a See Seo) (a) Peele ile oid ry aie) et ae PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS 1 STUDENT BOOK ESSPDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL UL eS Student Book‘bichad by PareonEoucaton Limited, 80 Stan, London, WO2R OR. ‘ww peasenlonischo's eam Copia fil specteations ral Passe quafcations may b found on the ‘nebate Mpaqulestors asson come “ext © Peeron Education Lites 2018 te by Ere Pras! Designed by © Person Education Une 2018 “ypnet by Tach Set A, Gatshand, UK ‘niga! srsiona © Pearson Education Limes 2018 msated by Tech Set Lis, Gatsooad, UK (Cover design by © Pearson Essen Lind 2018 “hers of Grea Atwood, Jack Baradlouh, an Betison, Gordon Davos, eth Gales, Dane Goldbe Alstar Maccherson Aone hosee, Bronwen Moa, 'SuNereleon, Dane iver, Jo Pava, Keen Pledger, Cong Sa, Joe Skekons ‘any Smith Gaot Stay. 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Pretec by Negra Sloat “The pulahor woud Ho han the floning forthe Kn periton to repeduce thor retorts Alay Stock Photo: ih 36; Gey Images: Gra 150, Hanlin an Sows 16 ‘nvm 1: NASR: 170: Seance Photo Lary Ld: CUS XPEAIVENT CERN 5: ‘Cover imogos Front: Getty mages: Were Vn Seen ‘neds ont cover Shutestocieom: Ont Lao. ‘Alloter images © Pearson Eacaton Allerwor © Parson Earaton Endorsement Statement In rderto ensure ta hs resource fers high-aality support ortho aseocod Pearson qualification, thas een tro 2 evew process ty te aardng bod ‘Tis proces conta ht is resource il covers the teaching andar contr of te spaiieaon orp ofa specteaton a wich ts aed so onfme that #domonstats an sperpros balance Bote he development Cf etoc ils, inowedge and undewtaning, nadine preparation for Endorsetrant oss not covery guidance en assensment ati cr processen (practice quests or advice how fo anwar asestnertquason) ‘noid nto rscuee, or coos precesbe ary pare epee 0 Me ‘aching or cater ot asta couse Wil th publishers have made every snp to anaes ates on te ‘uslfcaton ands sesesomt scours tho oftchl specaton and {sscited assessrent gucace raters athe cr auihortatve source of Infomation and spout avaye bored fer deve guidance Pearson examiners hve nat contibted tary secon inthe rear evant 6 ‘raninaton papers fr whch thay rave report Examiners wl no use endorsed resources as a source of matory tases! sl by Parson Encorsrent of resource dos nal ean Bat ‘resource i: roqures' ahve ths Peaon Gualfeaior nor Joes tan att ‘Ste an sutale maton! avaiable te suppor he quiet, andy recouce ets prosuces by ne evar body salincude the and chor apereprteeA COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 1 2 QUADRATICS 18 3 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 36 4 GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 57 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS 85 6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 104 7 RADIANS 133 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 9 INTEGRATION 170 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181 EXAM PRACTICE 185 GLOSSARY 187 ANSWERS 190 INDEX 222ESS CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 GRAPHS AND EXPRESSIONS 1 TRANSFORMATIONS 57 1.1 INDEX LAWS 2 4.1 CUBIC GRAPHS 58 1.2 EXPANDING BRACKETS 4 4,2 RECIPROCAL GRAPHS 62 1.3 FACTORISING 6 4.3 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 63 1.4 NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL 4.4 TRANSLATING GRAPHS 67 INDICES 9 4.5 STRETCHING GRAPHS 7 1.5 SURDS 12 4.6 TRANSFORMING FUNCTIONS 75 1.6 RATIONALISING DENOMINATORS 13 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 78 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 15 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 CHAPTER 2 QUADRATICS 18 2.1 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 19 GHAPTER 5 STRAIGHT LINE 2.2 COMPLETING THE SQUARE 22 2.3 FUNCTIONS 25 GRAPHS 8 2.4 QUADRATIC GRAPHS. 27 eee 25 oe DISCRIMINANT 30 5.2 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES 89 CHAPTER REVIEW 2 33 5.3 tae AND PERPENDICULAR « 5.4 LENGTH AND AREA 96 CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS AND CHAPTER REVIEW 5 99 INEQUALITIES 36 371 UINEAR SIMULTANEOUS CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 37 Ratios 104 3.2 QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS 6.1 THE COSINE RULE 105 EQUATIONS 8 6.2 THE SINE RULE 110 3.3 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS ON 6.3 AREAS OF TRIANGLES 116 34 tinea INEQUALITIES i 6.4 SOLVING TRIANGLE PROBLEMS = 118 3.5 QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 46 65 ca SINE, COSINE AND 123 3,6 INEQUALITIES ON GRAPHS 49 3.7 REGIONS 51 6.6 MN TRIGONOMETRIC os CHAPTER REVIEW 3 54 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 129CS ats CHAPTER 7 RADIANS 133 7.1 RADIAN MEASURE 134 7.2 ARC LENGTH 135 7.3 AREAS OF SECTORS AND SEGMENTS 139 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 145 CHAPTER 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 8.1 GRADIENTS OF CURVES 151 8.2 FINDING THE DERIVATIVE 154 8.3 DIFFERENTIATING x" 157 8.4 DIFFERENTIATING QUADRATICS = 159 8.5 DIFFERENTIATING FUNCTIONS WITH TWOORMORE TERMS 161 8.6 GRADIENTS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS: 163 8.7 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES 165 CHAPTER REVIEW 8 167 CHAPTER Q INTEGRATION 170 9.1 INTEGRATING x" 71 9.