Actinic ond Motecutar Peuyste © MEN Resonarnes spoctneseopy, Electron Apes Resonance CBSE) +> tae cabled Elzotrom Paramagrilic dh Kazan (ssa) a IFN4 ond beorpation suzomanee in Batts Electron spin Resomamce (ESA) > Resenamce (EPR) was cliscoutred Pe experiments deadt wlth © Tt deals with Ale Body 0g absorption a} cheetromognatic Podiotion sin the mins wave ptgton (01 — 15D cw) by fate Asditals undia tue tngiuance of om extemal rnagnetic fleld- A face Aadeat Is drpincd 08 wn cote ; 0 group of otoms PL OD metic tn a ceudatn stote Aortaining tne unpadeed eecthon ustuch ecoupits am puta oybital. > Atomic pager GR) 4 Rydrery2 (HOT) or methyt (Hye?) vadterls, Big defdnttion , naturally scout stable anol Long died mebeeles usta odd number of electrons in thet mowmat Stok + E> Nitrous Oxide (NO) , Nitrogen cltoxide (NG), Nitrogen difiroride (NE) + Natwralty eccurteg free Andicals being Stable and Jong—brised can be easily be stidied by ESR wherroe frie Aadicals founed ae Lottramediats Jin a Lamictal protlion DL produced artificially by trradiotion o& a normal anotecule with eleetric olischonge SL DV OX Any er with a beam of nuctear particles ore plidert smetrbe amd Com be detected by ESR povided ther Sige Afan gpeoter thon 40 seenSpecter shout Lluel wat Avom temps MOY aly be Ltudied if Brey OAL Produced at va Amo Aemperature efter 4) tte dati Stale ov trapped ta a polld ‘matrix’ of a cost material Auch 2s a dotid Inert gas- Dus ts cated matrix feotaton aud Lusreases dhe Lifetime pf the trapped Aadicad » Obviously , dotite Derr are mamy Oud Various sibstouces Ao luc ESR lan be eppited y the Atqyinemmnt fer on -tunpatud electron gmeons that Hu technique ls generally tess appiicable tha NMR- When an Linpelre electrons exint in a substance y their spins are alligned ot rare vin dhe absence 0f a fred. Wtan Phaced Bn a magnetic fleid y however » they witleach awe im prefered tection and sunie the Span Qrontumn number of On election is 1 , tact com be Brough of as apinnetig ether -clsckwwlse or anticleckuise About Ue feo direction 1» ESR Apectrescopy ebserctialty. measures dine energy Arqutrecl dp Acierse the Spt #4 aon sunpotud etectron » ESR Spectroscopy Lovers Are eleotron's magnate memont y its aicteraction with an applied magnatia fieto to -gtise chiro tuorgy Pevels , Are population of -tnote Levels , tu Larmor Prrcisin Oud relaxation pAscess » RA sn ale forms ©f spectroscopy » four properties of the Spectral Mines are of Simportauce viz» Anes Ireteusity , wldth , Position ond multiplet structure,7 Dn Intensity 2 om ESK absorption ds proportional Jo dhe @ Coucertration op the fuse Aadical of paramagnetic, material Presets Mus, use’ tease Lmeciately -a dechnrgyie fet eattmantinig “te omount oh [hee Anckioal patsert . Tu method is otha ordinarily sensitive fa favourclte Cates + Somme 167 onek of Yur Aaclicals beimg detectable « > De width of on ESR Adbonance depends a8 din Cade of NMA on Me aclaratton Ame of the Aplin dtate under study + tut. of the Juve Posstbte Avlaxntion procenses (ine Apin - Apa Undteraction Ja Utually very epetctendt » untess dre Somnpte bs ertrmety Ai cond gine a rplaralion’ Alme >} 15 te 15 see CL) Te apn Lotiter sectmeation Jideraction ab efftctect ot Acorn demperatuss but becomes proyrussively tess At deduced domperatares > eda apten becuming descral mits at La temperature of Liquid nitrcgen( velush costs don tex Aemnporoturs ) Fer most samples, use Could beets IS bec os a typloat Arloxotion dime yond being das tn Heisenberg dineritaintty Autetion , ute get a Pegpency suceertainity (Ade ustotth) 44 MHz. : $o.. £6. 