Results in Physics 12 (2019) 344–348

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Results in Physics
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Ferrimagnetism, resistivity, and magnetic exchange interactions in double T

perovskite La2CrMnO6
⁎ ⁎
Dexin Yang , Peng Zhao, Shuai Huang, Tao Yang, Dexuan Huo
College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China

A B S T R A C T

Although several reports have studied the types of magnetic exchange interactions, the origin of the ferrimagnetism or ferromagnetism, and crystal structure in
double perovskite La2CrMnO6, there are still many controversies because of the complexity of structures, valence states and synthesized conditions in this material.
To further explore the structure, magnetism, resistivity and exchange interactions, the X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, AC and DC magnetic
measurements, and the resistivity as a function of temperature are performed in this study. The O-type orthorhombic structure (b < c < a) is confirmed and this
√2
structure can effectively remove the effects of Jahn-Teller distortions. The ferrimagnetic transition and the charge localization feature are confirmed by the magnetic
and electric measurements, and the ferrimagnetic transition is mainly due to the Cr3+–O2−–Mn3+ double-exchange interactions. The Arrhenius law is used to
confirm a thermally activated mechanism just below the ferrimagnetic transition temperature, which has a strong correlation with the charge localization behavior.

Introduction
Since the discovery of the room-temperature magnetoresistance in
Sr2FeMoO6 [1], double perovskites have facilitated science and tech-
nology on the foundation of magnetism [2], electronic, spintronics,
magnetoelectric sensor [3] and photovoltaic absorbers [4–6], from the
transition element cations [7,8]. Double perovskites La2B′MnO6
(B′ = Ni, Co, or other transition elements) are a remarkable platform
with multiple functions, like magnetodielectric, magnetocapacitance
and magnetoresistance, which has attracted much attentions [9–18].
For these materials, the B′ element has significant effects on their
physical properties, and thus, their analogue La2CrMnO6 has subtle
differences in structure, magnetic and electronic properties with
La2NiMnO6 and La2CoMnO6. Furthermore, the experimental results of
La2CrMnO6 have many conflicts and controversies with varying ex-
planations. As an example of the differences found, the magnetic and
electronic properties of La2CrMnO6 differ significantly in different re-
ports [19–21]. These differences are mainly due to different synthesized
conditions. Furthermore, controversies in crystal structure have been
reported in the literature [19,20], and normally, the crystal structure
has fundamental relationships with the magnetic and electronic prop-
erties.
In 1957, Bents [24] represented La2CrMnO6 as monoclinic phase to
display the distortions of the structure from ideal cubic symmetry, and
Barrozo et al. [20] reported that the structure of disordered La2CrMnO6
was rhombohedral with space group R3̄c (No. 167). However, Palakkal
et al. [19] obtained the orthorhombic structure with space group Pbnm
(No. 62), and furthermore, many reports are favoring the orthorhombic
structure with space group Pbnm in previous researches [21–23,25]. In
addition, as listed in Table 1, majority of the orthorhombic lattice
parameters evidence O-type orthorhombic structure (b < c < a),
√2
which confirms the removal of Jahn-Teller distortions [23]. The or-
thorhombic structure also implies that the Cr and Mn ions could occupy
the B′ and B″ randomly. This feature is common in double perovskite
structures if the cationic radii of the B′ and B″ sites are comparable. The
random distribution of B′ and B″ ions in double perovskites will further
cause complicated magnetic exchange interactions.
The origin of magnetic exchange interactions has been investigated
with the help of neutron diffraction [23,24], first-principle calculation
[22] and other magnetism measurements [20,21,25]. However, there is
a lot of controversies about the origin of the magnetic exchange inter-
actions in La2CrMnO6. Barrozo et al. [20] and Sun et al. [25] believe
that the origin of the ferromagnetism in La2CrMnO6 is due to the
Cr3+–O2−–Mn3+ double-exchange interactions. However, Karpinsky
et al. [23] presented a ‘two-phase’ model supposing a certain segrega-
tion into ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic regions, and this model
supposed the super-exchange Mn3+–O2−–Mn3+ ferromagnetic inter-
actions as well as negative Cr3+–O2−–Cr3+ anti-ferromagnetic inter-
actions. In addition, multiple transitions with ferromagnetic ordering at
low temperature along with spin glass transitions at 4.7 and 107 K are
observed by Palakkal et al. [19], which is due to the competing mag-
netic interaction between Cr and Mn ions. Table S1 (Supplemental Ma-
terial) has summarized the magnetic exchange interactions, low-tem-
perature saturation magnetism (Ms), and ferromagnetic transition