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 173 9.3 FINDING FUNCTIONS 176 ‘CHAPTER REVIEW 9. 178 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof * Rigorous and consistent approach throughout. + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2, Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated speci the problem into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies inaroret ects sei * Challenge questions provide extra stretch l precio’ 3. Transferable skills repent infomation + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book EDU UIE NS SS caencrpi a gosto ne specication content or 255) teteence ach chapter starts wth a IstotLeaming oblecives “The Prior knowledge check helps make sure You ae ready to stan tho chapter The real world applications of Glossary terms val be the maths you are about to lam ‘dented by bald blue text ‘ae highlighted athe start of he on thee frst appearance chapterABOUT THIS BOOK iL Sep pystep wored ] ‘xara focus on the ey types of questions youl need to tackle Taetoabe aula ] signposted where ‘hey naturaly occur Inthe exeaites and exareies Bocxe auctor] so arty ado 0 they increase sii and gradual ‘beng youu exam standard Bean wena with exam-ae {vestona fo nour you Sr ready for tre exam Frobler-soling boxes povdetints | [Each secton bogie (hatonge boxes ave tips and sratogis, and Watch out vith an explanation yous chance o cle Exam-style questions bores ighightareas whore stucents | [angeyieamng pois [tome more amcut are flagged with © otenlece mars n her exams, euestons Problem-solving ‘questions are flagged Each chapter ends with a Chapter review with @ anda Summary of ey pants Aiterevery few chapers, a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with ST lots of arse questions ; Exam practice Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiny/ Advanced Level Pure Mathematics 1 Review exercise’ 1 EEE eeemtman cate ‘Rul practice paper the back ofthe book helps you prepare forthe real thingPO eu ODESSA =p QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 1 (P1) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Mathematics International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, = ry ure Mathematics1 335 %oflAS | 75 Thour30mins. | January, June and October Papercode WMAI1/01_ | 162% of AL Ficst assessment January 2019 |AS~ Intemational Advanced Subsidiary, IAL - International Advanced A Level Assessment objectives and weightings Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques n'a variety of contests ‘Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precse statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form. Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms ofthe original situation, Including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. CComprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics use the results of ‘406 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; ad, where appropriate, read sm pages 4-6 linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 Know and use the laws of indices > pages 9-11 Simplify and use the rules of surds pages 12-13 denominator + pages 13-15 5x4 243x2— Tx 12 € International GCSE Mathematics Expand: a 3(r+4) © 62x- & International GCSE Mathematics 1e down the highest common factor of: a 26and16 b 6xand 8x? Computer scientists use indi tod © 4xy2and 3xy — € International GCSE Mathematics Aquantum computer with 1 Simplify: qubits (quantum bits) can consider 10x 210% yalues simultaneously Ths is greater than the number of particl in the observable uacu Gee @ Index laws ™ You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. This isthe index, ¥ power or exponent + ax ann these expressions: aves basa ed eae @ PK FBS pe == Gn Watch out Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: Gut a -3x(7x-4) b PG-2) © Ax3x- 22+ 5x) d 2x(5x+3)-52x43)EVs aS) Cae * = ee by" - 2p) = 3y* - ay a -3x7x-4)= © 4x(8x- 2x2 + 5°) ax? ~ Bx? + 20x4 4 2x(5x+3)- 52x43) = 10x? + 6x = 10x~ 15 Ox? Simplify these expressions: Sexy Se2= Gx | 20x74 1S * 2 3x7 ¢ 2041539 _ 2087, = 4x7"? 4 38 Exercise @)) 1. Simplify these expressions: axa! bw xan ef 4p" ay ays op * ae £ 0 g 0x5 + 2x8 h (pp spt i QaPs 20 i Spte4p! 2a x 3a8 1 ae m 9x? x 30x27 m 3x3 x 2x? x 4x 0 Tat x Baty? a? x 6a Polat x Qe xaaa Gees 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a 9x -2) b (x49) © 394-39) a x45) © -xGr+5) f -Sx(4x +1) g x4 Spx h -3y(5 - 292) i -2x(5x-4) j Gx-3)2 k 30+2+0-7 1 Sx-6-(3x-2) m (c+ 3d) 32e+d?) om (P +3P +9)- QP 432-4) 0 xx? = 2x +5) Pp W2-Sy43~) 4 -27°6 - Ty + 3p?) F 1(x-2)+ 3+ 4)- 6x2) s Sy- 34-20 +6 t 3xt-xG-4y47 uw Axor 3)-2xGN- 7) v 32x41) -SeGY=4) 3. Simplify these fractions: Gxt+ 10x® 2 ‘Ix? + 5x? © Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression. Multiplying each ofthe 2 terms in the first expression by each of the 3 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms, <~ (x 5)Gx-2y +3) = xix 2y +3) + 5(Gx=2y +3) NALA wnt = 2xy + 3x4 20x 109+ 15. Bx ix'= 2ay'#+ 23x~ 10y-+ 15 —— Simplify your answer by collecting like terms GENT) ED wore Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (w+ Six +2) b (xx + 1) © (x-yp d (x+y)Gx- 27-4)rer B Ss Cae 6 WF = ven y exeleyey 4 (e+ yiGx- ap - 4) (Sx - 2y 4) + Sx 2-4) x? = Oxy — Ax + 3xp xe + xp — Ax ~ 2y* — 4p ex) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a x(2x+3)v-7) b x(Sx—3y)2x—y +4) © (r= 4x e+ D) | ay? — ay a M2x + 3)lv- 7) = (2x2 + 3ajix - 7) nS = lx? + Bx? - 2x x8 = Mx? — 2x , b xSx- 3y)!2x- y+ 4) x2 = Bux = y+ 4) x2x~y + 4) ~ Sxy2x-y + 4) = 10x3 ~ Say + 20x? ~ Gxéy + Bay? ~ tay 10x? — tHxéy + 20x? + Bay? - texy 6 (r= Age + Me +) x= 12)(r +1) 20x #1) alu # 1) 120 + 1) 94x? x 12x12 EXD srerecvrn 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (ee ee) B (x= 3042) © (= 2 4 (x- 92x43) e (+ 3x») f 2x-4))8x+9) g 2x-3)x-4) hh Bx4 29 i Qr+8)Qr+3) J (e+ 502x435) k (v= DGr-4y-5) 1 (v= 4y)Qr +45) m(x+2y=1er+3) mn Qx+2y+3x+6) 0 A-y)4y- 443) p (4y + 5\3x-y +2) 4 (Sy-2x+3)r-4) or yx - 25-9)aa Cea} 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a S(x+ 1rd) b 1(x- 22x45) © 30 3)0r-3) @ x= y+») © xQx4y)Gx+4) f ye Sor) g rGx— 24x +2) h y(7-)Qx-5) i xx +yXSx-2) jo xert 2043-4) K yQxty-Dort5) 1 yGx+2y-3Qr+1) m xQx + 3)04y=5) fn 2NGx=D4Y=y=3) 0 3x(=2WAW+3y45) D(x + 304 Her D, GHD Ale+B) or OV #3YK= r= 5) 8 (x= Sx 4)ox—3) t Qr+DO@-Wet1) — u Ax+3\Gr- D+) ¥ Gx=2Qr+DGx=2) wet Vor) x Qx-3yP ® 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. ee ‘The rectangle has length 3x ~ y +4 and width x +7. rarer eee Tey ‘The square has side length x ~ 2. s Find an expanded and simplified expression eit leis ers Oe Os eo for the area shaded green. sem war Tem Beye © 4 A cuboid has dimensions (x + 2)em, (2x - Dem and Qx+ 3)em. Show that the volume of the cuboid is (4x + 12x? + 5x~6)em’, GB) 5 Given that 2x + $y)(3x- 2x + y) = ax + bay + oxy? + dy3, where a, 6, ¢ and d are constants, find the values of a, 4, ¢ and d. (2 marks) Caer Expand and simplify (x +9). @®) Kactorising You can write expressions asa product of their factors. (sang beh = Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. sees ate? + any (v4 5)? =29 # 15x? + 75x + 125 (e+ 20- = 3xy 10)? Factoring)EVs aS) Cae GEO ©) EE wre Factorise these expressions completely: a axed b t-5x © 8x2 + 20x d 9x2y-4 15x92 € 3x? Oxy a 3x49= 3043) b x?-Sx=xr-5) | © Bx? + 20x = Ax2x + 5) | 4 Ox2y + 15xy" BxyBx + Sy) © 3x? - aay = 3uty - 3 | 1 A quadratic expression has the form (CEELED eat numbers are ll the positive and ax? + bx + ewhere a, b and care real negative numbers, or zero, including fractions numbers and a0. and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: + Find two factors of ac that add up to b: Fe eC aye te am Ga + Rewrite the 6 term as a sum of these 2x 46x-3 two factors + Factorise each pair of terms =x(@e~ 1) #3(2x- 1) + Take out the common factor x= D+ 3) meee ater) CEEED tn croressionin the form 92 is called the difference of two squares. Factorise: at-Sy-6 bx H6r+8 —c G=Tly-10 dd 7=25—e Ax? 9y? Sx(v = Gx #1) = (x4 Mx-6)Ce ain Gees baxt+ex4d 24 2vE4E HS sx 2) + 4x + 2) (xt 24 4) | © 6x?-Mx-10 6x2 = 15x 44x = 10 3x2x ~ 5) + 22x — 5) (2x - 53x + 2) . 4 x7- 25 = 5 x + Sw = 5) : @ 4x? - 9y? = Bex? = Bey (2x + 3y2x ~ 39) Factorise completely: a P22? b= 2x EIN LON x2) b x5 ~ 258 i xix? - 54) x(x + Sr 5) 6 x8 + 3x2 = 10: x(x? + 3x = 10) xx Sx - 2) GSE 16) IED vo2.-soune 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a axe b 6x-24 © 20x #15 awed e 42420 f 6x?- 18 g voir bh 2x? 44x i axt-x j 6xt-2x k 1oy?= Sy 1 35x2= 28 m x4 2x n3y42y 4x° + 12 p 5)°=20y 4 Sxy? + Ley s Sx? 25xy t Dey + 8xy? v 12x30 woy-xyEVs aS) Cae 2 Factorise: a tear b 2x + 6x © e+ let m8 a esr ele ear 40 f e-sr412 g tS 46 h e-2y-04 i e310 k ate svt? 1 3x24 10x-8 TEES ED recpertm tthe 2 outasacomon poets Mri 24 factor fist, For part p, let y= x% 1 e-49 t 9x2 = 2592 u 36-4 y 2x50 Ww Gx? = 10x44 x 15v 4420-9 3 Factorise completely ae +2x © B= 5x d 8-94 f 841? + 30x gS Tx2 + 6x i 2x3 - 5x? 3x 1 3x3 + 27a? + 60x j 2x + 13x + 15 (amr Watch out for terms that can be written as a function of a function, for example: = WP, GB) 4 Factorise completely ® 5 Factorise completely 6x" + 7x2 = 5x, 2marks) Challenge Write 4x*— 13x2 + 9 as the product of four linear factors. B®) Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. c= Rational Thumbers are those that co te ha con be writen as 4 where similarly xt ext... xataxtede ‘ isa lO = eo You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. + ahs %a CELE ie istne positive square root of a For example: 9 + ana Var aod same butge aSC aie clas tiT V eno aia) Simplify: as b Fe Td Dwi gays @ TRENT 2 ¢ (faetax CS 10) LED wevrecrnon Evaluate: CmeM as esa Cate W 2°, express cach of the following in the form kx", where k and 1 are constants, Geena Check that your answers are in the correct form IF and n are constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. EE rroucnsne 1 Simplify: aster? doy g 9x: © xix £ ant scat? Bo 3xtx 2x oxy | de (Px ORF 1 2. Evaluate, without using your calculator: a 25! bse aa 2g @" h 12962 iG kK () 3. Simplify: a (64x!) © (12sx8y a 9x2 = 1585 5x4 3x2 ax 15x © 4a Find the value of 814 (1 mark) Db Simplify x2«-)*, (2 marks) € g x3, express each of the following in the form kx", where & and pate constants. (2 marks) (2 marks) © 5 Given thatrae ace clas tiT V eno aia) @ sie: If nis an integer that is not a square number, then any muttiple of i Examples of surds are 2, /19 and 5/2. is called a surd. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. Irrational numbers cannot be written The decimal expansion ofa surd is never-ending inthe form“ where a and bare integers and never repeats, for example /2 = 1414213562. 6 You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. ™ You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab =a x vb Simplify: a Viz b © SVG - 224 + 294 © SVG ~ 2/24 + 204 Sv6 - 2V6 x v4 + VE x Vad BG-2x247) vee) = 8GEVs aS) Cae OM 12) ESTED rrorrensoume Expand and simplify if possible: a (2(5-v3) b (2-s3\S +93) a 205 - V3) 12 ~ 23 vE — VE — 10 + 2/3 — 5B — -38 Do not use your ealeulator for this exercise. 1 Simplify: a 28 b y72 © 50 _ a 12 a3 © 190 if Ep? 20480 i 200+ 8-7 k R03 47 1 80-2020 + N45 m 3y80 - 2,20 + S45 aT 0 12 + 4B + 75 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a y3(2+V3) b v5(3-V/3) © /24-v5) @ (2-2)34V5) € (2-V3)3-V7) £ (44 V5)(2+V5) g (5-v3)-V3) h (4432-3) i @-VTDQ+/T) © 3 Simplity V75 - VT? giving your answer in the form a/3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) © Rationatising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denor = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form ., multiply the numerator and denominator by vt. va + For fractions in the form ae multiply the numerator and denominator by (a avy i + For fractions in the form—+—, multiply the numerator and denominator by (a + VB). a-ibCR aia ON s es ssh Rationalise the denominator: “3 are "3-2 pte 1x12) 342 G+ 218-12) -— 3-2? 3-32+32-2 W542 _ 65 + 25 +12) 5-12 05 ~ 2)05 + 2) +52 + BB +2 atten ote 28) (4 = 2vBN4 + 2v3) |EVs aS) Cae EXE) rss Do not use your calculator for this exercise. 1 Simplify at ot ae 3 wa v5 2 raed we a 0 63 1 i+ val - 29 1 1 4 — _— et G-.aP aay oy a 7 e— t— Hay HDG-¥ GAH), 3-25 4 Simplily“= > eiving your answer in the Problem-solving. You can check that your answer isin the correct form by writing down the values of p and q and form p-+4\5, where p and are rational numbers (4imarks) checking that they ae rational number. CREEL 1) ELE occomermncron 1 Simplify: aya ys b axte 2x5 © (Ax?) 235 dA 3 xt 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a (x4 3)(x-5) b Qx-7)Gx+1) © r+ 9Gx-y+2) 3 Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x + 4yx=1) b (vt 2v= 347) © xv #3)0r=2)Ge=1) 4 Expand the brackets: a 35p +4) b SxB=Sx4+2x) € SxQv43)—2(1= 3x) d_-3a%(1 3x) = 20-2)alan Cea} 5. Factorise these expressions completely a 3x2 +4 b 4p? + Loy © @ 8x2 + 10x2y 6 Factorise: a xca3ye2 b 3x + 6x ¢ -2x-35 d 2x-x-3 e Se-13x-6 ff 6-Sx— 7. Factorise: a 2x4 6x b 2 ~36r © 8 Simplify a 9x8 = 3x3 bay © d 3x35 6x7 9 Evaluate, without using your calculator: 10 Simplify, without using your calculator: a b 120 + 2045 80 63 11 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x48 when x = 25, b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors 12 Expand and simplify if