Equation of a tangent line at a point

Find the equation of the tangent line ¿ the curve

2
y=f ( x )=x −9 at the point ( 4 , 7)

STEP 1: Identify the given

x 0=4

y 0=7
2
y=x −9

STEP 2: Find the equation of the slope using definition of derivatives or theorem
of differentiation
A. Definition of Derivatives
' f ( x+ h )−f ( x)
mTL=f ( x )=lim
h →0 h

mTL '
=f ( x )=lim
[ ( x +h )2−9 ] −[ x2 −9 ]
h →0 h
2 2 2
' x +2 hx+ h −9−x + 9
mTL=f ( x )=lim
h →0 h
2
' 2 hx +h
mTL=f ( x )=lim
h →0 h
h(2 x + h)
mTL=f ' ( x )=lim
h →0 h
'
m TL=f ( x )=lim 2 x +h
h →0
'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x

B. Theorem of Differentiation
' 2
mTL=f ( x )=x −9
'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x−0
'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x
STEP 4: Substitute the value of x to get the slope
'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x ; where x=4

'
mTL=f ( x )=2 ( 4 )=8

STEP 5: To find the equation of the tangent line use point-slope form
y− y 0=m(x−x 0 )

y−7=8 (x−4 )
y−7=8 x−32
y=8 x −32+ 7
y=8 x −25

2
Find the equation of a tangent line ¿ the corner y=x at x=2

STEP 1: Identify the given

x 0=2
2
y=x

STEP 2: Solve for y 0

Substitute x 0 ¿ y
2 2
y 0=x =2 =4
STEP 3: Find equation of the slope by Def. of Derivatives or Theorems of
Differentiation
A. Definition of Derivatives
f ( x+ h )−f (x)
mTL=f ' ( x )=lim
h →0 h

'
m TL=f ( x )=lim
[ ( x +h )2 ]−[ x 2 ]
h →0 h

2 2 2
('
) x −2 xh+h −x
mTL=f x =lim
h →0 h

2
' 2 xh+h
m TL=f ( x )=lim
h →0 h

h(2 x + h)
mTL=f ' ( x )=lim
h →0 h

'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x+ h

'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x

C. Theorem of Differentiation
' 2
mTL=f ( x )=x
'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x−0
'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x

STEP 4: Substitute the value of x to get the slope

'
mTL=f ( x )=2 x=2 ( 2 )=4

STEP 5: To find the equation of the tangent line use point-slope form
 y− y 0=m(x−x 0 )

y−4=4 (x−2)
y=4 x−8+ 4
y=4 x−4

Instantaneous Velocity
An object moves along a line so that its position at any time t is given by the
function: s=f ( t )=t 2−6 t+14
where s is measured in meters and t in seconds
a. Find the objects position when t = 3 seconds
b. Find the average velocity during the first 7 seconds
c. Find the instantaneous velocity of the object when t = 7 seconds
SOLUTION:
a. Find the position when t = 3 seconds
Solve for s by substitution
2
s=t ( 3 )=t −6 t +14
2
s=t ( 3 )=3 −6 ( 3 ) +14
s=9−18+14=5 meters

b. Find the average velocity during the first 7 seconds

where t 1=0∧t 2=7
f ( t 2 )−f ( t 1)
Ave . Velocity=
t 2−t 1

[ 72 −( 6 ) ( 7 ) +14 ]−[0 2−( 6 ) ( 0 ) +14 ]

Ave . Velocity=
7−0
21−14
Ave . Velocity= =1 m/s
7
lim h (2t +h−6)
'
f ( t )= h → 0
h
 '
f ( t )=lim 2t +h−6
h→ 0

'
f ( t )=2 t−6
4
x

Laws of Differentiation
' 2
f ( t )=t −6 t+ 14
'
f ( t )=2 t−6+0
'
f ( t )=2 t−6=2 ( 7 )−6=8 m/s

THEOREMS OF DIFFERENTIATION
A. Constant Rule
Dx ( k ) =0
where the derivative of every constant is0
Example: f ( x )=7 ,then f ' ( x )=0

B. Power Rule for n>0

D x ( x n )=n(x n−1)
Example: f ( x )=x 7 , then f ' ( x )=7 x 6

C. Constant Multiple Rule

D x [ kf ( x ) ] =k ∙ D x [ f ( x ) ]
Example: f ( x )=6 x 5 , then f ' ( x )=6 ∙ 5 x 4=30 x 4

D. The Sum and Difference Rules

D x [ f ( x ) + g(x ) ] =D x fx+ Dx g(x)
Example: D x [3 x 3+ x2 ]: where f ( x )=3 x 3∧g ( x )=x 2
D x [ 3 x + x ] =3 ∙ 3 x +2 x
3 2 2

D x [ 3 x 3+ x 2 ] =9 x 2 +2 x
 D x [ f ( x )−g (x) ] =D x fx− Dx g (x)
Example: D x [2 x −x ]: where f ( x )=2 x3 ∧g ( x ) =x
3

D x [ 2 x3 + x ] =2∙ 3 x2−1
D x [ 2 x3 + x ] =6 x 2−1

E. The Product Rule

D x [ f ( x ) ∙ g(x ) ] =D x fx ∙ g ( x ) +f ( x) ∙ D x g(x )
Example:
D x [ ( 5 x−9 x ) ∙ ( 2 x ) ] : where f ( x )=5 x−9 x ∧g ( x )=2 x
3 2 3

D x [ ( 5 x−9 x ) ∙ ( 2 x ) ]= ( 5−9 ∙ 3 x ) +(2 ∙2 x)

3 2 2

D x [ ( 5 x−9 x ) ∙ ( 2 x ) ]=5−27 x +4 x
3 2 2

D x [ ( 5 x−9 x ) ∙ ( 2 x ) ]=−27 x + 4 x+ 5
3 2 2

F. The Quotient Rule

Dx
[ ] f ( x ) D x fx ∙ g ( x )−f ( x ) ∙ D x g ( x )
g ( x)
=
g (x )
2

Example: D x [ 7 x+ 4
2
x +2 x ]
: where f ( x )=7 x+ 4∧g ( x )=x 2+2 x

[ ( 7 ∙1+ 0 ) ( x +2 x ) ]−[ (7 x + 4 ) ( 2 x+2 )]

[ ]
2
7 x+ 4
Dx 2
= 2
x +2 x ( x2 +2 x )

[ ( 7 ) ( x + 2 x ) ] −[ ( 7 x+ 4 )( 2 x +2 ) ]
[ ]
2
7 x+ 4
Dx 2 = 2
x +2 x ( x 2 +2 x )

Dx
[ 7 x+ 4
2
x +2 x ]
=( 7 x 2 +14 x )−(14 x 2+ 22 x +8)¿ ¿
( x +2 x )
2 2

Dx
[ 7 x+ 4
2
x +2 x ]
=
(−7 x 2−8 x−8 )
( x2 +2 x )
2

G. Power Rule for n<0

  Change the negative exponent to positive by reciprocal method then
apply quotient rule
DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS