New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Diorite and gabbro of the Dromedary mafic

complex, South Victoria Land, Antarctica

G. Simpson & T. Aslund

To cite this article: G. Simpson & T. Aslund (1996) Diorite and gabbro of the Dromedary mafic
complex, South Victoria Land, Antarctica, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,
39:3, 403-414, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1996.9514722

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1996.9514722

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New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol. 39: 403-414
0028-8306/96/3903-0403 $2.50/0 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 1996
Diorite and gabbro of the Dromedary mafic complex, South Victoria Land,
Antarctica
G. SIMPSON1
T. ASLUND2
Geology Department
University of Otago
P.O. Box 56
Dunedin, New Zealand
1 intrusives are also common (e.g., Frost & Mahood 1987;
Present address: Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie,
ETH-Zentrum, Sonneggstr. 5, CH-8092 Zürich,
Switzerland.
2
Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract The syntectonic Dromedary mafic complex is a
well-preserved mafic body which was emplaced into
Koettlitz Group metasediments during widespread late
Proterozoic-Paleozoic granitoid plutonism, metamorphism,
and deformation in South Victoria Land, Antarctica.
The 4 × 9 km pluton is reversely zoned. It consists of a
core of calc-alkaline cumulate and noncumulate gabbros—
comprising gabbro, olivine gabbro, anorthosite, norite, and
pyroxenite—surrounded by an outer margin of homogeneous
pyroxene-bearing diorite. All rocks have undergone varying
degrees of metamorphic reconstitution. The resulting
assemblages are strongly controlled by original rock
composition. Field relationships and geochemical data
suggest that the diorite and gabbro are coeval and cogenetic.
The Dromedary mafic complex has geochemical
signatures distinct from most other nearby dioritic bodies.
It does, however, plot as an extension of syntectonic
granitoids from the Dry Valley region.
Keywords mafic complex; gabbro; diorite; reversely
zoned pluton; syntectonic; Antarctica
INTRODUCTION
The basement of South Victoria Land, Antarctica, consists
primarily of a combination of metasediments, intercalated
orthogneisses, and granitoid intrusives (Grindley & Warren
1964). Several studies in recent years have focussed on this
basement and, in particular, on the syntectonic calc-alkaline
intrusives which make up a major part of the rocks described
(e.g.,Borgetal. 1987; Smillie 1989; Cox &Allibone 1991;
Allibone et al. 1993a, b).
G95034
Received 1 May 1995; accepted 19 March 1996
403
Voluminous syntectonic intrusives similar to those found
in South Victoria Land have been described from numerous
provinces around the world. These include the Lachlan Fold
Belt (Morand 1988), the British Caledonides (Hutton &
McErlean 1991), and the Ibero-Armorican Hercynides
(Reavy 1989). Although the intrusives in these provinces
are dominated by granitoids, small amounts of mafic
Hunter & Rock 1987; Borg et al. 1990; Hutton & Reavy
1992). Furthermore, it appears that these mafic bodies may
commonly be intimately associated with the felsic
magmatism (e.g., Hunter & Rock 1987; Hutton & Reavy
1992). Thus, it is important to consider how these mafic
intrusives may reveal information about granite sources. It
follows that the study of these small mafic complexes, in
addition to the more voluminous felsic bodies, should be an
integral part of any regional study. The aim of this paper is
to present descriptions of field relationships and geo-
chemistry of one such mafic body—the Dromedary mafic
complex.
To date there have been very few accounts of mafic
(gabbroic) intrusive bodies within the basement rocks of
South Victoria Land. Of these accounts, descriptions are brief
and are considered only in a regional context. Occurrences
include the Skelton Glacier area (Skinner et al. 1976, 1983;
Skinner 1983), Terra Nova Bay (Skinner 1983), and the
Renegar Glacier/Mt Dromedary area (Skinner 1983).
Earlier studies of the intrusives in the Renegar Glacier/
Mt Dromedary region were conducted as part of large-scale
reconnaissance mapping programs. Blank et al. (1963) noted
a variety of melanocratic plutonic rocks from the southern
portion of the Dromedary Massif, which had compositions
ranging from norite and (true) gabbro to quartz diorite.
Skinner (1983) suggested that these rocks (which he called
the Renegar Mafic Gneisses) were formed by migmatisation
during anatectic melting. More recently, Walcott & Craw
(1993a, b) documented and discussed various aspects of their
deformation. A more detailed account of the petrological
and geochemical aspects of these rocks is presented in this
paper.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The Mt Dromedary Massif is part of the Royal Society
Range, which borders the East Antarctic Craton (Fig. 1). The
area adjacent to the Koettlitz and Renegar Glaciers is
underlain by rocks of the Wilson Terrane. This includes the
multiply deformed Koettlitz Group, which consists of pelitic,
psammitic, and calcareous metasediments (Gunn & Warren
1962; Findlay et al. 1984), a variety of intercalated granitoid
orthogneisses and amphibolites (Skinner 1983; Findlay
1985), and also a number of syntectonic and post-tectonic
granitoids (Allibone et al. 1993a, b; Cox 1993). Basement
rocks were deformed and metamorphosed under amphibolite
404 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol. 39
164°00'E
Dry
Valleys
region
77°30'S -
OO.