possible, without using your calculator: a 12(3455) b (2-55 403) ¢ (6-V24-\7) 13. Rationalise the denominator and simplify: se a 3 v2-1 +37 Q+3P (4-\7" 14 Do not use your calculator for this question, =O 38 a Given that 3-2 = 17-1 work out the values of b and ¢ ‘by +0), where b and care constants, b Hence, fully factorise x° — x? — 17x ~ 15. © 15 Given that y= qe". express each of the following in the form kx", where & and m are constants, ay! (mark) b ay! (mark) 16 Show that eam be written in the form i +VF, where a and bate integers, (Starks) © 17 Expand and simplify (11 ~ 5)(5 = V1) |, without using your calculator. (2 marks) © 18 Factorise completely x ~ 643, (3 marks) EB) 19 Express 27°! in the form 3, stating yin terms of x. marks)EVs aS) Cae @ » @®x Solve the equation 8 +.x12 = Give your answer in the form ai, where a and b are integers (4 marks) Do not use your calculator for this question. A rectangle has a length of (1 +3)cm and area of /IZem. Calculate the width of the rectangle in em. Express your answer in the form a+ by3, where a and b are integers to be found. @ Show that ean be written as 4x-$—4 + x5, (2 marks) Given that 243/3 = 3, find the value of a. (3 marks) 4xten Given that ‘ean be written in the form 4x"+ x, write down the value of a and the value of b. (2 marks) cs b Simplify (ia + vb)(va 1B). 1 1 1 He NO TR et ae WN) NEA) B+ Bread ed 1 enon You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. a xataanen amtataan-* + y= + aby= at Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx +c where a, b and c are real numbers and a + O. y= (xt yxy) You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. 1 You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab + al=1 “am fa x vb The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form —, multiply the numerator and denominator by va. + For fractions in the form —*, multiply the numerator and denominator by (a ~ vB). a+b + For fractions in the form — multiply the numerator and denominator by (a +).\ wr! is After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square © Read and use f(x) notation ‘working with functions © Sketch the graph and find the turning, point of a quadratic function “> pages 27-30 © Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression > pages 30-32 Dee ead the following equations: b 5(v-+3)=6(2x—1) d (v-8)= 64 € International GCSE Mathematics 2 Factorise the following expressions a 248x415 b x2 43x-10 © 3x2-14x-5, dx2- 400 « Section 1.3 3. Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses b y=10-2x ‘diy ae + International GCSE Mathematics 4 Solve the following inequali axt¢8<11 b 2v-5>13, a=) d4-x<1 ‘€ International GCSE Mathematics ADRATICS 13 Py , an > Quadratic functions are used to mod motion. Whenever an object ‘or launched, its path will approximately follow the shape of a parabola,Cau Caer 2%) solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form ax? + bx + ¢=0, where a, b and c are real constants, and a # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. = To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: The soutiong wan + Write the equation inthe form ax? + bx +e=0 ‘equation are sometimes called + Factorise the left-hand side the roots of the equation. + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x ex) cen rane Solve the following equations: ae-2v-15=0 be=9x © G84 13x-5=0 0 d x= 5x4 18=243x Sa This statement says Ifx-+3=0, then x= -3) a x 2x-15 (e+ 3e-9)20 Then either x43 or x-5=O>x=5 So x=-3 and x= 5 are the two sok of the equation. x(x = 9) Then elther x =O =9 The solutions are x= O and. x = 9 ce Gx?+18x-5=0 @x- 1% Then either x= 8x4 16=0 een 4 en either x ~ or x-4 eee ‘exactly one root itis called a repeated root. You ‘eanalso say that the equation has two equal roots. rrati CU) In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising. eee oy eT EID rnin 1 Solve the following equations using factorisation: aeeaee2=0 9 bxtesred=0 ¢ P4Tr4I0=0 — d P-x-6=0 e Part IS=0 fe 9rt=0 gg P-Sx-6=0 he -4y-12=0 2. Solve the following equations using factorisation: a wade b x?=25x ©3 edxtsIx+3=20 0 f 6x Tx- Sx? = 30: hh 4x? 16x41 3 Solve the following equations: a 3x7+5x=2 b (QQx-3F=9 o3e=s f (x-3F=13 g Gx-IP=11 i 6-72 11x jo de + 17x = 6x-207 4 This shape hasan area of 44m", I Divide the shape Into twa sections: Find the value of x. t ean i | ® 5 Solve the equation Sx #3 = INT.eu Cae Py ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadrat using the quadratic formula. 