⁎
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: dy263@hdu.edu.cn (D. Yang), dxhuo@hdu.edu.cn (D. Huo).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.11.090
Received 29 October 2018; Received in revised form 27 November 2018; Accepted 27 November 2018
Available online 01 December 2018
2211-3797/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
D. Yang et al.
Table 1
Lattice parameters (in Å) for La2CrMnO6 in literatures. The volumes per unit cell and the proportions of the lattice parameters are also listed.
References Space group a b
Yang et al. [22] Pbnm 5.492
Karpinsky et al. [23] Pbnm (4.2 K) 5.5203
Pbnm (300 K) 5.5286
Singh et al. [21] Pbnm 5.5230
Palakkal et al. [19] Pbnm 5.5130
This study Pbnm 5.5224
temperature (Tc) of La2CrMnO6 in literatures.
Based on above-mentioned literatures, the structure, exchange in-
teractions and physical properties are still open questions for
La2CrMnO6. The purpose of present study is further understanding the
magnetic transition, exchange interactions, crystal structure, and va-
lence states of transition metal elements. Because of the wide variability
in structural state and physical properties of La2CrMnO6 prepared for
different studies in the literature it is vital to measure different prop-
erties on the same sample, as has been done here for X-ray diffraction
(XRD), magnetisms, resistivity, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS).
Experimental methods
Sample preparation
Reagent-grade La2O3 (AR), MnO2 (AR) and Cr2O3 (AR) were used as
starting materials to prepare polycrystalline La2CrMnO6 sample by a
conventional solid-state reaction method. Stoichiometric amounts of
La2O3, MnO2 and Cr2O3 were mixed in ethanol for 6 h and agate balls
were used as the milling media. After drying at 353 K for 12 h, the
powder mixtures were ground and then calcined at 1373 K for about
50 h in pure oxygen atmosphere with an intermediate grinding. Finally,
the powder was uniaxially pressed at 25 MPa and the as-obtained pel-
lets of 10 mm diameter and about 2 mm height were sintered at 1573 K
for 6 h, also in pure oxygen atmosphere.
X-ray diffraction
Room temperature X-ray diffraction data were collected from a X’
Pert Powder diffractometer of PANalytical company with CuKα X-rays
(λ = 0.154056 nm). Collections conditions were: 5–95° in two theta,
0.013 step size, 40.8 s/step. Lattice parameters and occupancies were
obtained through Rietveld refinements with TOPAS-Academic V6 soft-
ware [26]. The background and peak shape were fitted by a shifted
Chebyshev function with 8 parameters and a Pseudo-Voigt function
(TCHZ type).
Magnetic and electric measurements
An MPMS-XL-7 quantum interference device (SQUID) was used to
measure the field dependence of magnetization of La2CrMnO6 at 2, 32,
112, 152, and 212 K in a magnetic field of up to 3 T. Thermal evolution
of the field cooling (FC) and zero field cooling (ZFC) DC susceptibility at
500 Oe of the sample between 2 K and 400 K were also measured at the
same machine. The AC susceptibility were measured at DC fields up to
30 Oe and an AC field of 1 Oe at frequencies of 1, 3, 113, 433, 733 and
999 Hz over a wide range of temperatures from 2 K up to 212 K using an
MPMS SQUID magnetometer from Quantum Design. The resistivity as a
function of temperature is measured with a Quantum Design Physical
Properties Measurements System (PPMS) using the standard four-probe
technique.
345
Results in Physics 12 (2019) 344–348
c Volume a: b: c / 2
5.520 7.780 235.857 1:1.005:1.002
5.5093 7.7918 236.97 1:0.9980:0.9981
5.5112 7.8016 237.71 1:0.9968:0.9978
5.4869 7.7709 235.49 1:0.9935:0.9949
5.4752 7.7601 234.24 1:0.9931:0.9953
5.4800 7.7680 235.08 1:0.9923:0.9947
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
XPS measurements were performed by Thermol scientific (Escalab
250Xi), and the equipment features Al Kα X-rays with the 150 W op-
erating power and a spot size of 500 µm width was selected.
Results
Structure, and valence states of transition elements
The room temperature XRD Rietveld refinement result of
La2CrMnO6 is shown in Fig. 1, and the inset is the crystal structure. The
crystal structure is orthorhombic with space group Pbnm (No. 62)
symmetry, and the lattice parameters are a = 5.5224(2),
b = 5.4800(2), c = 7.7680(3), with Rwp = 6.92%, Rp = 4.84% and
χ2 = 2.17. This result is consistent with previous reports on La2CrMnO6
in orthorhombic structure as shown in Table 1 [19,21–23]. Because of
c
the lattice parameters relationship b < 2 < a , this orthorhombic
structure belongs to the O-type orthorhombic structure [27,28], which
is easy to remove the Jahn-Teller distortions [23]. To consider the
possible occupying of Cr and Mn ions in different sites, the X-ray data
has also been refined in monoclinic phase of space group P21/n, and the
results are shown in Fig. S1 (Supplemental Material). The typical
monoclinic angle β is so close to 90°, and the Rietveld refinement have
worse results of the reliability factors in comparison with the Pbnm,
which implies that the random distribution of the Cr and Mn ions is
more possible. Thus, the Pbnm symmetry is more suitable for
La2CrMnO6 in this study, which is corresponding to the refinement
results in majority of the previous studies [19,21–23].
The valence states of transition elements have a strong relationship
Fig. 1. Room temperature XRD Rietveld refinement result of La2CrMnO6.
Observed profile is indicated by the black cross-shape and the calculated profile
by the red solid line. Bragg peak positions are shown by green vertical peaks,
and the difference diffractogram (observed one minus calculated one) is shown
at the bottom. The inset is the crystal structure from the Rietveld refinement.
Atom (color): Cr/Mn (yellow), La (orange), O (red). (For interpretation of the
references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web ver-
sion of this article.)
D. Yang et al. Results in Physics 12 (2019) 344–348