2. a 2 AMH. Beh amt Ae ob 2. St A Abroad Arteration Mme with dnereage tus width aul doMHe is met uncomunon « Clearly, Hus Es a much wider SPectral ture Ahan La Lose of NMR, whare wee found a normal Lin. width for a Bayid do ee dome Od Hz,Gh. wld Ese tne teue eolvartogis and Adadvantages. On Hu omdit pike (advortage), Lhe homegencity of cthe vapplicch onagmatce | Field te tor fess critical and murs for NMR ¢ it ls edsuctial to HSL a magnitte Youd hemog onsous 2 4 tn 40! oun Hee domple « For ESR, a pepe of 4 dm 40° ts adequate + Tees Aaprtionts a Considerable easing of modufecturing Aoterances « | A broad Line is mote oliffieutt te ebserre dnd muaduis Heat 2 Abarp one onc for dud reason, ESR spctremsers nearty alioops — Operate 1 the Arivalive mede. Patnctpte of ESR i> De phenomenon ef Election apsr Resoranee CESK) is based on tae fost thet om electron Ls a sleanged particle « Th apes vercating Aveo pin sobates ™mrtt. Dox atlanta can liner be along Au atisction( parattet) de be magnitio fietd wstdelr comesporrds 2° Are Hower energy tats M2 ~L ond Zt som lat cabligered ep posite Casati porated) to Hue dtrection of dhe magnetic field coussponds te tre Adair entry ptats M,2 + Wun <0 apioming electron ts placed iin magnetite fed (82) » Ba quergy, 04 ieteraetionitbjo tht mmagnotte meomnad veces Cpe) acted wstttr tte Apinniieg Ce eed eens aS dad the mognetis. field wtich Us given by — + =5 8, a Spin enyqulod mermeriturn vector € Magnelte. moment vecteA. = pe les + By Es opto = he po 7g ped Bar - whey, 9? Lande! 4 apeaieg ae Hg 2 Beles, omnamation Hg -(-g Relate) eS es Gbe G2 Ja(4rd con® Babstituting fa(a+i) Core = "6 we yet ation, P44 wonty ve webs Trey Zug ote each value BY Mg 9 wy hose AH 7 of euna~ Ey, = th ghert2 —® = [feems=*h) bh aud aL, thm 7 z yep poe d] correeponds f° Lew, eusigg state wethreras stot. - ot Lb cha Sidd tasteases Bry write deereates Ey.”+2 oe Fey, ce oes hV= Jhg'6 — B=o . “y met Ye ® to Ga Aipperrce a. erenrgy bio two Spin atte of an eo uy We pAtsence of cee ie & gltten by — BE = Ex — ey = DEEL Tha be 7 (my pt Be) DE = YBa Bz —— © TE etecttomagele podtatton of fArpumey D satiefying He Condition ’ nee Qbhwes —® sy present » dransition of & from fewer meray Spon Baate (7 = Ly praph) Av huigher energy Apin state (re + Aurccesspul abservation of He ESR Spectstm Aagpthes Butbable Values BOL the srepruey 7 amd fia maguelia field! @ to ® «Pet weagnetic. ele dakiapyirg pDte, P= GHer® 0634 T, 0 Comes out Jo be about 465 GNe + Apectacm eters opening, around gin yore ane caften acpinel 8 | X- bamd spectrometers + Ap 4 | feds ( B= 1-3 7) wee eovsspodiing Mighen onlepoas feryponey (35 GHz) are alse asatolle » they ore colted B- baud Spectrometers « for continuous -abgerption » went can efter Wary the frrqiuncsy J Bows Arsonanee Reepring the field B cousterct or the magni fietd Js varied ucpiing he pregueney condinat. Ue Latter méiled is Msially preferred Atace wt in eosin te loty heWraguetio fietd Reeping He ttabitty ot wary duigh fovels« Basie Requiremucts 2 fore pp dhe baste Aupiremnits of & X-bawd ESR épectontter Ore = th) Aw elrotromogret capable ©f Aurpphyssig A hhomegencous magmetio pretd wetelole cam be Varitd toraanty on ether Aide of the mognetio peta » Gh) source of microwave radiatten fn phe rsglen of 965 GHz. GO Auitable soumple cavity. &) pacers for tramantining the Aadiadion energy Hele He ample Causity » ww Detection Systenr Be measure Hie vartation un minewave © Power- 7 (wD fubtable Pbcilipscepe 4 AtcbArder + Rescription a the seb—upt> oo babamced nrlelge ESR apectronrcter fi Hepes Lele , i ’ Ke ystAcn* ves Sewice } Oscillatoy, 1 } ' | xacttor | | T-Gaidge Ch eeatalor 1 a Dusyehok ! [7] detector 1 ! > : — aummplif ie S sn, MN [Phaze eetibe Detector Recon cler_- 1 a —_ a | @ hources> W Khysthon Oschilator Gn mest of ESR spectrometers y the ourer Zs Kiystron sscittater usticl ds operating st Bh subrowave banc A0gtin of Stim wavetength (generally sued for fee Ancient studies) + A Keystion ts a vactum tube polo Lon product micrp ave osctélations Ceuthed on a dmatt Aange of proqusnoy + De freguncy Of the ononootuemalls Aadtadion Le determiud by the Voltage applied to dhe Khystron Pine wodjustaent of the | ppequency te acttovedl by vartatin of he de voctage opptied | do oma of die Ktystron electrodes Ruowet 06 the Aepacir’s- {| Typicatty , Klystron ty segundo agtbe apprcnim ackely | Bo mW ef power , ablenuation of nehubl abtows «& pares as i Lewd 05 0495 mw te be ubsed« (2) Lsolator t- tA Bb mn non- ae} oii yaudeh rilnt mises He vibrotions tn tha Gruqneney of micnewoues produced log Keystron ercittaden- (duc to tee backward The Vortotfons peoumd ah eyeney Affection fin the Acgedn beliocen dan, Regen TSetater is a strip 8 foe omaderial « cau Whe ebccubators (0) Wlavemeter t~ Me wasemster is put betosen He Gere ge bnew the payusncy of re mborooaues, ? . wa he Ktystren -oecittates, « Ue poaverety Js tuswally coltlrated. ae frequency aunits of MHz indtend of WarseLengte + dv) Attenuates t~ Geter wavenrcter and’ Checulator, there is ctlenuatet which wodpiisls te Jeet of microwave Power uciceud om Hu somple . TL possesses am Absorption etumentt ane“Woracaponcls to a metrat fitter sh Qiglt absorption measurement. @ Ltrewtator :> Loa datas Tetentoating fond Reystion Te ritectos f 1 Micnewave Power dn | 3 Te Aesorant Cav ity LC Four fort Chcataters na arivscvsaue Aacitadions praduced by te Kegstren Pécitlates. are allewsed 10 pass Brough the ‘wotedot, wsesem eter as ipitenudtel amd fu iy euctens ee Airvoutetor. through -o roevegiiade ay a tepp of wie ertlel, couples aati escttdecting amagnetie fil toad sets aap the wepsisspeudiing field sh the tenuegiitele « A waveguitle js genrxalty owtade up a4 doltors Huctanqulice Kopper wr brass duleing havedy Bibser, pr Aotd plating pinside fo producing Sighly tonducting plac durfact + ; fu micsewae Aactations ecirs from arm o + Aas 48 hovuntéted cto Asdonarct Cautty £4 Bample + Br te, L dermnioattiing fag Bend swwtich Acoms te wana sateen pile he. naglctlan rere EEO ay frin 4 fs wottaclud te tu detector @ somple Coutty ts in art’ of He ESR Apectrom eter. ty ths Fetdouamt casrehy Aodattg six Bamples Du cavity Aigitten Le confructed ion Quo a L904 £6 mroxtanise Ste veppiied wragretio rebel eloug tae doomnple adiim exitonds + A Sample Vetume of On tS te OS mR eon ot itd witth fomples wiioh de not petseds Ligh dictectiie constant « Phot tells with 9 dtteRuss Of 25 mm ondample Weliuene of DS mk aus generally uapd oor auch rampta®© wuadln posseas Ann Aeteinsd comsbed » for Studying -oniiobrapt eget ts Belge erystals tnd 2 della deomples, Hatatnbte owities one qensrably untttized « Sn most oy shu ESR spectiondrs, Auot homple Lavittis are qenereatly ised. lua ws dene for Sinulttareous olservation of a sample ond A Actereuce mmaderiad By Hu use of a Acpersuee material » He dourees eg ror om Lompeidared ley Lomparude Aitatibe igual Mefghia” o> dPpn > Lyd - Biphenyl 2— plenglnydronyl Aacionl (S peaka) - @ Magnet system +> ; Tre pesenaut catity le placed betoun tie pete feces 04 am electromagnet , ls provides a Ahemepgencoud maqnilio field md tom be vasidd fem O- soo Gauss , We pleted Should be stable aud peri porwr owes he Sample Hobitity af the fied Low be vetume « the wonleued bay enesgysing fhe | mognet by snbgiy Arsguutaited pense upply - Te Atalitity % | Suman port t, 26 ts satisfactory feos tie Aceotution | Spectra 2f such ssample pe, op ESR hese a foctor Aamges psom dS ur the Stet, hound » dhe Stability mmignt be as tow asd pak Be 40° fer paramagnetic devs vamd fet fue fadteals dn jbotid matvees + Ta orden fe suseep the magnadte field an ts made ay Carupirg the turhink ws a© smpatyien amd Phase sensitine Apter detection by wu crystal detector, Bhi Btgnal nderegoes marten baud -ampltpication s But the varnpltpied Sarak Contains Oo tet of wolse . Te rcduclion in -pise ds actteped by Adection ef att mote components except *ese an Bay marries band ey the bperation +f the phate seugittise detectet + @ Dscithoseepe aud fom Detector i> Finally , tu seynat from Phase senditine detector Oud, suscep unit I recordid by esclidescope ancl Poon detector . © Magner gil Modutstion ¢> A Apectremety poould have wa. good Signal to moise Adtis but sensitivity