Unit 3 Fuels

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES

TLO 3: Demonstrate appropriate calculations in stoichiometry particularly in the
combustion of fuels.

ENGAGE
The fuel is a material which when once raised to its ignition temperature continues to burn
if sufficient oxygen or air is available. The principal constituents of any fuel are carbon and
hydrogen. The materials which evolve heat after burning, are called combustibles. Carbon
and hydrogen are combustibles. Sulphur is also a combustible material. When anything
slowly combines chemically with oxygen, the process is called oxidation. When the same
process occurs with a considerable swiftness and exotherm chemical reaction, it is called
combustion; whereas such a process with almost instantaneous action is called
detonation.

An familiar application of fuels is a coal power plant. A coal-fired power station or coal
power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal to generate electricity. Coal-fired
power stations generate over a third of the world's electricity but cause hundreds of
thousands of early deaths each year, mainly from air pollution. A coal-fired power station is
a type of fossil fuel power station. The coal is usually pulverized and then burned in a
pulverized coal-fired boiler. The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then
used to spin turbines that turn generators. Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted
successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy.

EXPLORE
Classification of Fuels:
1. Solid fuel
2. Liquid fuel
3. Gaseous fuel

Major forms of fuel being used today

1. Petroleum
2. Natural gas extract
3. Coal – is generally black rock that is composed of C, H2, O2, N2 and S
Classification of coal:
1. Anthracite – is the hardest type of coal and has more carbon and more energy.
2. Lignite – has low carbon content but high in hydrogen and oxygen contents.
3. Bituminous – falls in between the range of anthracite and lignite coals for its
hardness and energy output.

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 In early China, coal was thought to be a stone that could be burned and used for
cooking. Later, throughout the world, the used of coal exploded: Transportation, used in
factories, fuels for power plants to produce electricity.

Oil or petroleum is another type of fuel. Oil has been used for 5,000 to 6,000 years.
In ancient times, the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Samarians used crude oil as a fuel. The
crude oil was collected from the Euphrates River. The ancient Egyptians used liquid oil as a
medicine to treat wounds and to provide light in lands. In 1859 Edwin Drake discovered
crude oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found crude oil underground and pumped it out to
the surface and stored it in wood barrels. One of the world’s oil supply is derived from the
oil wells of California and the middle east.

Crude oil undergoes fractional distillation:

 Petrol contains 5-7 carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. Petrol vaporizes at low
temperatures and are easily ignited making it useful for cars, bikes, etc.
 Kerosene is useful for jets engines, air craft, rockets, lamps.
 Diesel is common for vans, trucks, and heavy equipment.
 Fuel oil from residue is produce after diesel and is used for ships, power plants etc.
 Lubricating oil from residue is produce also after diesel.

Natural gas was discovered 2000 years ago. The natural gas seats were first discovered
in Iran. The ancient Persians discovered the natural gas. Natural gas is made up of
methane and is lighter than air. Natural gas is usually found near petroleum wells pumped
out, purified and stored.

Two Classification of Natural Gas

1. Dry – Contains generally methane
2. Wet – Aside from methane it contains ethane, propane, butane, pentane

Uses of Natural Gas: Domestic, industrial, power generation, fuel for vehicles, feed
stocks for fertilizers, hydrogen fuel cells.

Other forms of natural gas such as biogas are used in the countryside for domestic
purposes.

Stoichiometry - is the branch of chemistry which deals with mass and volume relations in
unit operations and unit processes. The basic principle of stoichiometry is the Law of
Definite and Multiple Proportions. This states that a pure chemical substance always
contains its elements in the same proportions by weight, and that, when two elements
unite to form a series of compounds, the weight of one element combining with a fixed
weight of the other are simple integral multiples of each other.

Industrial Stoichiometry - is the application of the laws of conservation of matter, of

elements and of energy, and of the chemical laws of combining weights to the processes
and operations of industrial chemistry.

