Industrial Crops and Products 23 (2006) 140–146

Insecticidal and acaricidal effect of three Lamiaceae plant essential

oils against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Bemisia tabaci Genn.
Önder Çalmaşur, İrfan Aslan ∗ , Fikrettin Şahin
Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey

Received 30 June 2004; accepted 19 May 2005

Abstract

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) are two economically
important pests of greenhouse vegetables and ornamentals. The management is commonly done based on repetitive applications
of chemicals, resulting in environmental pollution and resistance in pest population.
In the present study, essential oil vapours from Micromeria fruticosa L., Nepeta racemosa L. and Origanum vulgare L.
(Lamiaceae) were tested for toxicities against the nymphs and/or adults of T. urticae and the adults of B. tabaci. Amounts of the
essential oils applied were 2, 4, 6 and 8 ␮l in each of the desiccators with 4 l capacity, corresponding to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ␮l/l air.
The essential oil vapours of all three plant species caused the highest mortality in 2 ␮l/l air doses and at 120 h of exposure in both
of two pests’ species. In general, higher mortality was observed as the doses of essential oils and exposure period increased. T.
urticae was more tolerant than B. tabaci at all doses of essential oils in all times. The data may suggest that essential oils of all
three plants have potential to be used for management of T. urticae and B. tabaci pests in greenhouse conditions.
© 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Tetranychus urticae; Bemisia tabaci; Essential oil; Natural insecticide; Natural acaricide

1. Introduction monly controlled by applications of the synthetic insec-

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
and the white fly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae) are the major pests of greenhouse plants
in the world including Turkey. These pests are com-
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 442 231 1468;
fax: +90 442 231 1469.
E-mail addresses: iaslan@atauni.edu.tr, aslanir@hotmail.com
(İ. Aslan).
ticides and acaricides (Choi et al., 2004). However,
it is difficult to manage both of these pests in green-
house and/or fields by chemical applications due to
resistance. In addition, the use of different synthetic
insecticides and acaricides as a pest control method,
in order to increase yields and protect stored prod-
ucts, may involve serious health hazards for Mammalia.
These insecticides and acaricides are often associ-
ated with residuals that are dangerous for the con-
sumer and the environment (Lamiri et al., 2001). In