saad Jeselittion asoutd st be pater port- Gus Adwol problem Ja ouvueme by modulation of the ae manmetion duductions Tin practice, Mu moat former meditation | Aregponey Selected for tila purpose L LookHe aud dt is wappited by the means of dmatl Letts mounted wohur tHe vsalls 2f Bamnple eaurtty ~ De effect ef magnotia Industion onsider, Bre ce magnetic Hiduction tueep te be menting stead ty drasugh de absorption wud tty complitude of the 400 kite wognetic Lrclustion radatlacte modulation ate be Aula ttuety Wath 4st 4S lear Ahet the midrowaue Peer stack tang fe crystal detactor Lb alo smedulated at Ake dame 43But tte ayacpltude BE Ales Lecter medulahont Output sslgnat) a Vertes ywith dle pesittod of, magnitic fled B.A phase sensitive. dctectos ts now employed motudh ompants the putprt Signal from He microwave Aare witty du Atfrmee Signal of dame fpuqweney and ls peuaitire te beth tm amplttides and phase op the output Miguel, As die do omaguitio. field a woe: Binearty bnsough dhe wepsorption » de cetectoy outputs a dene pave , dle amplitude of rolubh stasetig from eae @ maxtmum Value Arete AP Zere Oud bron Lett a 180" Change wh plage snoreades to 2 wmoptimun agadn before Abserlg fharally to zr0 , Tu eutprct from the detector ds amplified y mectifiid cand then Ltegratd do gite a dle eutput te the Arcorder equal tn Latensity Fe dre vorcpditude of the moclutarted euctpect elgqural Provided that tre ~omplitide eptle 400 KRe magnate induction modilarion ts amialt compared att the width 4 ESR absorption + Te Aptial -oretpuct Ae tte Ascender is Proportional cle tx slope of He absaption Cue auc Can be prgarded was fe ist certvatiue- Gu paartiatar , the Spectrometer ds Mord for mote sensitive to Small changes wn dite shape of He absorption youre + A gurthes Anpaoueneat wh the trymal do mote ralte as moro Pbiained diner Coheuat Ardnals ors pldtainel fer erly diese cia pert, seqrals Prating He fome frcpunty Ob Atfretce, berking > Te bomple wore ESF is Yo be Atcorcleal ws Rept tn the Ateenant Lavity CAcplection mutty) + Ge cauity Serves as a Werg tong pact celd 1h action asaes ase Acfteetid de Oud ro thousand of Alors + Du Ktystron Oscillator is set tePArslice micsewraues which waft padding tnreugh the Lroladr, Wavemitr and pitenuater ore Asctived by ciceutater tough Orund +» Du mierewau power ectenig am 4d wih dfide betireen aims 2 and 3+ Du rm 2 qenrally croving a balancing Bnd 1% stnpedances “ey dium 2 Ard & ons deme, enloterene Porter Js wabisibed Lompletely aud mo power is ruecived by Ain detector do aim t- 24 Me fnpedaree of orm 3s Dranged because of some ESR Atsorarer abseoiption by a Somple vin it, bora microwave poorer awit entry fute detector turonah arin +. Du detister acts O4 a Arctipier Lonuerts te microwave power Lucro cliect Curducct » op Ane maguitic fled otound dhe Atdonat Cavity savintg the Sample is tharniged £0 wavalue Aegived fer Atdovrancs , the Fecprder will blow an Abserplion peaks « fusther, the main magnetic gtd so surept Stowly auc, a perled of BEAL oninictes » He Recorder will Showd tue clerivating of the aridrewane absorption spectrum against magnelia fletd + Rus te Bisbrumertal consicleratinrs associated sith fhe Atgrat te mele nots , Hu ESR spectian are generally Atceided as He fist durivattine Apectia + Tu fase 2f dow frequoucy medutetton ($400 Hz), the cols am fixed subitole aud an Bone ESR spectrometers , Huy may be mounted on the omagnet pete pleces + Burt te Thu tose 24, dbgher modulation epmutsy atu ents ane moti Hable is tome catty fyuneds cam met ponctratr metal effectively .7 Bev, 2 NEI BH Vet wh . : L Nynta, 2 atti einen me+ ef detectable plus per Gauss AW —& wfdth petri deflection petit on de dyatvattve -oloscaption LBL = TL Mw constant of He detecting system « | TA is dn versely Proportional +0 dhe bamavidth of dhe detector civenit » Wetting at Migter maguette field strnugth ucrtases Hue sensitivity AL ESR spectremets fer eXample , seusttistty