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 Fuels and Combustion
The application of stoichiometric principles to problems involving fuels and combustion is
important in modern industrial work. Fuel combustion constitutes an important step in
almost any chemical process industry where heat generation is desired. Thus, the study of
combustion is most important especially in the field of chemical engineering, which
encompasses the chemical process industry.

Combustion
▪ Commonly employed industrial process for heat generation
▪ It is the chemical reaction of a free reactant (oxygen, O 2 in air) and commonly
available chemical called fuel.
▪ It is accompanied by the evolution of light and heat, thus, it is generally used in the
generation of heat to supply energy to the process industries.

Classes of Fuels
Fuels can be divided into three general classes: gaseous, liquids and solids. The
stoichiometric treatments of problems involving different classes of fuels are similar.
Consequently, in the study of the methods for manipulation of the data supplied, the
actual form of the fuel is not of great importance.

A. Gaseous Fuels
▪ Industrial fuels that usually contain CO, light or low molecular weight hydrocarbons and
sometimes nitrogen and oxygen
Examples:
1. Natural Gas - combustible gas that occurs in porous rocks of the earth’s crust
(methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), CO, H2, N2)
2. Liquefied Natural gas (LNG) - natural gas in liquid form
3. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - can be liquefied under moderate pressure at
normal temperature but are gaseous under normal atmospheric pressure
4. Re-formed Gas - applied to lower thermal value gases obtained by the pyrolysis and
steam decomposition of high thermal value gases
5. Oil Gases - made from thermal decomposition of oils
6. Producer Gas - generated by blasting a deep, hot bed of coal of coke continuously
with a mixture of air and steam
7. Blue Water Gas - a blast of air is forced through a fuel bed and steam is passed
through forming blue water gas
8. Carbureted Water Gas - water gas enriched with oil
9. Blast Furnace Gas - a byproduct of the manufacture of pig iron in blast surfaces

B. Liquid Fuels
▪ Light and heavy oils obtained in the refining of petroleum oil
Examples:
1. Non-Petroleum Liquefied Fuels
a) Tar Sands - strip-mined and extracted with hot water to recover heavy oil
b) Oil Shale - non-porous rocks containing organic kerogen; extracted by pyrolysis
after mining

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 2. Light Oils
a) Alcohols - obtained by synthesis or fermentation process (methyl or ethyl)
b) Alcogas - mixtures of methyl or ethyl alcohol and gasoline
c) Benzole - obtained by distillation of coal tar or by extraction from coal gas
d) Gasoline
e) Paraffin
f) Kerosene
g) Diesel fuel

3. Heavy Oils - fuel oil that contains residual oil left over from distillation
a) Bunker oil

C. Solid Fuels
Examples: coal, wood, charcoal

Combustion Analysis: Empirical and Molecular Formula

The molecular formula is an expression of the number and type of atoms that are present in
a single molecule of a substance. It represents the actual formula of a molecule. Subscripts
after element symbols represent the number of atoms. If there is no subscript, it means one
atom is present in the compound.

The empirical formula is also known as the simplest formula. The empirical formula is the
ratio of elements present in the compound. The subscripts in the formula are the numbers
of atoms, leading to a whole number ratio between them.
▪ The molecular formula of glucose is C 6H12O6. One molecule of glucose contains 6
atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen and 6 atoms of oxygen.
▪ If you can divide all of the numbers in a molecular formula by some value to simplify
them further, then the empirical or simple formula will be different from the molecular
formula. The empirical formula for glucose is CH 2O. Glucose has 2 moles of hydrogen
for every mole of carbon and oxygen.

Examples
1. Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C,
H, and O. A 0.1005 g sample of menthol is combusted, producing 0.2829 g of CO 2 and
0.1159 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula for menthol?
Given: weight of sample = 0.1005 g
CO2 produced = 0.2829 g
H2O produced = 0.1159 g
Required: Empirical Formula
Solution:
▪ Calculate the amount of C in the sample through the CO 2 produced:
1mol, CO2 1mol, C 12g , C
g , C  0.2829g , CO2     0.0772g , C
44g , CO2 1mol, CO2 1mol, C
▪ Calculate the amount of H in the sample though the H 2O produced:
1mol, H 2O 2mol, H 1g , H
g , H  0.1159g , H 2O     0.0129g , H
18g , H 2O 1mol, H 2O 1mol, H

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 ▪ Calculate the amount of O in the sample by subtracting the calculated amount
of C and H from the weight of the sample:
g , O  0.1005g  0.0772g  0.0129g  0.0104g , O
▪ Determine the number of moles for each element:
1mol, C
mols, C  0.0772g , C   6.4333103 mol, C
12g , C
1mol, H
mols, H  0.0129g , H   0.0129mol, H
1g , H
1mol, O
mols, O  0.0104g , O   6.5 104 mol, O
16g , O
▪ Find the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest quantity:
6.4333103 mol
C  9.8974  10
6.5 10 4 mol
0.0129mol
H  19.8462  20
6.5  10 4 mol
6.5 104 mol
O 1
6.5 10 4 mol
▪ Empirical Formula: C10H20O

2. A 0.2417 g sample of a compound composed of C, H, O, Cl only, is burned in oxygen

yielding 0.4964 g of CO2 and 0.0846 g of H2O. A separate 0.1696 g sample of the
compound is fused with sodium metal, the products dissolved in water and the
chloride quantitatively precipitated with AgNO 3 to yield 0.1891 g of AgCl. What is the
simplest empirical formula for the compound.
Given: sample 1 sample 2
weight of sample = 0.2417 g weight of sample = 0.1696 g
CO2 produced = 0.4964 g AgCl produced = 0.1891 g
H2O produced = 0.0846
Solution:
▪ Calculate the amount of C in sample 1 through the CO 2 produced:
1mol, CO2 1mol, C 12g , C
g , C  0.4964g , CO2     0.1354g , C
44g , CO2 1mol, CO2 1mol, C
▪ Calculate the amount of H in sample 1 though the H2O produced:
1mol, H 2O 2mol, H 1g , H
g , H  0.0.0846g , H 2O     9.4 103 g , H
18g , H 2O 1mol, H 2O 1mol, H
▪ Calculate the amount of Cl in sample 2 through the AgCl produced:
1mol, AgCl 1mol, Cl 35.45g , Cl
g , Cl  0.1891g , AgCl     0.0468g , Cl
143.32g , AgCl 1mol, AgCl 1mol, Cl
▪ Determine the amount of Cl in sample 1 by ratio and proportion:
0.0468g , Cl g , Cl
 ; g , Cl  0.0667g , Cl
0.1696g 0.2417g

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 ▪ Calculate the amount of O in the sample by subtracting the calculated amount
of C, H, and Cl from the weight of sample 1:
g , O  0.2417g  0.1354g  9.4 103 g  0.0667g  0.0302g , O
▪ Determine the number of moles for each element:
1mol, C
mols, C  0.1354g , C   0.0113mol, C
12g , C
1mol, H
mols, H  9.4 103 g , H   9.4 103 mol, H
1g , H
1mol, O
mols, O  0.0302g , O   1.8875103 mol, O
16g , O
1mol, Cl
mols, Cl  0.0667g , Cl   1.8815103 mol, Cl
35.45g , Cl
▪ Find the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest quantity:
0.0113mol 1.8875103 mol
C  6.0055  6 O  1.0032  1
1.8815103 mol 1.8815103 mol
9.4 103 mol 1.8815103 mol
H  4.9960  5 Cl  1
1.8815103 mol 1.8815103 mol
▪ Empirical Formula: C6H5OCl

3. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contains 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O, by mass. The
experimentally determined molecular mass is 176 g/mol. What is the empirical and
molecular formula for ascorbic acid? Atomic Weights: C = 12.011 g/mol, H = 1.008
g/mol, O = 15.999 g/mol
Given: 40.92% C
4.58% H
54.50% O
MW = 176 g/mol
Solution: Assume a basis of 100 g sample of ascorbic acid
▪ Determine the number of moles for each element:
1mol, C
mols, C  100g  40.92%   3.41mol, C
12.011g , C
1mol, H
mols, H  100g  4.58%   4.54mol, H
1.008g , H
1mol, O
mols, O  100g  54.50%   3.41mol, O
15.999g , O
▪ Find the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest quantity:
3.41mol 3.41mol
C 1 O 1
3.41mol 3.41mol
4.54mol
H  1.33
3.41mol
 Round your ratio of moles to the nearest whole number as long as it is close to
a whole number. In other words, you can round 1.992 up to 2, but you can't

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 round 1.33 to 1. You'll need to recognize common ratios, such as 1.333 being
4/3. For some compounds, the lowest number of atoms of an element might
not be 1! If the lowest number of moles is four-thirds, you will need to multiply all
ratios by 3 to get rid of the fraction.
3.41mol 3.41mol
C  1 3  3 O  1 3  3
3.41mol 3.41mol
4.54mol
H  1.33 3  3.99  4
3.41mol

▪ Empirical Formula: C3H4O3

▪ Solve for the empirical weight:

EW  3 12.011g / mol  4 1.008g / mol  3 15.999g / mol  88.062g / mol
▪ Determine the formula weight ratio by dividing the molecular weight by the
empirical weight:
MW 176g / mol
R   1.9986  2
EW 88.062g / mol
▪ Multiply the ratio of formula weights to the mole ratio of each element:
C  3 2  6
H  4 2  8
O  3 2  6
▪ Molecular Formula: C6H8O6

Activity 1: Determination of Empirical and Molecular Formula

Self-Assessment No. 1

1. What is the empirical formulate for isopropyl alcohol (which contains only C, H and O)
if the combustion of a 0.255 grams isopropyl alcohol sample produces 0.561 grams of
CO2 and 0.306 grams of H2O?
2. Naphthalene, the active ingredient in one variety of mothballs, is an organic
compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only. Complete combustion of a
20.10 mg sample of naphthalene in oxygen yielded 69.00 mg of CO 2 and 11.30 mg of
H2O. Determine the empirical formula of naphthalene.
3. Xylene, an organic compound that is a major component of many gasoline blends,
contains carbon and hydrogen only. Complete combustion of a 17.12 mg sample of
xylene in oxygen yielded 56.77 mg of CO 2 and 14.53 mg of H2O. Determine the
empirical and molecular formula of xylene. Molecular weight of xylene is 106.16
g/mol.

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Complete and Incomplete Combustion

Complete Combustion
▪ All combustible materials are completely gasified, all carbon, C, in the fuel is burned to
CO2, all hydrogen is converted to H2O, and all sulfur to sulfur dioxide.

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 ▪ Reactions:
C  O2  CO2  heat
1
H 2  O2  H 2O  heat
2
S  O2  SO2  heat
▪ The complete combustion of any hydrocarbon is represented by:
 n n
Cm H n   m  O2  mCO2  H 2O
 4 2

Incomplete Combustion
▪ Indicated by the presence of CO and unburned H2 in the product and unburned
combustibles in the refuse (in solid fuels only)
▪ It represents a heat loss since this should have been given off for additional power use
had the fuel been completely burned. Presence of soot in exhaust also indicated
incomplete combustion.
▪ Reaction:
1
C  O2  CO  heat
2

Flue Gas - term used for the gaseous products of combustion

Theoretical and Excess Oxygen

A. Theoretical Oxygen - oxygen required for complete combustion

Methods of Determining Theoretical Oxygen:

