Information Systems III

(WIH3001)
Systems Analysis & Design

Dr Bukelwa Ngoqo
E-mail : bukelwa.ngoqo@mandela.ac.za
Office number : R253
Outline
 SDLC (Recap)
 SDLC – Models/Types (Recap)
 Project documentation
What is the SDLC?
 The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is a framework that development
teams use to produce high-quality software in a systematic and cost-
effective way.
 SDLC provides a well-structured flow of phases that help an organization to
quickly produce high-quality software which is well-tested and ready for
production use.
 It is also called as Software Development Process
What is a process?

A series of actions or steps taken in

order to achieve a particular end.
What is a framework?
 A supporting structure around which something can be built.

 A basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text.

 A framework, or software framework, is a platform for developing software

applications. It provides a foundation on which software developers can build
programs for a specific platform.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) – Stages
SDLC – Types / Models
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-shaped
5. Agile
6. Big Bang
7. Rapid Application Development
8. Software Prototype
Waterfall

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Waterfall…continued
Pros
 The Waterfall development cycle is highly structured, which means that
everyone understands their duties at any given time. With detailed
documentation, it’s also easier to train fresh team members.
 Easy to manage. Each SDLC stage has transparent and stable schedules,
checkpoints, and deliverables.
Cons
 Initial uncertainty. It is challenging to set up complete business requirements far
in advance.
 The Waterfall model leaves very little room for addressing modifications and
adapting to changing requirements.
 Cost of error. Being highly-structured and regulated, the Waterfall software
development process makes it tough to correct a fundamental defect in time.
Iterative

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Iterative…continued
Pros
 You can adjust the requirements and the technical specs of the project on the fly
and at lower costs.
 Flaw detection. With the iterative method, you get an early working prototype,
which helps to minimize the cost of bug fixing.
 Customer evaluation. Since working software is delivered early, you can gain
important insights from the customer and adjust it as needed.
Cons
 Management complexity. The whole process requires more management efforts
compared to the linear model.
 The Iterative SDLC Model is a resource-consuming system life cycle model. In
addition, it requires risk analysis expertise.
Spiral

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Spiral…continued
Pros
 Risk mitigation. Workflow is separated into smaller bits. If some risk arises, the
team can close the current phase earlier to take care of it.
 You can make adjustments and throw in new features even in the late phase.
V-shaped

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
V-shaped…continued
Pros
 Easy to control. Each phase delivers clear and concrete results, making it easy to
control and measure success.
 Flaw detection. Product verification and testing take place at an early stage.
Cons
 In case of any adjustment, you must review and update the requirements along
with the test documentation.
 The V-shaped model doesn’t produce an early-stage software prototype.
 Technical resources. This approach requires more technical resources and high
testing expertise.
Agile

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Agile…continued
Pros
 Great flexibility. Agile system development life cycle is welcoming to the
improvement of functional requirements at any stage of development.
 Agile software development phases divide the development process into short
iterations with clear deliverables.
 Fast release. Agile methodology phases enable early software prototype
release.
 Flaw detection. Versatile change process allows minimizing the cost of error.
Cons
 Product completion time is uncertain. Frequent adjustments and changes
may drag out product deployment significantly.
 Constant changes and improvements complicate the final cost estimation.
 New requirements may be contrary to the existing architecture.
Big Bang

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Big Bang…continued
Pros
 Big Bang is a straightforward and easy-to-manage approach.
 This model provides the developers with great freedom to act on their ideas.
Cons
 Significant risks and uncertainty.
 Doesn’t suit well for complex and long-term projects.
 Can become very pricey if the IT team misunderstands the requirements.
Rapid Application Development (RAD)

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Rapid Application Development…continued
Pros
 Better quality. Early user access helps to define and address critical design and
technical flaws.
 RAD model enables improvement of the prototypes to shape them into the
desired product.
Cons
 Continuous interaction between users and devs consumes time and resources.
 Lack of attention to the non-functional requirements.
Software Prototype

https://echoua.com/sdlc-models-full-guide
Software Prototype…continued
Pros
 User involvement and feedback before the implementation of the solution.
 The team can detect missing functionality, system, and design flaws at an early
stage.
Cons
 Building prototypes may consume too much time and resources.
 End-users may confuse a rough prototype with a completed product, thus
threatening to reputation loss.
SDLC - Documentation
 Terminology:
• BRS (Business Requirements Specifications)
• SRS (Systems Requirements Specifications)
• HLD (High Level Design)
• DLD (Detailed Level Design)
• UTCs (User Test Cases)
Project Documentation Uses
Any Qs?