Mt Discovery
163°00'E
I I
78°15'S-
facies conditions during the late Proterozoic—Paleozoic Ross
Orogeny (Skinner 1983; Adams & Whitla 1987).
The granitoids from the Taylor Valley and Ferrar Glacier
region have been subdivided into the Dry Valleys 1 suite
(DV1) and the younger Dry Valleys 2 suite (DV2) (Smillie
1989, 1992). The DV2 suite comprises post-tectonic,
Caledonian style, alkali-calcic I-type granitoids, whereas the
DV1 suite comprises syntectonic, Cordilleran style, calc-
alkaline I-type granitoids. Smillie (1992) suggested the
granitoids of the DV1 suite were generated during
subduction along the Paleozoic Antarctic Craton margin,
whereas the granitoids of the DV2 suite may have been
emplaced during a later phase of extension that post-dated
subduction. This interpretation is consistent with emplace-
Fig. 1 Location of Mt Drome
dary and the area under study
Also shown are the locations of
the Glee intrusives (Aslund 1990 i
and the Miers Valley intrusive>
(Worley 1992).
164°00'E
Miers Valley
^intrusives
ment ages of 589-490 m.y. ago for the older plutons, and
490 m.y. ago for the younger ones (Allibone et al. 1993b).
Unconformably overlying the Wilson Terrane is a 2000 m
thick sequence of sedimentary rocks which make up the
Devonian-Triassic Beacon Supergroup (Barrett et al. 1986).
This has been intruded by sills and dikes of Ferrar Dolerite,
which is of Jurassic age. All rocks are now overlain by
widespread Quaternary eruptive volcanic rocks (McMurdo
Volcanics) and moraines.
LOCAL STRUCTURE
The Dromedary mafic complex intrudes Koettltiz Group
metasedimentary rocks and forms a lenticular-shaped body
Simpson & Aslund—Mafic complex, South Victoria Land
Fig. 2 Schematic geological Mt Dromedary
map of the Dromedary mafic
complex. Inset: Mineral lineations
measured in the foliated marginal
zone (at the contact with the
Koettlitz Group) plotted on an
equal area, lower hemisphere \
stereonet projection.
oriented northeast—southwest that is c. 4 x 9 km (Fig. 2). The
metasedimentary rocks have been subjected to at least three
phases of deformation under amphibolite facies conditions
i Simpson 1994). Only the youngest generation of synmeta-
morphic structures mapped within the Koettlitz Group,
however, can be recognised within the Dromedary mafic
complex. This suggests that intrusion of the complex
occurred contemporaneously with regional metamorphism
and deformation of the Koettlitz Group (i.e. syntectonic).
Deformation of the Dromedary mafic complex is only
locally developed and is most intense around the margins.
T
he contact between metasedimentary rocks and the mafic
i. omplex is defined by a zone of high strain, which typically
extends several hundred metres (and up to 1 km) into the
pluton and also into the country rocks. Within this zone, the
Koettlitz Group is complexly interfolded with foliated
intrusives. A stretching lineation defined by elongate quartz
ribbons is locally developed within the plutonic rocks.
Around the entire body the lineations plunge moderately
northeast and are coaxial with F3 fold axes developed within
Koettlitz Group metasediments. Directly adjacent (<50 m)
to the margin of the pluton, the Koettlitz Group is weakly
migmatised. Both metasedimentary and plutonic rocks in
the high-strain zone are intruded by numerous granite dikes
up to 250 m thick.
Deformation within the pluton, away from the marginal
high-strain zone, is strongly controlled by compositional
inhomogeneities such as granitoid dikes and meta-
sedimentary rafts. Variably deformed granitoid dikes occur
throughout the pluton but are most common around the
margins. Dikes are up to 30 m across but most are between
0.25 and 2 m. Straight-sided undeformed dikes are variably
oriented and probably represent a range of ages. Mylonitised
405
og J
• intermixed contact zone . .
'. '. metasedimehts! '. '. '.
dikes are characteristically highly discontinuous and are
often complexly folded, and they typically exhibit a strongly
developed foliation and lineation. Lineations consistently
plunge steeply (70-90°) to the east or northeast, which is
broadly coaxial with F3 fold axes within the Koettlitz Group.
Mylonitised granite dikes are variably oriented but generally
dip steeply. The surrounding plutonic rocks are intensely
deformed for up to 2 m either side of the mylonitised dikes.
Similar mylonitised granite dikes from the northern side of
the Renegar Glacier have recently been described by Walcott
& Craw (1993a).
Rafts of Koettlitz Group metasediment are widely
distributed throughout the pluton but are typically
concentrated near the margin. Rafts are between 0.5 and 3 m
across and are up to 50 m long. The plutonic host rock is
strongly foliated along the margins of some rafts. The
intensity of foliation-development decreases markedly away
from the raft and typically dies out over a distance of <2 m.
All metasediment rafts exhibit a strongly developed foliation
irrespective of whether there is a foliation in the surrounding
plutonic rocks. It is common for rafts with deformed margins
to have mylonitised granitic dikes intimately associated with
them. In such cases, the foliations of the raft, the dike, and
of the surrounding rock are well developed and are parallel
to each other.
FIELD RELATIONSHIPS
The Dromedary mafic complex is a composite body
comprising diorite (c. 60%) and a variety of both cumulate
and noncumulate gabbroic rocks (c. 40%). The diorite forms
a continuous ring that extends around a gabbroic core
(Fig. 2). Whereas the diorite is homogeneous throughout,
406 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol. 39