Fig. 2. XPS spectra for La2CrMnO6 of (a) Cr 2p3/2 and (b) Mn 2p3/2 in
La2CrMnO6 along with the fitted curves.

with the magnetic exchange interactions. Thus, to explore the valence

state of transition elements, the XPS spectra for Cr 2p and Mn 2p of
La2CrMnO6 with the fitted curves are obtained in Fig. 2, and the C 1s is
taken as reference energy for correcting the binding energy. Normally,
Cr ions are in 3+ valence state [21], and Cr3+ ions contain unpaired d
electrons which will exhibit multiple structures [29]. The fitting results
of Fig. 2a show five individual peaks for the Cr 2p3/2 peak because of
the multiple splitting of the Cr3+ ions, and the binding energy and
percentage of total area are listed in Table 2. The fitting parameters,
which conform to the previous results [29], confirm the Cr3+ existed
dominantly in La2CrMnO6. Therefore, Mn ions should also be pre-
dominantly in the same valence state as the 3+ valence state of Cr ions
depending on the electroneutrality. Similar to Cr3+ ions, the Mn3+ ions
also exhibit the feature of significant multiple splitting [29]. Curve
fitting of Mn 2p3/2 spectra is shown in Fig. 2b with five individual peaks
based on the multiple splitting, and the fitting parameters are listed in
Fig. 3. (a) Thermal evolution of FC and ZFC DC susceptibility of La2CrMnO6 at
500 Oe from 2 to 400 K. Inset is the temperature dependence of inverse sus-
ceptibility (FC) and the solid red line is the Curie-Weiss fit on the inverse sus-
ceptibility. (b) Temperature dependence of resistivity without magnetic field:
the inset shows the ln (ρ) versus 1/T curve, and the solid red line is an Arrhenius
law fit. (c) Magnetization (M) vs magnetic field (H) isotherms at 2, 32, 112,
152, and 212 K. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure le-
gend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Table 2. This result further confirms the 3+ valence state of Mn ions in
La2CrMnO6. Thus, the dominant magnet exchange interactions could be
Cr3+–O2−–Mn3+ ferrimagnetic or ferromagnetic double-exchange in-
teractions, which will be confirmed by the magnetic and electric data.