0926-6690/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.05.003
 Ö. Çalmaşur et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 23 (2006) 140–146
addition, the risk of developing insect resistance and the
high cost–benefit ratio of synthetic pesticides pushed
research towards investigating alternative insecticides.
The number of confirmed resistant insect and mite
species to synthetic pesticides has continued to rise,
apart from risks associated with the use of these chem-
icals (Campos et al., 1995; White, 1995). Therefore,
in the current scenario, there is an urgent need to
develop safer, environmentally friendlier and efficient
alternatives that have potential to replace synthetic
pesticides and are convenient to use. In the search
for alternatives to conventional pesticides, essential
oils extracted from aromatic plants have been widely
investigated. Their toxicities, arresting and repel-
lent effects to stored-product insects and greenhouse
pests have been of special interest during the last
decade (Huang et al., 1997; Ho et al., 1997; Obeng-
Ofori and Reichmuth, 1997; Tunc and Sahinkaya,
1998; Landolt et al., 1999; Tunç et al., 2000;
Tripathi et al., 2000; Choi et al., 2003, 2004; Aslan
et al., 2004).
In Turkey, aromatic plants widely separated and
there are a very rich and diversified flora, are famous
for their nutritional and medicinal characteristic.
They are used in various industries such as cos-
metics, perfumes, detergents, as well as in pharma-
cology and food flavoring. In the world, to these
rapidly evolving traditional sectors, a new industrial
development could be added in the plant protection
field.
Micromeria, Origanum and Nepeta are well known
genera in the Lamiaceae family, and are typical
Mediterranean plants. These genera are generally used
as traditional remedy to treat various ailments such
as a spasmodic, antimicrobial, insecticides, repellents,
expectorant carminative and aromatic for whooping
and convulsive coughs, digestive disorders and men-
strual problems sedative, anesthetic, antiseptic, abor-
tifacient, antirheumatic, CNS stimulant in addition to
the treatment of heart disorders and colds (Ietswaart,
1980; Wollenweber, 1982; Kishore and Dwivedi, 1992;
Hallahan et al., 1998; Guner et al., 2000; Tabanca et al.,
2001; Aligiannis et al., 2001; Lamiri et al., 2001; Şahin
et al., 2004).
Nepeta racemosa, Origanum vulgare and Microme-
ria fruticosa are three wild medicinal plants distributed
mainly in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. In pre-
vious studies, it has been determined the chemical com-
141
positions of essential oils from many medicinal plants
species including M. fruticosa, N. racemosa and O. vul-
gare plants collected from the eastern Anatolia region
of Turkey (Bourrel et al., 1993; Güllüce et al., 2004;
Şahin et al., 2004). In addition, some other biological
activities of these plants species such as antimicrobial
and antioxidant properties have been studied up to now
(Lamiri et al., 2001; Şahin et al., 2004; Güllüce et al.,
2004). However, there have been no attempts to study
the toxicity of essential oils from these plants species
on economically important pests in the greenhouses or
open field conditions.
The objective of this study was to assess in more
details the potential of essential oils to control pests of
greenhouse crops. Greenhouses, like storehouses and
beehives, are closed spaces where essential oil vapours
can be applied as fumigants. The toxicity of essential oil
vapours obtained from three plant species, M. fruticosa,
N. racemosa and O. vulgare to T. urticae and B. tabaci
was investigated.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Plant material
M. fruticosa, N. racemosa and O. vulgare plants
at flowering stage were collected from various local-
ities of Erzurum province in Turkey in the summer of
2002. Plant taxonomists in the Department of Biology
at Atatürk University, Erzurum, confirmed the taxo-
nomic identification of plant species. Collected plant
materials were dried in shadow, and the leaves of plant
were separated from the stem, and ground in a grinder
with a 2 mm diameter mesh. The voucher specimens
have been deposited at the herbarium of the Department
of Plant Protection at Atatürk University, Erzurum,
Turkey.
2.2. Isolation of the essential oil
The air-dried and ground aerial parts of plants col-
lected were submitted for 3 h to water-distillation using
a Clevenger-type apparatus (yield 1.85%, v/w). The
obtained essential oil (EO) was dried over anhydrous
sodium sulphate and, after filtration, stored at +4 ◦ C
until tested. For all plants were made the same as
replicate.
142 Ö. Çalmaşur et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 23 (2006) 140–146