ef an ESR Spectront tren Pinta wt 35000MH2 in 20 Aims wepruetes Blan Bank weAkeing at 4Sonpd Az- Fare Structce in ESR Spectra LE- coupling 2? Bt poouns ouly for Aubdtances watt, mote than one Unpaieed eteothon and ta due te © -e coupling + @> Nepthatene Whin Napthatens dradiated wlth DV Light , Individual metroutes undergo excttaiter te Tt plet Atak astuth plocays Very Aapidly te te ground sblaite + Bry cooling the cryoiak He Lend temperature 0% by clttiting Hue Nia pthalene we dots 04 neat Laliiee » dtu Artplet stoke can be malutainrd® amd tramine boy ESR techutape » CiyH, He monomer of Poly cychd carbon ,| Ba Mu situs hau, trauuttionr metal lous -epten exit wgitete Btably i. 9 atpat ete, and ore entity dbidild at eon temperctunr by ESR. Du two electrons per motecute wr per din forming the Tn the abseuce of the fied , Abe weetets pxfact Aheuselyes Promdomiy 1 When A magneto field da applied ot if au nckenuol field exist weit tte waystal, the vectors Com Baka up ome of dru directions youly eaewctially with, acres or against the Held directi. 2s tsheinbelor - De components af Hae, onigeta, mmorerctuunn at the ffeil Arreetton arr ef Corde S,2tl,opi-t - In Hu peld , S,7 td sdate Us natsed dn cuenqy ) tee S, > 4 slate is Lewerrd dud S$, =° poviains uoffceted as Bhown sa the euctrer under Ale pelrotion aul, AS2 > 4, Sly thew transitions WAL abloutre buct beth swerld jprave identical euengy areal punsee fises aise to fast one spectral tine» Da fact , two tins of different enorgita vane tnvortably Cbsered Oud we must mow conider whey Lt db deat theeucrgy Hvels ane split Lnbymumetateatty . Thers are dewtrek Arosons @ & Fiastly » Aememb enig that tach Sr4 State ig, 4 fact, mode up af two elections sith faratteR spina (may be audi paratter) sud use Rue thet each Apin Preducts a Seah maguotic fietd By dtu Vletnity 25 Ze partner ester ae | & ; Bud at x= 6°64, Fietd at X= By TB, Het, an mp sper iuevases Le neighbourta “pretd while we down Spi eciercases tt fr cade a Heuer, fer tive Chotyers, beth Apis c Sz> tt étrte feb an cepplied pict Father gfuctr than tue external pretd B, aud tus tate ds Aolied fa eungy + For 822-4, both B fects a demalter pfeld , whith again rates tele ecg (Atintmber Prat fnchsasing tre appt Geta raides fu $= +4 energy bul towers te Spek ousrgy) . De Ae case 0) S20 ¢ the Aipeton Held is across Hue mata applted field, do, meter adds e+ Aubtiack from Ste the $2 70 eusrgng is wherefore quite unaffected by AAs petos, ~couphiieg « Bu met epyet of aipoler Seteraclion shetdeic, rattes beth the Sp2 tL aud Spor dL Stats austin acspest te S20 04 shown «= Dippkay Shige St TD 2 Ejctem vcd applied magnetic Alek Herr, We Shes tu dipeler suit Ddp be smaller thax the Splits saused by Are marr -opplted field + Fer Brrall fields, trowesey , Et ds clear that beth S 2 +h sud S274 moy . a bie AGB 6,20 wk energy yauice Ba magnitide cf the Aipotar suigt ds quite Lndopendent 4 dhe applied magratio agen ED secondly , Were may be Spir— eset couptaty wlerelay are elections orbital quequlas mremerta rand pir memecta Qe Combined . piice , te met Speirs sf So th aud S=-4 the eppesitivety ailigued 9 Such Cou plied many ages aistweb dhe euangy - Lovet potiens but $,50 state will be Amaofpcted » fhe Apty- eAoit Affect mmay be in te Same Seuse opposed to tte dipelar Luteractions + furth, perturbation te tu enerary fersete *£ Sy Bt hand Syed yout met op S, 20. Te met Argult -0f these BAe evrergy pertrrbatious vis wduialy fousidensd Pondere Ae one deacliig wp dhe Zee ed Lor gtd) 9 Stioe Hey produce anewsrgy duvet ohigt af the Spo tt and Seon 5 © 5 with pudpect de Sz20, em dn He salosence: op aur externa ua » hea, bihtatlon Js shown beter - Bey] cana may S20 | erp feta sphitieig 44a dnp pla Hea, du S54 tates ane aitumedd to Lie abou Me S=0 phate «Gia opposite abipt may alee ovetde bush thd clots not ee een a toate é igfeid a wapplted 9 tha , | A fagels diverges oud fer 0 giles Aadlation propireey, ghee