tXÊo® IS-¿o-eo-â-Á-
XotÂ ^dw XoI®w ]cn-P-b-anWm. AuÃn³ djo-X-ttf-dobo²
139
Hç uNnZyw uNnZoÐnw. Ppet\ õco-%Á \obaw AuN-X-\-ºtj

õco-%-ÁH XtÁubn? F¹o² uiÐ-dotÂ en%-Ijo² AXo-5-
In-c-an-Wm.
“I-co-botd cnh-e-ÓÐ³ an^-anWm ttPe-P-K-¿otÂ °d
IncWw. ttPe-u5n-u½n-8n-h-¿otÂ GÊ=w djo-X-è]w, AttPe
tt\ç-P-\oI ao[o-X-º-jo²-\oÁm ‘bÊ-±bn D¾n-!Á’ Xnbo-co-
ÐWw. ¹âX² Iâ¿ õvXo-I-en-ZoI³ Cw-tÃ-âÁ cpXobo² ]l
¼n², Ppe° 5nY-aoI tNjo-%-¾otd Hç ‘Áko’ an^-an-Wm.’’-
‘b-Ê-±bn D¾nI²’ ‘Áko’ FtÁÈnw ]l¼n² u]ncn. Ae-
tb-tÐÁm eof-Z-an-%-I-¹So ueWw. FÐo\p ‘bÊ-±bn D¾nI²’
Bcw-õoÑm, HS±Ám è]w 5n]oÑm CÁt¿ °dyn-[o-~o-X=w,
hvÀ-cy-]-c=w, [n±ao-I=w, hn°-io-I-=-anb tteç-[y-ºjo²
an\-e-cnfo F¿o-\o-òè? tecw Dviº³ en%-I-jo-ëtS
5I-So-ÃoÑn² u]ncn. fnÖ-Ç-în-çtS 5Xo-]n-Z-\-cpXo AXn-
bo-&-SuÈn. X¿|-ue-¿n-Ð-jnb fnÖÇ± “eof|¿o² eÓ-e-
Èn-¿Hw Inc-W-c-io-X-=-anb Hç a[y-e±-¿oubn ?obubn eÓ-
eot\ Hnucn-Ánbo è]-tÃ-â-Kè FÁm \o±eo-en-Z-an-tWèw,’’
Ppe-t\-ÁXm eÓ-udn-I¿o² (eÓ=anÊ±) D¾n-!Á 5nXo-õn-
hoI !k-à-a-lo-b-dnWm, AXo² eÓ-e-Èn-t¿nç an[yaw 5Xy-
¸-an-bo-co-%è. ttPe-hn-e-b-e-5n-Wo-I-tjÈnw AXotÂ àw-
anb tXjo-enWm.’’Fèw ]l-Æ-ÁXm CÐn-c-W-¿n-dnWm. -
Cv Aô-e-Ó-X¿|w GÊ=w eoI-ho-Ño-co-%-ÁXm aÌ-gy-è-]-
¿o-dnWm. ¨X-d-¿otÂ ®J-õnew aneen° an^-aÈ NoduÃn³
AXotÂ AÐ±-õn-K-¿oêw anÊw eç-Ken° bUo-%Á aÌgy°
H?-Ðoêw H?-Ðo-t\-Xo-tcÆw \pÐo-K-So-Íè. Nod-uÃn-ke° 5#-
Xotb te;-eo-jo®w NoduÃn³ 5#-Xo-ubn-tSn-K-uN±èw Áe-
]n-Sot\ X\o-Æ-Ì-¹-d-an-ÐoÆw XtÁ Áe-]n-So\m HÃo® uN±Kw
Ppeo-%è. aÌ-gy\m 5#-Xo-ubn-âÉ Cv PSo-d-_-á-anWm
AetÂ C±n-f-2o-bo²-\oÁm H½-u\Iw eÓ-e-I-I³Ðm è]w \
ín° Inc-W-¨-X-an-bXm. CXo-tdnç è]-anWm, aÌ-gyÌw 5#-Xo-
Æ-an-ÆÉ A\-c-Ý\w an^-anb h°-i-¿o-uÂXm. C±Æw 5#-
XoÆw HÁÈ. teuFtl \o±¿-¿-Ð-H-u]ntd AeÍ XÅo²