Table 2
XPS fitting parameters of Cr 2p3/2 and Mn 2 p3/2 for La2CrMnO6: binding energy (eV), and percentage of total area.
Ions Peak1 (eV) % Peak2 (eV) % Peak3 (eV) % Peak4 (eV) % Peak5 (eV) %

Cr3+ 574.99 38.2 576.06 26.6 577.14 25.0 578.28 6.1 579.03 4.1
Mn3+ 640.02 30.9 641.20 33.4 642.30 17.5 643.51 14.5 644.94 3.6

346
D. Yang et al. Results in Physics 12 (2019) 344–348

Table 3 Table 4
The effective moment (in units of µB/f.u.) calculated for different combinations Coercivity (Hc), remanence (Mr) and saturation magnetism Ms (µB/f.u.) of
of Cr3+ and Mn3+ cations. La2CrMnO6 at different measured temperatures.
Spin-only moment Mn3+ (HS) Mn3+ (LS) Measured Coercivity HC Remanence Mr Saturation
temperature (K) (Oe) (µB/f.u.) magnetism Ms (µB/
Cr3+ 8.8 µB/f.u. 6.7 µB/f.u. f.u.)
Spin-orbit coupling Mn3+ (HS) Mn3+ (LS)
Cr3+ 13.2 µB/f.u. 10.6 µB/f.u. 2 ∼300 ∼0.720 2.55
32 ∼50 ∼0.223 2.45
112 ∼10 ∼0.045 1.70
152 ∼20 ∼0.005 —
Magnetism and resistivity
212 ∼0 ∼0 —

Fig. 3a shows the variation of ZFC and FC DC susceptibility of

La2CrMnO6 from 2 to 400 K measured at 500 Oe. From Figs. 3a and S2
(Supplemental Material), the ferrimagnetic or ferromagnetic transition
temperature (Tc) can be determined as ∼118 K as the external magnetic
field is 500 Oe, which implies that a ferrimagnetic (or ferromagnetic)
exchange interaction occurs between Cr and Mn ions. Combined the
XPS results, this exchange interaction is due to the Cr3+–O2−–Mn3+
double-exchange interactions. The inset in Fig. 3a is the inverse sus-
ceptibility derived from FC magnetization for 500 Oe, which conforms
to the Curie-Weiss (CW) law. A least square fit (solid red line) to the
data in the linear region above ∼150 K, the effective paramagnetic
moment, µeff = 2.828 C , where C is the Curie constant, is obtained as
5.56 µB/f.u. and the paramagnetic Curie temperature Θ is obtained as
150 K, which exhibits the ferrimagnetic (or ferromagnetic) exchange
interactions. The theoretical effective moment for various combinations
of Cr3+ and Mn3+ ions of the spin-only moments and spin-orbit case is
listed in Table 3. The experimental value of the µeff (5.56 µB/f.u.) is
mostly close to the predicted spin-only moments (6.7 µB/f.u.) between
Cr3+ and low-spin Mn3+ cations. According to the Good-
enough–Kanamori rule [30], the super-exchange interaction for
La2CrMnO6 between Cr3+ (t 32g e0g ) and low-spin Mn3+ (t 2g 4 0
eg ), which is
0
between two-empty eg orbitals, is strong and anti-ferromagnetic (AFM)
interactions. However, the positive value of Θ (150 K) from the CW law
has confirmed the ferrimagnetic (or ferromagnetic) interactions for this
sample. Thus, the double-exchange interaction is more likely for this
La2CrMnO6 sample. In addition, Sun et al. [25] also proposed that the
ferrimagnetism or ferromagnetism was from the double-exchange in-
teraction depending on the strong correlation between magnetic and
electrical transport properties. As shown in Fig. 3a, the precipitous in-
crease in the magnetic moment of ZFC and FC curve below ∼170 K
could be due to the charge localization, which will be confirmed by the
electric data. The resistivity (ρ) as a function of temperature from 300 K
to 165 K is shown in Fig. 3b. The value of the ρ at room temperature is
about 0.94 Ω⋅m, and then the values increase on cooling, which is a
typical semiconductor. A linear correlation between ln ρ and 1/T is
exhibited in the inset of Fig. 3b, which conforms the Arrhenius law
(ρ = ρ0exp(−Ea/RT)). The Arrhenius plot gives Ea/R = ∼2100 K,
which implies that the activation energy Ea of the charge localization is
about 0.18 eV.
The bifurcation between the FC and ZFC curves at ∼100 K is mostly
due to the magnetic inhomogeneities. This inhomogeneous feature
could be correlated with the sharp increase of the ZFC curve from 2 K to
∼10 K when the temperature increases. The most possibility of the
sudden increase in the ZFC curve is due to some freezing behaviors
induced by some inhomogeneous impurities which will be further Fig. 4. (a) The real (left, χ′) and (b) imaginary (right, χ″) parts of AC sus-
confirmed by the AC magnetic susceptibility. ceptibility from 2 to 212 K for La2CrMnO6, with external DC magnetic field
The magnetic hysteresis (MH) loop measured at various tempera- H = 30 Oe and an AC magnetic field of 1 Oe at frequencies of 1, 3, 113, 433,
tures is shown in Fig. 3c. As shown in Fig. 3c and Table 3, the low- 733 and 999 Hz. (c) Arrhenius plot of frequency f versus 1/Tm, from the data of
temperature saturation magnetism (Ms) at 2 K is about 2.55 µB/f.u., and Fig. S3 in Supplemental Material.
the theoretical one should be 5 µB/f.u. expected for Cr3+ and low-spin
Mn3+ if for a ferromagnetic material. However, the experimental Ms is as a ferrimagnetism. When the temperature increases to 32 K, the Ms
much lower than a predicted ferromagnetic one, which could be due to decreases slightly to 2.45 µB/f.u., and then the Ms decreases pre-
the random distribution of Cr3+ and Mn3+ ions. Thus, the magnetism cipitously to 1.70 µB/f.u. at 112 K. The MH loops mainly exhibit the
type of the double perovskite La2CrMnO6 in this study is more possible paramagnetic feature at 152 K and 212 K as shown in Fig. 3b. As listed