LEGEND
McMurdo
Volcanics
.•• .-• .•• .•• I
\ \ ••. ••. \

•.
S

y
\
X

•••
\
y
/'
\
••'

s
\
.
.
Granite

tWWWW
Metasedimentarv
rock
Dromedary Mafic Complex
Anorthosite
• •••«
• • • • 4 Olivine gabbro

mm Gabbro

Pyroxenite

Fig. 3 Detailed schematic geological map showing igneous rock types in the northern part of the Dromedary mafic complex. The
contact between the various gabbroic rocks and the surrounding diorite is actually an intermixed zone 50-100 m wide.

the gabbroic core is made up of several discrete bodies 10 m) to form highly heterogeneous outcrops (Fig. 5),
(Fig. 3), which include anorthosite, gabbro, olivine gabbro, although diorite and gabbro remain as separate, easih
norite, and pyroxenite, as well as transitional phases. recognisable entities. Gabbro within this zone is distinctly
Olivine gabbro, gabbro, norite, and anorthosite are porphyritic, containing phenocrysts of plagioclase. The
equally abundant and together comprise c. 95% of the intermixed zone is steeply dipping and foliated parallel to
gabbroic lithologies. Pyroxenite makes up the remaining 5%. the margins of the gabbroic core.
South of the Renegar Glacier, the gabbroic core is composed
mainly of gabbro, olivine gabbro, and anorthosite. These
rock types are typically observed as discrete interlayered PETROGRAPHY
units 0.5—50 m thick. Their contacts are sharply defined and
are typically planar. Although the thicker units are internally Original igneous assemblages
homogeneous, those <1 m thick commonly display subtle The diorite of the Dromedary mafic complex is equigranuiar,
compositional layering (defined by aligned feldspars) and mesocratic, and medium grained. Diorite typically comprises
grading. The layered nature of these rock types is displayed plagioclase (An45_50), brown biotite, diopside-rich pyroxene
in Fig. 4. North of the Renegar Glacier, the gabbroic core (XoiopO.60-o.62), quartz, and potassium feldspar with
can be subdivided into three areas (Fig. 3). The western area accessory apatite, titanite, ilmenite, and magnetite (Table 1 ).
is dominated by massive grey anorthosite, although dark The co-existence of biotite and clinopyroxene is unusual and
pyroxene-rich layers, and zones of poikiolitic amphibole, may imply a state of disequilibrium. The two are, howe\e ,
occur locally. In the east, rocks comprise gabbro interlayered commonly observed in contact with each other and show
with minor anorthosite, whereas the centre comprises olivine no sign of reaction. Furthermore, the presence of numerous
gabbro which is locally intruded by a network of pyroxene- biotite flakes within plagioclase suggests that biotite is an
diorite dikes (1—10 cm thick). Metasediment rafts (up to 5 m igneous phase, and did not form by later subsolidus
across) are common in the southern part of the eastern area processes.
and to a lesser extent in the central area. Anorthosite is a white/grey coloured, medium to coarse
Pyroxenite typically occurs as large rafts (up to 20 x 80 m grained rock that exhibits an equigranuiar framework. It is
long) within other gabbroic rocks or within the surrounding composed almost entirely of plagioclase (An64_79) crystals
diorite. The pyroxenite contact is everywhere shaip and that are aligned parallel to the mesoscopic igneous layering.
planar, and there is no evidence of chilling. Minor clinopyroxene (X Diop0 69_o 85) occupies the interstices
The contact between diorite and the various gabbroic core between the plagioclase grains. Ilmenite is a common
rocks is between 50 and 100 m wide. Within this zone, diorite accessory. Locally, anorthosite is spotted with poikilitic
and gabbro are complexly intermixed (on a scale of 0.1- magmatic amphibole and minor biotite.
Simpson & Aslund—Mafic complex, South Victoria Land 407

Fig. 5 A, Field sketch of intricate intrusive relationships between

Fig. 4 Laterally continuous igneous layering developed between
anorthosite (white) and olivine gabbro (darker). Hammer handle
40 cm long). Outcrop located c. 1 km due east of "peak 2300 m"
see Fig. 2).
diorite and gabbro. B, Field sketch of intermixed and foliated
contact zone between diorite and gabbro. Both outcrops are located
south of the Renegar Glacier along the eastern, well-exposed
contact between the gabbros and diorites (see Fig. 2)

Table 1 Representative electron microprobe analyses of clinopyroxene (cpx), orthopyroxene (opx), amphibole (amph.), olivine, and
oiotite from various samples. All minerals were analysed using the JEOL JXA—8600 Superprobe Analyser which is housed in the
Geology Department, University of Otago. Normal operating conditions are 15 kv accelerating voltage at 2 mA current. OU = Otago
University collection catalogue number.
Diorite Olivine gabbro Pyroxenite
OU651 16 OU62271 OU65134
Rock
sample cpx biotite amph. amph. cpx opx olivine amph. amph. opx olivine
SiO 2 52.09 36.15 53.32 46.96 51.01 50.51 33.07 46.38 52.56 54.54 38.73
A 12O3 0.18 15.14 1.50 7.16 1.48 0.69 0.00 7.24 0.69 0.69 0.69
TiO 2 0.04 3.32 0.14 0.65 0.27 0.04 0.00 1.22 0.02 0.09 0.02
FeO" 12.59 21.46 15.06 15.74 13.09 29.74 51.46 17.57 25.42 16.16 23.98
VlnO 0.46 0.17 0.33 0.40 0.25 0.60 0.59 0.27 1.06 0.29 0.23
VlgO 10.77 9.71 14.23 10.66 12.96 18.11 15.11 10.75 14.73 27.61 18.11
CaO 23.14 0.00 11.74 11.80 20.54 0.20 0.00 10.41 0.88 0.38 0.88
Na 2 O 0.12 0.03 0.14 0.76 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.04 0.04 0.04
K2O 0.00 8.06 0.10 0.48 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.00
Total 99.39 94.04 96.57 94.61 99.80 99.89 100.23 95.13 95.00 100.05 101.11
M 2.00 5.61 7.84 7.17 1.93 1.94 1.00 7.08 8.02 1.97 1.00
\1 0.01 2.77 0.26 1.29 0.07 0.03 0.00 1.30 0.05 0.05 0.03
n 0.00 0.39 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.40 2.78 1.85 2.01 0.34 0.88 1.30 2.24 3.24 3.24 3.24
vln 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.14 0.02
vlg 0.62 2.25 3.12 2.43 0.73 1.04 0.68 2.45 3.35 1.49 1.47
.'a 0.95 0.00 1.85 1.93 0.83 0.01 0.00 1.70 0.01 0.14 0.01
\a 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.04
< 0.00 1.59 0.02 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 4.00 15.42 15.04 15.27 3.94 3.92 3.00 15.27 14.96 4.01 3.00
408 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol. 39