2.3. Biological material
T. urticae and B. tabaci were obtained from cultures
maintained in the Plant Protection Department, Faculty
of Agriculture, Atatürk University and were reared on
tomato and bean plants (5-week-old), Phaseolus vul-
garis L., at 25 ± 1 ◦ C and 65 ± 5% r.h. and L13:D11.
Tests were also carried out under the same conditions.
2.4. Bioassays
Desiccators with a capacity of 4 l were used as test
chambers. Adults and/or nymphs of T. urticae and
adults of B. tabaci on fresh leaves of bean were exposed
separately to the essential oils of M. fruticosa, N. race-
mosa and O. vulgare. A fine brush was used to transfer
the nymphs and adults of T. urticae onto leaves. The
leaves infested with B. tabaci were brought to desicca-
tors. In order to maintain turgor of leaves, their petioles
were dipped through a hole made in a rubber cap fit-
ted to 15 ml capacity glass vials filled with tap water.
The control consisted of a similar setup but without
essential oils.
Each replicate consisted of 20 T. urticae adults
and/or nymphs and 20 B. tabaci adults placed on dif-
ferent leaves. For each dose and exposure time com-
bination, three replicates were used. The essential oils
were applied with an automatic pipette on a blotting
paper strip (6 cm × 3 cm) attached to the bottom of the
desiccators. Initial testing was establishing appropriate
dose and exposure time ranges. The amounts of essen-
tial oils applied were 2, 4, 6, 8 ␮l in each desiccators,
corresponding to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 ␮l/l air. No material was
applied to the control desiccators. Exposure periods
were 24, 48, 96 and 120 h.
In order to determine mortalities in each exposure
time, leaves with two-spotted spider mites or white flies
were removed from the desiccators and prodded with
a fine brush, if they did not move or fly, respectively,
they were considered to be dead.
2.5. Phytotoxicity
Phytotoxicity of essential oils obtained from tested
plants was determined by exposing tomato and bean
plants to the highest dose (2 ␮l/l air) and the longest
exposure period (120 h) used in the test. Each plant
species was exposed separately in desiccators. The dif-
ferences in the appearance of treated plants compared
with healthy controls were considered as the indication
of phytotoxicity.
2.6. Data analysis
In order to determine if there is a statistically sig-
nificant difference in toxicity among the insecticidal
and acaricidal activities and time, two-way using SPSS
10.0 software package carried out analyses of variance
(ANOVA).
3. Results
The insecticidal and acaricidal effects of three essen-
tial oil vapours obtained from M. fruticosa, N. race-
mosa and O. vulgare against T. urticae and B. tabaci
were summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 1. The results
showed that all three essential oil have toxic effect
on both T. urticae and B. tabaci. There were signifi-
cant differences between the mortality levels of both
pests in terms of the essential oil concentrations and
exposure times at P < 0.01 (Table 1). In general, higher
mortality was observed as the doses of essential oils
and exposure period increased (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
The mortality rates of T. urticae adult and/or nymph
with the treatment of M. fruticosa, N. racemosa and
O. vulgare essential oils at highest doses (2 ␮l/l) for
120 h exposure time were found to be 96.7, 95 and
95%, respectively. In the case of B. tabaci, all the adults
(100%) were dead at the highest concentration of all
essential oils tested (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
4. Discussion
The results of the present study showed that essen-
tial oils obtained from three aromatic plant species
tested efficiently killed adults and/or nymphal stages
of T. urticae and adults B. tabaci. The acaricidal and
insecticidal activities were relatively enhanced with
increasing amount of doses and exposure times for all
essential oils (Table 1 and Fig. 1). These results sug-
gesting that essential oils of M. fruticosa, N. racemosa
and O. vulgare may have great potential to be used for
effective managements of T. urticae and B. tabaci. A
further study is also necessary to determine the toxicity
Table 1
The results of multiple comparison with mean and standard error of exposure time and dose of essential oil
Time (h) Dose Bemisia tabaci Tetranychus urticae Grand
(␮l/l air) Mean ± S.E.
M. fruticosa N. racemosa O. vulgare Mean ± S.E. M. fruticosa N. racemosa O. vulgare Mean ± S.E.
24 0.5 18.3 ± 2.0 23.3 ± 2.0 23.3 ± 2.2 21.76 ± 1.2 16.7 ± 2.0 18.3 ± 2.0 18.3 ± 2.2 17.8 ± 1.2 19.7 ± 0.8
1 30.0 ± 2.0 33.3 ± 2.0 35.0 ± 2.2 32.8 ± 1.2 28.3 ± 2.0 30.0 ± 2.0 28.3 ± 2.2 28.9 ± 1.2 30.8 ± 0.8

