Application of quantum

mechanics

NAME : PRAISE CHIMENEM ICHEMATI

REGISTRATION NO. : 2301020912
GROUP : 9B
BRANCH : MARINE ENGINEERING

C.V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 BACKGROUND
 EXPLANATION AND APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 REFRENCES
 INTRODUCTION

Quantum mechanics is a theory of matter that is based on the concept of the possession of
wave properties by elementary particles, that affords a mathematical interpretation of the
structure and interactions of matter on the basis of these properties, and that incorporates within
it quantum theory and the uncertainty principle called also wave mechanics
In other words, quantum mechanics is a theory that explains the behaviour of matter and
energy at the atomic and subatomic level. It is based on the idea that elementary particles
possess wave-like properties, and it provides a mathematical interpretation of the structure and
interactions of matter based on these properties.

Classical physics, the collection of theories that existed before the advent of quantum
mechanics, describes many aspects of nature at an ordinary (macroscopic) scale, but is not
sufficient for describing them at small (atomic and subatomic) scales. Most theories in classical
physics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid at large
(macroscopic) scale. Unlike classical systems, quantum systems
have bound states quantized to discrete values of energy, momentum, angular momentum, and
other quantities; measurements of systems show characteristics of
both particles and waves (wave–particle duality); and there are limits to how accurately the
value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of
initial conditions (the uncertainty principle).

The purpose of this study is to understand the theories of quantum mechanics and its principles.
Quantum mechanics allows the calculation of properties and behaviour of physical systems. It is
typically applied to microscopic systems: molecules, atoms and sub-atomic particles. It has
been demonstrated to hold for complex molecules with thousands of atoms, but its application
to human beings raises philosophical problems, such as Wigner's friend, and its application to
the universe as a whole remains speculative. Predictions of quantum mechanics have been
verified experimentally to an extremely high degree of accuracy. For example, the refinement of
quantum mechanics for the interaction of light and matter, known as quantum electrodynamics
(QED), has been shown to agree with experiment to within 1 part in 108 for some atomic
properties.
 BACKGROUND

Quantum mechanics arose gradually from theories to explain observations that could not be
reconciled with classical physics, such as Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body
radiation problem, and the correspondence between energy and frequency in Albert
Einstein's 1905 paper, which explained the photoelectric effect. These early attempts to
understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the "old quantum theory", led to the full
development of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner
Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others. The modern theory is formulated in
various specially developed mathematical formalisms.

In one of them, a mathematical entity called the wave function provides information, in the form
of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and
other physical properties may yield.

The phrase "quantum mechanics" was coined (in German, Quantenmechanik) by the group of
physicists including Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli, at the University of
Göttingen in the early 1920s, and was first used in Born's 1925 paper "Zur Quantenmechanik".

The word quantum comes from the Latin word for "how much" (as does quantity). Something
that is quantized, as the energy of Planck's harmonic oscillators, can only take specific values.
For example, in most countries, money is effectively quantized, with the quantum of
money being the lowest-value coin in circulation. Mechanics is the branch of science that deals
with the action of forces on objects. So, quantum mechanics is the part of mechanics that deals
with objects for which particular properties are quantized.
Some key principles here are

SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
The superposition principle also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear
system, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would
have been caused by each stimulus individually. So that if input A produces response X and
input B produces response Y then input (A + B) produces response (X + Y).

The superposition principle applies to any linear system, including algebraic equations, linear
differential equations, and systems of equations of those forms. The stimuli and responses
could be numbers, functions, vectors, vector fields, time-varying signals, or any other object that
satisfies certain axioms. Note that when vectors or vector fields are involved, a superposition is
interpreted as a vector sum. If the superposition holds, then it automatically also holds for all
linear operations applied on these functions (due to definition), such as gradients, differentials or
integrals (if they exist

ENTANGLEMENT
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon that occurs when a group of particles are
generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each
particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including
when the particles are separated by a large distance.

The topic of quantum entanglement is at the heart of the disparity

between classical and quantum physics: entanglement is a primary feature of quantum
mechanics not present in classical mechanics. Quantum entanglement has been demonstrated
experimentally with photons, electrons and even small diamonds The use of entanglement
in communication, computation and quantum radar is an active area of research and
development.

Despite popular thought to the contrary, quantum entanglement cannot be used for faster-than-
light communication

WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that quantum entities
exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances. It
expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully
describe the behaviour of quantum objects. During the 19th and early 20th centuries,
light was found to behave as a wave, and then later discovered to have a particulate
character, whereas electrons were found to act as particles, and then later discovered to
have wavelike aspects. The concept of duality arose to name these contradictions.
 EXPLANATION AND
APPLICATIONS
Quantum computing
A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena.

At small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum
computing leverages this behavior, specifically quantum superposition and entanglement, using
specialized hardware that supports the preparation and manipulation of quantum states.

Classical physics cannot explain the operation of these quantum devices, and a scalable quantum
computer could perform some calculations exponentially faster (with respect to input size
scaling) than any modern "classical" computer. In particular, a large-scale quantum computer
could break widely used encryption schemes and aid physicists in performing physical simulations;
however, the current state of the art is largely experimental and impractical, with several obstacles to
useful applications. Moreover, scalable quantum computers do not hold promise for many practical
tasks, and for many important tasks quantum speedups are proven impossible.