eyXyn-h-ao-tÈ-¹oêw, FÈn ha-bKw FÈn-bo-SKw Ae-ÆtS
_áw Huc-u]n-td-bÈ. Bbo-ç-tÁ¹o² aÌ-gytÂ Áa-Xd Hå-!-
l-u¼t\. tteeo-[y-º;w !l-en-!-an-bo-çè. FÁn² aÌgy°
FuÃn?w taç-ºob !Xo-c-Ó-lK Ib-cÁ dnL-e-u¿ntS 5#-
Xotb taçÐo henco tNÇn° XoâÐw InWo-Ño-å¾m. hen-co-
140
Ðnc° ]ç-ÐÌw, A¸-aÌw, \oà-cÌw BIn-Xo-ç-Áo-å-t¾¹o²

5#Xo FuÃn?w IpkmtÃ-SnÌw XÇn-ln-bo-å-¾m.-
-a-Ì-gytÂ \ob-a-º-tjÈnw Cºt\ 5#-Xo-ubnSm cayX !d±-
¿n-ÌÉ DZy-a-º-jn-tWè InWnw. 5#-Xo-ÆtS \ob-a-ºtj
dwLoÐn° Ahn-[y-an-Ibn² dwLo-Ðn-Xo-co-Ð-dnWm Ae-ÆtS
cpXo-tb-Á±Yw. aÌ-gytÂ \ob-a-taè ]l-¼Xm, Ae-ÆtS \o±an-
Xn-eotÂ C±-Itj Ð±¿p-I-co-%Á d¸y-u¿n-â-¹-So-bXm FÁ
A±Y-¿o-dnWm. CXm F^ I1 Ð±¿p-I-co-%è FÁXm aÌ-
gytÂ D³Ðn-G-tbÆw Zp±L-Ê-wo-tbÆw B[-bo-ÑnWm Cco-%-
ÁXm. !Xo-c-h-en-co-Ðn-ctÂ eoPbw !Xoc, eko, d¸yw FÁo-
etb Alo-¼o-co-%-Á-Xo-dnWm. Feo-tS-¹oêw tXe-]-Êobn²
henco Xp±è! CH-u]ntd 5#-Xotb Alo-bntX aÌgy°
AXot\ \ob-ÔoÑn² epG ]ew. Cv epG AetÂ u]ncn-á-I-
;tS ^d-anWm. u]ncn-á-I;w 5#-Xo-ÆtS õnK-a-uÈ? BtW-¹oêw
Cv hwÇ-I³Ðm Z|bn±-Y-®¾m. CeotS 5#-Xo-tbè ]l-¼Xm
õvXo-I-5-#-Xo-tbubn eÓ-Ð-;tS hÕ-b-t¿ubn AÈ. FÈn
eÓ-h-Õ-b-t¿Æw HÁo® uN±¿-Xn-WXm. HÊ-tbnç h¿;
PU-ô-A-ttPe X¿|-º-;-tSÆw ttPe-X-¿|-º-;-tSÆw ha-\|-b-an-
WXm FÁ±-Yw.-
-C-eotS c1 Incyº³ eoufg [ª-b±-io-%è. aÌgy°
h|X-ÔÌw ]co-ao-Xo-Æ-É-e-Ì-anWm. 5#-Xotb hw_-áo-Ño-S-
u¿njw Cv h|nX-Ôy-anWm Aet\ 5e±-¿o-Ão-%-Iubn \ot-o
b-\n-%-Iubn tNå-ÁXm. AH-u]ntd ]co-ao-XoI³, \o±W-b-f-
2o-%-l= \oao¿w uXnÁy-enhw henco tNå-Á-Xot\ eod-
%è. 5#-Xo-ÆtS IÇotd tec-tanç D]-I-cWw an^-an-bo-çè
aÌ-gy-t\¹o² tXew fcoÆw, eoP-b=w ]cn-P-b=w Hèw 5T-an-
!-I-bo-Èn-bo-çè, Cv hwÇI³ Hç d¸y-t¿Æw AXot\
5n]o-Ðn-ÌÉ C±-tb-Æ-an-WuÈn 5I-So-Ão-%-ÁXm. Ppe-Ì-É-
ebmuÐ d¸y-®=. AttP-e-º³-tÐnèw h|Ð-d¸yw CÈ.