347
D. Yang et al.
in Table 4, such small coercive fields (Hc) implies that La2CrMnO6 is a
typical soft magnetic material.
Fig. 4a and b shows the AC magnetic susceptibility over the tem-
perature range from 2 K to 212 K, with DC magnetic field of 30 Oe and
AC magnetic field of 1 Oe, and the measured frequencies are 1, 3, 113,
433, 733 and 999 Hz. The typical peaks at ∼118 K of the real parts (χ′)
are consistent with the ferrimagnetic transition temperature (Tc), which
is observed in the derivative of FC curve (Fig. S2). Correspondingly, the
broad peaks of the imaginary (χ″) parts of AC susceptibility under
different frequencies are all below 118 K and frequency dependent. The
relationship between frequency and peaks in the imaginary (χ″) parts
are shown in Fig. S3 (Supplemental Material). We assumed that a ther-
mally activated mechanism with frequency (f) at Tm is expected to
follow the Arrhenius law f = f0exp(−Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation
energy, f0 is the attempt frequency, and R represents the Boltzmann
constant. As shown in Fig. 4c, an Arrhenius plot gives Ea/R = ∼2194 K,
and thus, the activation energy Ea is ∼0.19 eV. This value is so close to
the activation energy (∼0.18 eV) of the charge localization mechanism,
and thus we proposed that the frequency-dependent feature of the
imaginary (χ″) parts has a strong correlation with the charge locali-
zation of this La2CrMnO6 sample. Thus, the ferrimagnetic transition
along with the charge localization is mainly due to the competing
magnetic interactions arising from Cr and Mn ions.
There is a sharp increase of the real parts (χ′) from 2 K to ∼ 12 K
(Fig. 4a), which is associated with the feature in the ZFC curve (Fig. 3a).
Meanwhile, imaginary (χ″) shows a small peak at ∼10 K with fre-
quency-independent, and this feature further confirms some freezing
behavior which is induced by some impurities or the competing be-
tween Cr and Mn ions.
Conclusion
In summary, double perovskite La2CrMnO6 is synthesized with an
orthorhombic Pbnm crystal structure, and it is a typical soft magnetic
material because of the small coercive fields (Hc). The valence states of
Cr and Mn ions are all trivalent. The effective moment and para-
magnetic Curie temperature Θ are 5.56 µB/f.u. and ∼150 K, respec-
tively, and a ferrimagnetic transition at ∼118 K is observed from the
DC and AC magnetic measurements because of the Cr3+–O2−–Mn3+
double-exchange interactions. Correspondingly, the ferrimagnetic
transition just below ∼118 K with the feature of frequency-dependent
are confirmed by the imaginary parts of AC susceptibility, and the
thermal activation energy Ea is 0.19 eV which has a strong correlation
with the charge localization behavior.
Acknowledgments
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51702289, 11574066, 11704091).
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.11.090.
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