Ö. Çalmaşur et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 23 (2006) 140–146

1.5 48.3 ± 2.0 53.3 ± 2.0 55.0 ± 2.2 52.2 ± 1.2 51.7 ± 2.0 53.3 ± 2.0 51.7 ± 2.2 52.2 ± 1.2 52.2 ± 0.8
2 65.0 ± 2.0 68.3 ± 2.0 68.3 ± 2.2 67.2 ± 1.2 65.0 ± 2.0 60.0 ± 2.0 63.3 ± 2.2 62.8 ± 1.2 65.0 ± 0.8
Cont. 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 0.8
Mean ± S.E. 32.3 ± 6.1d 35.7 ± 6.4d 36.3 ± 6.4d 34.8 ± 0.6 32.3 ± 6.3d 32.3 ± 6.0d 32.3 ± 6.2d 32.3 ± 0.6 33.5 ± 2.5
48 0.5 36.6 ± 2.0 38.3 ± 2.0 36.7 ± 2.2 37.2 ± 1.2 36.7 ± 2.0 38.3 ± 2.0 36.7 ± 2.2 37.2 ± 1.2 37.2 ± 0.8
1 46.6 ± 2.0 48.3 ± 2.0 48.3 ± 2.2 47.8 ± 1.2 45.0 ± 2.0 48.3 ± 2.0 46.7 ± 2.2 46.7 ± 1.2 47.2 ± 0.8
1.5 73.3 ± 2.0 75.0 ± 2.0 76.7 ± 2.2 75.0 ± 1.2 75.0 ± 2.0 76.7 ± 2.0 73.3 ± 2.2 75.0 ± 1.2 75.0 ± 0.8
2 83.3 ± 2.0 90.0 ± 2.0 86.7 ± 2.2 86.7 ± 1.2 86.7 ± 2.0 88.3 ± 2.0 83.3 ± 2.2 86.1 ± 1.2 86.4 ± 0.8
Cont. 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 0.8
Mean ± S.E. 48.0 ± 7.9c 50.3 ± 8.4c 49.7 ± 8.3c 49.3 ± 0.6 48.7 ± 8.2c 50.3 ± 8.3c 48.0 ± 7.9c 49.0 ± 0.6 49.2 ± 3.2
96 0.5 58.3 ± 2.0 63.3 ± 2.0 58.3 ± 2.2 60.0 ± 1.2 63.3 ± 2.0 63.3 ± 2.0 63.3 ± 2.2 63.3 ± 1.2 61.7 ± 0.8
1 75.0 ± 2.0 76.7 ± 2.0 75.0 ± 2.2 75.5 ± 1.2 75.0 ± 2.0 76.7 ± 2.0 75.0 ± 2.2 75.5 ± 1.2 75.5 ± 0.8
1.5 91.7 ± 2.0 91.7 ± 2.0 90.0 ± 2.2 91.1 ± 1.2 83.3 ± 2.0 86.7 ± 2.0 85.0 ± 2.2 85.0 ± 1.2 88.1 ± 0.8
2 96.7 ± 2.0 96.7 ± 2.0 96.7 ± 2.2 96.6 ± 1.2 91.7 ± 2.0 88.3 ± 2.0 88.3 ± 2.2 89.4 ± 1.2 93.1 ± 0.8
Cont. 6.7 ± 2.0 6.7 ± 2.0 6.7 ± 2.2 6.7 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.0 0.0 ± 2.2 0.0 ± 1.2 3.3 ± 0.8
Mean ± S.E. 65.7 ± 8.7b 67.0 ± 8.7b 65.3 ± 8.7b 66.0 ± 0.6 62.7 ± 8.8b 63.0 ± 8.7b 62.3 ± 8.7b 62.7 ± 0.6 64.3 ± 3.5
120 0.5 71.7 ± 2.0 71.7 ± 2.0 70.0 ± 2.2 71.1 ± 1.2 68.3 ± 2.0 66.7 ± 2.0 66.7 ± 2.2 67.2 ± 1.2 69.2 ± 0.8
1 85.0 ± 2.0 85.0 ± 2.0 86.7 ± 2.2 85.5 ± 1.2 86.7 ± 2.0 86.7 ± 2.0 83.3 ± 2.2 85.5 ± 1.2 85.5 ± 0.8
1.5 98.3 ± 2.0 98.3 ± 2.0 96.7 ± 2.2 97.8 ± 1.2 91.7 ± 2.0 90.0 ± 2.0 90.0 ± 2.2 90.5 ± 1.2 94.2 ± 0.8
2 100.0 ± 2.0 100.0 ± 2.0 100.0 ± 2.2 100.0 ± 1.2 96.7 ± 2.0 95.0 ± 2.0 95.0 ± 2.2 95.5 ± 1.2 97.8 ± 0.8
Cont. 10.0 ± 2.0 10.0 ± 2.0 10.0 ± 2.2 10.0 ± 1.2 11.7 ± 2.0 11.7 ± 2.0 11.7 ± 2.2 11.7 ± 1.2 10.8 ± 0.8
Mean ± S.E. 73.0 ± 8.9a** 73.0 ± 8.9a** 72.7 ± 8.9a** 72.9 ± 0.6 71.0 ± 8.4a** 70.0 ± 8.2a** 69.3 ± 8.1a** 70.1 ± 0.6 71.5 ± 3.4
Grand Mean ± S.E. 54.7 ± 4.4 56.5 ± 4.4 56.0 ± 4.4 55.8 ± 0.3 53.7 ± 4.3 53.9 ± 4.3 53.0 ± 4.2 53.5 ± 0.3 54.6 ± 1.7
** P < 0.01.