will be Prausttious 0t tue Alferd it bs ptear frat : the Specthuren will cousiat of te fore applied -pfelds. Buus | ptaucterre Lats. | | Nucla bab > | Gash auntenr ssstepe being tompased 2f a, aiggeita pemten \ e4 prctons aud mentions wit have 0B un fetal Spen Volun » Pot example, “Hu spur Louse, of only sue prcton + Au isotope of H-detertunn ovtalvg ove prolon Aud ome meutann mane Hack A Apa wf one ob Zero depending Ou Rather the proton aud meutron Apin aye parallel or endtpanablal » Ot ts ebsersed He oe 4 om fer Hslbiueleusy it is zere- ft He mueleus aba a© Rubes @ Nuclet when beth prston Dud meetion eit, wilh Laue Zero. = 5 4 2, 1 & He Bey, Or tee | Nucket ystite ® Beth pastor aul nevtion dd y wsith rave Lntegral Aptn + &> aan, 1g ete. @® Nuclei with odd mass nor ml bows Anat, putegral eplr » @ ww, Sy , gm, Ee feu * Hyper dtucture of ESR Absosptions Ce = nuctes Coupling) 2> Gn ESR Apectta, we omist Aistinguibl beboin Awe Rivals Af gruatttp tet stich + Bur Js fine (Stiuctin, slush occurs vouty dn crystals Lovttnba bug meat than ene en parrtid: a 7 bpain and hyperfine Stauctux (A smatter eppect) mrtueh Drhied Wlun an snpaied e Lom aget clete Je a mit Zere sph - An, Auyperfoe Strucliie wartses Grom Ake sctercation of unpatied e autth te magnetic purrent wf rutetei wet Hy, dts pibital + claus with men~ oR | Pt is He Licteraction of te mognette moment of the unpatseed eo wlth these Of ony suyroundilg muctet sharing mon Zero pin which aie fide te Juypecpine Sbuceture expected ssputd be these davute ourclenr spin Gulacttrm 18 + qa Ge teMere vane Awe qilot distant says th Lelie van denpaterd. ® © atay ateract swith magnetic nuclei ie Proolites tna perefene _ Atinetiones |) Qu giest of Huse Js dipole = atpote Letecaction batneen -the election aud murkear magnetic memeils . Tis tuteraction ds Atkectionaly sce it depends on Are angle made belrreen Bian omagnelte, field Aiadh A Men eg Me ee NS DE moguitude decreases rapdty as 25 ditce Ahi hitenactten iy Atccotioual, it ds refered te as an dnlsctrepic auteraction + . for exemple, for A system auch as on ergente prec Aactcal B& tn. gouution 4 die Ctiectation lef Ae Aadical Werte magnetic ped eB elecnges Aapidly ond He fteraction ansrages do zre . Te aay pergece stauctivic wepsciued tn potubton must Morefre Atsults from Oat attermative mechanism + Dipoke ~ Dipore guderection , Han = 9°3n ei. = see], a Ae Ga) Que Second vetction- muster Litersetion tk tu found contact Interaction ushieh tras mp claseteal amabeque » Bais aepanets Hu Leteraction betwen Hu mela mort ond she Ditareipeiid coms Banepa deorspalltal. <) seluabirg 2d, “She nucleus wwlibr fs possible when at ceupis an S~ orbital, As py da 4 Prbltals Lane nedes ab Mee rmrckuts » the forneapouding & deusitics are zere- Tate jicteraction de Ludependent #4 erteritations +Hy = re ddwhehy [eco SE = Or SF woluae y a= 284 Oy Be Ba] Hl] ™ ble) > ev wave fumerion at fae ners Of nucleons a 9 Hyperfere aputlting coustant Auer, the founi egulict doun snvoleer only S- er ehetions the Ay pergute splilleg Lortdtorct ais sotiopie . Tus Leteraction ds Ludtpendent of otterctatton wrrite mmagnstte Inductor + Hiypoyine structure of Ho atom 29 . Ton te absence of the magnetic pietd By Aha’ Single Ctectsen of Aplin 1 gives tse do am doubly oleginerate Spe enaegy aterte. When 2 magnetic Aiea Js -appited 1 dhe solegeruecacy fs remeved amd fio enongy fevelr 4 Owe correspendiiig to Ms = Ty aligned eppescte te the ffete amd ther corse ponding de mrt . abttqned anit He field seit be bbtained + whan ale scteraction loetiaten ste cucegy Lonsider a frie fradital in wtudl an snspad or ds able Po futtract with tue equiveleck Petes.Paeten ‘A? Pawten “B? L th th = LL +h i «*t) ‘204 a 13 5 z ow rh = @ i z | . aw 73 [tensed tramaitions for he = FAeraclinn of unpacred e7 with ee AUREL eapetvateul sucter witle Tt \ \ \ = — 73 z Fou. Tramattions ware mod aftpused Feasting £2 four vane llry AGH Pesos: gadis Sit: pee lina pts Wu Bt 34) sadating thtensitie, « Wa Comrespoudsing eucrord feel diaghem feos four equtvatenc CAstons com mow be vleclarcrd follorsing vom exteudion of the Mesure argued oud Pads Ae fix sqalty Apaced absoaptions with Actatioe Mtewsities WU, ours.