▪ Method I. The balanced equation for complete combustion is written and the
theoretical O2 is the sum of all oxygen consumed for complete combustion of the fuel.
Theoretical O2 = total oxygen required (Method I) - O2 free in the fuel
▪ Method II. The components of the fuel are broken down into its corresponding atoms of
carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen. One C atom needs 1 mole of O 2, one S atom
need 1 mole of O2, one H atom need 1/4 mole of O2.
Theoretical O2 = total oxygen required (Method II) - total O2 in the fuel
Theoretical O2 = O2 required by C + O2 required by H + O2 required by S - O2 in fuel

Note: N2 is non-combustible

B. Theoretical Air for Combustion - air that contains the exact amount of theoretical O 2. Air
is assumed to contain 21% O 2 and 79% N2 by volume. N2 in air is non-combustible and acts
only as diluent to the O2 in air. The theoretical air therefore is determined from theoretical
O2.

Note: Dry air contains 79% by volume N2 and 21% by volume O2

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 Example:
1. 200 kg of pure carbon is burned. Determine the theoretical amount of O 2 and
theoretical air needed for complete combustion.

Given: Flue Gas composition

CO2 (theo O2 only)
CO2, N2 (theo air)
200 kg C

theo O2 / theo air

Required: theo O2, theo air
Solution:
1kmol, C 1kmol, O2
theo, O2  200kg, C    16.6667kmol, O2
12kg, C 1kmol, C
theo, O2  16.6667kmol, O2
100kmol, air
theo, air  16.6667kmol, O2 
21kmol, O2
theo, air  79.3652kmol, air

2. Determine the amount of O 2 and air theoretically required for the combustion of 100
kmols of blast furnace gas analyzing 25% CO, 10% CO 2, 5% H2, 10% CH4, 45% N2, and 5%
O2.
Given:

100 kmols BFG Flue Gas composition

25% CO CO2, H2O, N2
10% CO2
5% H2
10% CH4
45% N2
5% O2
theo O2 / theo air
Required: theo O2, theo air
Solution:

Method I:
theo O2 = O2 to burn CO + O2 to burn H2 + O2 to burn CH4 - O2 in fuel
1 2 kmol, O2 1 2 kmol, O2 2kmol, O2
theo, O2  25kmol, CO   5kmol, H 2   10kmol, CH 4   5kmol, O2
1kmol, CO 1kmol, H 2 1kmol, CH 4
theo, O2  30kmol, O2
100kmol, air
theo, air  30kmol, O2 
21kmol, O2

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 theo, air  142.8571kmol, air

Method II:
theo O2 = O2 to burn total C + O2 to burn total H - O2 in fuel
1kmol, C 1kmol, C 1kmol, C
total, C  25kmol, CO   10kmol, CO2   10kmol, CH 4 
1kmol, CO 1kmol, CO2 1kmol, CH 4
total, C  45kmol, C
2kmol, H 4kmol, H
total, H  5kmol, H 2   10kmol, CH 4 
1kmol, H 2 1kmol, CH 4
total, H  50kmol, H
1 2 kmol, O2 1kmol, O2
O2in, fuel  25kmol, CO   10kmol, CO2   5kmol, O2
1kmol, CO 1kmol, CO2
O2in, fuel  27.5kmol, O2
1kmol, O2 1 4 kmol, O2
theo, O2  45kmol, C   50kmol, H   27.5kmol, O2
1kmol, C 1kmol, H
theo, O2  30kmol, O2
100kmol, air
theo, air  30kmol, O2 
21kmol, O2
theo, air  142.8571kmol, air

C. Excess Oxygen or Excess Air - is the amount of O2 or air supplied above that of
theoretically required for complete combustion/oxidation of the combustibles in the fuel.
This is because in actual practice, theoretical O 2 or theoretical air is not sufficient to get
complete combustion. Supplying air in excess will therefore improve combustion efficiency.