1 The solutions of the equation CED vc: ‘ax? + bx-+ ¢=0 ate given by the formula: ~bx P= hae : 2a CEE ines tx +e=0,the constants camel Qs du band care called coefcents O by using the quadratie formula. equations Solve 3x2 — 7x CX) ED wrerncnron 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula, Give your answers exaetly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. =0 e x846x46=0 © d x°~Sx-2=0 g 4x2- Tes? h Lis? +2x-7=0 aee3vtl=0 9b xt—3x- e 3x4 10x-2=0 f 4x? 4y— 2. Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula, Give your answers to three significant figures. attdet2=0 9 bat-Brtl=0 © x4 IIx- 0 £ 2x2 3y- 1820 g 3X4 8= 16x © Sx249x~ 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures, a e48r41220 bx +9x-11=0 © -9x-1=0 d 2x74 5x 4+2=0 GD vou con use any method Su are confident with to solv © Qx+8F=100 fF 6x2 +6=12¥ ionic ideal these equations. g t= =Te hve 8x15aii CU) 4 This trapezium has an area of 50m. Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(v3 - 1) m. Gece Height must be positive. You wil have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. + 19m— es COPS ‘ax? + hy + ¢= 0 before using the quadratic Given that »is positive, solve the equation ine peste x +2 195° @ Completing the square It is frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: . _ fe. byt (by wba (x43) -(3) ‘You can draw a diagram of this process when x and bare positive: 7 The original rectangle has been rearranged into the <——1—>+0> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. The two areas shaded blue are the same. stab Aquino nan por gy +r where p,q and r are real constants is ‘Complete the square for the expressions: in completed square form. a4 8x b e-3x ax + Ore b x?-3x= © 2x? — 12x = 2(x? - Gx)eu Caer Write 312 + 6 +1 in the form p(x + q)? +r, where p, q and r are integers to be found. Watch out Bx? + 6x41 Box? + 2x) +1 = ve FHI = ae 341 = re 1-2 Sop=3,q=1andr=-2. GREE) EID vrai © hrevesionse 1. Complete the square for these expressions: write the expression as 2 3 : 4x? — 16x + 10 then actde bxt-6x ee -16e dtex eta ldx UE OU 2 Complete the square for these expressions: ofthe fst tw tems a 24 16x b 3x= 24x © 5x74 20x d 2x?—Sx © By- 22 BRAG HAN) +10. 3 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? +r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a Qxt48re1 — b Sx2- 1543 ¢ 3e42v-1 © d 10-16x-43 @ 2y-8x2 +10 © 4 Given that x +3x+6=(x+ a)? +b, find the values of the constants a and b, (2 marks) © § Write 2 + 0.8% - 0.048? in the form 4 ~ Bx + CP, where A, Band Care constants to be determined, (3 marks) Solve the equation x° + 8x + 10 = 0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form. 4x4 1020 3? 4+ Bx (ee ae = 4 (es ae ce ae x+4aii CU) Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x +7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. at aa ‘This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x on its ‘own. The right-hand side is soit is unchanged. eo 4y+3=0 eae 2 (2 (2-344 GED vce your calculator to check solutions to quadratic equations quicly. EEN) AD sess saucers itty 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. 0 d= 10 ax+6r+1=0 bxe+i2e+3=0 © x 44e-2 2 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. b 5x24 8x - =0 a 15-6x~ a 2x24 6-3 =O ¢ 4x@=x- © 3 = 14e41 = (x +p)? +4, where p and q are constants. a Find the values of p and g 2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation 2° = 14 + 1 = 0 can be written in the form r + 5/3, where rand s are constants to be found, (2 marks) G®) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to the equation x2 + 2hx +¢=0 are given by the formula Follow the same steps as you would xed (4 marks) ifthe coefficients were numbers. Challenge 1 Show that the solutions to the equation ax? 4 2by += Oare given by x=— b+ Pa GBD stare by dividing the whole Va equation by a. Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation axé+ bx + ¢=0 canbe written as ED sou canuse tis methodto ~bs hae prove the quadratic formula, a € Section 2.1eu Caer @) Functions A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs toa single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. The set of possible inputs fora function is called the domain, Domain —_@)=9 Range ' The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) =.» maps five values in its domain to values in its range. = The roots of a function are the values of x for wi flax) = 0. The functions f and g are given by fx) = 2x - 10 Ifthe input ofa function, and g(x "rear be any eal number, then the a Find the values of f(5) and 2( 10), domain can be written as.x€ R. Find the value of x for which f(x) = g(x). ‘The symbol € means ‘isa member of and the symbol R represents the set of real numbers. 