= @ TL moo ee deduced tbat tus information may be Bummartzed vin De form of two qeusrok ster i GC) m= eqrtvatent prstons quiies (nti) equally dpreed absorption +4 dhe ESR apectras : BY Ge putting Fatensttes of sede bapapitnes wach be Proportional to the ocfpicteats of bitemaial expansion Lome Ae Avabie Duteutties vow pacity fond fem He Apprephucts fatcatls antangte (fomuty cdi mutisd) « n Renakive Gudeustty of ESR absotpiin 4 ‘ _ — Asels foreads m ° a 4 4 taf 2 2 i, oe a 4 3 4 3 3 a 3 + 24 @€ 4 4 "9 s dL. os 40 40,5 a Ba 6 de oe i we IE ew e4 Daneboeks of tins Width Measursmsecl: §> GQ) Line Wedtts Can net accurately meacursd CE) petri usilt hove overtappiig Lines» (2) Moxnatic fica tntomogenslty « , . () Lhaynizal cxelorge processes coidile pororning operons: Du_position of ESR Absoiptions (9 -facter) i> We med that de Sphn ourgy kepels of Ay Uctio one Aepinodtel dn on APPEL ancignltle Area’ tee a “BE = OZ 4 pees pa AE ¥a.86 =, Lte-8 he —®wher , He > oles anaguton (9.293 xis ET 4 > Landels atplttity gaoter ‘ A Atsonauce wabsosption ivf thus scours 2b frequency V2 66 nz + h . . From og. , we are Meat he Posttion ef obsorplion saries Avectly stir tas yappited Bfetd amd Since clifprendt ESR Spectrometers -eperate at dipgcac fields , 24 ta dare more compenitat ate Acfer te the absmplion fn Teams of th sbserved q-value Bas, fom a Oy : ee ce) ‘8 Hyd mh, fer ample, Atdenance ssi obserted at O34 MHz te a fretd of ISOE.EI0 T, at weld be reported as Atsonance at @ q-vatue £4 240023 « Tus very” PAccisn figure ts the q- faces YO fie election but it de Aumarhable fact that vicualty Ole fare Aactitals aud tome dente tryetals traue a — factor Wut varus ekg deme £01003 fem ftus value. Dy Stason Pr tnd ds Msentially thet , A fire Aadfeats , ate elections om move abeut mers eh fess frcely ee, an epbital en Cernpassing he ele mmoleorle Anal ft net Compited te a kecaiized erkittal betincen quit tive of the teres th the molecule 1 dur Aus gerse, Ut behaves tn very much the Same way as an eleetten we fet Spee heating L653 toms, fonia crystals , on rte OU Dromdy have leery abifferact 47 foctee, Values beds about Ova exo 84D dhauding been, Aeported + De Aitterouce tay ds that the sunpatead election is coetrtbucted Shy? Aud ‘belogs sto a particular atom ta tre Poshbe 5 tstally 6 Drevsiho, ew mstat tbo + Tus, dhe eeection®? eilttal cabot “Ale terry etre ts Letattzed’ tw sa partttedclas wttty dhe prbital angulat Mmomectim LL vatue) couples cohermntly Aa Spt poqutar mmementum ‘ gfoteg piss Yon qvene Consistent with ti eqpsction ~gpoen aa ie’ tio iagsiet LED: avr) Nonetheleat, many sone Crystals’ Show! a qr feston very clnte dp tie fue electron Valut op g's Tals ‘mas come toot toe Way i _* ib) Be fon fontri butting the eleot ran ano xt hn cam S sate (ue, L20) + for exomple, the ground state of Feet y tn witb que drelectiow are unpated (fre, $2 $5 25rarb), has Zese eibttaf momerctiion. Giungeso Mis, Leo ho, Ts Las = dard ders Aywbot 9 Se) Sule, Te S and Leo Boer, €9, B be comes ; ‘« Qe ie sismy toes) — lee) as(r+1) qe lt astsri) , pols) CD Be etectrte $etd Act up big oll tte totes ty 0 oryctal, omar be Aupflelanctty AtAoug Ap tincouple tue electron | Prlolint momentim from its Apr momento fee, CoherentRarsseth~ Saunders couptilig breaks down and on we application Aho magretio pled » te etectiot spin weet Paces tndeprndontly obout the gield sdivection Thus, Hee value of Lis Lumet warned Hu 4 - fester Adverts de tue 04 the eter aud, Af tte dutermat cryetet pletd ds vrak ot dy Hee poramagretts, ebectran Js welt altetded fpem the Fietd, Lond S seuple A Produce Oo Atdubtank T wttoh seth, prccesses about the applicd rmagnnie eid eat poet ds aisro by