Both gabbro and olivine gabbro are grey-green coloured,

medium-coarse grained rocks. Gabbro consists essentially
of augite and calcic plagioclase (Ari6o_7o), whereas olivine 5- olivine
gabbro is characterised by an abundance of olivine (XFo33)
5- terised A o .'
and plagioclase (Ango-72) (Table 1). Unzoned plagioclase
occupies the interstices between subcircular-shaped grains
5
of olivine. Clinopyroxene (XD;opo.68-0.78) i s common, ~
whereas orthopyroxene (XEnsto.54-0.62) an^ red-brown 4- A/
/ ° o
amphibole are present but rare.
OC\JOQ
V AA O
Norite is dominated by orthopyroxene (hypersthene), 5-
calcic plagioclase (An68-8o)> and small grains of ilmenite. t A
Norite is medium-coarse grained and is characterised by a + 3-
subhedral granular texture. O
Pyroxenite is coarse grained (up to 2 cm), equigranular,
Wo
CO £••
5- AA Subalkaline
and highly melanocratic. The mineralogy of pyroxenite is series
dominated by brown orthopyroxene (XEnsto.75-o.78) t h a t 2-
ophitically encloses small grains of plagioclase (An9o_94),
olivine (XFo0.74), and minor clinopyroxene (Table 1).
5-
Plagioclase also occupies the interstices between subcircular 1-
grains of olivine and clinopyroxene. i i i i i i i i i
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Metamorphic assemblages and reactions Wt% SiO2
Rocks of the Dromedary mafic complex have undergone
varying degrees of subsolidus reconstitution during
metamorphism. Whereas some samples have retained a • Diorite o Intermediates Gabbro
completely unaltered igneous mineral assemblage, others
have been extensively recrystallised. However, even where
the deformation is most extensive (e.g., within the foliated Fig. 6 Subalkaline/alkaline discrimination plot. Dividing line
after Irvine & Baragar (1971).
marginal zone), the resulting assemblages are strongly
controlled by original rock composition. The metamorphism
of the various rock types is summarised in Table 2.
Within altered diorites, clinopyroxene is either partially Ashworth et al. (1992) described the formation of an
or completely replaced by amphibole. For example, amphibole-corona around clinopyroxene in terms of the
hedenbergitic diopside (XDiopo.6o-o.62) a l t e r s t o pale-green diffusion controlled reaction: lplag + 2cpx + 3FeO + 2H2O
hornblende (XMgo.52-o.55) and actinolite (XMgO.63-o.79) => 2hbl + 0.5act + lqtz + lNa 2 O + lMgO + 3.5CaO. Such
(Table 1). In the early stages of replacement, amphibole (and a reaction is consistent with the coronas observed from both
a small amount of biotite) forms inclusions scattered the dioritic and gabbroic lithologies.
throughout the pyroxene (oriented parallel to the cleavage), Unlike clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene has undergone
and also as a rim around the margin of the grain. At more extensive alteration within most of the rocks observed.
advanced stages of uralitisation, amphibole spreads Orthopyroxene has commonly reacted entirely to form
throughout the pyroxene grain, eventually replacing the core. cummingtonite and a calcic amphibole (e.g., ferro-
Clinopyroxene within the gabbroic lithologies also displays hornblende). Only rarely is a core of orthopyroxene retained
varying degrees of uralitisation. However, in most samples, within the amphibole alteration products.
a relict core of clinopyroxene (XDjopo.73) still exists, As with the alteration of clinopyroxene, that of
surrounded by a thin outer rim of pale-brown tschermakitic orthopyroxene has been attributed to a diffusion-controlled,
amphibole (X Mg0 60 ). plagioclase-consuming hydration reaction of the type: opx

Table 2 Summary of igneous and metamorphic mineral assemblages for the various rock types of the Dromedary mafic complex.
Corona reactions described from left to right are from Ashworth et al. (1992), Turner & Stiiwe (1992), and Austrheim & Robins (1981)
(modified).
Diorite Anorthosite Olivine gabbro Norite Pyroxenite
Main igneous cpx-biotite-plagioclase- plagioclase olivine- opx- opx
(remnant) phases k-spar-qtz plagioclase plagioclase

Main metamorphic actinolite-hornblende- plagioclase (1) opx-plagioclase+ cummingtonite- cummingtonite-

phases biotite-plagioclase- amphibole hornblende- hornblende-
k-spar-qtz (2)hornblende-actinolite- plagioclase plagioclase
plagioclase
Relevant reaction lplag + 2cpx + 3FeO + (1) oliv + plag + opx + plag + opx + plag +
coronas 2H2O -> 2hbl + 0.5act H2O -> opx + An ± hbl H2O —>cum H2O -> cum
+ lqtz + Na2O + MgO (2) 10opx + 7 An + hbl + plag + qtz + hbl + plag +qtz
+ 3.5CaO + H2O -> 2hbl
Simpson & Aslund—Mafic complex, South Victoria Land 409
16

40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Wt% SiO2 Wt% SiO2

700 I
CO O •
m
500- o •
E o ••
£300- o
100 I o
i i T ^ 1 I 1 1 1 1
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
W t % SiO2 Wt% SiO2

40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Wt% SiO 2 Wt% SiO 2
• Diorite o Intermediates • Gabbro

Fig. 7 Selected elements plotted against silica to show the relationship between diorite, gabbro, and intermediate samples.