There are several alternate ways to determine the percent excess air as indicated below:
x' s, O2 x' s, O2
% x' s, air  100  100
theo, O2 total, O2 sup plied  x' s, O2
total, O2 sup plied  theo, O2
% x' s, air  100
theo, O2
total, O2 sup plied  theo, O2  x' s, O2

For complete combustion: x’s O2 = O2 free in the flue gas

For incomplete combustion: x’s O2 = O2 free in the flue gas - O2 needed to burn
unburned combustibles

Note: Gaseous fuels require very little excess O 2, liquid fuels require more and solid fuels
require the maximum excess O2.

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 Examples:

3. Combustion of Pure Carbon. 100 kg of pure C is burned. For each of the following
cases, calculate the composition of the combustion gases.
a) Theoretical amount of O2 is used; complete combustion
b) Theoretical amount of air is used; complete combustion
c) 25% excess air is used; complete combustion Flue Gas composition
theo O2: CO2
Given: theo air: CO2, N2
100 kg C
x’s air: CO2, N2, O2-free

theo O2 / theo air /

25% x’s air
Required: flue gas composition
Solution:
a)
1kmol, C 1kmol, O2
theo, O2  100kg, C    8.3333kmol, O2
12kg, C 1kmol, C
in the flue gas:
1kmol, C 1kmol, CO2
CO2  100kg, C    8.3333kmol, CO2
12kg, C 1kmol, C
flue gas composition:
kmol percentage
CO2 8.3333 100%
Total 8.3333 100%

b)
in the flue gas:
CO2  8.3333kmol, CO2
79kmol, N 2
N 2  8.3333kmol, O2   31.3491kmol, N 2
21kmol, O2
flue gas composition:
kmol percentage
CO2 8.3333 21%
N2 31.3491 79%
Total 39.6824 100%

c)
% x' s, O2  theo, O2 25  8.3333kmol, O2
x' s, O2    2.0833kmol, O2
100 100
O2 , sup plied  8.3333kmol, O2  2.0833kmol, O2  10.4166kmol, O2
in the flue gas:

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 CO2  8.3333kmol, CO2
79kmol, N 2
N 2  10.4166kmol, O2   39.1863kmol, N 2
21kmol, O2
O2  free  2.0833kmol, O2
flue gas composition:
kmol percentage
CO2 8.3333 16.8000%
N2 39.1863 79.0000%
O2-free 2.0833 4.2000%
Total 49.6029 100

4. Combustion of Pure Hydrocarbons. The following pure compounds are burned with
40% excess air. Find the composition of the flue gas if the combustion is complete.
a) C2H6
b) C6H6
c) C2H4

Given: Flue Gas composition

CO2, N2, O2-free, H2O

a) C2H6
b) C6H6
c) C2H4

40% x’s air

Required: flue gas composition

 n n
Cm H n   m  O2  mCO2  H 2O
 4 2
a) assume 100 kmol of ethane, C2H6
7 2 kmol, O2
theo, O2  100kmol, C2 H 6   350kmol, O2
1kmol, C2 H 6
% x' s, O2  theo, O2 40  350kmol, O2
x' s, O2    140kmol, O2
100 100
O2 , sup plied  350kmol, O2  140kmol, O2  490kmol, O2
in the flue gas:
2kmol, CO2
CO2  100kmol, C2 H 6   200kmol, CO2
1kmol, C2 H 6
79kmol, N 2
N 2  490kmol, O2   1843.3333kmol, N 2
21kmol, O2
O2  free  140kmol, O2
3kmol, H 2O
H 2O  100kmol, C2 H 6   300kmol, H 2O
1kmol, C2 H 6

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 flue gas composition:
kmol percentage
CO2 200 8.0537%
N2 1843.3333 74.2282%
O2-free 140 5.6376%
H2O 300 12.0805%
Total 2483.3333 100%

*Repeat for parts b and c

4. Pure formaldehyde gas (CH2O) is burned completely in air, using 50% excess air.
a) What should be the Orsat analysis of the combustion gas?
b) What should be the Orsat analysis of the combustion gas if instead of excess air,
only enough were used to burn all the hydrogen to water, 25% of the carbon to
CO2 and the remaining 75% to CO, the combustion being conducted that no
oxygen gas whatever is left remaining in the combustion products.