1 The function f is defined as fx) = 32 + 6x - 5, ER, a Write f(x) in the form (x + pF +g. b Hence, oF otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form, ¢ Write down the minimum value of fix), and state the value of » for which it occurs, (r+ ay - +3" f(x) has two roots: -3 +14 and -3 - Vid. PyPears So the minimum value of t This occurs when (x + 3° 50 when x = -3. Find the roots of the funetion f(x) = X84 Tx O°? + 70 (8 — Ne? + 6) Sox? = tora? f(a) can be written as a function of a function. ‘The only powers of xin f(x) are 6,3 and 0'so you can write itas a quadratic function of x°, Alternatively, let w fx) = x6 + 7x9 - 8 xe? + 7G ve + Tu Hus-6 549 The roots of f(x) are 1 and -2, | sos 1. Using the functions fix) = 5x +3, (x) (ars 2and h(x) = NT, find the values of: a) b 2) © hi) @ f(L.5) € 962) 4) f hel) gf) +e) — h KO) +e) +0) io 2 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = x - 2x, ve R. Given that fla) = 8, find two possible values for a. Substitute x = a into the function and set the resulting expression equal to 8. 3 Find all the roots of the following functions: a f(x) =10- 15x Db g(x) = (x + 9x = 2) a joy= 14-2 © ko)CU Cae 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) = x? — 3x and q(x) = 2x- 6, ER. Find the two values of x for which p(x) = q(x’. The functions f and g are given by flx) = 2x? + 30x and g(x) = 172, ve R. Find the three values of x for which f(x) = g(x), © 6 The function f is defined as f(x) = x*- 2x +2, R. a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)?+ g, where p and g are constants to be found (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the ‘minimum value of fi2). (mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a fl) = x5 +99 +8 b ahr) = at 12x? 432 BD The function in © ix) = 27x64 260 = 1 d(x) = 32x 33x +1 part b has four roots ek Tx +10 € m(x)= 2xi + 2x! - 12 8 The function f is defined as f(x) = 3° — 28(3*) + 27, ve R. ‘a Write f(x) in the form (3* — aX" — 6), where a and b are real constants, (marks) b_ Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) @ Quadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the graph of y= flx) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x? determines the overall shape of the graph. When ais positive, the parabola will have this shape: \/ When ais negative, the parabola will have this shape: /\ Consider f(x) as.a function ofa function, @ the graph crosses the y-axis when x =0 The y-coordinate is equal toc. » @ The graph crosses the -anis when y=0. The s-coordinates are roots of the Function fl) © Quadratic graphs have one turing point. This can be minimum ora maximum, ‘Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning, point and line of symmetry are half-way a , between the two roots You can find the coordinates of the turning point The graph of y= atx +p)? + gis of a quadratic graph by completing the square. G&D ree ee a ag aa IFf09 = ale p)? + g, the graph of y = f(x) has a ese sect ‘turning point at (p, 4). yaar by \ g > Section ff 21Pairs ry Gan (11) EE wverereanon Sketch the graph of y As a= 1's posttve, the graph has 2 \/ shape and a minimum pol When x= 0, y= 4, 80 the graph crosses the y-axis at (O, 4). When y = 0, at = Sx 4 cow 4-0 —___ x= lorx=4, so the graph crosses x-axis at (1, 0) and (4, 0 Completing the square: Sx +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. 20 the minimum pol has coordinates @-3) Ateratvly the minum occurs when x's alway between | and 4 (ans 50 the minimum has coordinates (5, 9). The sketch of the graph is: Cmeu Caer a=) Sketch the graph of y = 4x ~ 2x? — 3. Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the equation of its line of symmetry. As a=-2 is negative, the graph has 2 (\ shape and a maximum point. y = 3, so the graph he y-axis at (O, When y = 0, There are no real solutions, so the graph does not cross the x-axis Completing the square: 2x =P + 2 = lx = = 1 So the maximum point has coordinates a. The line of symmetry is vertical and goes through the maximum point. It has the equation x = 1 Cans 29Saale CU) GES oD == L_ Sketch the graphs of the following equations For each graph, show the coordinates of the point(s) where the graph crosses the coordinate axes, and write down the coordinates of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry. by +2v- 15 y= 25— a yoe3ve2 tde+10 0g y=2847e-18 hb p=6xt-19x+10 Sx? + 0.20 +0.02 ® 2 These sketches are graphs of quadratic functions of the form ax?+ bx + c. Find the values of a, 6 and c for each function, Semen Check your answers by substituting values into the function. in part ethe graph passes ‘through ©, -18),50 h(0) should be ~18. 