(En60) + plag (An36) + H2O => cummingtonite + hbl + plag
(<An36) + qtz (modified from Austrheim & Robins 1981).
Phis reaction adequately describes the breakdown of
orthopyroxene within the rocks observed.
Similarly, the alteration of olivine is commonly
3xtensive. At the early stages of reaction, olivine displays
symplectic reaction coronas with plagioclase. Such coronas
consist of a corroded core of olivine surrounded by a thin
shell (c. 0.1 mm thick) of orthopyroxene that is in turn
partially rimmed by amphibole. The amphibole rim is
typically made up of two distinct regions: an inner; inclusion-
free zone, and an outer, vermicular rim that is characterised
by interleaved amphibole and quartz oriented perpendicular
to the grain margin. Numerous tiny vermicules of amphibole
are clustered within the surrounding plagioclase, giving rise
to a distinctive symplectic texture. These coronas only form
where olivine and plagioclase are in contact and are never
developed at pyroxene-olivine contacts.
Turner & Stilwe (1992) have proposed a generalised net
reaction for the olivine-plagioclase corona: olivine + plag +
H2O => opx + anorthite + amph in which Si, Na, and Al
must be removed from plagioclase to produce orthopyroxene
and amphibole.
In some gabbroic samples the olivine core is absent from
the corona and the original presence of olivine can only be
inferred. Such coronas consist of an inner core of pale-
coloured actinolitic/tremolitic amphibole (and minor
orthopyroxene) that is surrounded by green hornblende. The
amphibole-plagioclase contact, as with the previously
described olivine-bearing coronas, is symplectic.
This amphibole-dominated corona probably forms as a
continuation of the reaction shown above. A possible
reaction has been proposed by Turner & Sttiwe (1992):
lOopx + 7anorthite + H2O => 2amph.
The occurrence of compositionally distinct amphiboles
(Al-poor in the core of the corona and Al-rich around the
margins) can be attributed to the immobile nature of
aluminium (and silicon), in comparison to calcium,
magnesium, and iron, which are relatively mobile
(Mongkoltip & Ashworth 1986).
410 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol. 39

GEOCHEMISTRY
The aim of this section is to describe the geochemistry of
the Dromedary mafic complex and to document the
petrogenetic relationship between diorite and gabbro. X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry was used to analyse 35 samples
from various parts of the body (Table 3). Whereas many of
the samples have undergone some degree of metamorphic
reconstitution, it is likely that the scale of elemental mobility
was limited to distances less than the typical sample size
(10 x 10 cm). This is justified by the description of coronas
in terms of simple reactions balanced by a net influx of water
and grain-scale element diffusion. Major and trace elements
were analysed for using the Philips PW141/20 AHP
spectrometer at the Geology Department, University of
Otago. Fused disks produced for major elements were
analysed following the procedures of Norrish & Hutton
(1969). Pressed powder pellets produced for trace element
analysis followed that of Norrish & Chappell (1977). Both
major and trace elements were analysed for using Mo, Sc,
and Au tubes.
The samples analysed comprise 5 diorites, 21 gabbros,
and 7 intermediate rocks collected from the intermixed zone
along the contact between the diorite and gabbro. The
majority of samples fall within the subalkaline field on the
silica versus total alkali plot (Fig. 6). Figure 7 shows Harker
variation diagrams for selected major and trace elements
The gabbros exhibit considerable scatter because some
samples represent cumulates and, therefore, are noi
representative of a liquid. In general, K2O, TiC>2, and P2O;
all show strong positive correlations with silica. MgO and
CaO display strong negative correlations, whereas the oxides
AI2O3, MnO, and Fe2C>3t show little variation. The
geochemical separation between gabbro and diorite is
completely bridged by the intermediate rocks collected in
the contact zone.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Relationship between diorite and gabbro
Field observations described above suggest that both the
diorite and the gabbro were, at least partially, liquid when
the two bodies came into contact with each other. This is.
implied not only by the intricately intermixed intrusive
relationships characteristic of the contact zone (Fig. 5), but