ef] - Titerwnediate cases alge cour, Where Lawd S are only partir sencoupled 4 the Arest dad PAbttal coutatbution op die energy aiving Ade te a Gog Fo rvotue mol easity pacdictable dheereticalty . Nutlear Magnets Resonance (NMA IEF A Particular, ehomical ruseleus (rauelag sm] plated wh wa magnetle Hed ais Ai: te a Arsenrance welosorption of mung Grom beam of Areclialionss The Adsonence frtapbucy bedeg coharactiristio of the mucteus ard of the tangle of the apple fled - Ge phenomenon 25 NMA acals Octth transittous beboeen euergey Mesely that crise because of Hu Atffermct erterctations of magnets moment of mucitt placed +h a magretic Hib Bisse tausitfous ar. dtudiid by Maus 2f a Atenauce amethods Tats why, i 4 talted Nuckear Magnabis Resonance + De qromtity mE energy Envelued da nado regia aoe we BAH amall tiem feo micro eV to mans eV. Heweute > a & Aufpicket te eppeot tu muckearn Apia of atoms Ht patecd muckenre pea)mmakis ap die mmottorts + At a sedull , lhe aplon ning msec, @ SL atoms we a moleeutt Lan alatcr Hadio pegpeney Aadiattors Oud change dhe dprection + spinning wate Hmoewer , tues Plunemena eqsbies Ha Presener wf nn external omagnitic, fed + Git, $e He paiauet ple 2 NR Aptctioseope - It was Aist dis coord by Pusceth , Torey Pound at Harweid nud Bloch, Hansen ot Packard Aland a 1546. Magnetic meme, fs 4 Hot T why, q. > nuctear g - acter au 7 Nucleas magrcton TO Ape utedor aud pus eh 2 Sos nie sr Cnet) at Resonamee Cenclition $> Whin 2 muchos of magnetic moment pe ts pleeed fn a mragnitle fet Bo, Abe Leteragtion tnehar tpecemts » EspB, = — RB ese = — pb MH r Woe wltt tau mz 2 Laatl) eqpally dpaced Cuergy feuels | fin, eusnay Lepariction petiasin ony stive enirgy fevcls will be El = PB a My E Bo = rSO ———————— Tu base SE NMR ewperinect dy te teouee a dhansttfou fre, “0 flovser oust do tre ment dfgher Lowel © Ty D ls tee pegnencey of abe tosses ponding fodiation that Enduces transition behaceon adjacent energy Auvels y Gels fAtgpuney Loudittion then becomes, MI= Be = Fras bo zr . fox a Apin 4 igttins WE wit dave 9 states y one covespondiig Ao my = tL Aurel enster weostnipoudinng tp 5 Cher euereyits, are — Ey, 2 —PBe En, = bBo The Atbonancte Coudiiler acduces to AV = 2p8o Fer paston, Pez 2°44 262 By 5 24 Yur, Voie 2% 2049262 % S-OS1KIS ge 20 Gee 6+626% 10°34 a= (Ya sta2%l0° Ts) 8. amy Th Eng = MB 8=8, €y, = HG a ie Aldonoues touditia, is' ~abtteved by applying BRR Pepeuey feed Chetteating at the Lormes. fretuemey perpercticules deodthe extermat onagette fied » Was escillattg Field ds producedby appaying am . sciltating vertage te A tail srode axis ts S terpeudiouter de external stake mmagretio field * . Relaxation Processes 1 > Loustdy absorption 26 em Aadtation by o macrsseepte Bowipts Ln asttolr wee pbsenre Pusenauces fer Almplictty , Jue path consider a Asyshens Leek. ouiclel “poss ds Spin L fet ny eud-n, br Bu pumber 24 spis Secu pyedg the Lower ek appen states respectively . Whim te sample absorbs MAY» Mioud my Should change uid th population difpercuce Ash leontnse welt He + Longegusitty » Ane eon encray absorbed ley te dompte Should alle dicuase and nitimately become ene. Gut Ree abt ewsity of MR spectraten da béualiy Fudeperdent ef, Alme widleating a constant peputatthy diffewuce + Ty other words, dhe must be deme meahaniivn bn the Aystern astro allows Hu dprris cccupytng figs app Atte te Lose energy by nen- Aadialive transitions samd Actua Jo te Louder skate. Ce cransper ef energy from he Aplin Syston dP thor degrees of freedom ty Acperred fe 0s Arkaration. we diggrnct Actaration frstesscs ore Lommon for aucled + Gy the fleet , tte Apis tr dhe upper state tramager the excess eurrgy fo the surtoundiigs (fatiice) . Tits Plunomenen a Called spin - datttoe asd Aylaxatton dul the Hine Argslied for de populection dipfrcuce te become L times He population difpermes at too I Acheried to as stu Spina attire Aslaxattion Hine or Cuditat Aim Aclaxaction tinw Ts Ty vaxtes