QUANTUM COMMUNICATION
In quantum information theory, a quantum channel is a communication channel which can
transmit quantum information, as well as classical information. An example of quantum
information is the state of a qubit. An example of classical information is a text document
transmitted over the Internet.

More formally, quantum channels are completely positive (CP) trace-preserving maps between
spaces of operators. In other words, a quantum channel is just a quantum operation viewed not
merely as the reduced dynamics of a system but as a pipeline intended to carry quantum
information. (Some authors use the term "quantum operation" to also include trace-decreasing
maps while reserving "quantum channel" for strictly trace-preserving maps.

The main purpose of Cyber security is to protect all the users on the Internet from infected
files, malware, and digital attacks which lead the users to access private sensitive information
of users, extort ransom from users by using their private data or even disrupting important
critical infrastructure like shutting down power supplies and military infrastructure
QUANTUM SENSING AND IMAGING
Quantum sensors measure time, dynamics (i.e. forces, acceleration and rotation), and fields
(i.e. gravitational, electromagnetic and mechanical) with unprecedented precision and stability.
Imaging is an extension of quantum sensing where quantum sensors are combined with an
imaging apparatus (e.g. a probe that scans the position of the sensor, an array of sensors or a
beam of electromagnetic waves prepared in a quantum state) to perform high-resolution
microscopy or macroscopy (e.g. radar) with unprecedented sensitivity.

Quantum sensing technologies are incredibly diverse, with a great variety of different methods
implemented using different quantum systems. Some technologies are already available on the
market, some are in advanced stages of development, and others are in the laboratory. Owing
to this diversity and their unprecedented capabilities, quantum sensors have a great variety of
applications across science, industry and defence. The current challenge being the identification
of the most promising technologies and applications.

Quantum sensors can detect magnetic fields and other physical quantities, with unprecedented
spatial resolution and sensitivity, making them highly interesting for biomedical applications
The potential applications of quantum sensors for environmental monitoring are vast. For
example, quantum sensors could be used to detect changes in air quality, water quality, and
soil composition. They could also be used to detect pollutants in the environment, allowing for
more accurate and timely responses to environmental threats.
QUANTUM IN BIOLOGY
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical
chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of
physics and understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they
determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.

Many biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for
chemical transformations, and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes
involve chemical reactions, light absorption, formation of excited electronic states, transfer of
excitation energy, and the transfer of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical
processes, such as photosynthesis, olfaction and cellular respiration. Moreover, quantum
biology may use computations to model biological interactions in light of quantum mechanical
effects. Quantum biology is concerned with the influence of non-trivial quantum
phenomena, which can be explained by reducing the biological process to fundamental physics,
although these effects are difficult to study and can be speculative.
Process of Photosynthesis

CHALANGNGES AND LIMITATIONS

Applying quantum mechanics to practical scenarios faces challenges such as maintaining qubit
coherence, minimizing errors in quantum computations, and dealing with environmental
decoherence. Additionally, scaling quantum systems for complex tasks remains a significant
limitation, requiring advancements in error correction and fault tolerance. Bridging the gap
between theoretical quantum algorithms and their practical implementation poses another
challenge. Ongoing research aims to address these issues, but the field is still evolving.
 CONCLUSION
Quantum mechanics, a cornerstone of modern physics, has demonstrated profound implications
for practical applications. In the realm of quantum computing, the promise of exponential
speedup over classical counterparts has ignited excitement. However, translating theoretical
potential into practical utility faces formidable challenges.

One significant challenge lies in qubit stability and coherence. Quantum systems are notoriously
delicate, susceptible to environmental disturbances that can undermine the fragile quantum
states crucial for computation. Researchers grapple with maintaining qubit coherence, a
prerequisite for sustained quantum computational power.

Error correction remains a pivotal hurdle. Quantum computations are vulnerable to errors due to
factors like thermal noise and imperfections in hardware. Developing robust error-correction
mechanisms is imperative for realizing the fault-tolerant quantum computers essential for
practical applications.

Scaling quantum systems for complex tasks represents a formidable limitation. As the number
of qubits increases, so does the susceptibility to errors and decoherence. Achieving scalability
requires overcoming technological barriers and ensuring the integrity of quantum information
across larger systems.

Moreover, the gap between theoretical quantum algorithms and their practical implementation
poses a persistent challenge. Adapting algorithms to real-world scenarios demands intricate
understanding and refinement. Bridging this gap is essential for harnessing the full power of
quantum computations in solving complex problems.

Despite these challenges, quantum technologies hold transformative potential. Quantum

cryptography, leveraging quantum key distribution, offers inherently secure communication.
Quantum optimization algorithms hold promise for tackling complex problems in logistics,
finance, and drug discovery, potentially outperforming classical methods.

In conclusion, while quantum mechanics opens doors to revolutionary applications, overcoming

technical challenges is paramount. The interdisciplinary collaboration of physicists, engineers,
and computer scientists is vital for advancing quantum technologies. Continued research and
innovation are essential to unlock the practical potential of quantum mechanics, paving the way
for a new era of computing and problem-solving.
 REFRENCES
https://olympus-lifescience.com

https://byjus.com