Table 3 (and opposite) Major (wt%) and trace element (ppm) XRF analyses of rocks from the Dromedary mafic complex and tin
Glee intrusives (LOI = loss on ignition, b.d. = below detection limit, n.a. = not analysed).
SiO2 TiO2 AI2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI Total
Diorite 62218 57.98 0.99 16.56 7.30 0.12 3.65 6.78 2.67 2.25 0.18 1.79 100.27
65116 58.19 1.00 17.03 7.27 0.12 3.79 6.96 2.73 1.99 0.20 0.49 99.79
65115 58.47 1.05 17.25 7.15 0.11 3.36 6.35 2.56 2.63 0.21 0.66 99.81
65114 58.69 1.00 16.83 6.96 0.11 3.70 6.41 3.06 2.37 0.19 0.86 100.18
62203 59.23 0.91 16.67 6.56 0.11 3.47 6.31 2.63 2.92 0.16 0.62 99.59
Gabbro 62216 43.26 1.90 23.00 10.98 0.15 4.25 10.91 2.03 0.40 0.34 2.65 99.87
65129 46.14 0.31 23.48 5.62 0.10 7.57 13.44 2.24 0.25 0.07 0.94 100.16
65127 46.35 0.37 18.58 8.57 0.14 12.18 9.52 2.35 0.50 0.05 1.69 100.29
65133 46.59 0.28 22.41 5.51 0.09 7.52 12.88 2.56 0.52 0.06 1.87 100.29
65130 46.60 0.27 17.63 7.41 0.11 10.89 13.67 1.44 0.23 0.03 1.76 100.05
65131 46.75 0.48 13.97 8.97 0.15 13.88 12.29 0.95 0.28 0.04 1.71 99.47
64125 47.05 0.26 20.88 5.59 0.09 8.81 12.57 2.74 0.57 0.06 1.82 100.43
65128 47.12 0.49 21.08 7.75 0.12 9.44 9.48 3.16 0.62 0.10 0.16 99.52
65124 47.16 0.42 18.01 9.13 0.14 11.75 10.15 2.63 0.39 0.09 0.62 100.48
62211 47.18 1.99 19.69 13.76 0.19 3.25 8.93 3.22 0.55 0.69 -0.02 99.43
62213 47.20 0.21 21.29 4.60 0.08 8.62 14.82 1.11 0.23 0.02 1.32 99.50
65132 47.30 0.39 16.91 7.22 0.13 10.42 13.00 2.37 0.42 0.07 1.89 100.12
62210 47.51 1.88 20.06 14.06 0.20 3.07 8.89 3.45 0.56 0.62 0.00 100.31
65126 48.57 0.41 25.40 3.69 0.05 4.73 12.16 4.19 0.62 0.06 1.26 101.16
65123 48.93 1.57 17.54 7.77 0.15 7.94 11.21 2.93 0.77 0.19 1.50 100.50
65119 48.99 0.60 18.34 7.85 0.13 8.14 12.28 2.29 0.21 0.04 0.71 99.57
65134 49.40 0.54 2.71 16.55 0.27 25.40 2.97 0.99 0.19 0.06 0.43 99.51
65121 49.52 0.80 17.15 7.03 0.12 8.05 12.60 2.71 0.55 0.09 0.80 99.43
62214 49.68 0.46 19.17 7.51 0.14 7.76 11.03 1.88 0.68 0.08 1.30 99.69
62208 50.01 2.35 22.01 6.30 0.09 5.24 9.58 3.30 0.28 0.03 0.08 99.27
62206 50.06 0.44 21.35 5.70 0.11 7.00 13.07 1.60 0.17 0.03 0.37 99.90
Inter- 65122 49.69 1.49 16.72 2.11 0.17 6.49 9.43 2.80 1.06 0.22 1.43 100.06
mediates 62201 51.65 1.14 19.14 8.34 0.15 4.28 7.87 3.31 2.62 0.21 0.99 99.70
65117 52.45 1.38 16.99 1.82 0.15 5.64 9.36 2.79 1.56 0.14 0.64 100.20
65120 53.28 1.43 18.40 1.78 0.16 3.92 8.01 3.73 1.55 0.30 0.47 100.13
65118 54.73 1.29 17.19 1.93 0.18 4.41 7.39 2.58 1.41 0.27 0.69 99.77
62202 55.81 1.21 17.44 8.35 0.13 3.87 7.04 3.06 2.14 0.23 0.63 99.91
62209 56.54 1.26 16.20 7.35 0.12 5.01 8.26 1.70 2.00 0.15 0.77 99.36
Glee 62224 48.63 3.95 13.64 14.81 0.24 4.18 8.62 3.39 1.65 0.77 -0.21 99.67
intrusives 62223 49.27 3.96 13.22 14.85 0.25 4.14 8.88 3.03 1.40 0.65 -0.07 99.58
62221 51.40 2.53 14.98 12.02 0.20 4.80 7.88 3.32 1.56 0.39 0.36 99.44.
62222 53.45 2.56 15.94 12.07 0.21 2.98 6.56 3.85 1.61 0.50 0.29 100.02
62225 60.44 1.61 14.76 9.08 0.14 1.68 4.36 3.30 3.35 0.45 0.20 99.37
62226 65.65 1.03 14.81 5.90 0.10 1.18 2.63 3.48 4.19 0.29 0.41 99.67
Simpson & Aslund—Mafic complex, South Victoria Land 411