3 The graph of y = ax? + bx +c has a minimum at (5, ~3) and passes through (4, 0). Find the values of a, 6 and c (marks) © The discriminant IF you square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that if y is negative, ) cannot be a real number. Look at the quadratic formula: baie If the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be 210" ~ Adc ——— areal number and there are no real solutions. I the value under a the square root is equal to 0, both solutions will be the same, ' For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ the expression b? — 4ac is called the discriminant, ‘The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + IF? ~ 4ac > 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + IF? ~ 4ac=0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + IF? — 4ae <0 then f(x) has no real roots.eu Cae 31 You can use the discriminant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of y = f(x), where f(x) = ax? + bx +o. ” ” ” a>0 Btae>0 be 4ae=0 be ~4ac<0 Two distinct real roots One repeated root No real roots x y ¥ 0 * | * a O. #-Axtxk>O 16 -4k>0 IG > 4k 4>k Sok<4ali CU CREE ED wwe 1 a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions: i fxjere 48x43 Hi g(x) = 2-30 44 iit hw iv jl) =28- 8x4 16 vy K(x)=2x-3x?-4 b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs. AV AMY Find the values of & for which 2° + 6x +k = 0 has two real solutions, (marks) In-3 Find the value of ¢ for which 2x? — 3x + ¢ = 0 has exactly one solution, (marks) Given that the function fix) + 8x +s has equal roots, find the value of the positive constants marks) 4x +k =0 has no real solutions. (2 marks) ‘The function g(x) = x? + 3px + (4p — 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. a Find the value of p. (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x? + 3px + (I4p ~ 3) = 0. (2 marks) 7 hx) = 20? + (d+ A) +k, where ki a real constant, a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k. (3marks) fa question part says ‘hence or b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct otherwise’ it is usually easier to use your real roots for all values of k. eR rc scene sieves eae Challenge 18 Prove that, ifthe values of a and c are given and non-zero, itis always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) = ax? + dx + ¢ has distinct real roots. Find the range of values of k for which 35° 'b Is it always possible to choose a value of 6 so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer.eu Cae CEST 2) LIED core sineron ©oO 10 Solve the following equations without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form where necessary, a ys3yt250 b 3x°+13r-10=0 © Sx8- 10x = de 43 d Qx-5P=7 Sketch graphs of the following equations: a ysrtsseed bya 4x-3 © y= 6-1 4x2 a y= 1Sx-28 fx) = 92+ 3x ~ Sand g(x) = 4x + k, where k is a constant, a Given that f(3) = (3), find the value of (3 marks) b Find the values of « for which f(x) = 2(0). (3 marks) Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: a + 11k-1=0 b 28-s14+1=0 © W0-x 1 @ Gxr-)?=3-¢ Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + 4)? + 7, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a4 12x-9 b 5x2-40r 413 © 8-28 d 3x2= (04 IP Find the value k for which the equation 5x2 - 2 +k = has exactly one solution. (2 marks) Given that for all values of x: 3x24 [2x4 Spire gtr a find the values of p, g and r. (GB marks) 1b Hence solve the equation 31° + 12x +5=0. (2 marks) ‘The function f is defined as f(x) = 2° - 20(2) + 64, «ER. a Write f(x) in the form (2* ~ a)(2*— 6), where a and 6 are real constants. (2 marks) b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2(x + 1)(x— 4) ~ (x - 2 Use algebra to solve (x — I(x +2) = Fr)aii CU 11 A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool 1 seconds after launch can be modelled by the following funetion: hs) = 5¢- 10 + 10,10 a How high is the springboard above the water? (mark) b Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. GB marks) © Rearrange h(i) into the form A ~ B(t — C)? and give the values of the constants 4, Band C. (3 marks) 4d. Using your answer to part e, or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. (2 marks) 12. For this question, f(x) = 4kx? + (Ak + 2)x 4 1, where kis areal constant a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of &, (3 marks) b By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove that f(x) has two distinet real roots for all non-zero values of (2 marks) © Explain why f(x) cannot have two distinct real roots when k = 0. (1 mark) 13. Find al of the roots of the Function (x) a The ratio of the lengths. of the lengths b:c. a= 17x + 16, (S marks) ‘in this line is the same as the ratio Se Show thet this ratio is 4-3 b Show also that the infinite square root, +5 Viele levee =