143
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Ö. Çalmaşur et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 23 (2006) 140–146
Fig. 1. Mortality (%) of adult Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae at different doses and exposure times.
 Ö. Çalmaşur et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 23 (2006) 140–146
of these essential oils on other economically important
pests in greenhouse conditions where pest management
depends on chemical applications, which is causing
environmental pollution and resistance in pest popu-
lation in nature (Lamiri et al., 2001).
Our data demonstrated that the acaricidal and insec-
ticidal activities were relatively enhanced with increas-
ing amount of doses and exposure times for all essential
oils (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Similar findings were also
reported in other studies showing the toxic effects of
essential oils obtained from some other aromatic plants
against insect and mite (Tunç et al., 2000; Tripathi et al.,
2000; Choi et al., 2003, 2004). Essential oils obtained
from Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum
basilicum species efficiently killed adult and/or nymph
stages of Tetranychus urticae and adult of Bemisia
tabaci (Aslan et al., 2004). Tunc and Sahinkaya (1998)
obtained 100% mortality with vapours of essential oils
from anise, cumin and oregano against the spider mite,
Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and aphids, Aphis gossypi
females, in exposure periods of 96 h and 2 ␮l/l air
dose. Klingauf et al. (1983) obtained 100% mortality
by vapours of essential oils of anise and eucalyptus
against the rose-grain aphid, Metopolophium dirho-
dum, in 31.4 ␮l/l air dose and 93 h. Mansour et al.
(1986) pointed out that besides the toxicity, the residues
of essential oils of some Labiatae species repelled
and strongly reduced the fecundity of T. cinnabarinus
females.
However, this is the first study demonstrating that
the essential oils of M. fruticosa, N. racemosa and
O. vulgare have both acaricidal and insecticidal activ-
ities against T. urticae and B. tabaci. Some of the
previous studies have been reported that acaricidal
and/or insecticidal effects of plant essential oils are
related to their chemical compositions (Isman et al.,
2001; Tapondjou et al., 2002; Pascual-Villalobus and
Ballesta-Acosta, 2003). The plant components includ-
ing ␥-terpinene, pulegone, (E)-anethole, carvacrol, thy-
mol, cymol, ␣-terpinene, linalool, eugenol, methyl
eugenol and methyl chavicol were known to be toxic
against many insects and mites (Obeng-Ofori and
Reichmuth, 1997; Tunc and Sahinkaya, 1998; Isman
et al., 2001; Tapondjou et al., 2002; Pascual-Villalobus
and Ballesta-Acosta, 2003). The essential oils compo-
sition tested in this study were also previously studied,
and reported that they are including one or more of
the following chemical constituents; ␥-terpinene, ␣-
145
terpinene, thymol, carvacrol, linalool, eugenol, methyl
eugenol and methyl chavicol, which were reported to be
poisonous to insect and mite pests (Isman et al., 2001;
Nostro et al., 2001; Pascual-Villalobus and Ballesta-
Acosta, 2003; Şahin et al., 2003, 2004; Güllüce et al.,
2004).
These results also suggested that for reasonable effi-
cacy on estimated amount of 2.5–3.5 l of M. fruticosa,
N. racemosa and O. vulgare essential oils would be
necessary for per 1000 m2 area of a greenhouse with-
out heating and cooling.
In conclusion, the essential oils from M. fruticosa, N.
racemosa and O. vulgare may have potential to be used
in sustainable management of T. urticae and B. tabaci
in the greenhouses. However, further studies need to
be conducted to evaluate the cost and efficacy of these
essential oils on wide range of pests in commercial
greenhouses.
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