by the porphyritic nature of the gabbro (which implies
chilling has taken place). Despite this, the presence of gabbro
xenoliths enclosed within the diorite suggests the intrusion
of the diorite followed that of the gabbro. Furthermore, it is
obvious from Fig. 2 that there is a close spatial relationship
between the diorite and the gabbros: the diorite concen-
trically surrounds the gabbroic core. The close spatial
association, the overall zoned symmetric/concentric shape,
and the intricate intrusive relationships between the diorite
and the gabbros imply the two are genetically related.
A close relationship between diorite and gabbro is also
consistent the geochemical data presented in Fig. 7. The
geochemical signature of the intermediate samples, collected
from the intermixed zone between diorite and gabbro, can
be interpreted several ways. Two possibilities include: (1)
the gabbro-intermediate-diorite suite is part of a continuous
differentiation sequence; and (2) geochemistry of the
intermediate samples results from metasomatic exchange
between the diorites and gabbros.
Although both are possible, metasomatic exchange is
considered unlikely to cause the geochemical trends because:
(1) there is no field evidence to suggest significant
metasomatism has occurred. What metasomatism that
is observed involved mobilisation at the grain scale (as
described above). Compositional gradients between end
member rock types are not observed. Instead, the
contacts between diorite and gabbro in the intermixed
region are sharp, and each lithology is internally
homogeneous;
(2) pervasive diffusive exchange, of all major and minor
elements, would have had to have taken place over
distances of several metres (up to 10 m). Whereas
metasomatism is known to occur over small distances
(Yoder 1973), there is doubt whether it could occur
pervasively over several metres within the time scale of
the magmatic/metamorphic episode.
Alternatively, the intermediate rocks within the
intermixed zone (and the diorite) may represent differentiates
formed as the result of fractional crystallisation. By using a
combination of graphical methods (consideration of
microprobe compositions of the main mineral phases with
respect to Fig. 7), and simple least-squares linear mixing, it
has been found that by removing a mixture of plagioclase,
clinopyroxene, and olivine (with relative proportions of
c. 55:25:20%), a diorite liquid similar to that observed can
be generated. The removal of mineral phases in these

Table 3 (continued)

La Ce Pr Nd Y Ga Zr Nb Ba Ni Cu Zn V Rb Sr Th U Pb Cr
Diorite 62218 31 57 8 30 31 18 147 16 415 12 9 89 117 89 236 4 2 18 81
65116 28 55 7 27 30 23 102 15 435 13 6 81 106 108 243 6 1 15 60
65115 30 75 8 28 29 15 201 17 599 10 10 87 95 113 257 9 0 20 67
65114 12 54 5 15 26 19 140 15 385 12 11 82 98 106 259 6 2 17 86
62203 26 54 1 27 28 19 187 17 530 8 8 81 99 122 231 7 3 21 76
Gabbro 62216 15 14 0 8 6 23 51 10 92 15 6 75 70 33 491 1 1 7 35
65129 4 2 2 2 5 22 21 5 31 36 7 35 79 11 367 2 0 10 159
65127 2 0 3 1 5 12 15 3 55 112 18 165 74 21 218 1 0 18 186
65133 2 0 0 7 7 21 19 3 53 39 7 50 96 22 331 1 0 11 242
65130 0 4 4 1 8 16 14 3 11 56 13 34 229 9 270 2 2 10 723
65131 2 4 5 0 14 11 26 5 35 94 63 66 239 12 196 2 3 10 821
64125 6 9 2 4 4 13 15 4 44 103 13 38 106 30 279 1 0 5 334
65128 5 9 0 5 9 18 44 5 98 98 9 101 36 23 307 1 0 9 13
65124 6 2 3 6 8 13 26 6 61 104 21 54 82 13 266 2 2 2 141
62211 38 62 7 40 20 26 88 18 223 9 14 107 84 12 519 3 1 9 22
62213 0 0 2 0 5 13 25 3 45 60 22 34 158 17 252 0 1 5 744
65132 0 6 2 8 12 16 25 5 16 53 19 53 220 13 219 2 0 6 627
62210 29 54 7 29 20 28 94 18 260 12 16 93 86 10 533 1 0 12 21
65126 1 3 4 7 16 16 43 8 52 50 14 58 224 30 265 1 0 7 553
65123 9 12 5 17 28 19 78 6 58 59 15 15 222 40 290 2 2 10 236
65119 b.d. 3 b.d. 1 10 20 18 4 40 12 8 50 196 4 288 b.d. b.d. 2 199
65134 b.d. 2 1 4 5 4 14 5 14 841 107 123 176 6 27 2 b.d. 3 1050
65121 14 32 9 21 23 19 55 12 147 35 23 93 169 47 289 b.d. b.d. 13 176
62214 9 6 1 6 10 18 37 5 89 25 7 71 184 51 299 1 2 9 403
62208 1 1 3 0 3 22 21 4 100 14 2 35 270 6 509 1 0 6 26
62206 1 3 0 0 6 18 28 3 66 9 12 36 234 5 378 0 1 4 42
Inter- 65122 5 7 b.d. 6 6 17 18 5 42 44 17 59 54 20 389 b.d. b.d. 17 106
mediates 62201 43 65 7 37 32 20 176 19 598 10 3 110 116 148 301 12 3 21 109
65117 17 23 6 18 24 21 70 16 381 14 12 84 166 73 281 3 3 14 98
65120 16 76 5 22 29 22 184 18 271 12 13 94 91 76 314 3 1 11 60
65118 18 69 6 25 31 23 67 17 183 14 28 93 99 64 266 6 3 19 81
62202 31 49 5 24 29 18 235 18 872 9 9 102 105 82 283 4 2 20 77
62209 25 51 5 23 21 18 107 14 491 13 12 69 152 72 296 6 1 17 133
Glee 62224 56 99 9 66 60 28 291 34 625 15 16 194 282 44 427 2 2 19 21
intrusives 62223 56 90 7 65 60 25 311 36 765 12 17 228 n.a 33 456 2 2 20 n.a
62221 36 66 10 40 45 22 231 21 346 15 9 124 290 45 319 3 1 15 34
62222 43 80 4 50 45 27 243 35 707 5 7 139 n.a n.a 356 1 2 19 n.a
62225 47 99 13 57 48 21 429 32 1035 4 3 128 116 49 308 1 1 23 8
62226 39 83 9 40 34 18 451 22 1249 3 0 85 n.a 72 260 3 2 21 n.a
412 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1996, Vol. 39