5#-Xo-\o-b-aº³ fnf|-X=w anÊ-ao-Èn-¿Hw, Dl-Ñ-H-anWm. Ae
Dv\-ao-Èn-¿Hw tXÊ-n¿-H-anWm. aÌgy° !ucn-K-a-u\-²-enWm.
Ae° GuXn d¸y-¿o-udÐm 5bnWw tNåè. h|X-uÔ-±-
Æ-É-Xo\n² bn^Æm GI-Xn-\-Xubn GI-d-¸yuan Ae-\oÈ.
Nod-uÃn-ke° u\uc \S-%è. Hnucn “\ntj’’Æw CÁ-t¿Ðn³
!ul-&So !ucn-KXo u\So-b-Xnbo uXnèw. FÁn² CXm NÐoÌ
tI½ob Inj-ÆtS !ucn-K-Xo-u]n-td-bnWm. \oc-Ðcw AXm \S%w.
]u¸, Hco-Ö-u]nêw ®uÁ-c-I-bo-È.-
141
-\-½tS d¸yt¿ è]-tÃ-â-KÁ Hç Zoey-f-2o-Æ¾m. FÁn-

dXm !fe° !S-®-¾n-%-Á-H-u]n-êÉ è]-tÃ-â-¿-dÈ. edo-tbn-
c-jeo² \®-ÐXo² ]¦¾m. CeotS 5ubn-KoÑ “è]-tÃ-â-KÁ’’
FÁH anÊo “HW \îÁ’’ FÁn-Ðobn² A±Yw ¹âX² àw-
an!w. !Sw ta\-Æ-Ábn³ AH ta\-Æ-ÁuX-Æ=. Ppe-\o-Èn¿
Hç è]w. FÁn² è]w tInÉ-doêw tN¿o-ao-Ì-Ð-doêw !Sw
!f-et\ HW-Ñnudn? aÌgy° Cºt\ !f-et\ HW-ÍÁ
!S-anWm. AXo-\-e\m Iko-=¾m. Cv !f-et\ HW-Æ-do\m aX-
taè ]l-Æè. Ppe-Ì-ÉXm 5#-Xo-ubnâ hi-I-co-Í-Á-XnWm !f-
et\ HWÆ². ÐuÐn-½¿o² tNSo ej-ç-I-boÈ, tNSotb ej±-
K-I-bnWm. uXn½-Ðnc° tNSotb ejcn° HW-Íè. ej±-Ñ-ÆtS
5?ob tNSo-ÆtS eo¿o²-\oè eç-Á-XnWm. AH Ico-bn-tXÆw
?aw-eoå ]S-cn-tXÆw u\n%-ÁXm uXn½-Ðn-c-\nWm. uXn½-Ðn-
ctÂ ]co-N-cWw eo¿otÂ f2o-Æ-anbo uNç-uÄn-knWm hhy-
fnÖw D¾n-!-ÁXm. Cv hhy-fn-Ö-anWm aÌ-gytÂ Incy¿o²
bYn±Y aXw. 5#-Xo-\o-b-a-u¿nâ aÌgy° t]nç-¿-tÃ-âÁ
eko-bnWm AetÂ aXw. aÌ-gytÂ \ob-a-º-tjÈnw 5#-Xo-ubnSm
AetÂ t]nç-¿-tÃ-S-do-ÌÉ HK-Xp±-ÃnWm. aÌ-gytÂ \ob-
aº³ HtÁn-ko-bntX CXot\ hn¿-enZw tNåè. FÁn² B
\ob-aº³ 5#-Xo-\o-b-a-º-tj-uÃntd fnf|-X-aÈ, Ae ]co-e±-¿-
\-eo-u[-b=w aÌ-gy-t\-uÃntd NÕ-d=w Ind-uZ-f-º³-tÐn¿m
anc-Á-e-Æ-an-Wm.-
-F-Ánêw AeotS tNÁm Ùoc-an-!è, aÌ-gytÂ C±Æw
t]nç-¿-tÃå u]nIn-ÌÉ Aõo-en-Ù-Æw.--
142

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