Note: Orsat analysis - fuel gas composition excluding H2O and SO3

Given:
Flue Gas composition
a) CO2, N2, O2-free, H2O
b) CO, CO2, N2, H2O
CH2O

a) 50% x’s air

b) enough air

CH 2O  O2  CO2  H 2O
Required: Orsat analysis
Solution: assume a basis of 100 kmol formaldehyde
a) using the mole ratios provided by the given balanced chemical equation
1kmol, O2
theo, O2  100kmol, CH 2O   100kmol, O2
1kmol, CH 2O
% x' s, O2  theo, O2 50  100kmol, O2
x' s, O2    50kmol, O2
100 100
O2 , sup plied  100kmol, O2  50kmol, O2  150kmol, O2
in the flue gas:
1kmol, CO2
CO2  100kmol, CH 2O   100kmol, CO2
1kmol, C2 H 6
79kmol, N 2
N 2  150kmol, O2   564.2857kmol, N 2
21kmol, O2
O2  free  50kmol, O2

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 1kmol, H 2O
H 2O  100kmol, CH 2O   100kmol, H 2O (although not required)
1kmol, CH 2O

Orsat analysis:
kmol percentage
CO2 100 14.0000%
N2 564.2857 79.0000%
O2-free 50 7.0000%
Total 714.2857 100%

b) using Method II since it is a more appropriate approach

in the flue gas:
1kmol, C 1kmol, CO2
CO2  100kmol, CH 2O   25%   25kmol, CO2
1kmol, C2 H 6 1kmol, C
1kmol, C 1kmol, CO
CO  100kmol, CH 2O   75%   75kmol, CO
1kmol, C2 H 6 1kmol, C
2kmol, H 1kmol, H 2O
H 2O  100kmol, CH 2O    100kmol, H 2O
1kmol, CH 2O 2kmol, H
in the air supplied
1kmol, O2 1 2 kmol, O2
O2 , sup plied  25kmol, CO2   75kmol, CO 
1kmol, CO2 1kmol, CO
1 2 kmol, O2 1 2 kmol, O2
 100kmol, H 2O   100kmol, CH 2O 
1kmol, H 2O 1kmol, CH 2O
O2 , sup plied  62.5kmol, O2
79kmol, N 2
N 2  62.5kmol, O2   235.1190kmol, N 2
21kmol, O2
Orsat analysis:
kmol percentage
CO2 25 7.4600%
CO 75 22.3801%
N2 235.1190 70.1599%
Total 335.1190 100%

Activity 2: Calculations based on fuel analysis

Self-Assessment No. 2

1. 100 kmols of moist hydrogen gas containing 4% water by mole is burnt completely in a
furnace with 32% excess dry air.
a) Complete analysis
b) Orsat analysis
2. A furnace is charged with 100 kmols of fuel gas, the composition of which is: 50% CO,
30% H2, 5% CH4, 5% C2H6 and 10% O2. Dry air is supplied 50% in excess for combustion.
Assuming complete combustion.

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 a) Complete analysis
b) Orsat analysis

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

EXPLAIN
To be able to translate your understanding of fuels, do the following activity.

Activity 3: Check Your Understanding on Fuels and Combustion

Self-Assessment No. 3

1. Differentiate combustion from oxidation.

2. Is combustion exothermic or endothermic? Explain.
3. What happens during incomplete combustion?

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

ELABORATE & EVALUATE

Activity 4: Fuels and Combustion

Self-Assessment No. 4

Combustion encompasses a great variety of phenomena with wide application in

industry, the sciences, professions, and the home, and the application is based on
knowledge of physics, chemistry, and mechanics; their interrelationship becomes
particularly evident in treating flame propagation. Think of an example where fuels and
combustion is applied and discuss the whole process of it.

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

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