30-

42 57
Wt% Wt. % SiO2
1600
600- o
o
500- •>
+
400- o +
Q.
Q.
300-
N B DV1aD\ \°
200-
100-
• DV1b ^ \
0- | 1
T I 1 1 i i
42 47 52 57 62 67 42 47 52 57 62
W t % SiO2 Wt% SiO 2

X Enclave o Lama • Dromedary Diorite A Dromedary Gabbro

T Pewe Peak + Glee 0 Buddha • Intermediates
D Rivard

Fig. 8 Selected elements plotted against silica to show the relationship between the Dromedary mafic complex and other similar
rocks in South Victoria Land (Glee intrusives, Miers Valley intrusives—the Buddha, Rivard, and Pewe Peak Diorites, the Lama Plutori
and enclaves; Worley 1992) and the Dry Valley (DV) granitoids (shown as fields) (Smillie 1989).

proportions is consistent with the observed gabbroic
cumulates.
Composite plutons with configurations, compositions,
and field relationships similar to those described here have
been documented from a number of studies (e.g., Fridrich
& Mahood 1984; Nabalek et al. 1986; Beard & Day 1988).
Such bodies, comprising a mafic core surrounded by less
mafic rocks, are referred to as "reversely zoned plutons".
Although there is no consensus as to their formation, there
is some evidence that these complexes record a history of
crystal fractionation and the subsequent emplacement of
progressively more evolved magmas (e.g., Fridrich &
Mahood 1984; Beard & Day 1988). If so, one may expect
to see evidence for gabbro cumulates, a fractionated rock
sequence, and complex intrusive relationships at the margins
between mafic and more evolved rock types. Furthermore,
since (in the above models) emplaced rocks are progressively
more evolved, such a complex is predicted to develop
outwards, with the most evolved rocks being relatively
young and occupying the outer margin of the pluton. All of
these features are observed within the Dromedary mafic
complex.
The diorites, gabbros, and intermediate rocks of the
Dromedary mafic complex are concluded to be part of a
continuous sequence which evolved by fractional crystal-
lisation and repeated (outward) intrusion to form a reversely
zoned body. The development of such a complex is perhaps
consistent with the suggestion made by Smillie (1992) that
some magmatism in the Dry Valley region is associated with
post-subduction extension.
Subsequent deformation of the mafic complex was
strongly partitioned. On a small scale, control was exerted
by compositional inhomogeneities such as granite dikes and
country rock rafts. On a larger scale, deformation was
Simpson & Aslund—Mafic complex, South Victoria Land
concentrated around the body margins, particularly in the
outermost diorites. This may be due to a combination of
effects including: (1) a marked rheological contrast between
the intrusive body and surrounding country rocks; and (2)
the diorite, containing the highest modal quartz content out
of both intrusive and country rocks, is likely to have been
relatively weak.
Age and regional correlations
Timing of intrusion is poorly constrained as no absolute dates
have been obtained from the Dromedary mafic complex.
However, the pluton had to have intruded during meta-
morphism and deformation of the Koettlitz Group because:
(l)the intrusives contain rafts of metasediment that had
already undergone considerable transposition; and
(2) the last generation of synmetamorphic structures
observed in the Koettlitz Group adjacent to the pluton
are also observed within the pluton.
Thus, emplacement must have occurred some time during
the latest Proterozoic or Paleozoic.
Other gabbroic rocks in South Victoria Land mentioned
above are post-tectonic and, therefore, are not likely to be
related to the syntectonic Dromedary mafic complex.
Syntectonic and post-tectonic diorites, however, are more
voluminous and have been described from a number of
localities throughout South Victoria Land. Diorites include
the Glee intrusives adjacent to the Glee Glacier (Aslund
1990), the Buddha, Rivard, and Pewe Peak Diorites from
Miers Valley, and various diorites from the Skelton Glacier/
Terra Nova Bay region (Skinner et al. 1976, 1983; Skinner
1983). Representative analyses of a number of these diorites
are plotted on selected Harker variation diagrams (Fig. 8).
Samples from the Lama Pluton (also from Miers Valley),
mafic enclaves enclosed within the Lama Pluton and Buddha
Diorite, and the fields for the Dry Valley granitoid suite
proposed by Smillie (1989) are also shown. In general, the
data indicate that diorites and gabbros of the Dromedary
mafic complex plot differently to other nearby diorites,
including the mafic enclaves. Although the Glee intrusives
cluster closely to rocks of the Dromedary mafic complex,
they do differ significantly in the concentration of some
elements (e.g., P2O5, V) not shown in Fig. 8. However, a
genetic relationship can not be ruled out based on the
geochemical data presented.
The Dromedary mafic complex does, however, cluster
along a linear trend that extends into the older Dry Valley
la granitoid suite (DVla) (Smillie 1989). Although this
neither confirms nor denies a genetic link, the two suites do
have broadly similar age relationships.
Although emplacement was contemporaneous with the
latter stages of metamorphism in the Koettlitz Group, there
is no evidence to suggest the mafic complex was formed by
migmatisation of the surrounding country rocks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the Ross Dependency Research Committee, the Antarctic
Division of the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (IGNS),
and Squadron VXE-6 (U.S. Navy) for supporting fieldwork. D.
Craw is thanked for his constructive criticism and comments on
drafts of this manuscript. Thanks to C. R. Walcott, I. Turnbull, P.
Garlick, B. Alder, and D. Craw for assistance in the field. Thanks
also to Y. Cook, S. Cox, and A. F. Cooper for discussions which
413
have added to this paper. The manuscript was reviewed and
improved by the helpful suggestions of A Tulloch. Technical
assistance was provided by D. V. Weston, Y. Kawachi, and R. D.
Johnstone.
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